INTRODUCTION to Penerjemahan Teks Khusus

INTRODUCTION TO PENERJEMAHAN TEKS KHUSUS

(LSBANGUN)

REVIEW: WHAT IS TRANSLATION?Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language—called the source text—and the production of a new, equivalent text in another language—called the target text, or the translation.

Tiga Kualitas Penerjemah Profesional

1. Menguasai pengetahuan umum yang luas (dan pengetahuan khusus bila ia harus menerjemahkan teks teknis)

2. Memiliki kecerdasan untuk memahami sebuah teks dan melihat secara cepat “logika” teks yang harus diterjemahkan, dan

3. Memiliki kemampuan retorika, yakni kemampuan merekayasa bahasa untuk menghasilkan terjemahan yang sepadan, akurat, dan berterima pada pembacanya. (Hoed, dalam Evand Halim: Lokakarya Penerjemahan Teks Hukum, HPI, 17 Maret 2013)

Jenis Penerjemahan Berdasarkan Penyampaian

1. Penerjemahan Tulis—Penerjemah 2. Penerjemahan Lisan—Juru Bahasa

Sumber Penerjemahan Tulis: Buku, Non Buku, Subtitle Film, Dokumen

Hukum, Pelokalan, Transcipta (Iklan, Menu Restoran)

CARA KERJA PENERJEMAH

1. BEKERJA TETAP DI PERUSAHAAN2. BEKERJA DI RUMAH SEBAGAI PENERJEMAH

LEPAS3. BEKERJA DI RUMAH SEBAGAI PENERJEMAH

TETAP PERUSAHAAN4. BEKERJA SAMBILAN SEBAGAI PENERJEMAH

LEPAS

PERUSAHAAN YANG MEMERLUKAN PENERJEMAH TETAP

1. Perusahaan Pertambangan Asing2. Perusahaan Migas Asing3. Perbankan Asing4. Kantor Akuntan/Audit5. Firma Hukum/Kantor Pengacara6. Kantor Notaris7. Media (Televisi, Koran, Media Online)8. LSM Asing9. Perwakilan Badan Dunia10. Perusahaan manufaktur

PEMBERI PEKERJAAN UNTUK PENERJEMAH LEPAS

1. Penerbit di Indonesia2. Biro Penerjemahan3. Perusahaan Multinasional4. Perusahaan Periklanan5. Kedutaan6. Pemerintah atau BUMN7. LSM Internasional8. Perorangan9. Perusahaan Pembuat Subtitle Film

SYARAT PENERJEMAH YANG BAIK

1. Menguasai Bahasa Sasaran (Bahasa Indonesia); terampil EYD

2. Menguasai Bahasa Sumber3. Mengenal Bahan Terjemahan Dengan Baik4. Mengetahui Cara Mencari Dan Menggunakan Sumber

Bantuan5. Menguasai Beberapa Program Komputer: Word, Excel,

Powerpoint6. Menguasai CAT TOOL(S)7. Memiliki Akses Internet

ALAT BANTU PENERJEMAHAN DI ERA 2000-AN

1. Program Komputer: Word, Excel, Powerpoint2. CAT Tools: Wordfast, Trados, Omega33. Kamus Online :Kateglo, the freedictionary4. Wikipedia, Google Search5. Quick Time Player6. Bahtera, Milis Penerjemah Indonesia:

[email protected]. Forum HPI di Facebook: [email protected]. Proz.com, Milis Penerjemah Internasional

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

DI MANA MENDAPATKAN PEKERJAAN?

1. Penerjemah Buku:

http://blog.bahtera.org/2009/08/cara-merintiskarier-sebagai-penerjemah-lepas-buku/

2. proZ, translatorcafe3. HPI Notice4. Milis Bahtera5. SiHapei:http://sihapei.hpi.or.id/6. Gengo.com



BERAPA HONOR PENERJEMAH?

1. Berdasarkan halaman hasil terjemahan (1 halaman = 200 kata; Ariel, 12 fontsize, double space):

• Migas/Pertambangan/: Rp 75-150.000• Perbankan/Kantor Hukum/Notaris: 50-100• LSM Asing/Perwakilan Badan Dunia: 50-75• Manufaktur: Rp 40.000 – Rp 60.000• Media: Rp 30.000 – Rp 60.000• Penerbit: Rp 15.000 – Rp 50.000

BERAPA HONOR PENERJEMAH (Lanjutan)

2. Berdasarkan jumlah kata dalam dokumen asli3. Berdasarkan jumlah karakter4. Berdasarkan jumlah jam yg digunakan dlm menerjemahkan5. Berdasarkan jumlah subtitle dlm satu film6. Berdasarkan durasi film (jumlah menit)7. Berdasarkan derajat kesulitan8. Berdasarkan jenis bahan yg diterjemahkan9. Bahasa yg penerjemahnya langka10.Peraturan Menkeu No. 084/PMK.02/2011: Indonesia-Inggris dan sebaliknya:

Rp 125.000.

[Sumber: Diolah dari Bahan Seminar Penerjemahan “Not Lost in Translation” Universitas Warmadewa, Denpasar, Bali, 20 April 2013]

The Nature of the Legal Language

• “We lawyers cannot write plain English. We use eight words to say what could be said in two. We use old, arcane phrases to express commonplace ideas. Seeking to be precise, we become redundant. Seeking to be cautious, we become verbose. Our sentences twist on, phrase within clause, clause within clause, glazing the eyes and numbing the minds of our readers. The result is a writing style that has, according to one critic, four outstanding characteristics. It is: (1) wordy, (2) unclear, (3) pompous, and (4) dull.” (Wydick in Evan Halim, 2013)

Example 1: Ina – EngKUHPer Pasal 1425

“Tidaklah biaya rugi dan bunga, harus digantinya, apabila lantaran keadaan memaksa atau lantaran suatu kejadian tak disengaja si berutang berhalangan memberikan atau berbuat sesuatu yang diwajibkan, atau lantaran hal-hal yang sama telah melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang.”

Example 2: Eng - InaContractual Clause

The Security Agent shall not, nor shall any receiver appointed pursuant to any Finance Document or any attorney or agent of the Security Agent by reason of taking possession of the whole or any part of the Security Property or any other reason whatsoever and whether as mortgagee in possession or on any other basis whatsoever, be liable for any loss or damage arising from the realization of the whole or any part of the Security Property or any other property, assets, rights or undertakings of whatsoever nature whether or not owned by the Obligors (other than the Individual Guarantor) or any other person or in which the Obligors (other than the Individual Guarantor) or any other person has an interest, from any act, default or omission in relation to all or any of the Security Property or any other property, assets, rights or undertakings of whatsoever nature whether or not owned by the Obligors (other than the Individual Guarantor) or any other person or in which the Obligors (other than the Individual Guarantor) or any other person has an interest, or from any act, default or omission in relation to the whole or any part of the Security Property or from any exercise or non-exercise by it of any right, remedy or power conferred upon it in relation to the whole or any part of the Security Property or any other property, assets, rights or undertakings of whatsoever nature whether or not owned by the Obligors (other than the Individual Guarantor) or any other person or in which the Obligors (other than the Individual Guarantor) or any other person has an interest, by or pursuant to any Finance Document or otherwise, unless such loss or damage is financially judicially determined to have been caused by its fraud, willful default or gross negligence.

Tiga syarat terjemahan teks hukum yang baik (1):

1. Terjemahan yang baik harus benar (accurate) dan sepadan (congruent) bila ditinjau dari aspek linguistik maupun hukum: “Dalam penerjemahan teks hukum, istilah-istilah hukum harus diterjemahkan secara tepat pula semantiknya agar tidak terjadi salah tafsir.” (Hoed dalam Halim, 2013)


2. “Tolok ukur utama dalam penilaian penerjemahan adalah kesepadanan makna antara teks sumber dengan teks sasaran. Terjemahan dianggap salah apabila mengandung distorsi makna referensial (tidak sekadar dianggap sebagai terjemahan buruk).” Machali dalam Hail, 2013)


3. “Terjemahan teks hukum harus setia pada teks sumber dan memperhatikan laras (register), gaya (style) dalam bahasa hukum” (Halaim, 2013)

Some Principles of Translating Legal Documents (1)

1. The legal translation should be faithful to the source text.

Being “FAITHFUL” means:• The translation should reflect accurately the meaning

of the original text.• The translator should refrain from changing the style

of the source text. • Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed to

the extent that it affects meaning, though sometimes part of the sentence can be transposed.

Practice 1

• I hereby appoint, designate and constitute Jonathan Tahir, M.Hum, as my true and lawful attorney-in-fact for me and in my name, place, and stead for my use and benefit.


2. Faithful Translation does not mean that the translator should do the translation word for word, like machine translation.

• The translator should at all times prioritize readability of his/her translation by making any necessary changes through addition, deletion, tarnsposition, paraphrasing, etc.

• Such adaptation is called “the translator’s strategy”, which is necessary to achieve a certain degree of readability and naturalness in the translation.

Practice 2

• No Party shall assign, convey, sell, dispose of or otherwise transfer any of the Assets, either now or hereafter existing, whether in part or in whole, to any third parties without the express written consent of the other Party.

• Partai manapun tidak diizinkan untuk menetapkan, menyampaikan, menjual, mengatur atau sebaliknya pemindaian aset apapun, baik untuk saat ini maupun seterusnya, baik sebagian maupun keseluruhan, kepada pihak ketiga manapun tanpa melampirkan izin dari partai lain

Practice 3

• Licensor further agrees that neither it nor any of its legal representative will institute any action or proceeding against Licensee.


3. The translator should translate terminologies consistently into the target language.

• In legislation and other drafting, there is a convention that the same idea is always expressed using the same wording.

• In statutory interpretation, this convention is reflected in the rule that ordinarily the same words should be understood to have the same meanings while different words should be understood to have different meanings.

• In short, variations in wording in a legal text are generally taken to signal a change in meaning. There is no room for aesthetically motivated variation in the translation of terminologies.

As Robert Dick writes:

“Monotony is not abhorrent to a drafter. There is great satisfaction and comfort in seeing the same term over and over again. Reliance on the same meaning of the terms speeds the understanding of the context. This is much like an editor who tries to achieve consistency of type faces for headings of a book as well as consistency in numbering patterns for footnotes and chapters. The same approach is required for recurring word groups or expressions.”

BE CONSISTENT

• Perjanjian: Contract, Agreement• Pasal: Article, Section, Clause• Harta/Kekayaan: Assets, Property, Estate• Penggugat: Plaintiff, Claimant• Appellant: Pembanding, Pemohon Banding• Biaya hukum: Legal fees, Legal costs• Penyewa: Tenant, Lessee• Pemegang saham: Stockholder, Shareholder


4. The translator should do terminological research to ensure lexical accuracy (semantic equivalence).

“A translator is not an expert who knows everything, but one who always knows where to go when in trouble.” (Halim, 2013)