Organic Macromolecules

Chemical ReactionsThe rearrangement of atoms

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

(Reactants) (Products)

Ener

gyTime

Chemical ReactionsEndergonic Reaction

Energy is requiredExergonic Reaction

Energy is releasedActivation Energy

Energy req’d to start rxnCatalyst

Decreases AE Speeds up rxns

ProductsReactants

Chemical Reactions Review2 Mg + O2 2 MgO

Was energy mostly released or absorbed? Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Why doesn’t this reaction occur on its

own?6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Is energy mostly released or absorbed? Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Where does the absorbed energy go?

Condensation (dehydration) Monomers join to form polymers

Hydrolysis Polymers can be split into monomers

Macromolecular Structure

Macromolecular Structure

C O HH

HH C O H

H

HH

Dehydration/Condensation1. H and OH are removed2. Monomers bond

Macromolecular Structure

C

O H

H

HH C O H

H

H

H

Hydrolysis1. Molecules separate2. Water lyses and occupies open bonds

CarbohydratesC, H, & O in 1:2:1 ratioOften in rings

or linked ringsMonosaccharide (simple sugar)

Carbohydrate monomer Glucose - Photosynthesis Fructose - Fruit Galactose - Milk

CarbohydratesPolysaccharide (sugars linked together) Cellulose - Plant cell walls, wood, cotton Starch - Plant energy storage

Lots of C, twice as much H, very little OHydrocarbon chains

Fatty acid (monomer)

Triglyceride (polymer) 3 fatty acids linked together Oil (liquid) - E storage Fat (solid) - E storage,

insulation, padding

Lipids

Nonpolar- Won’t dissolve in H2O

Polar- Will dissolve in H2O

=

LipidsSteroids (four carbon rings) Cholesterol, venoms, hormones

ProteinsC, H, O, N and sometimes SPeptide = Amino Acid = Protein Monomer

Over twenty varieties(Differ only in “radical” group)

RRadical Group

C

H

NH

HC

O

O H

Proteins

ProteinsPolymers made of amino acidsStructural examples

Muscle fibers, hair, cytoskeleton Cell membrane proteins

ProteinsEnzymes Protein catalysts Help convert substrates to products

C CH H

H HH C C

H H

H HHO

HH

Rate of RxnsTemperature As temp ↑, collisions are more frequent (rate ↑) At high temps, enzyme changes shape (rate ↓)

Temperature

Rat

e

Denaturation

Rate of RxnspH Different enzymes have different optimal

ranges

Rate of RxnsAs [substrate] ↑,

Rate ↑

[substrate]

Rat

e

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide (monomer) Phosphate group 5-C monosaccharide

RiboseDeoxyribose

Nitrogen baseA, C, G, T, or U

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acid Polymers RNA

Protein synthesis DNA

Primary genetic info