MACROMOLECULES

Matter and energy are one in the same

Functional Groups

Functional groups

Functional groups tend to be POLAR and therefore HYDROPHILIC (water loving)

Macromolecules can easily dissolve in water

Protein shape influenced by their placement.

Organic compound MONOMERS

Fatty acid

Amino acidMonosaccharide

Four Macromolecules

1) Polysaccharides (Sugars)

2) Lipids

3) Proteins

4) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

How polymers are made:DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS All monomers have hydrogen (H) and

hydroxyl (OH) groups. Water is REMOVED to JOIN monomers These CREATE covalent bonds

How polymers separateHYDROLYSIS Water is ADDED to BREAK monomers apart These break covalent bonds, releasing

monomers.

Taste?

Function?

Monosaccharides examples:

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides

examples: Sucrose, maltose, lactose

WHAT’S THE SAME ABOUT THESE NAMES?

Simple carbohydrates

Complex carbohydrates Polysaccharides

Many sugar molecules bonded together into long chains. Have many Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds! (Energy!!!)

Storage of energy Slow “time release” mechanism for supplying energy. Stored in granules – large masses of macromolecules ___Starch __ in plants Glycogen _ in animals

Fiber Cellulose in plant cell walls Arranged like: cables Good for: structure and strength

Forming Polysaccharides:DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS!

Effects on blood sugar levels

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Chitin

Lipids

Fats, Oils, Waxes don’t mix with water because: Consist mainly of H-C bonds which are nonpolar

because of equal sharing Hydrophobic!!!!!!

Lots of energy – high density of __C-H bonds. 1 gram of fat stores 2x as much energy as a

starch!!! Long term energy storage, generally used after

carbs.

Fats (Triglycerides)

1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids

Formed through dehydration synthesis!

Not equal…

Saturated vs. Unsaturated?

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats ? Saturated – only single bonds. Maximum # of

hydrogen atoms

Unsaturated – some double bonds Less than maximum

# H atoms

Oils vs. solids!!!

Lipids – other functions Other functions:

Phospholipids – major component of cell membranes Phosphate group + 2 fatty acids

Waxes – coating for fruits and animals to resist water

Steroids – ring structures 3 six-sided, 1 five-sided carbon ring Cholesterol is the starting material for building!

Phospholipids Have a hydrophilic head (phosphate group is

polar!!!!) And a hydrophobic tail (fatty acids!) This allows them to form a membrane bilayer.

If lipids are hydrophobic, how do they travel in the bloodstream?

Lipids get around in molecules which are surrounded hydrophilic phospholipids and proteins (lipoproteins)

Because proteins/phospholipids are hydrophilic, they surround lipids, so they can carry them in the bloodstream

How do lipids get around?

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL = “ Good cholesterol”)

Act as:

Cholesterol ???HDL LDL

Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL = “Bad cholesterol”)

They can get:

Steroids

used by many organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants

Include hormones – control and regulate activity of certain cells/organs Ex. testosterone, estrogen

Catabolic steroids – break down muscle mass

Anabolic steroids – build muscle mass

Steroids

Cholesterol

Estrogen

Testosterone

Anabolic Steroids

Anabolic Steroids Synthetic variants of testosterone When prescribed, used to treat general anemia

and diseases that destroy muscle mass Athletes use to build muscle mass

Benefits include: increased strength, stamina, and aggressiveness

Side effects include: “steroid rage”, deep depression, liver damage leading to

cancer reduced output of natural hormones leadin to: shrunken

testicles, reduced sex drive, infertility, and breast development in men.

In teens, bones may stop growing, stunting growth.

Ratio of Elements in Carbohydrates and Lipids

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Ratio of Elements in Carbohydrates and Lipids

Saturated

Formula Common Name

CH3(CH2)10CO2H lauric acid

CH3(CH2)12CO2H myristic acid

CH3(CH2)14CO2H palmitic acid

CH3(CH2)16CO2H stearic acid

CH3(CH2)18CO2H arachidic acid

UnsaturatedFormula Common Name

CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H palmitoleic acid

CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H oleic acid

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H linoleic acid

CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H linolenic acid

CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2CO2H arachidonic acid

Lipids

CarbohydratesName  Type of sugar (mono =1 or di =2 sugar units)  Chemical formula of sugar

 Glucose  Monosaccharide  C6H12O6

 Fructose  Monosaccharide  C6H12O6

 Galactose  Monosaccharide  C6H12O6

 Lactose  Disaccharide (glucose + galactose)  C12H22O11

 Sucrose  Disaccharide (glucose + fructose)  C12H22O11

 Maltose  Disaccharide (glucose + glucose)  C12H22O11

Ratio of Elements in Carbohydrates and Lipids

Lipids

Carbohydrates 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O

1:2:very few ratio of C:H:O

Proteins Not a lot of energy available

due to low density of ___________ __________.

Mega important for variety of reasons ! See functions _______________ - absorb

and reflect sunlight _______________– help

biochemical reactions.

If used for energy, tissue or molecules are destroyed. Think of your car using:

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Proteins• Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

Amino acids How many

different kinds?

Label areas:

PROTEINS

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• Are polymers of molecules called amino acids

• All amino acids have an amino group at one end –NH2 and a carboxyl group at the other end –COOH

• There are 20 amino acids found in nature

• The R group section distinguishes one amino acid from another.

20 Amino Acids

Polypeptide chains formed through DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS!

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Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).

Proteins perform numerous functions! Six functions of proteins:

1. Storage: albumin (egg white)2. Transport: hemoglobin3. Regulatory: hormones4. Movement: muscles5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails6. Enzymes: cellular reactions

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Proteins (Polypeptides)Four levels of protein

structure:A. Primary StructureB. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D. Quaternary Structure

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFIMcxZNM

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Primary StructureAmino acids bonded

together by peptide bonds (straight chains)

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

Primary Structure

Insulin

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Secondary Structure 3-dimensional folding

arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.

Two examples:

Alpha Helix

Beta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen Bonds

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Tertiary Structure Secondary structures bent and

folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides

Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)

Call a “subunit”.

Alpha Helix

Beta Pleated Sheet

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35. Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more

“subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous

environments Example: enzymes

(hemoglobin)subunits

Examples of Proteins Hemoglobin: transports oxygen

Pigments gathersunlight

Enzymes catalyze reactions Substrate(s) bind to_________ __________;

this lowers the __________ __________ (EA ) Bonds broken/formed; molecule(s) released Reusable Requires optimum ______ and ____________

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Nucleic Acids

Contain the elements : carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus.

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Nucleic acids Two types:

a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)

DNA contains the cells’ master instructutions

RNA copies those instructions to take to the ribosome (to make proteins)

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Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.

Nucleotides are removed by hydrolysis

Form phosphodiester bonds

Dehydration Synthesis (condensation reaction)

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Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:

phosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:

DNA RNAadenine (A) adenine (A)thymine (T) uracil (U)cytosine (C) cytosine (C)guanine (G) guanine (G)

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NucleotideKnow how to number the Carbons!!!!!!!

OO=P-O O

Phosphate Group

NNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

Sugar(deoxyribose)

DNA Structure Sugar-phosphate backbone Hydrogen bonds hold 2 strands together A pairs with T (or U in RNA) G pairs with C

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DNA - double helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A

RNA vs. DNA

RNA vs. DNA RNA:

Single-stranded Uracil A, U, C, G Leaves nucleus

DNA: Double-stranded Thymine A, T, C, G Cannot leave nucleus