Industrialization-

Nationalism-

Ch 19

Modern World History

Industrial Revolution

• The first Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century.

• An industrial revolution is when hand tools are replaced by factory machines, and farming is replaced by large-scale manufacturing.

• An example is the making of clothes.

What Caused This Shift?

• *Better agricultural practices (more farmland, good weather, improved transportation)=more food=people spend $$ on products

• *More food=more people=more labor force

• *more $$ to invest

• *plentiful natural resources & transportation

• *large markets to sell products to (England is a VAST colonial empire)

Spinning Jenny and Power Loom

• Before the Industrial Revolution, clothes

were made at home (women/children) called “Cottage Industry”.

• Inventions allowed clothes to be made by machines in factories.

• .

Inventions

• Steam Engine • Flying Shuttle

TEXTILE MILLS

• The factory system had many workers under one roof working at machines.

• Many people left farms and moved to the city to work in factories. They wanted the money that factories paid.

• 1787-22million pounds of cotton imported• 1840-366 million pounds imported (most from

U.S.)

• ???What impact is this having in U.S.???

SLAVERY

•Coal & Iron

STEAM ENGINE crucial—depended on coal…iron industry booms to build new forms of transportation

“puddling”-burning away impurities creates high quality iron- Henry Cort creates this process

Britain produces +3 million tons of iron

Railroads

• Efficient, faster/cheaper transportation

• New jobs

• Lower-priced goods=more markets

• $$ to invest

• Sulfuric (SMOG) clouds pollute cities

• Wealthy leave urban areas for the country-cleaner air=healthier living

FACTORIES

• Created new labor system

• Shift work so machines NEVER stopped

• Repetitious work-faster but BORING

• Beaten or fired if late and/or drunk

• Children often beaten

• Easily replaced, no protection laws for workers

• Better than starving

Industrialization Spreads

• France, Belgium & the German States industrialize

• United States-Mississippi River & Steam Boats business and industry SURGES

• In 1800 6 out of 7 (86%) Americans were farmers; 1860 only 50% were

• 1800=NO cities over 100,000 people; 1860=9 cities were over

Steamboat-1807

• Robert Fulton designed a steam engine for a steamboat that could move against the current or wind.

• Created more opportunities for trade and transportation on rivers.

Effects

• Growth of cities/population:

• 1750-140 million

• 1850-266 million

• Pitiful, unhealthy, inequality,

overworked

underpaid

New Social Classes

Industrial WORKING class

• Factory Workers

• 12-16 hr days/6x a week

• Deformed bodies, bad lungs, decreased birth rates

• No employment security

• No minimum wage

• No health codes

• Dangerous/Death

Industrial MIDDLE Class

• Factory Owners!!!

• BIG profits!!!

REFORM=Socialism

• Socialism-a system in which society, usually the government, owns and controls means of production (factories & utilities)

• Equality of people, competition replaced with cooperation…why does this NOT work?

• Takes away people’s incentive to work

• What happens when you ‘run out of other people’s money?’

• “A gov’t capable of giving you everything you need is also capable of taking away everything you have!!!”

Section 2

• Principle of Legitimacy: monarchs that were in power BEFORE Napoleon, would be restored to power.

• Europe divided to prevent any one country from being too powerful

• After defeat of Napoleon, Great Powers worked to maintain order throughout Europe

• Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, & Russia meet in Vienna (Congress of Vienna)

Reaction & Revolution

Conservatism

• Tradition/social stability. Obedience to political authority-organized religion

• “principle of legitimacy”-right to send armies into countries where revolutions were preventing monarchs from reclaiming thrones

• Supported by ruling nobles and wealthy elites

Liberalism

• Enlightenment principles

• People should be as free from gov’t restraint as possible—protection of civil liberties