Module 18 Information Processing Exploring in Modules, Module 18

Module 18Information Processing

Exploring in Modules, Module 18


The Phenomenon of Memory

Penny memories




Information Processing



Atkinson-Shiffrin’s Three Stage Processing Model of Memory

Sensory – Short term (working memory RAM) – Long term

Encoding: Getting Information In


Automatic ProcessingEffortful Processing


Automatic vs. Effortful Processing

Rehearsal

Rehearsal Issues


Next-in-line-effect – poorest memories of those just in-front of us.

Spacing effect – best for retention is to spread rehearsal out.

Serial position effect – Best memories for first and last items on a list.


Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve


The Serial Position Effect

Encoding Strategies: Improving memory performance


Encoding Meaning (semantic encoding) – meaning is remembered not so much the exact words

Encoding Imagery: i.e. mnemonic devices and story telling

Organizing Information for EncodingChunkingHierarchies


Effects of Chunking on Memory


Example of Chunking--For Those Who Read Chinese


Organization Benefits Memory

Storage: Retaining Information


Sensory MemoryIconic memory – fleeting photographic

memory.Echoic memory – fleeting sound memory.

“What’d you just say?”



Momentary Photographic Memory

Short-Term MemoryWithout active processing it has limited life

span (duration).7 give or take 2 (capacity)



Short-Term Memory Decay

Long-Term MemoryLimitless


Storing Memories in the Brain


Synaptic Changes


Doubled Receptor Sites

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Stress Hormones and Memory

Stress hormones – more glucose in blood stream results in more fuel for brain activity.

Attach emotion to event.



Memory Subsystems

Amnesic patients still have nondeclarative memory means thatmemory is not a unified system.


The Hippocampus

Retrieval: Getting Information Out


Retrieval Cues


Context Effects – deja vus.Moods and Memories – mood congruent


Priming--Awakening Associations


The Effects of Context on Memory


Improving Memory

Documents

Module 18 Information Processing Exploring in Modules, Module 18