8/19/2019 konsepto

1/15

Stefano Santiago

Wine

Wine

16th-century wine press

Wine (from Latin vinum) is an alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes orother fruits. ue to a natural chemical balance! grapes ferment without the additionof sugars! acids! en"ymes! water! or other nutrients#east consumes the sugar in the

grapes and converts it to ethanol and carbon dio$ide. i%erent varieties of grapesand strains of yeasts produce di%erent styles of wine. &hese variations result fromthe comple$ interactions between the biochemical development of the grape! thereactions involved in fermentation! the terroir (the special characteristics impartedby geography! geology! climate and plant genetics) and subse'uent appellation (thelegally dened and protected geographical indication used to identify where thegrapes for a wine were grown)! along with human intervention in the overallprocess.

8/19/2019 konsepto

2/15

Wine has been produced for thousands of years. &he earliest evidence of wine todate was found in the country ofeorgia! where *+++-year old wine ,ars wereuncovered. &races of wine have also been found in ran with !+++-year-old wine ,ars and in /rmenia with the 61++-year old /reni-1 winery! which is considered to bethe earliest 0nown winery by far.&he earliest form of grape-based fermented drin0

however! was found in northernhina! where archaeologists discovered 2+++-yearold pottery ,ars. Wine had reached the 3al0ans by c. 5++ 3 and was consumedand celebrated in ancient reece! &hrace and 7ome. &hroughout history! wine hasbeen consumed for its into$icating e%ects! which are evident at normal servingsi"es.

Wines made from produce besides grapes include rice wine and innumerable fruitwines! of which some of the best-0nown are pomegranate wine! applewine and elderberry wine.

Wine has long played an important role in religion. 7ed wine was associatedwith blood by the ancient 8gyptians and was used by both the ree0 cult of

ionysus and the 7omans in their 3acchanalia9 :udaismalso incorporates it inthe ;iddush and hristianity in the 8ucharist.

Types of wine

8/19/2019 konsepto

3/15

e'ually aromatic but typically drier (not sweet). alifornia 7ieslings are much lesssuccessful! usually sweet and lac0ing in acidity for balance.

Typical taste in varietal wine? 7iesling wines are much lighter than hardonnaywines. &he aromas generally include fresh apples. &he riesling variety e$pressesitself very di%erently depending on the district and the winema0ing. 7ieslings

should taste fresh. f they do! then they might also prove tastier and tastier as theyage.

GEWR!TR"#INER

(ah-vurt"-tra-meener) / very aromatic variety.

Food-wine pairing: ideal for sipping and with /sianfood! por0 and grilled sausages.

Districts: best-0nown in /lsace! ermany! the CS/ Westoast! and >ew #or0.

Typical taste in varietal wine? fruity @avours witharomas of rose petal! peach! lychee! and allspice. /ewFr"traminer often appears not as refreshing as other0inds of dry whites.

$%"RD&NN"' 

hardonnay vine

(Shar-doe-nay) hardonnay was the most popular white grape through the ())*+s.t can be made spar0ling or still.

Food-wine pairing: it is a good choice for sh and chic0en dishes.

Districts: chardonnay ma0es the principle white wine of 3urgundy (Grance)! whereit originated. hardonnay is grown with success in most viticultural areas under avariety of climatic conditions.

Typical taste in varietal wine? often wider-bodied (and more velvety) than othertypes of dry whites! with rich citrus (lemon! grapefruit) @avours. Germenting in newoa0 barrels adds a buttery tone (vanilla! toast! coconut! to%ee). &asting a CS 1alifornian hardonnay should give citrus fruit @avours! hints of melon! vanilla!

ewFr"traminer

http://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/chardonnayhttp://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/gewurztraminer-Saarhttp://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/chardonnayhttp://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/gewurztraminer-Saar

8/19/2019 konsepto

4/15

some toasty character and some creaminess. 3urgundy whites can taste verydi%erent.

S",IGN&N .L"N$

Sauvignon blanc

(So-vee-nyon 3lah)

Food-wine pairing: a /ersatile food wine for seafood! poultry! and salads.

Districts: >ew Healand produces some e$cellent Sauvignon 3lancs. Some/ustralian Sauvignon 3lancs! grown in warmer areas! tends to be @at and lac0 fruit'ualities. Df Grench origin! sauvignon blanc is grown in the 3ordeau$ district whereit is blended with semillon. t is also grown e$tensively in the upper Loire valleywhere it is made as a varietal wine.

Typical taste in varietal wine? generally lighter than hardonnay I Sauvignonblanc normally shows a herbal character suggesting bell pepper or freshly mowngrass. &he dominating @avours range from sour green fruits of apple! pear and

gooseberry through to tropical fruits of melon! mango and blac0currant. Jualityunoa0ed Sauvignon 3lancs will display smo0ey 'ualities9 they re'uire bright aromasand a strong acid nish9 they are best grown in cool climates.

 

Gor reference there is a longer list of white varietals.

 

Types of red wine grapes

S'R"%

http://www.frenchscout.com/french-white-wines/2007#picqhttp://www.frenchscout.com/french-white-wines/2007#picqhttp://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/sauvignon-blanchttp://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-white-wineshttp://www.frenchscout.com/french-white-wines/2007#picqhttp://www.frenchscout.com/french-white-wines/2007#picqhttp://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/sauvignon-blanchttp://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-white-wines

8/19/2019 konsepto

5/15

Syrah vine picture

(Sah-ra or Shi-ra") Shira" or syrah are two names for the same variety. 8urope vinegrowers and winema0ers only use the name syrah.

Food-wine pairing: meat (stea0! beef! wild game! stews! etc.)

Districts: syrah e$cels in GranceBs 7hKne Ealley! alifornia and /ustralia.

Typical taste in varietal wine? aromas and @avours of wild blac0-fruit (such asblac0currant)! with overtones of blac0 pepper spice and roasting meat. &heabundance of fruit sensations is often complemented by warm alcohol and grippingtannins.

 &o%ee notes if present come not from the fruit but from the wine having rested inoa0 barrels.

 &he shira" variety gives hearty0 spicy reds. While shira" is used to produce manyaverage wines it can produce some of the worldBs nest! deepest! and dar0est redswith intense @avours and e$cellent longevity. #ouBll discover Syrahs of value and

elegance by reading myreviews of Grench wines.#ERL&T

Aerlot vine picture

(Aer-lo) Easy to drin1 . ts softness has made it an introducing wine for new red-wine drin0ers.

Food-wine pairing: any will do.

http://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/syrahhttp://www.frenchscout.com/french-red-wines/2008http://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/merlothttp://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/syrahhttp://www.frenchscout.com/french-red-wines/2008http://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/merlot

8/19/2019 konsepto

6/15

Districts: a 0ey player in the 3ordeau$ blend! merlot is now also grown on the CSWest oast! /ustralia! and other countries.

Typical taste in varietal wine? blac0-cherry and herbal @avours are typical. &hete$ture is round but a middle palate gap is common.

$".ERNET S",IGN&N

abernet sauvignon

(;a-ber-nay So-vee-nyon) Widely accepted as one of the worldBs best varieties.abernet sauvignon is often blended with cabernet franc and merlot. t usuallyundergoes oa0 treatment.

Food-wine pairing: best with simply prepared red meat.

Districts: cabernet sauvignon is planted wherever red wine grapes grow e$cept inthe >orthern fringes such as ermany. t is part of the great red AMdoc wines ofGrance! and among the nest reds in /ustralia! alifornia and hile.

Typical taste in varietal wine? full-bodied! but rm and grippingwhen young. Withage! rich c2rrant 'ualities change to that of pencil 3o4. .ell pepper notes remain.

Eanilla notes if present come not from the fruit but from the oa0 treatment. &hey increase review ratings but may overwhelm thevarietal taste.

/nother article deals with the health benets of polyphenols.

5IN&T N&IR

(=ee-no >war) Dne of the noblest red wine grapes I diNcult togrow! rarely blended! with no roughness.

Food-wine pairing: e$cellent with grilled salmon! chic0en! lamband :apanese dishes.

Districts: ma0es the great reds of 3urgundy in Grance! and goodwines from /ustria! alifornia! Dregon! and >ew Healand.

Typical taste in varietal wine? very unli0e abernet Sauvignon. &he structure is delicate and fresh. &he tannins are very soft9 thisis related to the low level of polyphenols. &he aromatics are very

=inot noir

http://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/cabernet-sauvignonhttp://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-wines#merlothttp://www.winereviews.eu.org/#standardhttp://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-wines#varietalhttp://www.frenchscout.com/polyphenolshttp://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-wines#cabernet-sauvignonhttp://www.frenchscout.com/polyphenolshttp://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/pinot-noir-of-Wiltinger-Rosenberg-Saarhttp://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/cabernet-sauvignonhttp://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-wines#merlothttp://www.winereviews.eu.org/#standardhttp://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-wines#varietalhttp://www.frenchscout.com/polyphenolshttp://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-wines#cabernet-sauvignonhttp://www.frenchscout.com/polyphenolshttp://www.frenchscout.com/pictures-of-grapes/pinot-noir-of-Wiltinger-Rosenberg-Saar

8/19/2019 konsepto

7/15

fruity (cherry! strawberry! plum)! often with notes of tea-leaf! damp earth! or wornleather.

 #et pinot noir is very transparent to the place where it is grown. &he staggeringrange of wines produced ma0es it pointless to dene which personality is the beste$pression of the variety.

GR"5E "RIETIES

Dne of the most in@uential factors a%ecting the @avour of wine is the grape varietyor varieties that go into its ma0ing. Cnderstanding some of the 0ey di%erencesbetween those most commonly found in the wine-producing world! helps to providea compass for en,oyable e$ploration. Dur guides outline 0ey characteristics andwine styles! common tasting terms and where in the world to head to for the grapeof your choice.

$".ERNET S",IGN&N

Of there is such a thing as a mythology in wine! then cabernet would occupy ane$alted position on Dlympus. &he name cabernet is irrevocably lin0ed with3ordeau$! its home! and laret! the wine which in the /nglo-Sa$on world con,uresup images of sophistication and good living.O

Sebastian =ayne AW$%"RD&NN"' 

Ohardonnay does not have a distinctive aroma or @avour! although it does have abroad and structured palate. nstead it re@ects where it is grown and how it is

made.O

 &oby Aorrhal

GREN"$%E

8/19/2019 konsepto

8/15

P/t its simplest grenache ma0es round! heart-warming wines. /t its best it has realma,esty! ma0ing full-bodied wines with a sensation of sweetness due to the amountof alcohol and glycerol. t can become comple$ and spicy! with @avours reminiscentof rich fruit ca0e.B

Aarcel Drford-Williams

#"L.E$

PAalbec or cot is found all along the =ilgrimBs Way from the vineyards of the Loire tothose of the southwest and though once important in 3ordeau$! is now a marginalvariety e$cept in ahors where it thrives. n its second home of /rgentina it hassingle-handedly put the country on the map.B

Aarcel Drford-Williams

#ERL&T

OAerlot gives colour and the richness of alcohol ma0ing round! supple wines. t hasaromas of plum! strawberries! redcurrant! violet and truQe.O

 :oanna Loc0e AW

5IN&T N&IR

8/19/2019 konsepto

9/15

O&here are many versions of pinot noir! which mutates easily and which growers nde$asperatingly diNcult to grow successfully. t remains therefore an irresistiblechallenge to wine-growers as far apart as Dregon! /rgentina! >ew Healand and

8/19/2019 konsepto

10/15

OSyrah is characterised by being deep in colour! sometimes almost blac0 andunmista0ably spicy! with peppery! blac0-fruit @avours.O

Aarcel Drford-Williams

TE#5R"NILL&

SpainOs most famous red grape variety! whose name means Othe small early oneO! isactually a tough coo0ie thriving in challenging conditions and producing some of thecountryOs best wines.

=ierre Aansour

I&GNIER

O&he viognier grape li0es warmth so itBs no surprise that it found its way to /ustraliaand alifornia where those growers that managed to tame its tendency to headyfruit ma0e some brilliant e$amples.B

=ierre Aansour

Location6Topography

rape is primarily a temperate "one plant but can grow in semi-tropical conditions. &he climatic conditions and the temperature must be good enough to allow thegrape plant to grow healthily until fruition. &emperature of less than - is notsuitable for wine grape production.

8/19/2019 konsepto

11/15

TDne of the best ways to see how these factors impact wine is with a wine tour./ Wine tour in Spain can o%er a good understanding on how location! topography orlocal grapes interactU.

Soil

 &he soil is the foundation to any crop and therefore! it applies to wine grapeproduction too. ts composition governs the minerality! temperature! rootpenetration! water retention and nutrition. &he soil that is good enough to retainheat and water (not a lot) is ideal for grapes. deal soil composition should compriseof calcium! iron! magnesium! nitrogen! phosphates and potassium. Some of thevineyard soil types are? limestone! alluvial! clay and volcanic.

Grape

rape species di%er from each other in terms of color! si"e and shape.

8/19/2019 konsepto

12/15

=lant Eirus

Aillerandage R rapes di%ering remar0ably in si"e and maturity in a bunch. t

happens due to e$treme cold weather.

oulure R rapes fail to develop after @owering.

3otrytis cinerea R / type of fungus! also 0nown as grey mould.

 Wine Ser/ing Te7perat2re $hart

Does the wine taste too ‘hot’ aka alcoholic? Try cooling it down. It doesn’t have anyfavor? Try warming it up! ine serving temperature greatly aects what favorsand aromas o" the wine you’ll smell. #ersonal pre"erence also matters. $enerallyspeaking% wine sno&s don’t like white wines to &e too cold or reds to &e too hot.

9,I$ TI5 Lower 'uality wines are better cooler. ;eep in mind the cooler the wine!

the less aromatics it will have. 3ubbles are great ice-cold! unless they are verye$pensive and worth sniNng.

 Wine Ser/ing S2r/i/al G2ide

This guide covers' wine serving order% wine serving temperature% wine servingsocial eti(uette and opening)serving &ottles during dinner.

Wine Ser/ing &rder and %ow #2ch to 5o2r

I know you can drink a whole &ottle% &ut can your grandmother?

  $ha7pagne First

Spar0ling wine is served rst! in lieu of a coc0tail! before people sit down. usuallystart with hampagne and then a coc0tailX /nyone can 0eep drin0ing bubblesthroughout dinner! but itBs more traditional to switch to a red wine with the meal.Gollow this logic if you want to @y in undetected. 3ut if you want to be remembered!be the guy drin0ing good hampagne with stea0.

 

; < = o8> per 5o2r

(2+ ml R 1V+ ml) / full glass is -6 ounces! but a proper pour is actually hal"-o"-that . &here are two good reasons for this. Girst! you donBt want to over serve people.

0now you have great drin0ing habits! but your mother-in-law may not. /lso! if youBreserving full pours to a party of more than ve! youBll polish o% a whole bottle beforethe 6th personY Suc0s for them! guess.

 

White0 Then Red0 Then Sweet0 Try Not to Tweet?

/ serious wine dinner will step-up one by one from light whites! to rich whites! torosMs! to light reds! to high tannin reds and nally to dessert wine. With the listedvariety of wines above! you can easily consume close to a whole bottle of wine with

http://winefolly.com/review/champagne-map-infographic/http://winefolly.com/review/champagne-map-infographic/

8/19/2019 konsepto

13/15

 ,ust Z o" servings. Sound li0e fun[  

8/19/2019 konsepto

14/15

hey now! you missed the glass.

&pening and Ser/ing Wine at the Ta3le

,ome o" the nest restaurants in the world don’t actually open wine at the ta&le.They have a seperateguridon or side ta&le to do the dirty work. /ou can emulatethis proper techni(ue &y opening your wine &ottles &e"ore dinner.

 

%ow #2ch Sho2ld I &penA

 &he usual rule is that 1 guest will drin0 an entire bottle of wine throughout a propermeal.

8/19/2019 konsepto

15/15

recommend watching