Macromolecules Traci

7/31/2019 Macromolecules Traci

1/23

Macromolecules

Building Complex Molecules

That Comprise Living Things


2/23

Comparison of Terms

Molecule Two or more atoms joined bychemical bonds

Macromolecule Large polymer made of

repeating monomer units

Four types of organic macromolecules

are important in living systems.


3/23

Macromolecules: Polymers

Made of Repeating Monomers

Macromolecule Monomer Unit

Carbohydrates Sugars

Lipids Fatty acids

Proteins Amino acids

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides


4/23

Organic Macromolecules

Contain Carbon

Each carbon atom can make four

covalent bonds with other types of

atoms or additional carbons.

Question: How many

electrons does carbon need

to fill its outer energy level?

Answer: Four


5/23


6/23


7/23

Carbohydrates: Functions

Energy source

Structural component

Cell-cell communication


8/23

Carbohydrates: Dietary

Recommendations

58% of calories from carbohydrates

No more than 10% of calories from simple,

refined sugars Emphasize

Complex Carbohydrates Starch

Fiber (cellulose) Naturally-occurring simple carbohydrates

Fructose from fruit

Lactose from milk


9/23

Macronutrients As

Energy Sources


10/23




Lipids

(fats, oils, waxes)

Fatty acids


11/23

Lipids: Structure

Triglyceridepredominant form in diet One molecule of glycerol

Three fatty acids


12/23

Lipids: Structure Types of Fatty Acids

Saturated 2H per internal carbon

Unsaturated --


13/23

Lipids: Structure

PolarHead Glycerol Fatty Acid Tails

HydrophobicHydrophilic

Phospholipidcomponent of cell membranes


14/23

Lipids: Functions

Concentrated energy source Structural components of cell

membranes

Phospholipids Cholesterol

Communication

Steroid Hormones

Protection from water

WaxesCholesterol

Phospholipids


15/23

Lipids: Dietary Recommendations

< 30% of calories from lipids < 10% of calories from saturated fats

Limit cholesterol to 300 mg/day

Avoid trans fatty acids in partiallyhydrogenated products

Emphasize

Unsaturated fatty acids fromvegetables,fish, legumes,and nuts

Oils: mono- or polyunsaturated


16/23

Macronutrients As

Energy Sources


17/23




Protein Amino acids


18/23

Proteins: Structure

Amino

Group

The R Group

Differs for Each Amino Acid

Carboxylic Acid

Group

Alpha

Carbon

R

Primary structure = chain of amino acids

Amino acids have common features


19/23

Hair Curling

|S|

S|

|S|

S| |S

|S

|

|S|S

|

|S|S

|

StraightHair NaturallyCurlyHair


20/23

Proteins: Functions

Structural Component of Cells Control of Metabolic Reactions: enzymes

Structure & support, bone & muscle

Communication Protein Hormones

Cell Receptors

Energy source

Protein

Protein


21/23

Proteins: Dietary

Recommendations

12% of calories from proteins

8 essential amino acids obtained

from

Lean sources of animal protein

Complementary plant proteins Beans + Grains

Beans + Seeds


22/23

Nucleic Acid: Functions

Biological molecules essential for known formsof life on Earth.

They include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and

RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Together with proteins, nucleic acids are the

most important biological macromolecules;each is found in abundance in all living things,

where they function in encoding,

transmitting and expressing genetic

information.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecules


23/23

Nucleic Acid: Functions

Documents

Macromolecules Traci