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LP - QD / 13 News/ 2016

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wmfoaYfhameú†ksldhkafndfyduhlawe;' tayeuksldhlauwmfoaYfhack;djgfiajhlalrk njwe;af;kauwmms<s.;hq;=jeo.;alreKls'ta;af;fr®iduõ;=ñhfïmqxÑ†úhskgmeñK úvdnrwef.amqxÑll=,afoflkauweúof.diawef.awdornrohdfõfiajdjwmfoaYfhawdrïNlf<Ah'w;sW;=ïi.iem;af;dauialdr®†k,al=fr®ks'u'ks'ysñmdKkafld<Uw.ro.=rejYfhkafiajhlrkwj†fha1967foieïnr®08†kf;fr®iduõ;=ñh';j;aohdfõOr®u¥;slfidfydhq˙hkafofofkl=iu.YS%,xldjgmeñ◊hdh't†kfoajud;djkaf.aksr®u,ms<sis`°fïW;=ïux.,Hojihs'wef.am<uqksjykjQfhakjfyÜáùofhaúlafIdamfoajud;djkajykafiaf.afoajia:dkhgwh;af.dvke.s,a,hs'udifollfláld,hla;=<k.r"Wmk.r"uxudj;a"ù††f.atñkaTjqkag/ljKhi,id≥◊'talghq;a;giafg,dmeú†fidfydhq˙hf.aiyfhda.h,enq◊'f;fr®iduõ;=ñhfj;/ljrKhfidhdmeñfKkmSä;ck;djf.a.Kk†fk;a†kjeäjkakgúh'wEm<uqjwef.aohdfõfiajdjksjiwdrïNlf<afudaoruyj;a;idka;wkaf;daksuqks`≥kaf.afoajia:dkhghdnof.dvke.s,a,lh' fuh,nd.ekSugyelsjQfhafld<Uw.ro.=reysñhkaf.aue†y;aùfukamiqjh'1967isg1971olajdld,hlaOr®u¥;ksldfhafidfydhq˙hkaYS%,xldj;=<fiajhlrñkaiság°"iu.sfmruqKrchn,hgm;aùfukamiqishΩuúfoaYShOr®u¥;jrekagrgyerhdugksfhda.mekùh'furgfiajhls¯ugwjYHn,m;%hzzùidZZfkdue;slufya;=fjkaTjqkagrgyerhdugis≥úh'f;fr®iduj†h;al<fiajdjwfmdia;=,slldu,hsÜksldfhafidydhq˙hkagNdr°bka†hdjn,dmsg;ajQjdh'idkqlïmdfõksjiìysjQfhat;ekamgkah'1968°f;fr®iduõ;=ñhydiïnkaOùohdfõfia-jhgw;ys;fokakwdYdjla±lajQ;re◊hlaúh'wEf;fr®idujiu.bka†hdjgf.dialkHdfidfydhq˙hlaúuiòydmqyqKqj,enqjdh't∞;uleue;af;kauW∞rlemùulal<tu;re◊hwofudaorYdka;sksjdifhawirKhkaf.;awirKhkaiòydwemlemùfiajhlrhs'wE.refckùjdfidfydhq˙hhs'

1984°f;fr®idujohdfõfidfydhq˙hkalSmfofklaiu.wm†jhskgmeñ◊hdh'bka†hdfjka

f;fr®id uõ;=ñhf.a „ú; l;dj

meñ◊<udrelaIs,d"ur®,so"YS%,dxlSh.af,da˙hdmeú†fidfydhq˙hyd.reiafg,dmeú†fidfydhq˙hf.awêlaIKhhgf;aohdfõksjfiafiajhwdrïNl<y'

f;fr®idujhgf;ameú†„ú;hgwe;=Ωùug ,dxlSh;re◊hkaghïlsiswdYdjla;snqK;aùidn,m;afkd°fïkS;shksidbka†hdjgf.diamqyqKqùfïld,hwdrïNls¯ugiQ∞kïjQk;aùidn,m;a,nd.ekSfïwmyiq;djhksidbka†hdjghduwiSrefohlaúh'wfma,dxlsh;re◊hkaf;fr®idujf.aksldhgne`°fiajhls¯ugleu;sjqj;afïfya;=jksidthmiqnEulg,laúh'ta;am˙;Hd.YS,slsysmfofkl=f.aueoy;aúfukaf;fr®iduõ;=ñhf.amqyqKqls˙fïldr®hhiòyd ,dxlSh;re◊hkafofofklabka†hdjghjk,°' thskatlafidfydhq˙hlawdmiq,xldjgmeñ◊h;a wks;afidfydhq˙hkñkaohdfõ¥;sldjkaf.aYS% ,xldfõmjq,gwh;ajQjdh'f;fr®idujYS%,xldjgwdmiqmeñ◊miqishfiajhwdrïNlf<afudaoridka;wdkduqksj˙hf.afoajia:dkhghdnojwe;sf.dvke.s,af,a°h'wjidkfhaw.ro.=rew;sW;=ïksl,iaudliam%kdka≥ysñmdKkaúiskafudaorwxl188orK;ekmsysáN+ñfhaf.dvke.s,a,laf;fr®idujf.aohdfõfiajdfõlghq;=ls¯ugNdrfok,°'wog;athYdka;sksjdihkñkaye`†kafõ'

Wmqgd .ekSu (-

t,ais uqo,sf.a uy;añhf.a zzwE iuÛ ±yeka.; fjuqZZ .%ka:fhks'

l%sia;= jr®I 2016 wf.daia;= 01 i∫∞<ud m%Èmh<ud 08 l%sia;= jr®I 2016 wf.daia;= 01 i∫∞<ud m%Èmh

ks¾u, ußfhda;a;udjkaf.a ud;djka jk Y=' wdkd fyj;a ika;dkd uEKsfhda l%s'j' 1 jk ishjfia§ .,S,fha ld¾fu,a

lkaog kqÿre fifjdßia kï .%dufha § Wm; ,oa§h'

ika;dkd uEKsfhda

wfia, oikdhl

wef.a kdufha wre; jkafka foaj ;s<sKh"foaj lreKdj yd foaj f;aci hk wre;a jkafkah'

fu;=ñhf.a uj tufrkaishd jQ w;r mshd jqfha iafld,ka keue;a;dh' Tyqf.a .%duh jqfha

.,S,fha kdifr;a kqjrhs'

fu;=ñhf.a l=vd ld,h .; lrk ,oafoa ish mshdf.a .%duh jQ kdifr;a .%dufha §h'

jhi wjqreÿ 18 § f,ú mrmqfrka meje; wd oeyeñ ;reKfhl= jQ cqjlskq kï ;eke;a;dg fu;=ñh újdy lr ,§'

fï oeyeñ hqj, úiq njg ie,flk kdifr;a ys msysá ksji

fndfyda ld,hla tkï jir 20la muK ld,hla cqjlsï kï Nla;sjka; iajdñmqreIhd iu. úiq"fï fofokd foúhka jykafiag b;d úYajdi mlaIj fiajh l< fï fofokdf.a Ôú;hg ÿ#Lodhl fohla jqfha ore iïm;a ke;s ùuh'

fï fofokdu fkdlvjd Nla;s Êj,s;j hdÉ[d lf<dah'foúòdfKda o Tjqkaf.a hdÉ[d wid "Tjqkag rEnr ÈhKshla foajd jod< fial'

b†˙hg'''''

m%Èmh<udl%sia;= jr®I 2016 wf.daia;= 01 i∫∞l%sia;= jr®I 2016 wf.daia;= 01 i∫∞ <ud m%Èmh 09

ks¾u, ußfhda;a;udjkaf.a ud;djka jk Y=' wdkd fyj;a ika;dkd uEKsfhda l%s'j' 1 jk ishjfia§ .,S,fha ld¾fu,a

lkaog kqÿre fifjdßia kï .%dufha § Wm; ,oa§h'

ika;dkd uEKsfhda

wfia, oikdhl

wef.a kdufha wre; jkafka foaj ;s<sKh"foaj lreKdj yd foaj f;aci hk wre;a jkafkah'

fu;=ñhf.a uj tufrkaishd jQ w;r mshd jqfha iafld,ka keue;a;dh' Tyqf.a .%duh jqfha

.,S,fha kdifr;a kqjrhs'

fu;=ñhf.a l=vd ld,h .; lrk ,oafoa ish mshdf.a .%duh jQ kdifr;a .%dufha §h'

jhi wjqreÿ 18 § f,ú mrmqfrka meje; wd oeyeñ ;reKfhl= jQ cqjlskq kï ;eke;a;dg fu;=ñh újdy lr ,§'

fï oeyeñ hqj, úiq njg ie,flk kdifr;a ys msysá ksji

fndfyda ld,hla tkï jir 20la muK ld,hla cqjlsï kï Nla;sjka; iajdñmqreIhd iu. úiq"fï fofokd foúhka jykafiag b;d úYajdi mlaIj fiajh l< fï fofokdf.a Ôú;hg ÿ#Lodhl fohla jqfha ore iïm;a ke;s ùuh'

fï fofokdu fkdlvjd Nla;s Êj,s;j hdÉ[d lf<dah'foúòdfKda o Tjqkaf.a hdÉ[d wid "Tjqkag rEnr ÈhKshla foajd jod< fial'

b†˙hg'''''

10

j;auka ro.=re ysñ ( w;s W;=ï úkaiagka m%kdkaÿ ^È'i'ks& ysñmdfKda


lkacqlal=,sh Yd' fnkäla

oyï mdif,a isiq kdhl

kdhsldjkag miq.shØ molalï

m<|jkq ,eîh' molalï

me<† <uqka óiï fiajl

.re cqâ vhia" óiï iyhl

.re kqjka tu,al msh;=uka,d"

.re f.dfrdka;s meú†

fidhq˙h ^Y='m'ks'& yd fu†k

iyNd.Sjq y,dj; moú

Or®fudamfoaY wOHCI .re

;rx. fyaud,a msh;=ud isiq

kdhl Ndr .=re Nj;=ka iuÛ

<ud m%°mh i|yd iuQy

fiahdrejlg fmkS isá whqre'

wreIs ;;air◊

yxje,a,óifï¥mq;=ka60fofkl=miq.shØdmy;a.uY='fcdaima

foajia:dkfha°m%:ujrg†jHi;am%idojykafia,nd.kakd,°'yxje,a,óiïfiajl.rewekagkarx‚;aiyhl.reliqkabIdriy.refgrkaiam%ix.hkmsh;=uka,d

iu. .re meú† fidhq˙hka.=reNj;=ka

iu.<uqka iuQyPdhdrEmhlg fmkSisáwhqre'

weka;ks fyÜáhdwrÉÑ

wïmsáhóifï<uqka26fofkl=miq.shØd

m<uqjrg†jHi;am%idojykafia,eîh'foajfufyfhkamiqj.refrdahsl,erkaiamsh;=ud^óiïfiajl&.re

nr®g%ïmsh;=ud^wïmsáhcd;slfoõi;ayf,a

NdKavd.d˙l&we;=`M.remsh;=uka,d.re†,aldmeú†fidhq˙h".=reNj;=kayd<uqkaiuQyfiahdrejlgfmks

isáwhqre'

fï˙hka l%siafgdamr®


j;auka ro.=re ysñ ( w;s W;=ï úkaiagka m%kdkaÿ ^È'i'ks& ysñmdfKda

lekvdfõ µSvd ú,a,jrdhka keka∞

wo kï ≥fõ mqf;a is;g y˙u lK.dgq bmso jq ú†fha

l;kaorhla ;uhs Thd,d;a tlal fn∞ y∞ .kak hkafka'

iuyr úg Tn,d fï is≥ùu rEmjdysksfhka olskak;a we;s'

2016 uehs ui w. Nd.fha †fkl weu˙ld tlai;a ckmofha

iskaiskdá i;aj WoHdkhg iqmqre≥ m˙os meñ◊ krUkakkaf.

ka iuyrekag widudkH is≥ùula w;aolskak yels jqKd' fuh

b;du fidapkSh is≥ùula' mD:súfha isák ñksid keue;s

i;a;ajhdf.a wkqjKlï ksid ;reK jhfia isá wysxil

f.da˙,a,l=j fjä ;nd urd oukak is≥jqKd' fï f.d˙,a,df.a

ku zzyrñfnZZ' jhi wjqre≥ 17hs' nr rd;a;,a 400hs'

tosk i;aj WoHdkhg meñ◊ ldka;djla wehf.a orejd;a

iu`. ;ekska ;ek weú†ñka i;=ka krUk w;r f.da˙,a,d

fldgqj wi,;a kej;=Kd' f.da˙,a,d fldgqj lSjg th iEfyk

úYd, m%udKhl bvla fldgq lr ie≥ ia:dkhla' f.da˙,a,kag

ks±,af,a weú†kak iEfykak bv ;snq w;r úYd, lΩ .,a

;nd tu fldgqj yels ;rñ le,E m˙irhg yqre jk whq˙ka

;uhs ilid ;snqfKa' fldgqfõ tla fldkl †hw.,la ilid

;snqKd f.da˙,a,kag wef`.a rYaKh ksjd .kak wjYH fj,djg

j;=rg nei we`. f;ud.kak yels jk ú†hg'

fuu fldgqj Wäka jegl=;a id∞ ;snqfKa krUkakkaf.a

wdrlaIdj iòyd' kuq;a fï fõf,a wr uj;a iu`. meñKs

wjqre≥ 4l orejd flfia kuq;a jefgka we;=,g ˙x.Su ksid

iEfyk my;skaa ;snq wr †hw.,g jegqKd' ta ≥gq jydu i;=ka

n,d .kakd wh f.d˙,a,ka ;sfokdj jydu Tjqkaf.a l=á j,g

leòjd ;sfnkjd' .eyeKq f.da˙,a,ka fofokla ta wKg lSlre

jQ kuq;a ms˙ñ f.d˙,a,d kej;s fï orejdj m˙laId lrkak

mgka.;a;d' n,d bkak whg kï f;areKd fï f.da˙,a,d

orejdg wk;=rla lrk woyila keyehs lshd' iuyr úg W!g

ysf;kak we;s orejdj fírd.kak ´kE lshd' tfia is;,d

f∞a orejdf.a ll=f,ka weo f.k †hw.f,a tyd fuyd .shd'

f.da˙,a,df.a isrefr® úYd,;a;ajh ksid i;aj md,k ks,Od˙kag

orejd fír .kakg yels blauKska lghq;= lrkak is≥jqKd'

Tjqka jydu f.da˙,a,dj fjä ;nd urd ±uqjd' Tjqkag orejd

f.da˙,a,df.ka fjka lr jydu wdfrda.H Yd,djlg f.kshkak

is≥jqKd' wk;=rla fkdjQj;a" tydg fuydg weo f.k hdu

ksid orejdf.a wef`.a ;eÆñ iSs˙ï rdYshla ;snqKd' tla wkqjK

ujla m%fõYfuka ;udf.a orejd n,d fkd.ekSu ksihs fujeks

fYdajksh ;;a;ajhlg wr wirK f.da˙,a,dg uqyqK fokak

is≥ jQfha' foaj °ukdjla ú,iska ukqIH wmg ,eî ;sfnk

iS;sfï Yla;sh u; ujlg isf;kafka keoao fujeks wjOdkï

ia:dkj,g meñKsss úg fjk wjia:dj,g;a jvd wjOdkfhka

;u orejd .ek ;ud úuis,su;aj isáh hq;=hs lshd@

f,dal jkrlaIK o;a; j,g wkqj fuu wms%ldkq f.da˙,a,ka

b;du iS>fhka jòùf.k hk jr®.hla ksid ta ms<snòj lghq;=

lrk wh uyd jHdmD;sshla f.k hkjd fï f.da˙,a,ka jò fkdù

mj;ajd .ekSug' fudjqka jeä jYfhka ‚j;a jkafka leurEka"

uOHu wm%sldkq ckrch" fldkaf.da iy blajfgda˙h,a .sks

keue;s rgj,aj,hs' Ñïmkaiska iy f.da˙,a,ka .ek wOHhkh

lrñka" Tjqka iu`. tlg „j;a fjñka wjqre≥ .Kkdjla

wm%sldfõ jdih l< ì%;dkH cd;sl wdpdr®h fcka .=fvda,a

uy;añh fuu is≥ùu .ek b;du lK.dgqjg m;ajqKd'

fuu is≥ùu m%jD;a;s j,ska ≥gq ieu fokdu fjdaokd lf<a

ujghs' ta orejdf.a wdrlaIdj uj i;= hq;=lula ksid' wkqjKj

ujla ;udf.a wjOdkh ìò.ekSu iy fkdie,ls,su;alu

fya;=fjka ;udf.a orejd wk;=rlg ,lafjkakg bv ye˙hd

u†jdg" fyd`†ka „j;a jqKq f.da˙,af,l=f.a wdhqI;a ksrmrdfoa

flá lrkak;a ∞hljqKd' ukqIHhka jYfhka wm fiaru

fujeks foa is≥ùu .ek ,e–cd úh hq;=hs' mD:Súh ukqIHdg

muKla ysñ ;ekla fkdfjhs' iEu i;a;aj jr®.hdu foaj

ueú,a,la' b;ska Tjqkag;a wmg jdf.au ksoyfia „ú;a ùug

wjldY ;sìh hq;=hs' fldgqjl oud isrlrefjla jf.a ;ndf.k

isák f.d˙,af,l=gj;a ieksis,af,a „j;a jkak bv fkdy˙k

;rugu ukqIHhka jYfhka wm ms˙yS ±hs lshd úfgl

isf;kjd'

b;ska ≥fõ" mqf;a" wmg fï l;dfjka bf.k .kak

;sfhkafka wm úiska l=uk foa l<;a wmf.a iy wka whf.a

wdrlaIdj iq/flk ú†hg jev lrkak mqre≥ ùuhs' úúO ia:dk

j,g .sh úg ta ta ;ekaj,g .e,fmk f,i ilid we;s kS;s

˙;s ms<sm†kak wm ks;ru úuis,su;a fjkak ´kE'

wmg foaj ;Hd.hla f,i ,eî ;sfnk fï iqkaor f,dalh

wdrlaId ls¯u wm i;= uyd j.lSula' úfYAIfhkau wkd.;

mqrjeishka jYfhka ta j.lSug Wr fokakg Tn,d ish,q

fokdgu is≥fjkjd' wm ukqIHhkag jdf.au i;=kag iy

m˙irhg;a wdorfhka ls%hd l<fyd;a" m˙irh;a wmg tf,iu

wdorfhka m%;sls%hd olajkjd' uyd .xj;=re Wj≥re" kdh hdï

jeks foa is≥jkafka wm úiska ñys;,hg y˙hg w˙hd≥ lr

we;s ksihs' ;ju;a lrf.k hk ksihs' wkd.;fh;a l< yels

ksihs'

ta ksid wms fujeks lreKq .ek ±kqï;a fjkak ieu úfglu

W;aidy .ksuq' túg iqkaor f,dalhla ujkak ∞hdljkakka

yeáhg wfma mqxÑ is;a j,g uyd i;=gla ±fkaú' wmg foú

mshdKkaf.a wdYsr®jdo;a fkd wvqj ,efíú'

wms yefudagu mdvula'''


u,a n≥kla lúId fk;añ◊

07 fY%a◊h

Y=' mjqf,a nd,sld uyd ú≥y,

ls˙ueáhd.dr

f–iqia jykafia is≥l< m%;sydr®hhla ry,a fl!IHh

06 fY%a◊h

†jH yDofha oyï mdi, - ∞f.dkak

^lsUq,dmsáh óiu&

Y=oaOjq mjq, fIysks u¯Id

10 fY%a◊h

Y=' ñLdfh,a w.%≥; ;=ukaf.a oyï mdi,

kd,j,dk

Ö;a; fudaia;rhlau,als kfjdaoHhd

04 fY%AKsh

Yd' wkaf;daks oyï mdi,

n;a;=`MUh ^w.=Kú, óiu&

fudaia;rhlais;au,a WØk

06 fY%a◊h

f,dfhd,d úoHd,h - fndamsáh

is;sú,a,udisl

Ñ;% msgqj

mqxÑ wfmamqxÑ wfma Ñ;% msgqj i|yd Tn w¢k Ñ;%" mdif,a fyda oyï mdif,a mx;sNdr .=re;=udf.a iy;slh iu. Tfí ku' mx;sh' mdi, we;=<;aj Tfí fm!oa.,sl ,smskh yd ≥rl;k wxlh o iys;j fhduq lrkak'§

mqxÑ wfma Ñ;% msgqj¶ <ud m%°mh" wxl 02" «kdr®: m%°mh udj;" fld<U 08'


tys° wr®: Ydiaa;%h ÊCONOMICS & foaj Or®u Ydia;%h ^Theology& " ufkda úoHdj ^Psychology& " kS;sh ^ Law & yd úúO NdId hk ieu úIhlskau t;=udg m%:u ia:dkh †kd .ekSug yelsúh' tfia jqjo fu;=ud foú∫kag wjk; nj ishÆ wjia:dj,° ksrEmKh lf<a h' fudyq i;sm;d mdfmdÉpdrKh lf<ah' †k m;d cmud,h ne;sfhka WÉpdrKh lf<ah'

jr®I 1588 ° md≥jdys iqúYd,;u úYaj úoHd,hg we;=,;ajQ Y=oaOjq m%ekaisia ;=ud tys° foaj Or®u Ydia;%h yd frdau kS;sh iïnkaOj úYdrohl= njg m;aúh' jr®I 1591 ° m%ekaisia ;=ud iriúh ks,jrKfha° wdpdr®h Wmdêfhka ms≥ï ,eîh' jr®I 1592 ° fkdjeïnr® udifha 24 jeks†k m%xYfha fifkÜ iNdfõ talu;sl ks.ukhla wkqj fudyq kS;s{hl= njg m%ldYhg m;a fl˙◊'1593 foieïnr® 8 jeksØ

ta l%sia;= jr®I 1567 wf.daia;= ui 21 jeks Øh' m%xYfha iefjdahsys idf,ia k.rfha idf,ia ud<s.hg kj idud‚lfhla tlajq †khhs'

tkï Y=oaOjq m%ekaisia idf,ia uqks∫kaf.a Wm; is≥jQ †khhs' t;=ud ckau ,dNh ,enQ idf,ia ud<s.h ls˙.re`v " w,xldr NdKav " ukialdka; u,a n∫ka " rka yqfhka ksr®ñ; w.kd m,ia" fldä fiai;a " Ñ;% uQr®;s leghï hkd†fhka wdvH úh'

fuys ldur 25 la ;sì◊' fu;=ud f.a uE◊hka w,afmaÉP „ú; rgdjlg yqrejQ ldka;djls' fN!;sl jia;+ka fl;rï mej;sho weh thg jvd wdOHd;añl .=K j.dj ;=<ska m˙mQr®K jQjdh' weh m%ekaisia uqks;=ud l=vd wjêfha mgka ls;= iñ∫kag yd u˙h ud;djkag fhduq lrkakg iu;ajQjdh' <ud jhfia° jqjo Tyq fl<s fi,a,ï j,g t;rï leue;a;la ±lajqfha ke;' Tyq jvd;a ikaf;daIhlska foajia:dkhg iïnkaOúh'

fu;=ud .=K keK nf,ka m%n, ;djla olakg ,eìK' fudyq ish Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd f;dard .;af;a f–iq ksldfha mshjreka md,khg iïnkaOjQ laf,afudkaÜ iriúhhs'

Y=oaOjq m%ekaisia idf,ia uqks;=ud

m%ekaisia ;=ud mQcljrh ,eîh' idf,ia mqrjrfha jHla; l:slfhla" foaYkdjd†fhla f,i b;d flá l,lska ckm%sh;ajhg m;aúh' ≥lgm;a jqjka iekiSu" ≥.Ska frda.Ska neye±lSu fu;=udf.a †k pr®hdjg we;=,;a úh' 1602 jifr®° m%ekaisia ;=ud ‚kSjdys ro.=re f,i wNsfIal ,eîh'

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Wmqgd .ekSu (- .re cqâ oikdhl msh;=ukaf.a

zzY%S ,xld lf;da,sl iNd b;sydih yd ne÷Kq ro.=re moú yd meúÈ ksldhkaZZ .%ka:fhks'

Y%S ,xld lf;da,sl iNd b;sydih yd ne÷Kq meúÈ ksldhka

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fuu ksldfha wdrïNlhd Y=' is,afjiag¾ f.dfid,sks450

uqks;=ud h ^1177-1267&' t;=ud 1177 § uOHu b;d,sfha Tisfu-

days451 Wm; ,eî h' b;d,sfha fndf,d[a[d úYaj úoHd,fhys"

kS;s úoHdj yodrñka isá t;=ud" th w;yer oud" foaj O¾uh

yodrd" mQcljrh f;dard .;af;a h' jhi wjqreÿ mkfya § ^l%s'j'

1227 §& ;u mQcl fiajdfjka úY%du ,nd" wjqreÿ y;rla hdÉ[d

yd u¾ok l%shd lrñka" ksial,xl Èúhla .; lf<a h' tu

ld,h ;=<" tkï 1231 § uOHu b;d,sfha *ì%hdfkda452 wdikak-

fha msysá fudkafg*dfkdays ;u ;dmidrduh wdrïN lf<a h'

tys § t;=ud fnkÈldk kS;s ud,dj oeä f,i w¾:l:kh

lr" l%shd;aul lf<a h' is,afjia;%Sk-fnkÈldk ksldh" 1247

cqks ui 27jk Èk" w;s W;=ï y;rjk bkikaÜ Y=oafOda;a;u

msh;=ud ^1243-1254& úiska" meúÈ ksldhla f,i wkqu; lrk

,È' is,afjia;%Sk ksldh l=vd iajdëk fnkÈldk ksldhls' Y='

is,afjiag¾ uqks;=ud l%s'j' 1267 fkdjeïn¾ ui 26jk Èk iaj¾.

ia: úh' w;s W;=ï y;rjk laf,ukaÜ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud

^1265-1268& úiska" 1260 .Kkaj, § Nd.Hjrhg o" w;s W;=ï

wgjk laf,ukaÜ Y=oafOda;a;u msh;=ud ^1592-1605& úiska" 1598

§ Y=oaOjrhg o fu;=ud j Tijk ,È'

fuu ksldfhka ,xldjg meñKs m<uq O¾u¥;hd

jkafka" w;s W;=ï fcdaima fïß n%dú ^´'tia'î'& ysñmdK-

ka h' ta 1845 wf.daia;= ui 14jk Èk § h' t;=ud ol=fKa

wkq moúfha hqj wfmdaia;,sl wkqkdhl;=ud f,i" 1850

ckjdß ui 13jk Èk wNsfIal flßKs' 1857 ck-

jdß ui 24jk Èk" w;s W;=ï lhs;dfkda wkaf;daksfhda

ysñmdKka iaj¾.ia: ùu;a iu. u t;=ud ol=Kq wkq moú

fha md,lhd njg o m;a úh' t;eka isg 1883 wf.daia;= ui 15

jk Èk olajd" ol=Kq wkq moúh md,kh lf<a" is,afjia;%Sk-

fnkÈldk ksldfha ro.=re;=fuls' tfy;a ol=Kq wkq moúhg

wh;a" uOHu yd W!j m<d;a" kj wkq moúhla f,i ia:dms;

lrjd f.k" th is,afjia;%Sk-fnkÈldk ksldfha md,khg;a"

niakdysr" ol=K yd inr.uqj hk m<d;aj,ska iukaú; ol=Kq

wkq moúh" fjk;a meúÈ ksldhl md,khg;a Ndr lsÍug

w;s W;=ï laf,ukaÜ m[a[dks ^´'tia'î'& ysñmdKka frdauhg

fhdackd lf<a" fuu ksldfha O¾u¥;hkaf.a ys.lu ksid h'

tys § w;s W;=ï laf,ukaÜ m[a[dks ^´'tia'î'& ysñmdKkaf.a

;¾lh jqfha" ol=Kq wkq moúh is,afjia;%Sk-fnkÈldk ksld-

fha wkq moúhla jkafka" tys md,lhd is,afjia;%Sk-fnkÈldk

ksldfha ro.=re;=ful= jk ksid ñi" tys fiajh lrk

is,afjia;%Sk-fnkÈldk ksldfha msh;=uka,df.a .Kk wkqj

fkdfõ hkakhs' tl, tys fiajh l< mshjrekaf.a nyq;rh

is,afjia;%Sk-fnkÈldk ksldfha wh fkdúKs' flfia fj;;a"

is,afjia;%Sk-fnkÈldk ksldfhka fkdúuid" w;s W;=ï

laf,ukaÜ m[a[dks ^´'tia'î& ysñmdKka frdauhg l< fuu

fhdackdj ms<sn| j" tu meúÈ ksldfha wm%idoh m, úh' ukao

h;a" fuu wkq moúh tu ksldhg Ndr § ;snqfKa" tu ksldfha

O¾u¥; ld¾hhla f,isks'

oykujk Y;j¾Ih wdrïNfha isg frdaufha mej;s

;;a;ajhka" is,afjia;%Sk-fnkÈldk ksldfha mshjrekaf.a

ys.hla ,xldfõ Woa.; ùu i|yd n,mEfõ h' th lreKq

folla hgf;a úia;r l< yels h(

1' 1810 § b;d,sfha rc;=ud f,i" kefmda,shka fndkmdÜ452'1

^1805'03'17-1814'04'11& úiska meúÈ ksldhka u¾Okh lrk

,È' tys m%;sM, Rcq j u is,afjia;%Sk-fnkÈldk ksldhg

oYl ;=kla Tiafia n,mEfõ h'

2' wk;=re j" b;d,s rcjreka jk pd,aia we,anÜ ^1831'04'27-

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1861'03'17& úiska j;sldkh wdl%ukh lsÍu wdrïN lrk ,È' Y='

iNdfõ ksoyi iSud lrñka" 1848 isg úúO kS;s iïmdokh

flßKs' ;reKhkaf.a wOHdmkh fyda iqn wiak foaYkd

lsÍu fyda frda.Skag Wmia:dk lsÍu ms<sn| j lghq;= fkdl<

meúÈ ksldhka u¾Okh lrk ,È' tjeks meúÈ ksldhka

i;= jQ foam, rdcika;l flßKs' ta wkqj" kefmda,shka

fndkmdÜf.a u¾Okfhka miq wdrïN l< is,afjia;%Sk-

fnkÈldk ksldfha ;dmidrdu wfgka yhla u jid oeñKs'

1861 § l< b,a,Sulg wkqj" is,afjia;%Sk-fnkÈldk ;dmi-

hkag b;d,sfha fukafg*dfkdays ^*eì%hdfkdays& mej;s uõ

;dmidrdufha ál l,lg kej;S isàug wjir ,enqKq kuqÿ"

tys foam< o rdc ika;l flßKs' 1866 § tu ;dmidrduh o jid

oeñKs' 1870 iema;eïn¾ ui 20jk Èk" fojk úlag¾

tïudkqfj,a rc;=udf.a yuqodj j;sldkh iïmQ¾Kfhka

u wdl%uKh lf<da h'453 1873 § is,afjia;%Sk-

fnkÈldk ;dmihka i;= j frdaufha mej;s wjidk

;dmidrduh454 o u¾Okh lrk ,È' ;dmihkag wjir

,enqfKa" tys foajia:dkfha lghq;= n,d .ekSug muKs'

tfy;a b;d,s is,afjia;%Sk-fnkÈldk ;dmijreka ;u

ksldh mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd wjYH Wmßu W;aidyh

ork ,È'

1883 § fld<U wkq moúh ks¾u, ußh ksldhg Ndr §

uykqjr wkq moúfha md,kh fuu ksldh Ndr .;af;a h' 1857

isg 1982 olajd" wjqreÿ 125la W!j m<df;a md,kh;a" 1857 isg

1973 olajd" wjqreÿ 116la uOHu m<df;a md,kh;a" 1857 isg

1883 olajd" jir 26la niakdysr yd ol=K m<d;aj, md,kh;a"

1857 isg 1883 olajd yd 2007 isg fï jk úg;a ^2013& inr.

uqj m<df;a md,kh;a" fuu meúÈ ksldfha ro.=re ysñjreka

úiska f.k hk ,È¦ f.k hkq ,efnhs'

m%Èmh<udl%sia;= jr®I 2016 wf.daia;= 01 i∫∞

le|ùu ≥fõ mqf;a" foúhka jykafia wmj úúOdldr ú†hg foaj fiajhg le|jd ;sfnkjd' msh;=uka,d" ifydaor ;=uka,d meú† fidhq˙hka" oyï .=rejre" i„jl i„úldjka yd úúO iñ;s iud.ï j, idud‚lhka jk Thd,;a" Tkak Th ú†hg le|jkjd' f–iqia jykafia Y%djlhka lefoõfj;a wkak ta úêhghs'

wms f.dvdla jer† lrmq" mõ lrmq wh jqj;a foúhka jykafia ;u fiajhg le|jkjd' foúhka jykafia lshkjd zzbkak ú†hg ud <Ûg tkak' uu Tnj ms<s.kakjdZZ lsh,d' uu Thd,g mqxÑ l;djla lshkakï' bkak ú†hgu f–iq fj;g wdmq <ufhka .ek' ir;a iy ix„j lsh,d hd`Mfjda fofo fkla ysáhd' fï fokakdf.a f.j,a fol ;snqfKa tl <Û jefgka ;uhs fjka fj,d ;snqfKa' fï fokakdf.au ;d;a;,d nexl= foll jev lrkafka' ir;ag ysáfha tlu tl mq;hs' thdf.a ku rejka' ix„jg ≥jhs mq;hs fokafkla ysáhd' ta mq;df.a ku liqka " ≥jf.a ku i∫ks' liqka iy rejka tlu mdif,a" tlu mx;sfha bf.k .;af;a'

rejka y˙u fyd| orefjla' fyd|g bf.k .kakjd Wfoa iji hdÉ∆ lrkjd' mdi,a jev y˙hgu lrkjd' mx;sfha yeu∞u m<uq jekshd" mdi,a hk fldg yeu∞u wïughs ;d;a;dghs je|,d hkjd' .=rejre ú;rla fkdfjhs wy, my, wh;a rejkag y˙u wdofrhs' thdg fn!oaO wd.fï hd`Mfjd;a f.dvla ysáhd' thd,;a tlal mkai,g;a hkjd' ta yduq≥refjd;a rejkag y˙u wdofrhs' rejka fudk jev ;snqK;a †km;d mqcdjg hEug wu;l lf<a kE'

liqka Bg;a jvd fjkia mdif,a pKaäfhla' .=rejrekag W.kajkak fokafka kE' lE .ykjd' <uhskag ys˙ yer lrkjd' liqkaj .=rejrhkag " .fï wy, my, whg ú;rla fkfuhs' uõmshkag;a lrorhla jqk orefjla' Tfydu bkak w;r fï ;d;a;,d fokakd hd`Mfjda ksidu úfkdao .ukla hkak ;SrKh lrkjd' mjq,afolu y˙u i;=áka kshñ; †kg msg;a fjkjd' <uhs ;=kafokd uqyqfoa kdkak ;SrKh lr,d uõmshkag lshkjd' wlue;af;ka y˙ uqyqfoa keug uõmsfhda leue;a; fokjd' fï <uhs kdk .uka liqkqhs rejkqhs uqyq≥ /,a,g wiqfj,d .yf.k hkjd' rejkaf.a ;d;a;d ir;ag ú;rhs mSkkak mq`Mjka' Tyq yksl uqyqog mek,d mSkdf.k orejka foig hkjd' fï hk w;r ;d;a;d ys;kjd fï r, myr;a tlal ug fldfydu y˙ tl orefjlaj;a fírd .kak mq`Mjka lsh,d ys;,d ;d;a;d mq≥u ;SrKhla .kakjd' ;udf.a mq;d w;yer ix„jf.a mq;d liqkaj fírd .kak ;SrKh lrkjd' liqkaj w,a,d .kakfldgu rejka lE.ykjd ;d;af;a ;d;af;a wehs udj w; ye˙fha lsh,d' t;fldgu rejka j;=fr® fkdfmkS hkjd' ir;a" rejkaj fírd f.k f.dvg tkjd'

ir;af.a ì˙| f.dv isg fiaru foi n,df.k ys| f.dvg meñ◊ mqr®Ihdf.a mmqjg ..yd zzwehs tfyu lf<a

foúhfka" ug ysáh tlu orejd" lsh,d je,af,a fmr,s fmr,s je,fmkjd' ;d;a;d ir;a ì˙|g fufyu lshkjd' uf.a orejd fï

fjf,a foúhka jykafiaf.a ol=Kq me;af;a bkakjd' fï orejd .shdkï wo krld†fha' ta ksihs uu fï orejd fírd.kak fï m˙;Hd.h lf<a lsh,d lshkjd' fï l;dj ix„jg ú;rla fkdfjhs liqkag;a wefykjd' †k ;=klg miqfia rejkaf.a ñksh ,efnkjd' úYd, ck .x.djla ueoafoa N+u∞k lrkjd'

fï fudfyf;a liqka mq;d f,dl= wr.,hl bkakjd' uu fudk;rï krl <ufhlao@ mdi,g" .ug uõmshkag udj tmd jqk orefjla fkao uu ta;a ug;a „j;a fjkak wjia:dj ,enqKd' ta ud fjkqfjka „ú;h mQcdl< rejka ksid' fufyu miq;efjkfldg Y=oaOd;auhdKka jykafia rejkag u. fmkajkjd' f–iqia jykafia rejka ;=<g tkjd' rejka ;=< ;j;a hlaIhdg tkak bv kE thd hkjd'

b;ska ≥fõ mqf;a n,kak rejka ;=< we;s jk mq≥udldr fjki" thdf.a miq;eùu u u. fmkajk yeá rejkaf.a N=u∞kh bjrjq∞u ? liqka thdf.a we∫ï nE.h;a /f.k rejkaf.a f.org tkjd' weú;a rejkaf.a wïudghs ;d;a;dghs oK .id je|,d rejkaf.a ldurhg hkjd' t∞ boka liqka fyd| <ufhla fjkjd' Wfoa iji hdÉ∆ lrkjd' yeu∞u mQcdjg hkjd' fyd|g bf.k .kakjd' mx;sfha m<uq fjkshd fjkjd'

foúhka jykafia liqkaj le|jkjd foaj fiajhg" iñ∫ fl; wiajoaokak ire lrkak' ≥fõ mqf;a" liqka mqcd;ajrh ,nk ux., †jH mqcdj wdrïN fjkjd' w,a;drh <Ûu liqkaa wïud ;d;a;d muKla fkfõ" rejkaf.a wïud ;d;a;d;a bkakjd' fojia:dkh msfrkak fikÛ liqka mqcd;ajrh ,n,d thdf.a ux., l;dj lrkjd' wkak ta l;dfõ° ;uhs fï úia;r fiaru lshkafka' yeu fokdf.au fofk;a l∫,ska f;;a fj,d' lïUq,a †f.a .,d f.k hkjd' wr wïu,d fokakhs ;d;a;d,d fokakhs' ke.sg,d w`M;a msh;=udj n∞f.k w`vkjd'

b;sx ≥fõ mqf;a foaj le|ùu lshkafka y˙ mq≥udldr fohla' wmg foúhka jykafia fudk fudfydf;a fudk ú†hg l;d lrhso lsh,d okafka ke;s ksid wm iEu úgu le|ùu ms<sn| wjêfhka bkak ´k' foaj jpkfha fufyu i|yka fjkjd' zzf.dhu kï fndfydah' f.dùyq úr,hZZ lsh,d' wdor ≥fõ"mqf;a" foaYsh mqcl †kh cq,s 31 jk †kg fhfokjd' iñ∫ fl; wiajoaokakg foú∫kaf.a le|ùug weyqïlka °ug wj†fhka isàug w†gka lr .ksuq'

fr‚fkda,aâ úf–isxy w.ro.=re moú Or®u¥; ldr®hd,h - fnd/,a,

15


ó.uqj idka; fcdaima úÿy, ixúOdkh l< zz ZZ k¾;k m%ix.h miq.shÞ wfmdaia;,sl ;dkdm;s w;s W;=ï mshf¾ jeka fgdÜ w.ro.=reysñmdKkaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka wdfõ ußhd Y%jKd.drfha oS meje;ajq‚' úÿy,am;s .re o¾Yk chudkak msh;=ukaf.a u`. fmkaùu hgf;a fuh ixúOdkh flß‚' k¾;k wdpd¾hjreka jk Wmq,a nKavdr" ñfYa,shd ùrisxy yd ;sud,s tÈßiQßh fudjqkag .=reyrelï ,ndÿks' fuys ±lafjkafka z<ud m%§mhZ leurdjg yiq jQ fuosk úfYaI wjia:djkafõ'

risld ms%ho¾Yks

k¾;kfha fmruqK .;a ó.uqj id' fcdaYma úÿy,a orefjda''''

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