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Introduction to The Immune Response. Dr. Robert J. Boackle Room 441 BSB, [email protected] http://people.musc.edu/~boacklrj/Syllabus_.htm. The Student should understand the following concepts from this lecture:. The Nature of Antigenic Determinants - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Introduction to
The Immune Response Dr. Robert J. Boackle
Room 441 BSB, [email protected]
http://people.musc.edu/~boacklrj/Syllabus_.htm
The Student should understand the following concepts from this lecture:
The Nature of Antigenic Determinants
Location of Antigens on Bacterial Cells
After infection, the Filtration of Antigens
Lymphocyte Clones (B Cells and T Cells)
B and T Lymphocyte Clonal Development
B and T Lymphocyte Clonal Proliferation
Lymphocyte Circulation and Trafficking
Non-self Substances
Antigens
[Ag]
Where are antigens located?Where are antigens located?
Lets take a look at the molecular level.Lets take a look at the molecular level.
Bacterium
Released AntigensSurface Antigens
Bacterial
Surface
Released ProteasesSurface Antigens
Bacterial
Surface
Bacterial Proteases play a key role in
Periodontal Disease
unless they are neutralized by host
antibodies
Bacterium
Antigens are
foreign molecules
Each Antigen (each foreign molecule)
(for example a bacterial surface enzyme)
has several regions that our body detects as foreign.
These areas on the molecule are termed Antigenic Determinants
X
EXTERNAL
THERE ARE ALSO MANY INTERNAL
ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS
(not exposed) Activate T Cells
EXTERNAL ANTIGENIC
DETERMINANTS Activate B Cells
Antigen Penetration
Antigen Penetration
Antigen Penetration
Toll-like Receptors
Endotoxin (LPS)
VEIN
ARTERY
LYMPH NODE
EFFERENT LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY
AFFERENT LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY
VEIN
ARTERY
EFFERENT LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY
Antigens in the Lymph are filtered in the Lymph Node
AL = AFFERENT LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
AL
AL
AL
AL
B CELL RICH
T CELL RICH
AL
EFFERENT ..LYMPHATIC ..CAPILLARY
Antigen Stimulated Lymph Node
Lymphocyte Proliferation
Swollen Lymph Nodes !
Movement of Lymphocytes from “Blood to Lymph” occurs in the Lymph NodesMovement of Lymphocytes from “Blood to Lymph” occurs in the Lymph Nodes
Lymphocytes are the police force of the Immune System
These Lymphocytes are the detectives and responders
They traffic to areas of infection and inflammation! http://people.musc.edu/~boacklrj/integrinLFA-1.pdf
Selectins-Integrins
Addressins
Location of Lymphocytes:
Lymph and Lymph Nodes
Blood and Spleen
Thymus
Bone Marrow
Lymphoid Tissues Associated with the Mucosa (Tonsils, Gut, Respiratory Tract)
Any area after infection
Regulation of the Expression of DNA is the key to the production
of different kinds of Lymphocytes
And to the understanding of
Lymphocyte Clonal Development
The ability of a population of Lymphocytes to SPECIFICALLY
recognize a foreign antigen
1) One Clone of B Lymphocytes is a population of B lymphocytes derived from one original mother B lymphocyte and therefore all members are identical in every way.
2) One Clone of T Lymphocytes is a population of T lymphocytes derived from one original mother T lymphocyte and therefore all members are identical in every way.
Definitions:
3) There are thousands of B cell clones and thousands of T cell clones in our body that exist in low numbers until we have an infection.
4) Stem cells are pre-programmed with the DNA-information to generate thousands of different clones of B and T lymphocytes (to bind to thousands of different antigenic determinants).
5) An Antigenic Determinant adheres to the best fitting Clone of B or T Lymphocytes.
Definitions:
B Lymphocyte Clonal Development
STEM CELLS in the BONE MARROW are pre-programmed with information
Clones of B Cells are formed within
the Bone Marrow of humans
No Antigen Needed!
Mature B lymphocytes divide very slowly in the
absence of antigens BL
BL
BL
What are the Lymphocyte Receptors for antigenic determinants integrated with the membranes of lymphocytes?
For B lymphocytes the Receptors are Antibodies
For T lymphocytes the Receptors are T Cell Receptors
IN THE PRESENCE OF ANTIGENS, Clonal Proliferation (B Cell clonal expansion), followed by Differentiation into Plasma cells that
produce identical fluid phase antibodies (Ab)
What do we mean by the phrase
“Clones of Lymphocytes”
Only those lymphocyte clones that bind in a
specific way to antigens are stimulated.
Clones of
B and T Lymphocytes
(inactive)
Clonal Selection
Theory
Selected
Clones of
B Lymphocytes
and
T Lymphocytes
Activate and Proliferate
After contacting antigens
Clones of
B Lymphocytes
become activated by exposed antigenic determinants on
antigens
Clonal Selection Theory
Clone B1
Clone B2
CloneB3
And Proliferate
Proliferation of ONE B Cell Clone
after contacting antigen.
Clonal Proliferation after binding to one exposed antigenic
determinant on antigens.
Clonal Expansion
(Memory Cells)
Clone
Expand
MORE MORE
Expand
X
EXTERNALEXTERNAL ANTIGENIC
DETERMINANTS bind to Specific B Lymphocyte
Clones
B lymphocytes interact with an exposed antigenic determinant via antibody-receptors on their surface.
All cells in this “clone” of B lymphocytes (BL) produce antibodies on their surface that interact with only one
type of Antigenic Determinant.
Antigen
Antigenic Determinant
AntibodyOn the B cell surface
The Antigen
One antigenic molecule may have several different Exposed
ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS
Example of Three (exposed) Antigenic Determinants on this
foreign protein.
A Separate Antibody Response results (at the same time) to each of these exposed antigenic determinants on this one antigenic molecule
B cell Clone # 1
B cell Clone # 2
B cell Clone # 3
We term these B Cell Host Responses
and the resulting production of
Specific Antibody Responses
as
Humoral (Fluid) Immunity
Humoral Immunity
BL +Exposed
Antigenic Determinant
Specific Clonal Response
So how large must an antigenic determinant be to be “seen” by
a B Lymphocyte?
B lymphocytes interact with exposed antigenic determinants via the antibody receptors they produce
on their surface.
Exposed Antigenic Determinants are Comprised of at least Five to Six amino acids
For B cell antibody, Each Antigenic Site (Determinant) is a function of
1) Non-Identity with any Host Substance
2) Outside Molecular Exposure outside charges and its conformation (must fit into the specific binding site of Antibody)
AntigenicDeterminant
AntibodyOn the B cell surface
+-
-+
Res
t o
f th
e A
nti
gen
Now the --B Cell may become activated
One clone of B lymphocytes
is activated by
One Antigenic
Determinant
Clone 1
Clone 2
Clone 3
2,000 Antibodies per
second per plasma cell
Live only two or three days
The clones of B Lymphocytes that bind with
the highest affinity to the
antigenic determinant are stimulated the
most
Now we will discuss T lymphocytes
T Lymphocyte Clonal Diversification is in the
Thymus&
And occurs in the Absence of foreign antigens
STEM CELLS from the
THYMUS
T Lymphocyte Clonal Diversification in
the Thymus
A lot of dividing & living and a lot of dying
(no foreign antigens needed in the Thymus)
STEM CELLS from the
Mature T Lymphocytes Produced
(no foreign antigens were needed)
TTT
STEM CELLS from the
In Pregnant Women
X-rays are forbidden because there is no time for
DNA repair in rapidly dividing cells.
T lymphocytes divide slowly in the absence of antigens and may
live for years
TL
TL
TL
T Cell Receptors are the T Lymphocyte’s
Receptors for antigens
(Not antibodies)
TL
Processed antigenic determinants cause the Proliferation of this Specific T cell clone
TL
TL
TL
TL
This T Cell does not
bind to this antigenic
determinant and so is
not activated
TL
Processed antigenic determinants cause the Proliferation of this Specific T cell clone
TL
TL
TL
TL
TL
TL
TL
T Lymphocytes
“Cell Mediated Immunity”
Clones of
T Lymphocytes
become activated by different (internal)
antigenic determinants (fragments)
Clonal Selection Theory
Clone T1
Clone T2
CloneT3
And Proliferate
Upon activation, each of the
activated clones expands.
That is, the cells in that clone
divide and multiply.
“PROLIFERATION”
1
2
3
4
Example of the location of Proliferating B and T Cell Clones
http://people.musc.edu/~boacklrj/TcellsinLymphNodes.pdf
From Your Textbook on page 14
“The Selectins mediate transient interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells or blood platelets.
There are three members of the selectin family:
L-selectin, which is expressed on leukocytes;
E-selectin, which is expressed on endothelial cells; and
P-selectin, which is expressed on platelets.
The selectins recognize cell surface carbohydrates. One of their critical roles is to initiate the interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells during the migration of leukocytes from the circulation to sites of tissue inflammation.
The selectins mediate the initial adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells. This is followed by the formation of more stable adhesions, in which integrins on the surface of leukocytes bind to intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs), which are members of the Ig superfamily expressed on the surface of endothelial cells.
The firmly attached leukocytes are then able to penetrate the walls of capillaries and enter the underlying tissue by migrating between endothelial cells.”
Quoted from Selectins-Integrins AddressinsPlease see http://people.musc.edu/~boacklrj/integrinLFA-1.pdf
1) Any one lymphocyte has only one type of receptor (>10,000 receptors per cell) and each of those receptors on its surface are all identical in every way (including binding to one specific type of antigenic determinant).
2) Each cell in a Clone is identical in every way. Therefore, all the receptors on the cells that comprise a clone have the same affinity for a particular antigenic determinant.
Important Definitions:
The T Cell Receptors are all identical on every cell in a clone of T Cells
The T Cell Receptors do not interact with exposed antigens like antibodies do
on B lymphocytes.
Rather T Cell Receptors detect internal (previously hidden) antigenic
determinants that must be processed (e.g., digested or fabricated) by other
cells and then presented to the T Lymphocytes in the correct way.
Cell Mediated Immunity
TL +Processed
Antigenic Determinant
Specific T Cell Clonal Response
ACTIVATED T CELLS LIBERATE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE MOLECULES
TL
TL
TL
CYTOKINES
I
N
T
E
R
L
E
U
K
I
N
S
Presented antigenic
determinant
Chemotactic Molecules
(Interleukins)
Circulation of Lymphocytes
Circulation of Lymphocytes from Blood to Lymph (after binding Circulation of Lymphocytes from Blood to Lymph (after binding to the Peripheral Lymph Node Addressin molecules on the to the Peripheral Lymph Node Addressin molecules on the Postcapillary High Endothelial Venules in the Lymph Nodes), Postcapillary High Endothelial Venules in the Lymph Nodes), then from Lymph back to Blood via the Thoracic Ductthen from Lymph back to Blood via the Thoracic Duct
LymphNode
Circulating Policemen
Peripheral Lymph Node Peripheral Lymph Node
Addressin Addressin PNAd is on the
Berg EL, Robinson MK, Warnock RA, Butcher EC. J Cell Biol. 1991, 114::343-9.
The human peripheral lymph node vascular addressin called PNAd, is a ligand for LECAM-1, the peripheral lymph node homing receptor.The trafficking of lymphocytes from the blood into lymphoid organs is controlled by tissue-selective lymphocyte interactions with specialized endothelial cells lining post capillary venules, in particular the high endothelial venules (HEV) found in lymphoid tissues and sites of chronic inflammation. Lymphocyte interactions with HEV are mediated in part by these lymphocyte homing receptors and tissue-specific HEV determinants, the vascular addressins. PNAd is molecularly distinct from the mucosal vascular addressin termed MAdCAM-1.
Circulation of Lymphocytes from Circulation of Lymphocytes from Blood to Lymph (in the Peyer’s patches)Blood to Lymph (in the Peyer’s patches)
The mucosal vascular addressin termed MAdCAM-1 and
the PNAd are found on venules feeding mucosal lymphoid tissues such as the Payer’s Patches
Briskin MJ, McEvoy LM, Butcher EC. Nature. 1993, 363:461-4.
Tissue-specific homing of lymphocytes to mucosal tissues
The mucosal vascular addressin (MAdCAM-1) is selectively expressed on high endothelial venules (HEV) of mucosal lymphoid organ and on lamina propria venules and helps direct lymphocyte traffic, (such as IgA committed B cells) to these mucosal tissues.
Circulation of Lymphocytes in Blood Circulation of Lymphocytes in Blood (through the Spleen)(through the Spleen)
After the host has generated an
Immune Response to Antigens,
then we state that those Antigens were
Immunogenic