Mommsen Pavuk 2007 Studia Troica 17-Libre

STTJDIA TROICABand 17 . 2007

VERLAG PHIL IPP VON ZABERN.MAINZ AM RHEIN

INHALT- CONTENTS

Teil A: Troia - Aktuelle Ausgrabungen und Umfeld

1.Tnoin. VoRBpRTcHT

Peter Jablonka und Ernst Pernicka:Yorbericht zu den Arbeiten in Troia 2006 -

Preliminary Report on Work at Troia 2006

2. Tnoia, Ancurrnrrun, FuNoe uro Bnpur.ron

Hans Mommsen and Peter Pav k: Provenance of the Grey and Tan Wares from Troia,Cyprus, and the Levant. 25

Kent J. Rigsby: Anew Greek Inscription from Troia 43

Elizabeth H. Riorden: The Odeion ofllion: a proposed reconstruction andsome implications . . . . . . 47

Teil B: Weitere Forschunsen

3. Tnoie. NarunwrssnNscHAFTLrcHE UNrensucuuNceN

Augusto Manginl: Der Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die Siedlungsperioden von Troia 59

4. Tnoas uwo ANaroI-reNr

Charles Brian Rose, Billur Tekkok, Reyhan Korpe et al.:

Granicus River Valley Survey Project, 2004-2005 65

5. ANHarc

Danksagung - Acknowledgements .. . . . .. 151

Video .. 155

Provenance of the Grey and tan Wares from troİa, Cyprus and the Levant.

Hans Mommsen and Peter Pavúk

abstraCt

results of neutron activation analysis carried out in 1991 at the Chemistry department of the Manchester university on 142 ceramic samples from cyprus, the Levant and troia are presented here. they prove that the majority of Late bronze age wheel-made burnished Grey Ware found in the eastern Mediterranean was imported from troia.

ZusaMMenfassunG

vorgestellt werden die ergebnisse einer neutronenaktivierungsanalyse von 142 Keramikproben aus Zypern, der Levante und troia, die 1991 am chemistry department der manchester University durchgeführt wurde. sie zeigen, dass die Mehrheit der im Ostmittelmeerraum vorkommenden spätbronzezeitlichen scheibengedrehten geglätteten Grauen Ware aus troia stammt.

Introduction1

sherds of wheel-made burnished Grey Ware found in cyprus and the Levant, mostly in 12th–13th century b.C. contexts, have long been recognised as something alien, most probably anatolian in origin. david french, hans-Günter Buchholz and susan heuck allen did the pioneer-ing work and put together lists of all known Grey Ware inds from the mentioned areas, with the work of allen being the most recent and most concise contribution.2 as a source, troia has most often been suggested. since in this case the visual inspection reached its objective limits and could not go beyond a general statement of overall close similarity, chemical analysis seemed to be the only way to test this hypothesis.

allen therefore sampled almost all existing Grey and tan Ware inds in the eastern mediterranean and the samples were later analysed at her request using neutron activation analysis by the university of Manchester as part of a larger project under the archaeological direction of elizabeth french for the bronze age. this was subsumed into the major British academy research Project on Bronze age trade.3 the analysis was carried out in 1991 by the archaeometry group in the Chemistry department of the manchester University; involved were n. Bryan, s. hoff-mann, and v. robinson.4 to ind out whether the sherds came from troia or not, a number of available trojan

sherds housed in study collections of the british school at athens, the department of classics, University of cin-cinnati and the Manchester Museum were also sampled for the analysis.5 aside a brief note by allen in 1994,6 the project remained basically unpublished and the sherds from athens and Manchester were never properly stu-died archaeologically. the measured data and a irst draft describing this project7 was later forwarded by n. bryan to e. french, who, in turn, handed this material over to us in 2004.

the new evaluation followed in two steps. the trojan sherds from athens and Manchester were studied upon two brief visits to the respective collections and an up-dated catalogue was prepared also for the Cincinnati sam-ples. the Cypriot and Levantine samples were already described by allen.8 In the second step, using the Bonn statistical iltering procedure including a consideration of ‘dilutions’,9 the data values were sorted and groups of samples of similar concentrations formed. the aim was to compare the concentration patterns obtained in Manches-ter with the patterns of our databank in Bonn and to learn, if possible, more about the provenance of these samples. this article summarizes the results of the Manchester study and compares them with the bonn data. a detailed catalogue of the samples and a more in depth archaeolo-gical discussion will follow separately.10

17_Mommsenpavuk.indd 25 21.09.2007 12:12:59

hans MOMMsen and peter pavÚK26

the sampled material

In toto, 142 samples were analysed. 70 Grey and tan Ware sherds from the eastern mediterranean, 2 sherds of handmade burnished Ware from tell abu hawam and further 70 sherds from the schliemann’s and blegen’s excavations at troia. the trojan sherds include anatolian Grey Ware, tan Ware, red coated Ware, nubbly Ware, Gritty Ware, Quartz tempered Ware, handmade Bur-nished Ware, as well as a single mycenaean sherd.11

researching for her dissertation on Grey Wares in the eastern mediterranean, s. h. allen visited a number of museums and sites on Cyprus and in the Levant in summer 1989 and handled most of the mentioned inds, be it whole vessels from graves or just fragments from settlement contexts. doing so, she collected Grey Ware samples for naa from six sites in the Levant (Lachish, ras shamra/Ugarit, tell abu hawam, tell Kazel, tell Keisan and tel Miqne/ekron) and seven sites on Cyprus (enkomi, hala sultan tekke, Kition, Kition-Bamboula, maa Paleokastro, Pyla-Kokkinokremmos and Pyla-verghi).12 she also sampled some tan Ware sherds from enkomi and handmade burnished Ware sherds from tell abu hawam. the sampled sherds and vessels are described and illustrated in allen’s dissertation.13

the sherds with known provenance from troia were sampled in the following way: s. allen sampled the sherds in the study collection of the department of Clas-sics, University of cincinnati, and the samples were later deposited at the fitch Laboratory of the british school at athens. hence the label fIt. allen concentrated on wares and periods which were directly compatible with her research and sampled deliberately only Grey and tan Wares from Late troia vI, vIIa and vIIb.14 the additio-nal sherds with known trojan provenance in manchester and athens were sampled by J. prag and e. french and remained so far unpublished. they show a much larger range of wares and periods. represented are not only troia vI–vII Grey and tan Wares, but also troia I–v sherds and a range of coarse wares (see above). the num-bers of sherds per period are not totally representative but they give enough background for the present study.

the original Manchester labels of the Cypriot and Levantine samples consist of letter G, followed by a two-letter abbreviation of the respective archaeological site and are consecutively numbered from 1 to 73. the sample Gah49 got lost during the transport and is there-fore omitted from any further listings here. the samples from the study collection of the british school at athens are labelled bsa01 to bsa20 and the samples from Cin-cinnati fIt01 to fIt20. the numbering of the samples from the Manchester Museum goes back to the existing inventory numbers 40418 to 40447 and the labels have therefore the form trOy18 to trOy47.

the list of samples (table 1 see below) contains the basic information on all 142 samples, including the ware, the shape and the dating in trojan terms (where possible), the catalogue numbers in allen’s dissertation (where applicable) and the results of the chemical group-ing in bonn. Given the 15 years since the sampling and given the number of people involved at various stages of the project, a concordance with the allen’s catalogue was not always possible; some of the samples were therefore assigned two different numbers divided by a slash. the Cypriot and Levantine samples were given a local date of their context, based on the data collected by allen.15 Checking all contexts anew was beyond the scope of the present paper. a complete catalogue, more thorough descriptions and new drawings will appear in the men-tioned separate publication.16

naa procedure in Manchester and grouping of the

data in bonn

the unpublished report by Bryan, hoffman and robinson describes the measurement procedure in the following way:

‘a portion of each sherd was clipped using tile clip-pers, and the fragment cleaned with a diamond-tipped drill. the sample was then crushed to a ine powder with an agate mortar and pestle, dried overnight at 120 ºc. about 200 mg was then accurately weighed into a plas-tic tube and sealed. In order to give as small an experi-mental error as possible all of the sample pellets were illed so that they had the same volume. the Universities research reactor at risley was used for irradiations, at a neutron lux of ca. 10¹² n/cm²/s. the irradiation/counting schedule for each sample was as follows:

(i) a short irradiation of 3 minutes followed by a 20 minutes wait and then a 5 minutes count was used to obtain data for al, K, ca, ti, v, mn, and dy.

(ii) an irradiation of 7 hours was followed by a 30 minutes count one week later to measure na, La, and sm, and

(iii) a further two hours count after another 2–3 weeks for sc, cr, fe, co, rb, sb, cs, ce, sm, eu, yb, Lu, hf, ta, th, and U.17

the standard or standards used to obtain the absolute concentrations were not mentioned in the report. It can be, however, assumed that the usual procedure applied in Manchester during the last years of operation of this labo-ratory was also performed in this case: absolute concen-tration values were calculated using the podmore stan-dard18 that had been calibrated with the berkeley pottery standard.19 since we use in bonn a standard calibrated in


prOvenanCe Of Grey and tan Wares 27

the same way, the manchester patterns should be com-parable directly with our patterns. the results presented below will ascertain this assumption.

the grouping of the data was done using the bonn statistical ilter procedure.20 It sorts out all samples of a databank that are statistically similar in composition to a given composition, considering the experimental errors in the case of single samples, or, in the case of an already existing group, considering the spreads (root mean square deviations) of this group. since the needed experimental errors are not quoted in the manchester databank, con-stant values of 3% were inserted for each elemental concentration. these low values will not inluence the grouping. taylor and robinson quote: ‘an evaluation of the errors in our procedure indicated that the overall error, determined by multiple sample analysis and thus incorporating sherd inhomogeneity, was signiicantly less than the variation between single source groups.’21 all 25 measured elements except na and Ca were included in the search. as usually done in Bonn, na was left out, since this element is known to vary strongly in pottery of the same provenance. but since this element is measured by naa with small experimental error, generally even less than 3%, its value is given a large weight during the iltering search. this might lead to a wrong grouping.22 In addition, a possible constant shift of all concentration values is also considered in the search, calculating a best relative it (dilution, enhancement) factor for each sam-ple, with respect to the average values of the group.23 since ca is often part of such a diluent, the ca value was also not considered during the group forming procedure here.

results

the Manchester databank reports concentration data of multiple measurements (5 each) for 5 sherds (troy20, 22, 32, 39, 47). only the average concentration values were therefore entered for these sherds into the databank (designated with ‘s’ at the end of the sample name). the individual data of these repetitions will not be shown here. they allow an estimation of the size of the experimental errors. Only occasionally a lower error value than the assumed 3% is obtained: for fe in 4 of the 5 sherds, for co, sc, and th in 3 of the 5 sherds. most elements have experimental errors between 3 and 8%. for ta the error is always larger than 10%, also cr, sb, ti, and yb have in 3 of the 5 cases errors larger than 8%. occasionally, due to single outliers among the 5 measurements, average errors larger than 20% are reached. Observed can be also constant shifts of up to 3.5%, in one case even 6%, of the data between the repeated measurements. resulting

from this, we had to accept for this dataset quite large root mean square deviations for groups of samples from a single source.

the grouping of the 142 shreds was done without any archaeological information about the sherds as given in table 1, using only the concentration values in the databank. as a result, one large group, called GW-a, con-sisting of 101 samples of similar composition emerged. the concentration data and the best relative it factors of the members of this group and the average grouping values are given in table 2. for about half of the 23 ele-ments used for this evaluation, all except ca and na, con-centration spreads of less than 10% are obtained. because of the unusual higher spreads of the elements co, cr, cs, hf, K, and U tests to locate possible subgroups were done, but without any success. If these large variations are not solely due to experimental errors or single out-lying values, they relect small changes of paste prepa-ration or clay deposit inhomogeneities. however, all the samples of this group have certainly a provenance from the same general region. since the samples troy18, 19, 20, 34, Bsa09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19 and all of the fIt samples were found at the site of troia and are archaeologically typical examples of the trojan Grey and tan Wares, the whole group has a very high probability to originate from pottery workshops in the troad or at troia itself.

beside this large group only a few more samples show a common composition. four sherds from troia (troy40, 41, 43, and 45) form a group GW-I (table 3), and three sherds from enkomi (GeK 01-03) form a chemical triple, called group GW-e (table 4). the sherds Ghs13 from hala sultan tekke and Grs47 from ras shamra are a chemical pair, called GW-h (table 5). the 32 resting samples are chemical loners (table 6).

Comparison with the bonn databank

the data of the four manchester groups GW-a, -I, -e, -h and of the 32 chemical singles were compared against the bonn databank of groups from the eastern Mediterra-nean containing currently about 400 patterns. all the 21 elements measured in both laboratories were considered. as during the group forming procedure, the spreads of the groups were used to deine the concentration ranges of the different elements and the possible dilutions of each sample, with respect to the pattern under test, were calculated. the large group GW-a was found to match very well and solely our group b-trOy multiplied with a best relative it factor of 0.97 as shown in table 7. the largest difference in units of the average spread is found for sm. this is depicted in figure 1. the good agreement



of both patterns strengthens the assumption that the Manchester and bonn values are comparable. Group b-trOy was assigned to a production in the region of troia by many sherds excavated at troia24 and also by a sam-ple of clay taken from a grey layer near İntepe south of Çanakkale.25 this reinforces the assignment of this com-positional group to local workshops in the troad, as pre-viously already proposed even without this comparison. all the members of the Manchester group GW-a have a very high probability to originate from this area.

for the small group GW-I no good match could be found in the bonn databank. but this pattern shows a general composition that is not very different to patterns in our databank from the eastern aegean. therefore, a provenance of these four sherds from there is possible.

a much better match was obtained for the group GW-e of 3 sherds found at enkomi, cyprus. the comparison revealed a close agreement with nearly all groups in our databank assigned to a probable Cypriot production. as an example, the concentration data of the GW-e group are compared with two Cypriot groups in table 8 and figure 2. Group eme-a consist of mainly terracotta igu-rines found in emecik and made on Cyprus.26 the pattern of a second group Cyp-I of Mycenaean pottery excavated at Qantir, egypt27 and imported from Cyprus likewise stati-stically matches GW-e, if a best relative it factor of 0.88 is applied. to specify the production place of these Cyp-riot groups more precisely will only be possible, if more

reference sherds from Cyprus are available.to our disappointment, the patterns of the pair GW-h

and the many chemical singles remain unknown to us, no clear match was found in our databank. the reason might be, that during the comparison average values of groups of samples tend to lower the inluence of single outlying values, whereas for a pair or single samples such deviations will enter with larger weight and destroy the statistical agreement. In addition, a small disagreement of the determination of absolute values between Manchester and bonn cannot be excluded for all elements. neverthe-less, due to the general composition proile of six of these singles, a possible provenance can be quoted: sample GKt39 from cyprus, samples Gah54, GKZ70, GKn72, and troy39 from Palestine, and sample troy30 from the Greek mainland or Crete.

archaeological discussion

Given the nature of the local Cypriot and Levantine pot-tery, inds of wheel-made burnished Grey Ware in the eastern Mediterranean have drawn attention as possible imports since the early days of modern archaeology. as a source, troia, or anatolia generally, was most often suggested. the history of research and the range of the related, more or less likely, hypotheses was summarised

fig. 1: Graphical comparison of chemical compositions of the two groups GW-a and b-trOy given in table 7. plotted are the differences of the average concentration values of the two groups normalized to the average standard deviation (spread). the values of group B-troy have been multiplied by the best relative it factor 0.97 with respect to group GW-a. Both groups have similar composition and, hence, the same provenance.



by allen and need not be repeated here.28 It is likewise not the aim here to put forward a further hypothesis. It sufices to stress the following facts:

1. the results of the naa presented here proved the old hypothesis that the majority of the wheel-made Burn-ished Grey Ware inds in east mediterranean do indeed come from the region of troia and can be without any doubt termed anatolian Grey Ware (aGW). the Grey Ware inds that cannot be shown to belong to this group require renewed visual inspection to tell whether they are something local or whether they simply do not it the tro-jan chemical proile. they can still be considered aGW from some other anatolian site. It would be surprising if the other sites down the West anatolian coast, such as Liman tepe or Panaztepe, were not better represented among the imports in the eastern Mediterranean.

2. equally interesting are the results for the four tan Ware sherds from enkomi,29 only one of which turned out to be a proper import from troia (GeK05). the other three (GeK01, 02, 03) form a chemical group GW-e and are likely to be a cypriot imitation, as was shown by the similarity of their chemical composition with the groups eme-a and cyP-I. this is a bit disappointing, for the enkomi sherds igured as one of the few tan Ware exports from troia. on the other hand, it shows that the trojan pottery was being imitated, since the sampled sherds come from large kraters decorated by incised wavy-lines, the combination of which is a very trojan feature.

3. the new chemical group GW-I (samples troy40, 41, 43, and 45) does not it any of the previously postu-lated trojan groups but should also be of trojan origin, since the sampled sherds come all from schliemann’s excavation at troia. their different composition is likely because they are the so-called Gritty Ware (and its burn-ished variant Burnished Ware), one of the common tro-jan coarse wares. so far, only the ine wares from troia have been sampled; it is therefore possible that the coarse wares may have a chemical group(-s) of their own. the postulated general chemical similarity with east-aegean groups does not contradict this.

4. for the time being, no archaeological comments can be made on the samples that are chemically in line with Cypriot or palestinian origins. We have not seen these sherds and would not feel experienced enough to judge the respective local pottery.

synchronising the chronological development of troia with Cyprus and the Levant is still not a straightfor-ward task but the presence of imports and the local imi-tations of Mycenaean pottery on both ends should make it possible to some extent.30 the Cypriot and Levantine aGW inds are mostly associated with Lh IIIB and Lh IIIc (early-middle) pottery, which makes them roughly contemporary with troia vIIa and the earlier part of troia vIIb. somewhat older, and contemporary with Late troia vI (ca. Lh IIIa), seem to be only some of the inds from tell abu hawam.31 having proved that the majority of

29

fig. 2: Graphical comparison as in fig. 1 of chemical compositions of the two groups GW-e and eMe-a given in table 8. the values of group eme-a have been multiplied by the best relative it factor 1.04 with respect to group GW-e. Both groups have a generally similar composition.



the aGW in the mentioned areas comes from troia, this is really an intriguing fact, for one has always supposed that these aGW imports are contemporary with the hey-

day of the trojan cultural development towards the end of troia vI. this is obviously not the case here, as the imports are later, and one will have to search for better explanations of the presence of trojan pottery in the eas-tern Mediterranean at such a late date. a full discussion of the chronological and typological issues, as well as their implications for the role of troia, will be presented in a separate article.32

nOtes

1 acknowledgments: the authors would like to thank drs. eliza-beth french, susan heuck allen and nicholas Bryan for entrust-ing us with the publication of the data. dr. James Whitley and dr. John prag have to be thanked for granting the permission to study the sherds from the study collection at the bsa and the manchester museum. carol hershenson and hüseyin Öztürk kindly supplied information about the samples stored at the department of classics, University of cincinnati. 2 Buchholz 1973; french 1969, 68–72; allen 1990. see also allen 1989; 1991; 1994.3 summaries of the conducted relevant work were presented in french 1991 and bryan et al. 1997. see also http://web.missouri.edu/~reahn/uman/index.html, the archive website of the man-chester archaeometry program.4 hoffmann – robinson 1993.5 the Cincinnati samples were later stored at the fitch Labora-tory in athens and appear therefore under the label fIt in further statistics.6 allen 1994, 40, 44, notes 6, 7 and 23.7 bryan et al. 1991.8 allen 1990, 308–312 ig. 52.9 Beier – mommsen 1994, mommsen – sjöberg, in press.10 Pavúk, forthcoming.11 for a standard description of trojan wares see Blegen et al. 1953, 33–38; 1958, 19–25. comprehensive new ware-descrip-tions are currently in preparation by members of the troia Project. for a general discussion of anatolian Grey Ware and other wares in Western anatolia see Bayne 1963 (2000), for a more speciic discussion of the trojan evidence see Pavúk 2002; Pavúk 2006 and Pavúk, in press. the latter two offer also an explanation, why we consider it necessary to term the Grey Ware in north-Western anatolia as anatolian Grey Ware and to retain the expression Grey minyan only for the inds from mainland Greece and Chalkidiki.12 the sampling on Cyprus was permitted by v. Karageorghis. allen 1989, 83 note 1.13 allen 1990, 143–185, 324–362 ig. 57–67.14 the sherds are described and illustrated in her dissertation. allen 1990, 308–312 ig. 52.15 allen 1990.16 Pavúk, forthcoming.17 bryan et al. 1991.18 taylor – robinson 1996.19 perlman – asaro 1969.

20 Beier – mommsen 1994, mommsen – sjöberg, in press.21 taylor – robinson 1996.22 Mommsen 2004.23 Beier – mommsen 1994, mommsen – sjöberg, in press.24 Mommsen et al. 2001.25 mountjoy – mommsen 2006, clay sample t2.26 Mommsen et al. 2006.27 Mommsen et al. 1996, mountjoy – mommsen 2001, there called ICyp.28 allen 1989; 1991; 1994.29 Published in allen 1989. GeK01= #1, GeK02 = #2, GeK03 = #3, GeK05 = #4. the numbers refer to allen’s catalogue of tan Wares from enkomi.30 the dating of trojan sub-periods vI-Late, vIIa and vIIb is based on mountjoy 1999a; 1999b. the dating of cypriot and Levantine inds is based on the data collected by allen (1990).31 this is now proven even by the inds from the new excavations by michal artzy (2006, 55 ig. 9:6).32 Pavúk, forthcoming.

bIbLIOGraphy

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in the Eastern Mediterranean. unpublished ph. d. dissertation, Brown University. UmI 9101726, ann arbor.aLLen, susan heuCK 1991. Late bronze age Grey Wares in cyprus, in: barLOW, Jane a. – dIane L. bOLGer – barbara KLInG (ed.). Cypriot Ceramics: Reading the

Prehistoric Record, 150–167. Philadelphia.aLLen, susan heuCK 1994. trojan Grey Ware at tel miqne – ekron, Bulletin of the American Schools of

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evidence for trade in the Aegean bronze age, 1939 – 1989. proceedings of the international conference held at the american school of classic studies at athens, december 2–3, 1989, 7–10. amsterdam.MOMMsen, hans 2004. short note: provenancing of pottery – the need for an Integrated approach? Archaeometry 46: 267–271.MOMMsen, h. – thOMas beIer – annO heIn – ChrIstIan pOdZuWeIt – edGar pusCh – arne eGGebreCht 1996. neutron activation analysis of Mycenaean sherds from the town of ramesses II near Qantir and Greek egyptian trade relations, in: deMIrCI, s. – a . ÖZer – G. suMMers (eds.). Archaeometry 94, proc. 29th Int. symp. archaeo-metry, ankara 1994, 169–178. ankara.MOMMsen, hans – dIeter herteL – peneLOpe a. MOuntJOy 2001. neutron activation analysis of the Pottery from troy in the Berlin schliemann collection, Archäologischer Anzeiger 2001, heft 2: 169–211.MOMMsen, hans – aLexander sChWedt – reGIna attuLa 2006. chemische Klassiizierung von 137 Proben aus den Grabungen in emecik und des töpfereistandortes resadiye durch neutronenaktivierungsanalyse, in: berGes, dIetrICh: Knidos, Beiträge zur Geschichte der

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Prof. Dr. Hans Mommsen

Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik

Universität Bonn

Nussallee 14–16

D-53115 Bonn, Germany

Email: [email protected]

Dr. Peter Pavúk

Department of Archaeology

Comenius University

Gondova 2

SK-81801 Bratislava, Slovakia Email: [email protected]



Table 1

Sample Site Ware Shape Date GroupAllen

19901 GEK01 Enkomi Tan Ware wavy-line krater LCIIIA GW-E -



4 GEK04 Enkomi Anatolian Grey Ware handle, krater LCIIIA GW-A # 429

5 GEK05 Enkomi Tan Ware wavy-line krater LCIIIA GW-A -

6 GEK06 Enkomi Anatolian Grey Warewavy-line handle, krater

LCIIIA GW-A # 428

7 GEK07 Enkomi Grey Ware? no info no info Single -

8 GHS08 Hala Sultan Tekke Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line

carinated jug/ jugLCIIIA

GW-A# 431/440

9 GHS09 Hala Sultan Tekke Anatolian Grey Ware Single

10 GHS10 Hala Sultan Tekke Anatolian Grey Warewavy-line krater /

strainer baseLCIIIA(1) GW-A # 433/438

11 GHS11 Hala Sultan Tekke Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line krater LCIIIA(1) GW-A # 432/434

12 GHS12 Hala Sultan Tekke Anatolian Grey Ware closed shape LCIIIA GW-A # 435

13 GHS13 Hala Sultan Tekke Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line krater LCIIIA GW-H # 436

14 GHS14 Hala Sultan Tekke Anatolian Grey Ware jug/jar LCIIIA1 GW-A # 437

15 GHS15 Hala Sultan Tekke Anatolian Grey Warewavy-line krater /

strainer baseLCIIIA1 GW-A # 433/438

16 GKB16 Kition-Bamboula Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line krater LCIIC? GW-A

# 419-423


18 GKB18 Kition-Bamboula Anatolian Grey Ware krater LCIIC? GW-A


20 GKB20 Kition-Bamboula Anatolian Grey Ware krater? LCIIC? GW-A

21 GKT21 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware kylix LCIIC GW-A # 395

22 GKT22 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware no info no info GW-A -

23 GKT23 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware closed shape LCIIC GW-A # 396

24 GKT24 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware kylix stem LCIIC GW-A # 397

25 GKT25 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware bowl LCIIC GW-A # 400

26 GKT26 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware cup base LCIIIA1-2 GW-A # 404

27 GKT27 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware closed shape LCIIIA1-2 GW-A # 405

28 GKT28 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware closed shape LCIIC-IIIA GW-A # 401

29 GKT29 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware krater LCIIIA1-2 GW-A # 407


31 GKT31 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware non-descript LCIIIA2-IIIB GW-A # 414

32 GKT32 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware large krater /

wavy-line jugLCIIIB

GW-A# 415/416

33 GKT33 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware GW-A

34 GKT34 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line krater LCIIIA2-IIIB GW-A # 412

35 GKT35 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware closed shape LCIIC-IIIA GW-A # 410


37 GKT37 Kition Grey Ware ? open shape LCIIC-IIIA Single # 399

38 GKT38 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware bowl LCIIIA1-2 GW-A # 403

39 GKT39 Kition Grey Ware ? strap handle LCIIC-CGI Cyprus # 417

40 GKT40 Kition Anatolian Grey Ware pedestalled krater LCIIIA2-IIIB GW-A # 418

41 GKT41 Kition no info no info LCIIC-CGI Single -

42 GMP42 Maa-Paleokastro Grey Ware? closed shape LCIIIA Single # 442

43 GPK43Pyla-

KokkinokremmosAnatolian Grey Ware krater LCIIC2 GW-A # 426

44 GPK44Pyla-

KokkinokremmosAnatolian Grey Ware stirrup jar LCIIC2 GW-A # 427

45 GPV45 Pyla-Verghi Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line krater LCIIC GW-A # 425

46 GLC46 Lachish Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line krater LBIIB-IA I GW-A # 499




199047 GRS47 Ras Shamra/Ugarit Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line krater UgRec III GW-H # 448

48 GRS48 Ras Shamra/Ugarit Grey Ware? no info no info Single -

49 GAH50 Tell Abu Hawam Anatolian Grey Ware jug LBIIB GW-A # 456

50 GAH51 Tell Abu Hawam Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line krater LBIIB-IA I GW-A # 457


52 GAH53 Tell Abu Hawam HBW open bowl LBIIB-IA I Single -

53 GAH54 Tell Abu Hawam HBW closed shape LBIIB-IA I Palestine -

54 GAH55 Tell Abu Hawam Anatolian Grey Ware krater LBIIB-IA I GW-A # 459

55 GAH56 Tell Abu Hawam Anatolian Grey Ware large jug/jar LBIIB-IA I GW-A # 460

56 GAH57 Tell Abu Hawam Anatolian Grey Ware ring base, krater? LBIIB-IA I GW-A # 461



59 GAH60 Tell Abu Hawam Anatolian Grey Ware closed shape LBIIB-IA I GW-A # 464








67 GAH68 Tell Abu Hawam Anatolian Grey Ware same as GAH67 ? LBIIB-IA I GW-A # 471 ?


69 GKZ70 Tell Kazel Local Grey Ware ? carinated cup

/bowlIA II-III

Palestine# 452/453

70 GKZ71 Tell Kazel Local Grey Ware ? Single

71 GKN72 Tell Keisan Local Grey Ware ? body sherdIA I and

earlierPalestine # 475

72 GMQ73 Tel Miqne/Ekron Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line krater LBIIB GW-A # 474

73 BSA01 Troia Organic Temp. W. small bowl Troia IV-V GW-A -

74 BSA02 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware stemmed bowl Troia VIM Single -

75 BSA03 Troia Anatol. Grey Ware-Early kantharos Troia VIb/c Single -

76 BSA04 Troia Brown W. bowl Troia I Single -

77 BSA05 Troia Brown W. bowl Troia II-V GW-A -

78 BSA06 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware jug Troia VIIa Single -

79 BSA07 Troia Brown W. bowl Troia I GW-A -

80 BSA08 Troia Brown W. handle Troia I GW-A -

81 BSA09 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware ring base, closedTroia

VIL+VIIaGW-A -

82 BSA10 Troia Anatol. Grey Ware-Early bowl Troia VIb/c GW-A -

83 BSA11 Troia Anatol. Grey Ware-Early handle Troia VIM/L GW-A -

84 BSA12 Troia Anatol. Grey Ware-Early kantharos Troia VIb/c GW-A -

85 BSA13 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware jug Troia VIL GW-A -

86 BSA14 Troia Anatol. Grey Ware-Early carinated cup Troia VIb/c GW-A -

87 BSA15 Troia Anatol. Grey Ware-Early bowl Troia VIb/c-d GW-A -

88 BSA16 TroiaAnatol. Grey Ware/

Anatol. Grey Ware-Earlykantharos Troia VIb/c-d GW-A -

89 BSA17 Troia Anatol. Grey Ware-Early jug Troia VIL GW-A -

90 BSA18 Troia ? (non diagnostic) ? ? Single -

91 BSA19 Troia Anatol. Grey Ware-Early wavy-line kraterTroia

VIL+VIIaGW-A -

92 BSA20 Troia Red Coated Ware bowl Troia V GW-A -

93 FIT01 Troia Tan Ware ring base, krater? Troia VIL/VII GW-A -

94 FIT02 Troia Tan Ware ring base, krater? Troia VIL/VII GW-A -

95 FIT03 Troia Tan Ware handle, krater Troia VIL/VII GW-A -

96 FIT04 Troia Tan Ware plate Troia VIL/VII GW-A -




199097 FIT05 Troia Tan Ware krater Troia VIL/VII GW-A -

98 FIT06 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line krater Troia VII GW-A -

99 FIT07 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware stand Troia VIL/VII GW-A -

100 FIT08 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line stand Troia VIL GW-A -

101 FIT09 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware plate? Troia VI/VII Single -

102 FIT10 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware handle, krater Troia VI/VII GW-A -

103 FIT11 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware jug Troia VI/VII GW-A -

104 FIT12 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware wavy-line krater Troia VI/VII GW-A -

105 FIT13 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware handle, jug Troia VI/VII GW-A -

106 FIT14 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware deep bowl or kylix Troia VI/VII GW-A -

107 FIT15 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware non-descript Troia VI/VII Single -

108 FIT16 Troia Tan Ware/A. Grey Ware wavy-line jug Troia VIL GW-A -

109 FIT17 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware carinated cup Troia VII GW-A -

110 FIT18 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware kylix Troia VIL GW-A -

111 FIT19 TroiaAnatol. Grey Ware-

Early? / Quarz Fine W.?pot Troia VI GW-A -

112 FIT20 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware ring base, cup Troia VII GW-A -

113 TROY18 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware cup Troia VIL GW-A -

114 TROY19 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware kylix foot Troia VIL GW-A -

115 TROY20 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware short kylix foot Troia VIL GW-A -

116 TROY21 Troia Red Coated Ware bowl Troia V GW-A -

117 TROY22 Troia Red Coated Ware Red Cross Bowl Troia V GW-A -

118 TROY23 Troia Red Coated Ware jug Troia V GW-A -

119 TROY24 Troia Red Coated Ware non-descript Troia V Single -

120 TROY25 Troia Red Coated Ware Red Cross Bowl Troia V Single -

121 TROY26 Troia Red Coated Ware bowl Troia V GW-A -

122 TROY27 Troia Nubbly W. pot Troia I-V Single -

123 TROY28 Troia Nubbly W. pot Troia I-V Single -

124 TROY29 Troia ? (medium coarse) non-descript ? Single -

125 TROY30 Troia Mycenaean closed shape Troia VIL Greece -

126 TROY31 Troia Tan Ware krater handleTroia

VIL+VIIaSingle -

127 TROY32 Troia Barbarian W. ? jar handle Troia VIIb Single -

128 TROY33 Troia Plain W.? non-descript ? GW-A -

129 TROY34 Troia Anatolian Grey Ware cup Troia VI GW-A -

130 TROY35 Troia Quarz Fine W. jar ? Single -

131 TROY36 Troia Quarz Coarse W. Jug Troia VIa? GW-A -

132 TROY37 Troia Tan Ware cupTroia VIL+VIIa/b

GW-A -

133 TROY38 Troia Quarz Coarse W. closed shape Troia VIa GW-A -

134 TROY39 Troia Nubbly W. pot Troia I-V Palestine -

135 TROY40 Troia Gritty W. jar with handle Troia IV-V GW-I -

136 TROY41 Troia Burnished W. non-descript ? GW-I -

137 TROY42 Troia Barbarian W. ? non-descript Troia VIIb Single -

138 TROY43 Troia Gritty W. non-descript ? GW-I -

139 TROY44 Troia Post Bronze Age? non-descript ? GW-A -

140 TROY45 Troia Gritty W. non-descript ? GW-I -

141 TROY46 Troia Gritty W. non-descript ? Single -

Table 1: Short catalogue of the 142 samples presented in this study. the trojan sherds (troy, Bsa and fIt) were dated by shape and ware, the cypriot and Levantine samples were given a local date of their context. the following abbreviation is used: hBW=handmade Burnished Ware. the expression “wavy-line krater/jug” stands for kraters or jugs decorated by incised wavy-lines.


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Sample factor Al% Ca% Ce Co Cr Cs Dy Eu Fe% Hf K% La Lu Mn Na% Rb Sb Sc Sm Ta Th Ti% U V Yb

GeK04 1.063 7.28 7.75 68.3 21.8 204. 8.84 3.20 0.90 4.71 4.56 2.95 32.8 0.41 627. 0.84 121. 1.69 18.2 5.68 0.67 16.8 0.36 3.59 132. 2.53

GeK05 0.963 7.45 5.74 67.7 19.8 177. 8.30 3.54 1.17 4.30 4.06 3.10 32.2 0.40 652. 0.89 117. 2.03 17.4 5.61 0.74 15.3 0.37 4.32 141. 2.35

GeK06 0.850 7.30 4.67 65.1 21.0 186. 7.98 3.65 1.12 4.59 4.33 2.64 31.8 0.38 700. 0.70 107. 1.77 18.0 5.46 0.81 15.4 0.42 3.10 143. 2.57

Ghs08 0.930 7.62 2.47 69.3 22.1 156. 8.46 3.73 1.22 4.42 4.07 2.91 31.0 0.37 716. 0.92 129. 2.25 16.8 (11.7) 0.83 17.2 0.38 3.78 121. 2.29

Ghs10 0.970 7.84 4.32 65.3 20.6 183. 10.0 3.78 1.10 4.72 4.03 3.00 33.3 0.36 637. 0.78 132. 1.78 18.5 5.47 0.82 15.3 0.34 3.07 116. 2.47

Ghs11 1.039 8.13 5.54 60.9 21.3 165. 10.0 3.69 1.09 4.49 4.16 3.16 30.0 0.37 662. 0.84 123. 1.81 17.9 5.11 0.79 14.7 0.39 4.19 121. 2.45

Ghs12 0.996 8.07 4.73 62.2 21.5 182. 7.92 3.76 1.08 4.16 3.89 3.34 30.9 0.35 663. 0.78 124. 1.18 18.1 5.20 0.78 14.2 0.40 3.63 153. 2.32

Ghs14 0.912 7.18 4.26 64.7 18.5 192. 10.0 3.55 1.19 4.47 5.09 2.57 32.4 0.37 605. 0.85 117. 1.96 17.0 5.35 1.04 15.1 0.43 3.27 107. 2.69

Ghs15 1.074 7.81 6.35 68.4 22.1 186. 6.41 3.87 1.11 4.59 5.35 2.78 34.0 0.37 784. 0.84 95.9 1.49 17.4 5.40 0.92 16.5 0.45 3.40 108. 2.34

GKb16 0.998 7.66 3.64 63.5 19.1 181. 9.19 3.18 1.10 4.19 5.06 2.87 32.8 0.37 613. 1.21 130. 2.09 16.7 (14.1) 0.88 15.4 0.40 4.50 125. 2.51

GKb17 1.018 7.66 4.27 65.4 17.8 187. 8.03 4.24 1.17 3.95 4.91 2.75 31.5 0.38 669. 1.29 133. 1.31 16.8 5.38 0.82 14.0 0.42 4.90 129. 2.22

GKb18 0.985 7.33 3.65 64.2 32.5 187. 7.22 4.31 1.36 4.53 4.52 2.95 28.5 0.33 1084. 1.14 112. 1.52 17.3 5.32 0.93 13.3 0.35 4.07 112. 2.50

GKb19 1.008 7.55 4.18 66.7 21.5 167. 9.31 3.80 1.23 4.45 4.20 2.74 33.4 0.37 692. 1.07 129. 1.99 17.0 5.49 0.83 17.1 0.39 3.45 105. 2.53

GKb20 0.968 7.30 4.69 72.2 20.7 172. 9.04 3.66 1.09 4.58 4.02 2.59 36.1 0.38 700. 0.73 121. 1.84 17.5 5.79 0.82 16.5 0.38 4.78 112. 2.65

GKt21 1.107 8.16 2.58 58.2 24.0 192. 6.85 3.34 1.09 5.00 4.19 3.59 26.4 0.34 705. 0.89 108. 1.54 18.6 4.79 0.89 15.3 0.40 3.60 122. 2.60

GKt22 0.963 7.48 5.26 60.2 22.8 258. 8.10 3.29 1.16 4.35 4.32 2.73 30.4 0.37 649. 0.90 122. 1.39 17.5 5.43 0.85 14.1 0.38 5.41 149. 2.48

GKt23 1.092 8.48 4.28 57.5 21.0 162. 9.35 4.20 1.05 4.21 4.15 3.57 30.0 0.36 649. 0.97 120. 1.51 16.9 4.74 1.09 16.3 0.37 4.08 116. 2.18

GKt24 0.863 7.10 5.33 60.9 19.2 182. 8.51 4.11 1.12 4.27 4.08 2.45 32.0 0.39 632. 0.79 117. (3.82) 16.6 5.78 0.75 14.8 0.39 (7.06) 120. 2.34

GKt25 0.924 6.76 3.16 69.0 21.5 197. 9.03 3.28 1.15 4.61 5.56 2.65 32.5 0.40 629. 0.85 126. 1.86 17.8 5.46 1.00 15.6 0.40 2.82 99.7 2.33

GKt26 0.943 7.71 4.39 62.2 19.6 210. 9.48 3.79 1.24 4.35 4.31 2.60 35.1 0.34 677. 0.78 133. 1.95 18.2 5.34 0.70 16.3 0.36 3.55 121. 2.66

GKt27 0.940 7.23 5.06 59.4 28.3 190. 7.57 3.49 1.26 3.92 3.82 3.10 34.1 0.42 828. 0.93 107. 1.75 15.7 6.53 0.62 13.1 0.41 (11.2) 152. 2.20

GKt28 0.944 7.70 3.65 59.4 18.5 200. 8.44 3.52 1.32 4.47 4.45 3.47 33.4 0.35 582. 0.79 131. 1.41 17.4 5.15 0.78 14.2 0.41 3.70 128. 2.14

GKt29 1.017 7.70 4.11 60.8 19.0 188. 8.72 3.82 1.20 4.38 4.81 3.41 29.4 0.35 658. 0.91 139. 1.88 17.2 5.06 0.70 13.9 0.37 4.05 118. 2.75

GKt30 0.992 8.08 5.77 61.5 17.1 203. 7.71 3.96 1.23 3.92 3.69 3.34 32.4 0.35 541. 0.98 136. 1.67 16.5 5.47 0.74 13.9 0.40 4.81 140. 2.49

GKt31 1.015 8.10 3.60 56.6 21.2 210. 7.06 4.00 1.13 4.57 4.45 (4.95) 28.0 0.33 722. 0.96 122. 1.54 17.6 4.83 0.63 15.0 0.46 4.97 133. 2.35

GKt32 0.954 7.22 4.64 70.9 21.5 174. 8.70 4.32 1.37 4.28 4.79 2.76 35.3 0.37 691. 1.01 124. 2.15 16.3 5.95 0.71 17.1 0.36 2.84 105. 2.51

GKt33 1.065 7.82 4.22 61.8 19.1 166. 9.85 3.14 1.40 4.04 4.40 4.17 34.9 0.34 602. 0.98 122. 1.88 16.6 5.40 0.79 15.1 0.39 4.40 107. (4.17)

GKt34 1.042 7.36 3.46 60.5 19.6 170. 7.91 4.42 1.22 4.16 5.92 3.88 29.0 0.35 693. 1.06 116. 1.75 16.1 5.18 0.86 17.6 0.41 3.46 109. 2.31

GKt35 1.024 7.32 5.56 63.1 19.1 199. 7.80 4.14 1.28 4.06 5.83 3.56 34.1 0.37 702. 1.03 124. 1.77 15.5 5.46 0.79 15.3 0.41 3.63 101. 2.50

GKt36 1.073 8.06 5.87 56.2 20.1 174. 8.75 4.12 1.48 4.29 4.60 3.61 30.7 0.32 658. 1.03 119. 1.39 16.8 4.72 0.72 13.6 0.40 3.24 117. 2.64

GKt38 0.987 7.44 5.60 62.0 16.7 212. 8.42 3.75 1.20 4.13 4.21 3.44 36.5 0.38 575. 0.94 128. 1.47 16.7 5.83 0.81 14.3 0.33 (6.65) 132. 2.37

GKt40 1.024 7.88 4.94 60.2 18.8 178. 7.87 4.12 1.17 4.05 4.75 3.55 33.8 0.37 747. 0.98 122. 1.60 15.7 5.11 0.89 13.3 0.43 4.24 110. 2.59

GpK43 1.024 7.80 4.16 56.3 16.4 198. 7.26 4.16 1.28 4.22 5.31 3.13 29.9 0.33 688. 0.98 125. 1.28 17.0 4.81 1.00 14.5 0.44 3.15 124. 2.44

GpK44 1.102 8.06 2.12 63.2 19.9 162. 6.72 3.95 1.35 4.06 5.74 3.29 34.3 0.36 719. 0.93 101. 2.56 16.1 5.22 0.90 14.9 0.40 2.25 98.5 2.66

Gpv45 1.031 7.73 4.17 54.5 18.1 156. 9.48 4.09 1.20 3.98 4.35 4.26 34.1 0.36 556. 0.88 127. 1.18 16.2 4.52 0.87 13.5 0.38 2.98 130. 2.54

GLC46 1.078 8.19 6.42 61.4 19.4 184. 9.48 3.84 1.19 4.32 4.69 4.45 32.9 0.36 683. 0.87 110. 1.34 16.8 5.46 0.89 15.3 0.44 3.61 126. 2.20

Gah50 1.018 7.62 6.43 59.9 20.3 170. 9.83 4.47 1.10 4.29 5.51 3.41 33.7 0.36 718. 0.81 122. 1.73 17.0 5.37 1.07 14.4 0.35 3.38 118. 2.11

Gah51 0.988 7.73 4.52 61.9 21.0 148. 10.0 4.30 1.28 4.12 3.70 3.91 33.2 0.36 642. 0.66 119. 1.65 16.6 5.28 0.90 15.5 0.40 3.12 112. 2.09

Gah52 1.027 8.30 4.34 61.2 21.3 141. 10.3 4.13 1.24 4.19 4.37 3.03 33.6 0.38 653. 0.69 121. 1.55 16.9 5.34 0.84 15.9 0.37 3.15 121. 2.03

Gah55 1.256 6.91 (10.5) 62.9 18.7 141. 7.72 4.05 1.20 4.08 (7.99) 3.66 34.6 0.41 787. 0.60 123. 1.76 14.1 5.70 1.09 15.6 0.40 3.26 105. 2.38

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Sample factor Al % Ca % Ce Co Cr Cs Dy Eu Fe % Hf K % La Lu Mn Na % Rb Sb Sc Sm Ta Th Ti % U V Yb

Gah56 1.292 7.69 (10.9) 59.4 21.8 184. 7.19 3.89 1.24 4.57 3.97 3.51 32.0 0.37 679. 0.77 118. 1.25 18.2 5.38 0.74 14.9 0.42 2.66 120. 2.41

Gah57 0.937 7.67 3.82 64.3 21.8 162. 11.7 4.08 1.27 4.04 5.01 2.66 35.7 0.34 1024. 0.82 109. 1.94 15.3 5.54 0.82 18.3 0.46 2.85 116. 1.88

Gah58 1.022 7.71 6.26 60.3 20.7 180. 10.1 4.12 1.16 4.43 4.63 2.95 32.7 0.36 775. 0.70 130. 1.44 17.5 5.29 0.95 14.2 0.38 2.87 129. 2.08

Gah59 1.024 7.73 5.86 63.3 19.9 168. 8.71 4.23 1.40 4.16 4.51 3.68 33.8 0.34 709. 0.97 120. 2.03 16.4 5.33 0.76 15.2 0.37 2.72 124. 2.36

Gah60 1.025 7.86 4.81 58.0 20.7 195. 9.44 3.63 1.12 4.76 4.25 3.29 31.8 0.34 715. 0.73 133. 1.28 18.5 5.21 0.89 14.3 0.40 2.67 120. 2.29

Gah61 0.977 7.49 5.04 58.8 20.5 188. 10.5 3.66 1.23 4.26 6.92 3.10 31.7 0.36 641. 0.83 127. 1.60 16.7 5.22 0.86 14.6 0.36 2.98 112. 2.19

Gah62 0.967 7.04 5.65 66.6 19.3 170. 9.05 4.31 1.37 4.18 5.66 3.32 38.0 0.36 653. 0.82 116. 1.65 16.0 5.61 0.94 17.2 0.37 3.07 114. 1.90

Gah63 1.035 7.64 5.22 60.5 19.8 193. 9.37 3.74 1.28 4.25 6.89 3.15 32.9 0.35 671. 0.86 127. 1.14 16.7 5.39 0.78 15.0 0.40 2.98 115. 1.95

Gah64 1.021 8.23 4.25 57.7 20.7 142. 11.7 3.90 1.18 4.12 4.63 3.65 30.7 0.37 631. 0.71 111. 2.79 16.6 5.24 0.73 15.4 0.40 3.06 120. 2.08

Gah65 1.074 7.72 6.71 63.1 17.5 215. 10.2 4.16 1.19 4.25 5.16 2.67 35.1 0.36 651. 0.85 135. 1.45 16.7 5.46 0.87 16.0 0.37 3.27 130. 1.96

Gah66 1.124 8.21 7.14 56.8 20.7 180. 9.72 4.64 1.26 4.17 4.71 3.46 32.8 0.33 794. 0.81 119. 1.65 16.6 5.14 0.76 15.9 0.43 2.99 122. 1.88

Gah67 1.029 8.48 5.70 53.3 18.5 195. 11.4 4.14 1.17 3.97 3.69 3.57 29.8 0.35 545. 0.75 130. 1.27 17.7 4.99 0.73 14.6 0.40 2.71 136. 2.03

Gah68 0.938 7.96 5.30 58.7 19.0 152. 12.1 3.72 1.19 4.14 4.59 3.44 32.3 0.33 522. 0.75 136. 1.34 17.8 5.18 0.85 15.2 0.37 2.98 134. 2.02

Gah69 1.025 7.54 7.20 58.7 21.9 160. 9.53 4.44 1.23 4.38 5.14 3.72 33.3 0.37 715. 0.70 124. 1.58 15.8 5.45 0.67 16.1 0.38 3.20 124. 1.99

GmQ73 1.052 7.59 4.03 65.5 20.8 203. 7.92 3.79 1.22 4.45 6.85 3.90 37.1 0.33 747. 0.91 120. 1.46 16.9 5.31 0.79 15.4 0.32 2.87 115. 2.00

trOy18 0.987 8.93 4.97 58.0 20.8 178. 7.57 4.39 1.32 4.27 4.28 2.81 30.4 0.34 838. 0.57 135. 1.56 16.6 4.89 0.78 13.4 0.41 2.42 122. 2.03

trOy19 1.087 7.43 6.11 68.0 17.6 147. 7.38 4.59 1.54 3.60 7.28 3.32 34.3 0.37 751. 0.62 129. 1.63 13.5 5.53 0.61 15.1 0.40 2.91 124. 2.43

trOy20s 1.201 8.07 8.06 58.9 18.1 181. 7.62 4.44 1.32 3.90 5.12 3.19 31.9 0.40 703. 0.53 116. 1.74 15.4 5.11 0.83 15.0 0.41 3.15 118. 2.38

trOy21 1.130 8.41 1.05 68.7 15.5 222. 6.27 4.70 1.37 3.75 5.79 2.77 38.8 0.37 713. 1.12 89.6 1.49 14.6 5.85 0.90 17.2 0.41 1.89 103. 2.10

trOy22s 0.911 7.60 3.12 62.7 24.5 203. 8.13 4.80 1.19 4.35 3.58 2.80 32.0 0.35 (1514.) 0.67 98.5 2.27 16.2 5.24 0.96 15.9 0.43 2.35 112. 2.22

trOy23 0.920 7.87 2.84 67.1 22.9 187. 9.20 4.07 1.14 4.35 4.46 2.93 34.3 0.36 1116. 0.78 108. 2.63 16.0 5.31 0.81 17.8 0.41 2.59 120. 2.13

trOy26 0.994 7.51 4.94 68.3 20.8 187. 6.79 4.39 1.34 4.31 4.98 2.65 35.6 0.40 990. 0.82 92.4 2.50 15.7 5.58 0.99 18.4 0.34 3.06 89.6 2.44

trOy33 1.007 8.73 2.07 69.0 19.7 200. 4.93 4.36 1.30 4.04 5.18 2.43 37.5 0.32 887. 1.08 109. 0.71 15.1 5.66 1.01 16.0 0.44 2.08 116. 1.85

trOy34 0.868 7.53 3.15 66.5 23.7 240. 7.97 4.43 1.27 4.40 4.15 3.51 36.0 0.31 678. 0.55 126. 2.11 15.9 5.46 0.76 19.1 0.39 2.75 118. 1.87

trOy36 0.921 8.92 1.66 70.8 21.6 167. 10.0 4.32 1.20 4.28 4.92 2.71 37.1 0.32 865. 0.52 112. 0.85 15.9 5.47 0.91 15.8 0.41 1.88 96.1 2.13

trOy37 1.014 7.70 4.11 57.9 23.9 256. 5.25 4.79 1.31 4.56 4.53 2.16 29.8 0.38 966. 0.96 115. 0.88 17.2 5.24 0.92 11.6 0.45 1.95 99.6 2.28

trOy38 0.970 8.41 3.00 67.4 22.3 180. 6.24 3.93 1.45 4.31 5.92 2.90 37.1 0.33 950. 0.67 113. 0.88 15.6 5.54 0.82 14.8 0.38 2.23 107. 2.14

trOy44 0.932 8.06 1.98 81.0 18.6 142. 6.71 4.63 1.25 4.10 4.42 3.23 44.0 0.32 609. 1.25 117. 1.31 15.7 6.05 0.83 18.6 0.37 2.52 94.5 2.31

bsa1 0.970 6.73 3.74 68.2 25.0 261. 7.33 4.63 1.38 4.43 4.35 2.52 35.8 0.37 1161. 1.03 106. 2.22 18.5 5.61 0.61 16.2 0.37 2.72 101. 2.26

bsa5 1.029 7.08 2.99 75.2 22.4 199. 7.20 5.27 1.22 3.85 4.77 2.77 42.9 0.34 1009. 1.07 108. 2.05 14.2 5.64 0.99 18.9 0.37 2.78 98.3 2.41

bsa7 1.152 7.86 2.64 74.1 20.1 188. 7.44 3.73 1.37 4.00 5.53 3.30 40.6 0.36 614. 1.34 121. 1.95 15.0 5.94 0.76 18.5 0.34 2.99 109. 1.96

bsa8 0.957 6.30 3.31 69.4 23.4 205. 7.50 5.33 1.26 4.29 5.22 2.54 35.4 0.35 1079. 0.96 106. 2.50 15.1 5.45 1.15 16.2 0.38 2.48 93.4 2.44

bsa9 0.902 6.10 2.54 67.5 31.7 (413.) 7.66 4.56 1.37 4.61 5.17 2.32 34.9 0.34 1227. 0.99 76.8 2.15 16.3 5.56 0.89 15.0 0.37 2.30 99.3 1.98

bsa10 0.866 6.51 3.22 70.3 23.4 190. 9.74 4.59 1.38 4.20 5.00 2.30 37.3 0.37 1158. 0.97 100. 2.57 15.7 5.74 0.98 18.1 0.38 2.92 85.2 2.30

bsa11 0.966 7.17 4.17 71.8 25.1 264. 9.85 3.62 1.19 4.52 4.56 3.02 36.8 0.35 1181. 0.95 113. 2.30 16.1 5.64 0.97 18.7 0.32 3.22 93.9 2.27

bsa12 0.874 6.67 3.73 68.0 23.7 178. 10.3 5.00 1.16 4.19 4.47 2.61 35.4 0.35 1345. 0.82 107. 2.26 15.5 5.40 0.97 16.9 0.45 3.48 95.9 2.24

bsa13 0.978 7.16 4.90 63.9 20.3 180. 10.4 4.74 1.30 4.34 4.80 3.16 33.3 0.37 740. 0.83 134. 1.62 17.3 5.28 0.62 14.3 0.37 2.74 114. 2.15

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37Sample faktor Al % Ca % Ce Co Cr Cs Dy Eu Fe % Hf K % La Lu Mn Na % Rb Sb Sc Sm Ta Th Ti % U V Yb

bsa14 0.918 6.94 3.35 71.4 23.9 190. 10.4 4.43 1.08 3.91 5.08 2.41 37.7 0.36 1259. 1.06 119. 2.23 15.5 5.72 1.08 17.6 0.40 2.77 98.6 2.02

bsa15 0.963 6.76 4.25 69.6 23.8 224. 9.10 4.34 1.25 4.36 5.00 2.54 38.2 0.36 1044. 0.95 116. 2.50 16.0 5.78 1.04 17.5 0.36 3.20 97.8 2.08

bsa16 0.888 6.44 3.16 71.4 23.5 186. 9.86 4.29 1.30 4.16 4.54 2.61 37.6 0.35 1212. 0.96 118. 2.55 15.9 5.69 1.01 17.8 0.39 3.77 91.8 2.21

bsa17 0.963 7.63 3.87 60.1 19.7 174. 11.6 3.75 1.18 4.14 4.47 3.34 31.0 0.34 549. 0.67 132. 1.52 18.5 5.05 0.94 17.3 0.39 3.78 112. 2.08

bsa19 0.973 6.90 4.55 66.3 20.4 209. 10.2 4.20 1.25 4.08 5.68 2.86 35.4 0.36 846. 0.88 122. 2.05 16.3 5.53 0.98 16.2 0.38 3.12 98.3 2.53

bsa20 0.838 6.23 3.14 69.1 26.3 214. 10.4 4.53 1.27 4.65 4.27 2.14 37.3 0.36 1216. 0.89 110. 2.86 17.0 5.84 0.79 17.8 0.32 3.99 102. 2.28

fIt1 0.961 6.88 3.80 66.5 21.6 222. 8.84 3.81 1.31 4.51 6.17 2.43 35.9 0.39 739. 0.90 120. 2.24 16.2 5.63 0.87 16.1 0.36 3.03 104. 2.20

fIt2 1.048 6.67 5.37 58.1 (37.1) (681.) 9.02 3.31 1.25 5.06 3.75 2.25 29.3 0.36 988. 0.52 112. 2.02 19.7 5.02 0.90 12.0 0.36 2.67 105. 2.56

fIt3 0.845 7.83 4.47 (95.6) 23.2 222. 8.35 4.17 1.29 4.01 4.31 2.48 (56.3) 0.34 962. 1.13 96.2 2.48 14.4 6.01 0.90 18.3 0.38 2.90 93.3 2.22

fIt4 0.967 9.56 6.16 61.2 19.7 191. 10.4 4.11 1.36 4.19 4.35 3.25 32.4 0.36 624. 0.74 127. 1.88 16.8 5.23 0.73 14.6 0.42 3.11 117. 2.21

fIt5 1.097 8.37 5.88 59.6 18.1 188. 10.00 4.04 1.30 4.21 4.28 3.23 32.6 0.36 577. 0.92 142. 1.64 17.1 5.19 0.68 14.4 0.35 3.08 123. 2.20

fIt6 0.970 7.63 7.35 62.7 21.2 175. 9.25 3.56 1.26 4.34 4.00 2.62 34.3 0.35 668. 0.64 133. 3.09 17.9 5.23 0.93 15.1 0.38 3.56 102. 2.53

fIt7 0.796 7.18 3.59 63.7 29.8 222. 8.75 4.11 1.16 4.95 3.80 2.33 32.2 0.33 1119. 0.42 118. 1.23 19.1 5.77 0.77 12.0 0.44 1.76 104. 2.52

fIt8 0.949 7.63 5.01 58.1 20.9 192. 9.50 4.59 1.22 4.39 5.45 2.52 31.7 0.34 721. 0.74 125. 1.72 17.1 5.23 0.96 13.7 0.41 3.17 119. 2.23

fIt10 1.122 8.28 4.68 63.9 21.2 205. 8.00 4.45 1.21 4.78 3.75 2.49 32.7 0.34 712. 0.86 135. 1.89 17.7 5.15 0.87 13.1 0.35 3.00 129. 2.03

fIt11 1.040 8.17 5.32 57.6 22.5 181. 8.81 3.88 1.38 4.46 3.75 2.73 31.0 0.36 585. 0.65 131. 1.90 18.2 5.15 0.68 14.6 0.39 3.25 117. 2.29

fIt12 0.930 7.90 4.77 59.0 20.5 196. 9.68 4.40 1.38 4.25 3.52 3.17 32.1 0.36 578. 0.74 136. 1.80 18.0 5.22 0.72 14.6 0.35 2.75 109. 2.39

fIt13 1.035 7.44 6.47 68.1 17.5 170. 8.94 4.10 1.27 3.84 5.94 2.68 36.2 0.38 850. 0.87 132. 2.02 15.3 5.83 0.87 16.1 0.36 3.78 102. 2.48

fIt14 0.809 7.23 3.36 70.4 24.9 223. 10.6 4.39 1.18 4.47 4.44 1.64 37.3 0.35 1158. 1.39 110. 2.73 16.6 5.80 0.90 18.3 0.35 2.86 97.2 2.34

fIt16 1.047 8.18 6.27 58.3 21.1 190. 10.6 3.95 1.44 4.13 3.83 2.73 31.9 0.37 656. 0.89 129. 1.73 17.9 5.01 0.72 15.1 0.35 2.76 125. 2.08

fIt17 1.154 8.22 4.96 58.8 21.1 278. 5.98 4.42 1.22 4.27 5.37 2.87 31.0 0.36 683. 1.49 119. 0.84 18.2 5.45 0.90 11.2 0.42 2.91 109. 2.20

fIt18 0.958 7.32 4.72 65.1 18.9 182. 10.6 4.13 1.33 4.36 4.82 2.93 32.9 0.34 608. 0.74 129. 2.14 17.4 5.37 0.69 15.9 0.43 3.16 116. 2.07

fIt19 1.030 7.36 5.49 58.9 23.4 261. 6.61 4.01 1.29 4.68 5.02 2.39 31.6 0.33 688. 1.10 121. 0.62 18.6 5.34 0.90 11.3 0.43 1.98 113. 2.73

fIt20 1.025 7.70 5.31 57.6 20.2 201. 9.38 4.19 1.24 4.59 4.46 2.71 30.9 0.32 735. 0.64 133. 1.89 17.9 4.96 0.90 14.3 0.40 2.71 128. 2.43

ave. meas. error in %

0.233.0

0.143.1

1.93.0

0.643.0

5.83.0

0.273.0

0.123.0

0.0373.0

0.133.0

0.143.0

0.0913.0

1.03.0

0.0113.0

24.3.1

0.0273.1

3.63.0

0.0553.1

0.503.0

0.163.0

0.0263.0

0.473.0

0.0123.0

0.0983.1

3.53.0

0.0693.0

ave. value Mspreadin %#

7.60.597.8101

4.51.430.99

63.5.18.0100

21.2.813.100

190.27.14.99

8.81.416.101

4.10.4311.101

1.20.108.3101

4.30.266.1101

4.70.7616.100

3.00.5017.100

34.3.08.8100

0.360.0216.0101

769193.25.100

0.870.1922.101

120.11.9.1100

1.80.4827.100

17.1.26.9101

5.40.326.099

0.850.1214.101

151.711

101

0.390.031

8.1 101

3.20.70

2298

1151412

101

2.30.229.6 100

Table 2: Data of the pottery group GW-A, 101 samples, 25 elements, assigned to a production at the Troad.concentrations of elements c measured by naa, University manchester, in μg/g (ppm), if not indicated otherwise, and group average values m and spreads (root mean square deviations), also in percent of m. factor is the best relative it factor with respect to m (outlying values in ( ), not considered in averages).

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Table 3: Data of the pottery group GW-I, 4 samples from Troia, 25 elements, assigned to a general East Greek provenance. Concentrations of elements c measured by naa, University manchester, in μg/g (ppm), if not indicated otherwise, and group average values m and spreads (root mean square deviations), also in percent of m. factor is the best relative it factor with respect to m.

Table 4: Data of the pottery group GW-E, 3 samples from Enkomi, 25 elements, assigned to a Cypriot production. Concentrations of elements c measured by naa, University manchester, in μg/g (ppm), if not indicated otherwise, and group average values m and spreads (root mean square deviations), also in percent of m. factor is the best relative it factor with respect to m.

Table 3


trOy40 0.931 6.67 2.88 52.6 13.4 114. 4.97 3.48 1.32 2.79 3.83 3.18 27.9 0.26 719. 0.76 107. 1.77 9.78 4.28 0.60 13.5 0.27 1.52 67.3 1.60

trOy41 0.980 7.64 1.42 43.4 9.07 87.6 5.11 2.87 1.19 2.79 4.40 3.77 25.8 0.24 306. 0.94 123. 1.38 9.23 3.72 0.67 14.8 0.24 1.82 64.6 1.36

trOy43 1.115 8.04 1.95 40.3 8.96 78.6 4.75 3.10 0.99 2.63 2.96 4.12 27.4 0.21 368. 0.93 142. 1.50 8.66 3.32 0.60 15.3 0.27 1.41 67.2 1.19

trOy45 0.964 10.1 1.30 40.4 8.64 78.9 4.74 3.25 0.96 2.58 3.56 4.05 25.0 0.22 326. 0.92 139. 1.19 8.55 3.24 0.62 14.9 0.29 1.38 82.7 1.20

ave. meas. error 0.25 0.060 1.3 0.31 2.7 0.15 0.095 0.034 0.081 0.11 0.11 0.79 0.007 14. 0.027 3.8 0.044 0.27 0.11 0.019 0.44 0.008 0.046 2.1 0.040

in % 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

ave. value M 8.1 1.9 44. 10.0 90. 4.9 3.2 1.1 2.7 3.7 3.8 26. 0.23 429. 0.89 127. 1.5 9.0 3.6 0.62 15. 0.27 1.5 70. 1.3

spread 1.5 0.72 5.8 2.2 16. 0.18 0.25 0.17 0.11 0.60 0.43 1.4 0.026 194. 0.086 16. 0.24 0.56 0.47 0.035 0.81 0.018 0.20 8.2 0.19

in % 18. 38. 13. 22. 18. 3.6 8.0 16. 4.1 16. 11. 5.1 11. 45. 9.7 13. 17. 6.2 13. 5.6 5.5 6.9 13. 12. 14.

Table 4


GeK01 1.010 6.41 9.21 34.7 29.0 305. 2.92 3.35 0.95 5.55 2.56 2.18 18.4 0.34 986. 1.16 50.5 0.78 23.1 9.48 0.45 5.27 0.32 2.06 134. 2.23

GeK02 0.981 6.11 9.11 37.0 27.7 341. 3.40 2.83 1.08 5.63 2.99 1.78 18.2 0.32 846. 1.13 50.4 0.84 24.0 3.79 0.60 5.63 0.38 1.90 133. 2.34

GeK03 1.005 6.33 8.87 37.0 27.3 318. 3.77 3.07 0.94 5.76 2.89 1.64 18.3 0.32 889. 1.13 51.4 0.91 23.3 3.82 0.53 5.58 0.42 1.54 133. 2.15

ave. meas. error 0.19 0.27 1.1 0.84 9.6 0.10 0.093 0.030 0.17 0.084 0.056 0.55 0.010 27. 0.034 1.5 0.025 0.70 0.19 0.016 0.16 0.011 0.055 4.0 0.067

in % 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

ave. value M 6.3 9.1 36. 28. 321. 3.4 3.1 0.99 5.6 2.8 1.9 18. 0.33 906. 1.1 51. 0.84 23. 5.7 0.53 5.5 0.37 1.8 133. 2.2

spread 0.19 0.27 1.3 0.86 18. 0.42 0.26 0.079 0.17 0.23 0.28 0.55 0.010 71. 0.034 1.5 0.066 0.70 3.3 0.071 0.20 0.046 0.27 4.0 0.093

in % 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.1 5.6 13. 8.5 8.0 3.0 8.1 15. 3.0 3.0 7.9 3.0 3.0 7.8 3.0 58. 14. 3.6 12. 15. 3.0 4.2

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Table 5: Data of a pair of samples: GW-H, 25 elements, unknown provenance. concentrations of elements c measured by naa, University manchester, in μg/g (ppm), if not indicated otherwise, and group average values m and spreads (root mean square deviations), also in percent of m. factor is the best relative it factor with respect to m.

Table 5


Ghs13 0.986 6.35 3.49 56.4 55.4 891. 8.66 3.67 1.11 5.72 4.76 1.82 26.6 0.35 1429 0.58 69.6 1.63 20.2 4.75 0.81 9.56 0.40 3.30 120. 2.12

Grs47 1.012 6.39 3.48 52.4 54.2 961. 9.35 3.54 1.31 5.55 4.55 1.31 24.8 0.32 1408 0.59 75.5 1.50 19.7 4.43 0.82 9.49 0.49 2.38 106. 2.90

ave. meas. error 0.19 0.10 1.6 1.6 28. 0.27 0.11 0.036 0.17 0.14 0.048 0.77 0.010 43. 0.018 2.2 0.047 0.60 0.14 0.024 0.29 0.013 0.086 3.4 0.076

in % 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

ave. value M 6.4 3.5 54. 55. 925. 9.0 3.6 1.2 5.6 4.6 1.6 26. 0.33 1418. 0.59 72. 1.6 20. 4.6 0.81 9.5 0.44 2.8 113. 2.5

spread 0.19 0.10 2.8 1.6 50. 0.49 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.36 1.3 0.022 43. 0.018 4.1 0.089 0.60 0.23 0.024 0.29 0.062 0.65 9.9 0.55

in % 3.0 3.0 5.2 3.0 5.4 5.4 3.0 12. 3.0 3.2 23. 4.9 6.5 3.0 3.0 5.7 5.7 3.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 14. 23. 8.8 22

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Table 6


GeK07 1.000 5.64 10.8 33.8 27.9 219. 3.83 2.32 0.67 5.69 2.10 1.88 16.5 0.28 814. 0.81 45.5 1.37 22.9 3.32 0.65 4.93 0.32 2.41 124. 2.30

Ghs09 1.000 10.1 2.70 50.3 15.0 22.4 1.40 3.88 1.30 6.57 3.80 0.91 22.7 0.40 1204. 1.85 35.8 0.46 18.8 4.11 0.64 5.20 0.44 1.84 193. 2.47

GKt37 1.000 7.43 6.08 19.9 30.3 113. 0.63 4.27 1.22 6.83 1.96 1.34 10.4 0.36 1098. 1.95 27.8 0.40 31.4 3.01 0.25 1.81 0.56 2.60 249. 3.32

GKt39 1.000 7.15 8.12 43.7 23.5 341. 2.76 5.06 1.21 5.71 3.67 2.96 28.4 0.41 906. 1.21 65.4 1.16 23.3 4.75 0.67 6.92 0.47 2.62 169. 2.75

GKt41 1.000 1.74 1.08 35.6 21.3 495. 1.88 0.19 0.80 4.47 3.11 0.16 14.7 0.30 113. 0.19 44.5 0.61 23.2 3.33 0.71 5.09 0.057 0.21 31.2 4.00

GMp42 1.000 10.5 0.45 94.6 17.2 126. 14.8 6.56 1.64 4.76 9.88 3.19 52.8 0.54 540. 0.99 130. 11.2 19.6 7.75 1.42 25.8 0.45 3.35 121. 3.50

Grs48 1.000 7.92 6.94 21.1 52.6 1179. 1.03 2.07 0.43 4.99 0.74 0.23 4.35 0.14 1249. 0.60 24.1 0.24 36.2 0.97 0.36 0.89 0.33 0.70 168. 3.59

Gah53 1.000 10.8 4.36 7.18 33.3 262. 0.028 0.75 0.29 3.97 0.18 0.86 1.54 0.099 451. 1.01 17.2 0.54 23.4 0.56 0.24 2.07 0.10 1.47 147. 0.46

Gah54 1.000 8.54 7.07 8.73 33.2 621. 0.42 1.06 0.37 4.00 0.13 0.56 2.77 0.095 648. 0.59 26.9 0.38 39.7 0.76 0.32 0.72 0.18 0.60 133. 0.69

GKZ70 1.000 4.28 19.6 37.9 25.3 171. 0.85 4.29 1.19 4.66 3.73 0.98 22.1 0.26 914. 0.50 40.6 0.39 12.9 4.55 0.94 3.53 0.82 2.64 127. 1.59

GKZ71 1.000 3.63 21.6 27.6 16.1 111. 1.24 3.19 0.97 3.19 2.32 1.05 18.6 0.21 597. 0.21 38.6 0.48 9.32 3.49 0.79 2.97 0.50 2.55 149. 1.20

GKn72 1.000 11.0 2.97 24.6 32.8 127. 0.69 3.21 0.84 6.80 2.93 0.88 10.2 0.31 851. 1.11 29.5 0.52 39.7 2.51 0.39 2.38 0.38 0.97 186. 1.96

trOy24 1.000 8.93 2.28 56.4 21.4 271. 11.8 4.12 1.25 5.06 4.71 2.86 28.9 0.38 1072. 0.20 114. 0.98 18.8 4.60 1.05 11.5 0.50 1.73 80.9 2.07

trOy25 1.000 9.32 4.69 75.5 41.1 356. 11.5 4.94 1.78 6.26 4.59 2.58 40.0 0.46 2363. 0.54 119. 2.30 22.8 6.67 1.06 16.2 0.59 2.03 128. 3.21

trOy27 1.000 6.77 4.51 29.7 51.4 1372. 1.94 2.16 0.62 6.18 1.89 1.34 12.2 0.24 1002. 0.67 50.0 0.81 47.3 1.94 0.36 4.42 0.18 1.23 200. 5.48

trOy28 1.000 6.30 4.53 22.7 64.4 1796. 2.26 1.92 0.50 7.46 2.01 0.69 8.90 0.19 1064. 0.74 33.2 1.12 58.2 1.63 0.40 3.13 0.11 1.31 210. 9.42

trOy29 1.000 9.35 0.88 50.9 10.2 123. 5.60 4.53 1.08 4.99 5.91 1.78 29.9 0.39 343. 0.64 74.9 2.06 19.0 4.90 1.43 11.2 0.55 3.13 151. 2.82

trOy30 1.000 8.73 7.99 59.8 25.8 268. 17.6 4.19 1.11 6.01 3.04 2.28 29.4 0.38 953. 0.61 128. 1.14 24.2 5.07 0.89 11.6 0.36 2.32 128. 2.71

trOy31 1.000 9.76 2.46 84.1 20.3 55.9 4.44 4.07 1.46 4.60 6.25 2.56 47.7 0.36 908. 1.64 89.2 1.58 15.9 5.92 0.94 20.4 0.53 3.13 112. 1.97

trOy32s 1.000 9.29 1.43 51.0 7.87 71.8 4.36 3.31 1.14 2.21 6.29 2.33 28.9 0.39 224. 1.38 73.6 1.93 9.14 3.82 0.86 18.3 0.33 3.87 68.2 2.31

trOy35 1.000 10.4 2.41 52.4 12.6 66.9 3.81 1.62 1.11 4.26 5.50 3.24 31.6 0.25 326. 2.04 50.4 1.41 15.6 3.72 0.34 12.5 0.37 1.94 96.0 1.26

trOy39s 1.000 6.51 3.37 17.6 72.5 2029. 3.17 1.64 0.35 8.12 1.28 1.36 8.01 0.13 934. 0.42 38.3 0.97 54.5 1.54 0.28 2.91 0.18 1.19 157. 2.20

trOy42 1.000 7.96 1.04 38.4 7.61 136. 5.79 3.29 1.08 2.65 4.00 3.05 22.4 0.27 285. 0.97 111. 0.76 7.94 3.02 1.17 17.1 0.22 1.42 53.3 1.53

trOy46 1.000 9.60 1.08 139. 10.7 209. 9.63 5.59 2.14 4.64 10.3 5.87 85.8 0.39 470. 2.22 149. 1.57 11.6 9.16 2.18 93.0 0.33 7.49 99.0 2.05

trOy47s 1.000 9.29 1.28 92.6 13.8 156. 9.43 4.04 1.33 3.40 7.23 4.24 53.9 0.41 417. 1.61 175. 1.85 12.0 5.58 1.54 43.1 0.35 6.04 74.5 1.99

bsa2 1.000 5.45 5.12 49.9 23.0 369. 7.88 4.09 1.26 3.42 4.72 1.95 26.1 0.33 701. 1.00 68.4 1.26 12.2 4.29 0.48 12.1 0.30 2.05 70.5 1.97

bsa3 1.000 7.58 1.44 128. 18.4 103. 15.7 4.92 1.83 3.99 5.31 3.70 67.2 0.43 799. 1.17 169. 3.57 14.7 9.17 1.60 39.3 0.37 5.17 93.6 1.99

bsa4 1.000 6.80 1.87 62.8 15.3 137. 6.56 4.01 1.33 3.10 4.87 2.96 33.2 0.32 640. 1.05 94.8 1.39 12.6 5.01 0.35 15.5 0.27 2.59 75.0 1.93

bsa6 1.000 8.49 0.94 128. 15.7 124. 11.8 4.80 1.51 3.40 8.31 3.71 72.7 0.45 606. 1.93 146. 2.54 13.2 8.23 0.93 35.5 0.38 5.27 71.4 2.39

bsa18 1.000 8.48 3.70 70.6 24.7 177. 9.97 7.01 1.31 5.82 4.59 3.31 36.9 0.49 1025. 1.32 159. 0.96 22.8 6.81 1.63 17.7 0.47 3.23 110. 3.57

fIt9 1.000 5.59 4.60 58.8 13.5 167. 5.93 4.27 1.24 2.61 5.68 2.52 30.5 0.36 420. 0.68 87.6 1.22 12.1 5.14 0.83 13.2 0.33 2.39 73.5 2.36

fIt15 1.000 9.11 2.19 121. 21.7 317. 22.1 5.39 1.89 4.74 7.21 2.88 70.8 0.45 651. 1.45 175. 3.26 16.4 8.82 1.17 45.8 0.44 7.48 131. 2.54

Table 6: Data of chemical loners, 32 samples, 25 elements, unknown provenance. concentrations of elements c measured by naa, University manchester, in μg/g (ppm), if not indicated otherwise.

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41Table 7 Table 8

GW-a101 samples factor 1.00

m +/- σ, %

b-trOy94 samples factor 0.97

m +/- σ, %

GW-I4 samples factor 1.00

m +/- σ, %

GW-e3 samples factor 1.00

m +/- σ, %

eMe-a31 samples factor 1.04

m +/- σ, %

Cyp-I6 samples factor 0.88

m +/- σ, %

al % 7.61 ± 0.59 7.8 - 11.6 ± 2.08 18. 6.28 ± 0.19 3.0 - - Ca % 4.54 ± 1.37 30. 4.73 ± 1.75 37. 2.70 ± 1.03 38. 9.06 ± 0.27 3.0 10.7 ± 1.89 18. 6.73 ± 2.41 36. Ce 63.5 ± 5.10 8.0 69.0 ± 4.01 5.8 63.1 ± 8.27 13. 36.2 ± 1.33 3.7 36.5 ± 1.15 3.2 38.7 ± 0.72 1.9 Co 21.1 ± 2.82 13. 20.9 ± 1.90 9.1 14.3 ± 3.20 22. 28.0 ± 0.86 3.1 28.5 ± 1.23 4.3 34.4 ± 16.0 47. Cr 190. ± 27.2 14. 168. ± 21.9 13. 128. ± 23.4 18. 321. ± 18.1 5.6 308. ± 65.3 21. 275. ± 37.5 14. Cs 8.76 ± 1.45 16. 8.85 ± 1.05 12. 6.99 ± 0.25 3.6 3.36 ± 0.42 13. 3.50 ± 0.35 10. 3.90 ± 0.22 5.7 dy 4.08 ± 0.43 11. - 4.53 ± 0.36 8.0 3.08 ± 0.26 8.5 - - eu 1.24 ± 0.10 8.3 1.21 ± 0.075 6.2 1.59 ± 0.25 16. 0.99 ± 0.079 8.0 0.91 ± 0.038 4.1 0.93 ± 0.030 3.2 fe % 4.29 ± 0.26 6.1 4.19 ± 0.19 4.4 3.85 ± 0.16 4.1 5.64 ± 0.17 3.0 5.40 ± 0.18 3.3 5.11 ± 0.27 5.4 hf 4.72 ± 0.76 16. 4.84 ± 0.55 11. 5.26 ± 0.86 16. 2.81 ± 0.23 8.1 2.96 ± 0.27 9.2 3.06 ± 0.19 6.1 K% 3.00 ± 0.50 17. 2.68 ± 0.39 14. 5.40 ± 0.62 11. 1.86 ± 0.28 15. 1.57 ± 0.18 12. 1.78 ± 0.21 12. La 33.5 ± 2.97 8.8 33.1 ± 2.10 6.3 37.8 ± 1.94 5.1 18.3 ± 0.55 3.0 17.0 ± 0.59 3.4 18.7 ± 0.42 2.3 Lu 0.36 ± 0.022 6.0 0.38 ± 0.025 6.6 0.33 ± 0.037 11. 0.33 ± 0.010 3.0 0.38 ± 0.022 5.8 0.36 ± 0.033 9.2 Mn 769. ± 193. 25. - 614. ± 278. 45. 906. ± 71.5 7.9 - - na % 0.87 ± 0.19 22. 0.96 ± 0.24 25. 1.27 ± 0.12 9.7 1.14 ± 0.034 3.0 0.93 ± 0.13 14. 1.16 ± 0.14 12. rb 120. ± 10.9 9.1 126. ± 13.8 11. 182. ± 23.2 13. 50.8 ± 1.52 3.0 57.0 ± 6.05 11. 63.0 ± 9.00 14. sb 1.78 ± 0.48 27. 1.89 ± 0.52 27. 2.09 ± 0.35 17. 0.84 ± 0.066 7.8 0.74 ± 0.095 13. 0.93 ± 0.24 26. sc 16.7 ± 1.15 6.9 16.4 ± 0.93 5.7 12.9 ± 0.81 6.2 23.5 ± 0.70 3.0 22.8 ± 1.16 5.1 20.6 ± 0.23 1.1 sm 5.39 ± 0.32 6.0 4.86 ± 0.39 8.0 5.20 ± 0.68 13. 5.69 ± 3.28 58. 3.23 ± 0.12 3.8 3.36 ± 0.24 7.2 ta 0.85 ± 0.12 14. 0.84 ± 0.057 6.8 0.89 ± 0.049 5.6 0.53 ± 0.071 14. 0.55 ± 0.032 5.7 0.59 ± 0.046 7.7 th 15.5 ± 1.71 11. 15.5 ± 1.78 11. 20.9 ± 1.15 5.5 5.49 ± 0.20 3.6 5.78 ± 0.24 4.2 6.07 ± 0.17 2.9 ti% 0.39 ± 0.031 8.1 0.44 ± 0.093 21. 0.38 ± 0.026 6.9 0.37 ± 0.046 12. 0.55 ± 0.12 22. 0.44 ± 0.070 16. u 3.18 ± 0.70 22. 3.29 ± 0.39 12. 2.19 ± 0.29 13. 1.83 ± 0.27 15. 1.78 ± 0.29 16. 1.89 ± 0.43 23. v 115. ± 13.9 12. - 101. ± 11.7 12. 133. ± 4.00 3.0 - - yb 2.28 ± 0.22 9.6 2.53 ± 0.16 6.2 1.91 ± 0.27 14. 2.24 ± 0.093 4.2 2.19 ± 0.082 3.7 2.12 ± 0.051 2.4

Table 7: Comparison of the Manchester Grey Ware group GW-A with group GW-I and

with the Bonn group B-TROY. concentrations of 25 elements measured by naa, University manchester, and evaluated at Bonn: averages m in μg/g (ppm), if not indicated otherwise, and spreads sigma, also in percent of m. Group B-troy and group GW-I have been corrected by the best relative it factor (factor) with respect to group GW-a (- = element not measured in bonn).

Table 8: Comparison of the Manchester Grey Ware group GW-E with the Bonn

groups EME-A and CYP-I. concentrations of 25 elements measured by naa, University manchester, and evaluated at Bonn: averages m in μg/g (ppm), if not indicated otherwise, and spreads sigma, also in percent of m. Groups eme-a and cyP-I have been corrected by the best relative it factor (factor) with respect to group GW-e (- = element not measured in bonn).

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