Structure and Function of Structure and Function of MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Monomers, Polymers, and Monomers, Polymers, and MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Macromolecules:Macromolecules: groups of polymers covalently groups of polymers covalently bonded – 4 classes of organic macromolecules bonded – 4 classes of organic macromolecules to be studied:to be studied:

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins3. Proteins2. Lipids2. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids4. Nucleic Acids

Monomers:Monomers: repeating units that serve as repeating units that serve as building blocks for polymersbuilding blocks for polymers

Polymers:Polymers: long molecule consisting of long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building many similar or identical building blocks blocks linked by covalent bondslinked by covalent bonds

How do the monomers link up or How do the monomers link up or break back into monomers?break back into monomers?

Condensation reactionCondensation reaction (specifically, (specifically, dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis)) two molecules covalently bond two molecules covalently bond lose a waterlose a water

moleculemolecule in the process in the process(THIS TAKES ENERGY TO DO!!!)(THIS TAKES ENERGY TO DO!!!)HydrolysisHydrolysis polymers are disassembled to monomers by polymers are disassembled to monomers by adding adding

a water molecule backa water molecule back(ex. Digestion of food)(ex. Digestion of food)

Organic Compounds and Organic Compounds and Building BlocksBuilding Blocks

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates – made up of linked – made up of linked monosaccharidesmonosaccharidesLipidsLipids -- -- CATEGORY DOES NOT INCLUDE POLYMERS CATEGORY DOES NOT INCLUDE POLYMERS (grouping based on insolubility)(grouping based on insolubility)

*Triglycerides (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)*Triglycerides (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)

*Phospholipids*Phospholipids*Steroids*Steroids

ProteinsProteins – made up of amino acids – made up of amino acidsNucleic AcidsNucleic Acids – made up nucleotides – made up nucleotides

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Carbohydrates – fuel and building Carbohydrates – fuel and building materialmaterial

Exist as three types:Exist as three types:

1. monosaccharides 1. monosaccharides (mono = 1)(Simple Sugars)(mono = 1)(Simple Sugars)

2. disaccharides 2. disaccharides (di = 2) (double sugars)(di = 2) (double sugars)

3. polysaccharides3. polysaccharides (poly = many) (complex (poly = many) (complex sugarssugars

Made up of C, H, and OMade up of C, H, and O

Names end in –oseNames end in –ose

Size of “carbon skeleton” determines categorySize of “carbon skeleton” determines category

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

Are major sources of Are major sources of energy for cellsenergy for cells

Ex. Glucose made during Ex. Glucose made during photosynthesis (cellular respiration photosynthesis (cellular respiration converts glucose to energy for our bodies)converts glucose to energy for our bodies)

Most common: glucose, fructose, Most common: glucose, fructose, galactosegalactose

Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharidesFigure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, GalactoseGlucose, Fructose, Galactose

Glucose: *made during photosynthesisGlucose: *made during photosynthesis

*main source of energy for *main source of energy for plants and animalsplants and animals

Fructose: *found naturally in fruitsFructose: *found naturally in fruits

*sweetest of monosaccharides*sweetest of monosaccharides

Galactose: *found in milkGalactose: *found in milk

*is usually in association with *is usually in association with glucose or fructoseglucose or fructose

DiaccharideDiaccharide

Disaccharide – two monosaccharides Disaccharide – two monosaccharides bonded together with the release of water. bonded together with the release of water. (double sugar)(double sugar)Ex: table sugar (Sucrose)and lactose (sugar Ex: table sugar (Sucrose)and lactose (sugar

in milk)in milk)These must be broken down by the enzymes in These must be broken down by the enzymes in our stomach to be utilized by the body.our stomach to be utilized by the body.

Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesisFigure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis

PolysaccharidePolysaccharide

Polysaccharide – many monomers bonded Polysaccharide – many monomers bonded together (12 or more) together (12 or more)

complex carbohydrate – the best type to eat complex carbohydrate – the best type to eat

Ex: Glycogen (plant starches, storage form of Ex: Glycogen (plant starches, storage form of glucose) glucose)

Starch (pasta, bread)Starch (pasta, bread)Cellulose (Plant fiber which is good for you digestion Cellulose (Plant fiber which is good for you digestion – our bodies can’t break it down so it just passes – our bodies can’t break it down so it just passes through to help cleanse the colon.)through to help cleanse the colon.)

Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures 

Chemical Identification of Chemical Identification of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Benedict’s Test:Benedict’s Test: Identifies the presence of a Identifies the presence of a MONOSACCHARIDE by changing from blue to MONOSACCHARIDE by changing from blue to orange in the presence of heatorange in the presence of heat

Iodine Test :Iodine Test : Identifies the presence of a Identifies the presence of a POLYSACCHARIDE by changing from yellow to POLYSACCHARIDE by changing from yellow to purple/blackpurple/black

Process of Elimination:Process of Elimination: If there is no reaction If there is no reaction with either the Benedict’s or Iodine Tests, then a with either the Benedict’s or Iodine Tests, then a DISACCHARIDE is present.DISACCHARIDE is present.