Chapter 12:Industrialization and

Nationalism (1800 - 1870)

Chapter 13:Mass Society and

Democracy (1870-1914)

Chapter 12:Industrialization and

Nationalism (1800 - 1870)

Chapter 13:Mass Society and

Democracy (1870-1914)

What was the Industrial Revolution?What was the Industrial Revolution?

•Began in England in the mid 1700s

•Long, slow, uneven process of change

•Eventually spread throughout Europe, then to North America and eventually around the world

•Change in the way of life

•From small farming villages to factories

•From simple hand tools to complex machines

•New sources of power replaced human and animal power

Causes for Industrial Revolutution:Causes for Industrial Revolutution:

1.Agricultural Revolution:

• Dutch – built dikes to claim more land for farming; used fertilizer from livestock to renew the soil

• Britain – mixed types of soils and rotated crops to increase the crop yields

• Other – invention of seed drill

Causes for Industrial Revolutution:Causes for Industrial Revolutution:

1.Agricultural Revolution:

• Enclosure Movement – Fencing off land previously shared by peasants; Increased the size of farms – equipment replaced man power – jobless farmer workers moved to the city

Causes for Industrial Revolutution:Causes for Industrial Revolutution:

2. Population Explosion:

•Agricultural Revolution decreased periods of famine

•People had healthier lifestyles, better hygiene, sanitation, and medical care – life expectancies increased – population increased

Causes for Industrial Revolutution:Causes for Industrial Revolutution:

3. New Technology:

•Different sources of power: coal; water

•Development of the steam engine

•Improvements in iron ore production (possible with coal)

Why did the Industrial Revolutution Begin in England?

Why did the Industrial Revolutution Begin in England?

1.Availability of resources

2.Access to technology

3.Access to financial capital – wealthy investors

4.Stable government that supported economic growth

5. Industrial Revolution originated in the textile (clothing) industry – focus of economy in England

Impact on the Textile Industry?Impact on the Textile Industry?

1. Invention of the spinning jenny – spinning thread

2.Equipment was too large to use in homes – moved to factories for space

3.The Factory System – rigid discipline; harsh working conditions, 12 hour work days; especially exploitive of women and children

Impact on Transportation:Impact on Transportation:

1.Land – Railroads – Steam Engines

2.Water - Steamboats

Consequences of Industrialization:Consequences of Industrialization:

1.Urbanization – Increase in the movement of people to cities

2. Increase in tenement living, return of poverty, poor sanitation, spread of disease

3.Entrepreneurs in the middle class benefited the most

4.Protest movements among the working class – lead to the emergence of labor unions – lead to new ways of thinking

What were the New Ways of Thinking?What were the New Ways of Thinking?•Socialism (Robert Owen)– People as a collective group (rather than as individuals) would own resources and work towards the good of society - “utopian” society

•Communism (Karl Marx) – Economics was the driving force in history and will lead to an unavoidable class struggle between employers and employees

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Reaction & Revolution

Congress of Vienna•Followed Napoleon’s Defeat•Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia•Goal was to restore the “old order”

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Conservatism vs. Liberalism

Conservatism•Based on tradition

•Restore old monarchs

•Create social stability

Liberalism•Based on Enlightenment principles

•People should be as free as possible from government restraint

•Rise of nationalism and revolutionary outbursts (France, Austrian Empire, Italian States)

•Threat to the old empires (Ottoman, Austria) 13

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Crimean War

• Long term struggle between Russia and Ottoman Empire

• Austria refused to support Russia• Russia had to settle for peace• Russia withdrew from European affairs• Austria was left with no allies• Unification for Italy and Germany

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Unifying ItalyUnifying Italy• Common language, history, culture,

geography

• Italy was finally unified in 1870

• Regional differences (north vs. south) – wealth, resources

• Industrialization lead to economic progress and urbanization

Building a German Nation

Building a German Nation

• Otto von Bismark molded German states into a unified empire 1865 – 1871 (Prussia) and will become chancellor of the German states

• Strengthen an army that will be important in the victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War.

• German forces in Prussia will celebrate the empire as the Second Reich

Strengthening GermanyStrengthening Germany

• Germany will grow as an industrial giant leading to economic progress

• Encourage ties with Austria and Russia

• Protected its industries from foreign competition

• Pioneered social reform especially for industrial workers

• Grandson, William II, will expand German interests overseas

Britain Becomes More DemocraticBritain Becomes More Democratic

•Early 1800’s – most power in Parliament held by wealthy, landowning nobles

•Both parties were interested in extending voting rights to all men

•By the 1880s nearly all men in Britain had the right to vote – doubling the electorate

•Social reforms improving the conditions for industrial workers

FranceFrance

•Appeared to be a constitutional democracy but still ruled with the power of a dictator –(Louis-Napoleon) - eventually will ease control

•Suffer set back after the Franco-Prussian War

Russia: Reform and ReactionRussia: Reform and Reaction

Peter the Great and Catherine the Great:

• Expanded and westernized Russia

• Rigid social structure (majority were serfs)

• Long time before entering Industrial Age

Russian czars:

• Alexander I, II, III

• Nicholas I & II

United StatesUnited States

•1800s – the United States had become the beacon of hope for many immigrants

•US practiced a policy of expansionism acquiring land to the Pacific Ocean

•It was the country’s “destiny” to spread across the continent (Manifest Destiny)

•Settling of the west and conflict with Native Americans

United States - Expanding DemocracyUnited States - Expanding Democracy

• Growing number of leaders and momentum in the Abolitionist Movement – Ex: Frederick Douglas

• Civil War (1860-1865) and Its Aftermath

1.States’ rights (secession movement)

2.Slavery

3.600,000 American lives

4.Addition of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

5.Continued segregation

A New Culture:A New Culture:

• Romanticism:

1. Revolt against reasoning

2. Reflected in literature, music, art

3. Expansion of colleges and universities

4. Ex: The Three Musketeers

• Realism:

• Movement to present things as they really were

• Ex: Oliver Twist

The Industrial Revolution Spreads:The Industrial Revolution Spreads:

•First Industrial Revolution: 19th Century (1800s), Great Britain, symbolized by steam-power, factories

•Second Industrial Revolution: 20th Century (1900s), Germany and United States, symbolized by the development of steel (Henry Bessemer), new chemicals, electricity (Thomas Edison), new methods of production (interchangeable parts and the assembly line – Henry Ford)

Second Industrial Revolution:

Second Industrial Revolution:

• Transportation:

1. Beginning of automobile age

2. Introduction to air travel – Orville and Wilbur Wright

• Communication

• Coded Messages – Samuel Morse

• Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell

• Radio - Marconi

Second Industrial Revolution:Second Industrial Revolution:

• Business:

1. Corporations – Ownership in business acquired through the purchase of stock

2. Monopolies – One business dominated a certain industry

3. Government regulation of business

World of Cities:World of Cities:

• Fight Against Disease:

1. Germ Theory/Improvement in sanitation

2. Development of antiseptics

3. Development of anesthesia

• Life in Cities:

1. Urban Renewal – sidewalks, sewers*, skyscrapers

2. Cities were seen as a source of excitement, culture

3. Slums – urban life remained harsh for the poor

World of Cities:World of Cities:

• Working Class Struggles:

1. Initially striking and unions were illegal

2. Most men eventually received the right to vote

3. Formation of labor unions

4. Improved standard of living

Changing Attitude and Values:

Changing Attitude and Values:

• New Social Order:

1. Elite, upper class

2. Growing, middle class setting the norms for societal values – courtship, marriage, ideal home

3. Base class of workers and peasants

• Rights for Women:

• Early movement for women’s suffrage

• New job opportunities

Changing Attitude and Values:Changing Attitude and Values:

• Growth of public education:

1. Push for a literate work force

2. Middle class families – growing opportunities for girls

3. Expansion of colleges and universities

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Old and New World Orders

Western European Democracies:•Great Britain•France•Italy

Central & Eastern European Conservative Orders:

•Germany

•Austro-Hungarian Empire

•Russia

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Russia: Reform and ReactionRussia: Reform and Reaction

Upset over failures from a war with Japan, years of oppression and poor work conditions – citizens staged a peaceful protest.

Protest turned violent – Bloody Sunday – exploded into the Revolution of 1905

Result was moderate reforms – but Russia remained an autocracy

United States - Expanding DemocracyUnited States - Expanding Democracy

• Progressive Movement

1. Economic Reform (Ex: eight hour workday, child labor laws, regulate monopolies

2.Social Reform (Ex: Prohibition – 18th Amendment)

3.Political Reform (Ex: women suffrage – 19th Amendment)

Question – What should be the future for the United States – isolationism or continued expansionism (ex: annexation of Hawaii)

Culture:Culture:

• Later Movements in the Visual Arts:

1. The Impressionists

2. The Postimpressionists

Culture:Culture:

Modern Thoughts/Consciousness:

1.Architecture - Francis Lloyd Wright

2.Science

•Marie Curie and Atomic Theory

•Albert Einstein and The Theory of Relativity

3. Psychology - Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

4. Religion

•Evolution - Charles Darwin and Social Darwinism

•Anti-Semitism