Biological Macroolecules

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

“Life is just a kind of chemistry, of sufficient complexityto permit reproduction and evolution.”

Cosmos:A Personal Voyage

Polymers

a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together

New Oxford American Dictionary

Biological Polymers

ProteinsNucleic AcidsCarbohydratesLipids

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis

Proteins

Amino Acids

Figure 4-3 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

(c) Structural proteins: CollagenIs present in bones, tendons, and cartilage.

(a) Enzymes: Globular proteins called enzymes play a key role in many chemical reactions.

(f) Contractile proteins: Proteins called act in and myosin are present in muscles.

(e) Defensive proteins: White blood cells destroy cells without the proper identity proteins and make antibody proteins that attack invaders.

(d) Structural proteins: Keratin forms hair, nails,feathers, and components of horns.

(b) Transport proteins: Red blood cells contain the protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

Table 4-1 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

Form-FunctionRelationship

ProteinStructureand Folding

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

N

N

N

NN

H

H

H

C

C

O

O

O

CC

C

C

CC

OC

NN

H H

C

OCC

OC

NN

H

OC

CC

H

O C

C

Secondarystructure

β-pleated sheet

α-helix

Tertiarystructure

Quaternarystructure

Amino acids

Primarystructure

O

Hierarchical Organization

Denaturation

On Food and CookingHarold McGee

NucleicAcids

Nucleotides

Page 57

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P

P

Figure 4.12

Base Pairing

Page68_01

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Glucose

Galactose

Fructose

Disaccharides

Maltose

Sucrose

Lactose

Polysaccharides

energy storagein plants

Starch{amylose

amylopectin

energy storage in animals

Glycogen

structurefor plants

Cellulose

structurein animals

Chitin

Lipids

Hydrophobic substancescan be dissolved in lipids.

Fatty Acids

Saturated

Unsaturated

Glycerol

Glycerol

Triacylglyceride

Fat Molecule

Long-TermEnergy Storage

Phospholipids

CarbohydrateProteinFat

449

Calories per gram

On Food and CookingHarold McGee