Industrialization & Industrialization & NationalismNationalism

1800-18701800-1870

Factors of ProductionFactors of Production

PeoplePeopleJames WattsStevensonEli WhitneyHenry FordKarl Marx

Proletariat Bourgeoisie Class

struggleMarxismGreat Famine

Essential QuestionsEssential QuestionsTrace patterns of industrialism in the world.Analyze how new innovations made

industrialism more successful.Contrast the circumstances of labor

[workers] before and after the Industrial Revolution.

Discuss the emergence of industrial capitalism and its implications.

Discuss the impact of industrialism on society.

Cottage Industry Cottage Industry / Factory SystemFactory System

Cottage IndustryPiecework

Earnings directly tied to how much produced.

Made in homeFamily enterprise

Whole families helped

Factory System Centralized work

place> outside home Paid by how much

time you worked Women & children

paid less $ than men Machines set pace Direct control of

workforce Limited breaks to

maximize production

Cottage IndustryCottage Industry

A Diagram of The Factory System

                                                  

Factory SystemFactory System

Patterns of Patterns of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Great Britain First emerged there Favorable conditions & demand for textiles

Mechanization of Industry Kay [1733]> flying shuttle

increased production 100 X previous production Crompton’s mule [1779]> new spinning

machine Cartwright’s [1785]> power loom

Industrial InnovationIndustrial InnovationBritain source of many innovations James Watt’s [1765]> steam engine Iron & Steel

Use of coke to fuel furnacesBessemer Process > cheap steel making

TransportationRailroads & steam

ships lowered costsStevenson [1815]

Steam powered locomotive

New Social Classes New Social Classes EmergeEmerge

Owner class Wealthy entrepreneurs & investors Well educated High standard of living

Working class Labor force of poor / immigrants No education b/c child labor Exploited for their labor

Industrial Industrial CapitalismCapitalismEli Whitney

Machine tools Standardized interchangeable parts

Henry FordAssembly line production of

automobileLowered costsPaid workers more [$5 a day]Workers could afford cars [$200]

Industrial CapitalismIndustrial Capitalism

Big Businesses / corporationsWere promoted b/c

High cost of factoriesCapital investment

British & French Laid legal groundwork for

modern corporations

Industrial CapitalismIndustrial Capitalism

MONOPOLIESDirect domination of any industry

CAPITALISTS Either formed:Trusts

Many businesses run as oneCartels

Groups that set production & price

O.P.E.C.

Spread of IndustrialismSpread of Industrialism

Napoleonic Wars abolished guilds & trade barriersFacilitated industrialization in W. Europe

Belgium, Germany, & France Industrialized by 1900

SocialSocial Impact of Industrialism Impact of Industrialism

Population growthBetter diets & improved

sanitationUrbanization

Internal migrationrural to urban

Demographic transition Relative stability

Voluntary birth control low fertility rate

Urbanization & MigrationUrbanization & MigrationUrbanizationInternal

migration From farms to

factoriesGrowth in

number & size of cities

TRANSCONTINENTAL

External migrationMostly Europe to

America50M from early

19th to early 20th Cent.

Social Impact of Social Impact of IndustrializationIndustrialization

New Social ClassesCaptains of Industry

extreme wealthMiddle class

largest beneficiaryWorking class

poorly paid, unskilled

Social ImplicationsSocial Implications

INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES:Families lead separate livesMen gain stature

Workers resisted work disciplineWorking women [only lower class]

Child labor common because of low wages to family & child

http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/

Casualties: 148

Great FamineGreat Famine Ireland

A direct colony of BritainOppressed among Western nationsDispossessed of their land and vote

Tenants in their own landPotatoes

Crop failure lead to famineBritain exported food during the

famine1M died / 2M emigrate

Resistance to Industrial Resistance to Industrial DominationDomination

KARL MARXIntense competition lead to

exploitationPolitical & social institutions

served only the interests of the capitalists

Promoted “class struggle”Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat

Business owners / workersDid not believe capitalism could

reform itself

NationalismNationalism

Part 2

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

What influence did the Crimean War have on European nationalism?

How did the Principles of Legitimacy and of Intervention impact European relationships?

Compare the unification of Italy and the unification of Germany.

Identify the reform movements of the era.

People & ConceptsPeople & Concepts

Crimean War Florence

Nightingale Metternich Otto Von Bismarck Cavour & Girabaldi Czar Alexander II British North

America Act Queen Victoria

Nationalism Congress of

Vienna Principle of

Intervention Principle of

Legitimacy Emancipation of

Serfs Ausgleich Documents of

Liberalism Realpolitik

NationalismNationalismNationalism

IDEOLOGY OF A NATION STATEEmerged after the French Revolution

Revolutions in Central EuropeBased on universal male

suffrageAustrian Empire

Multinational stateFragmentation of interests of its

people

Impact of Crimean WarImpact of Crimean War

CRIMEAN WARDirect impetus for new

alliances in EuropeRussia & Austria now enemies

Promoted a new rise of nationalism in the BalkansSpread throughout Europe

Crimean Crimean WarWar1853-1853-18561856

Crimean WarCrimean War

Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale

Congress of ViennaCongress of ViennaPEACE SETTLEMENT AFTER

NAPOLEONIC WARSMetternich

[Austrian foreign minister] Conservative ideologist

PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACYGreat Powers

PRINCIPLE OF INTERVENTIONRight to send armies to intervene

with revolutions

Opposition to Opposition to ConservatismConservatism

Liberalism & nationalismPowerful forces for change

Liberalism Enlightenment was the sourceSupported

Civil liberties, free speech, press, religion

Separation of church & stateWere not democrats

Only equality and power to white men of property

Documents of LiberalismDocuments of LiberalismAmerican Declaration of

IndependenceEquality Popular SovereigntyLife – liberty – pursuit of happiness

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the CitizenLiberty– equality - fraternity

Map Austria-Hungarian Map Austria-Hungarian EmpireEmpire

National Unification National Unification MovementsMovements

ITALY [1860]Mazzini’s Young

Italy spurred uprisings

Cavour Expelled Austria

from northern Italy

GaribaldiConsolidated

south Vittore Emmanuele

GERMANY [1871]Otto Von

BismarckPrime Minister

Provoked wars to swell German pride

Prussian Self-proclaimed Emperor of 2nd

Reich

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Unification of GermanyUnification of Germany

BismarckUnified by force

Autocratic ruleMilitarism

Power base

RealpolitikPractical politics not based in

ideology

Franco-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War [1870][1870]

ReformsReforms

FranceKing Louis Napoleon

Created empireVery successful until war with Prussia

France returned to republic

Napoleon III (r.1852-1870

ReformReform

AustriaAusgleich 1867Split into two:

Austria-Hungarian Empire

Emperor Francis Joseph (r. 1848-1916)

Russia Czar Alexander II

Emancipation of serfs Opposition of conservatives

& demands of liberals forced his return to repressive rule

ReformReform

ReformsReformsReforms

Changes brought about indirectly by revolutions

BritainLiberal parliamentary reform

Queen Victoria’s sense of respectability

Promoted economic & political stability

Canadian NationCanadian NationUnited Provinces of Canada

United upper & lower CanadaBritish North American Act

Parliamentary move –feared American intentions

Dominion of CanadaDomestic self ruleNo control over foreign affairs

Reform in the U.S.Reform in the U.S.Divisive factor in U.S.

Industrial north / agricultural southLincoln – dedicated to free

territories Southern economy base – slavery

Democratic politics brought many into the fray

Abolition – source of division

Enduring QuestionsEnduring QuestionsWhat are the long and short-term What are the long and short-term

benefits of industrialism globally?benefits of industrialism globally?What are the long and short-term What are the long and short-term

problems that have emerged locally problems that have emerged locally and globally as a result of and globally as a result of industrialism?industrialism?

What past and present problems in the What past and present problems in the world can be traced to nationalism?world can be traced to nationalism?