IMPERIALISM

Imperialism: policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories.

U.S. EXPANSION

• Factors that fueled U.S. expansion• Desire for military strength

• U.S. needed to build up their military.

• Alfred T. Mahan:

• U.S. Naval Admiral / supported the build-up.

• U.S. became the world’s 3rd largest naval power.

• Need for new markets

• U.S. producing too much.

• Foreign trade was the solution to overproduction, unemployment, and $ depression.

• Belief in cultural superiority (ethnocentricity)

• Manifest Destiny, Christianity, Anglo-Saxons

U.S. ACQUIRES ALASKA

• Known as “Seward’s folly” or “Seward’s Icebox”

• Bought from the Russians for $7.2 million in 1867

• 2 cents per acre

• Rich in resources.

• Oil

• Timber

• Minerals

U.S. TAKES HAWAII

• Rich, white sugar owners wanted to be annexed.

• Hawaiians didn’t approve

• U.S. marines overthrew the Queen Liliuokalani• Sanford B. Dole headed the

gov.

• Pres. McKinley favored statehood.

• Aug. 12, 1898: HI. Became a U.S. territory

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

CUBA VS. SPAIN

• Cubans tried to revolt against Spain between 1868-1878.• Not successful• U.S. considered buying Cuba: Spanish

would rather “sink Cuba into the ocean”

• Spain abolished slavery in Cuba

• U.S. businessmen started buying sugar cane plantations.

CUBA: 2ND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

• Jose Marti: Cuban poet that started the 2nd move for independence

• Spanish responded with concentration camps

• Yellow Journalism

• U.S. newspapers exaggerated facts to sway U.S. support for Cuba

• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst-Claimed horrible things to sway public support

• Cuban Rebels deliberately destroyed U.S. owned sugar mills

• Tried to get U.S. involved

Cuba Libre!

THE DE LOME LETTER

• President McKinley tried diplomacy to ease tensions.

• Spanish Minster to the U.S. Enrique Dupuy De Lome• Intercepted from a Havana post

office• Called McKinley weak and self-

absorbant• America was furious with Spain which pushed us to support Cuba in war

U.S.S. MAINE EXPLODES

• Few days after the publication of the De Lome letter

• Ship intended to bring Americans home safely

• 260 killed in explosion

• Spain blamed (Yellow journalism)

• They did not take responsibility.

• 260 killed

Remember the Maine!

WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN

• Spanish agreed to almost all U.S. terms-but we were mad!

• April 20th, 1898 U.S. declared war

• Spanish navy was blockaded – trapped

• U.S. had superior Navy

• U.S. ground force:

• Small army

• Poorly equipped / trained.

WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Philippines also belonged to Spain

• Commodore George Dewey

• Took the islands in four months

• Surprise battle for Spanish

• Filipinos wanted independence from Spain

THE ROUGH RIDERS

• Volunteer cavalry unit lead by Teddy Roosevelt.

• July 1, 1898: Battle of Kettle Hill• Rough Rider lead victory opened up

Cuba for the taking.

• San Juan Hill• Strategically important victory.• African-American regiments did

much of the dirty work• Roosevelt received glory

• Two days later, Spanish Navy crushed.

TREATY OF PARIS

• December 10, 1898

• Cuba freed

• U.S. acquired Guam and Wake Island in the Pacific and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean.

• Spain sold the U.S. the Philippines for $20 million.

• Filipinos then revolted-war with the U.S.

POST SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

CUBAN RELATIONS

US passes Teller AmendmentUS has no intention of taking over any

part of CubaCubans writes constitution

doesn’t define relations with U.S. US insists Cuba add Platt Amendment

defines US relationshipsCuba becomes a Protectorate country

a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

PUERTO RICO

• AMERICA

• wants US presence in Caribbean & to protect future canal

• Puerto Rico

• Wants statehood or Independence

• 1900 Congress passes the Foraker Act

• ended military rule and set up a civil govt.Gives US Pres. Power to elect governor

PHILIPPINES

• Filipinos wanted independence

• US wanted easy gateway to Asia/ China

• Treaty of Paris made Phil. an independent territory of US

• Phil. Emilio Aquinaldo, 1899, leads revolt, uses guerilla tactics

• US responds

• Concentration Camps

• 3 year war in the Philippines

• 400 million dollars

• After war, US sets up government, same as Puerto Rico

• Philippines eventually become independent republic 1946.

CHINA

• Vast potential market for American products

• China was weak from war and foreign intervention

• US, John Hay

• Open Door Notes=letters to leaders of Imperialist nations proposing nations share their trading rights with US

• Imperialist powers accepted policy

• China kept freedom, but Europe dominated large cities

• Threatened culture

• Boxer Rebellion

• Martial Art rebel secret society didn’t like foreign control

• International forces put them down in 2 months

AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER

• McKinley is assassinated

• Roosevelt becomes president

• Russia declared war on Japan

• Roosevelt negotiated peace(Peace Prize)

• Roosevelt intervened (Manchuria and Korea)

• Gained respective relationships in Asia

PANAMA CANAL

• Canal cutting across Central America

• Reduces travel time for commercial and military ships

• Shortcut btw the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

• US buys the Panama route from French for 40 Million

• US now needed permission from Columbia to build

• Colombia negotiations broke down

• Panamanian rebellion against Colombia

• US warships were present as Panama declared its independence.

• Panama and US signed treaty

• US paid rent for the Canal Zone, starting in 1913

• US paid $380 million for construction

• US paid Columbia $25 million for loss of their

• Roosevelt Corollary

• US wanted to be the dominant power in the Caribbean and Central America

• Monroe Doctrine= demanding European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin American nations

• Roosevelt Corollary= US would now use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America• Speak softly and carry a big stick

• International police power

• Dollar Diplomacy- guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople

NEW POLICIES

MEXICO• Missionary Diplomacy

• Wilson decided US had moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests.

• Mexican Landowners rich/common people poor

• General Victoriano Huerta overthrew Mex govt.

• Wilson refused to recognize govt, calling it “a government of butchers”

• Venustiano Carranza, nationalist leader became president, 1915

• Wilson formally recognized the Carranza govt.

• Carranza did not have support of all Mexicans

• Rebel leaders Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata take over

• Pancho Villa threatened US

• Killed Americans in Mexico

• US sends Gernal John J. Pershing and 15,000 soldiers to capture Pancho Villa

WORLD WAR I

CAUSES

• Militarism-Goal of creating biggest, strongest military

• Alliance system-creating connections with other countries to assure safety/support (in theory)

• Imperialism-Goal of attaining other, weaker territories

• Nationalism-everyone thinks they are better than everyone else

OTHER ISSUES

• Balkan wars created tension in smaller nations

• “A Family Affair”

• British monarch, German Kaiser’s uncle, Uncle of Russian Czar, Norwegian Queen, Queen of Spain, and Queen of Romania ALL related somehow

• Austro-Hungarian determination to impose power upon Balkans, German desire for power and arms race with Britain, French desire for revenge against Germany, Russia’s goal to restore prestige

THE ASSASSINATION

• Spark-assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist

• The Black Hand (nationalist secret society)

• He wasn’t even well-liked

• Austria-Hungary used opportunity as power-grab

• Ultimatum to Serbians and expected small war

• Serbians connected to Russia and Austro-Hungarians tied to Germany (who encouraged war)

ALLIANCES

• Triple Alliance/ Central Powers

• Germany, Austria Hungary, and Ottoman Empire

• Allied Powers/Triple Entente

• Russia, France, and Britain (Also Serbia, U.S. eventually Italy, etc…)

AUSTRIA –HUNGARY

• Angry with Serbia, declared war on July 28, 1914

• Needed Germany for success

GERMANY

• Ally to Austria-Hungary saw Russian mobilization as act of war.

• Issued “blank check” -unconditional support to A.H.

• Declared war on Russia August 1st.

• Invaded Belgium (neutral) quickly and reached Paris

• May not have encouraged A.H. to go to war if they knew Britain would get involved-didn’t expect Britain to put allies before commercial interests

• U-boats

• Sophisticated submarine

• The typical U-boat was 214 feet long, carried 35 men and 12 torpedoes

GERMANY CONTINUED

• Kaiser Wilhelm II

• Ambitious to find Germany “A Place in the Sun”

• Wanted to increase Naval fleet to match Britain’s (world’s largest)-built 29 battleships

• Failed to foresee consequences of increasing military, although his military leadership knew and prepared for a 2 front war.

• Schlieffen Plan-Take France in 5 weeks before Russia could mobilize in 6

• Almost worked, but Chief of staff slowed Paris progress and resulted in static trench warfare

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers to form the Triple Alliance with the signing of the August 1914 Turco-German Alliance.

• Turkey formally entered World War I on October 28, 1914, with the bombing of Russian Black Sea ports.

• The Triple Entente, or Allied Powers, declared war on the Ottoman Empire on November 4.

• Two major factors led to Ottoman involvement:

• German pressure and the opportunism of Turkish minister of war Enver Pasha.

• German victories early in the War and Turkey's friction with the Triple Entente.

FRANCE

• Bound by treaty to Russia (at war w/Germany and A.H. by extension)

• Thirsting for revenge on Germany for taking certain territories

BRITAIN

• Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, and Union of South Africa

• Allied loosely to France, declared war on Germany August 4th, mostly because of 75-yr-old obligation to Belgium

• By extension at war with A.H.

• Britain’s many colonies also then at war

• Agreed to military alliance with Japan to limit German colonial gains in East

• Tried to meet German challenge by increasing naval fleet-49 battleships

U.S. INVOLVEMENT

• Isolationists by Wilson’s policy of neutrality UNTIL 1917

• Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare threatened commercial shipping• U-Boats

• British waters

U.S.-WHY WE GOT INVOLVED

• Lusitania

• Of the 1,959 passengers, 1,198 were killed, including 128 Americans

• Germans opened unrestricted submarine warfare in waters around Great Britain

• Zimmerman Telegram

• Coded message from German Foreign Secretary Zimmermann to Count Von Bernstorff, the German ambassador to Mexico

• Zimmermann stated that, in the event of war with the U.S, Mexico should be a German ally. In return, Germany would restore to Mexico the lost territories of TX, NM, and AZ

U.S. ENTERS THE WAR

• U.S. entered war April 6th, 1917

• Selective Service Act

• Required all men to register w/the gov. in order to be chosen at random for the military.

• Not enough people were volunteering, so it was mandatory to register

JAPAN

• Beat out Russia for territorial gains in Korea and Manchuria in 1904 and created tense relationship, soothed by T. Roosevelt

• Due to military agreement with Britain, entered war against Germany August 23rd, 1914

• A.H. declared war on Japan August 25th, 1914

RUSSIA

• Treaty with Serbia forced them to mobilize military against A.H and Germany

• Eventually Russia’s huge losses upset citizens

• Russia pulled out of the war

• Tsar Nicholas II

• Wanted to restore Russian prestige

ITALY

• Allied to Germany and A.H, but declared policy of neutrality because of offensive war rather than defensive (clause)

• Had a secret alliance with France insuring Italian neutrality in case of German attack on France

• In May 1915, joined the Allies against A.H. and Germany

TRENCH WARFARE

THE TRENCHES

EXPERIENCING DEATH• Years of stalemate from autumn 1914 to

spring 1918

• Shellfire brought random death

• Buried in trenches by shell-bursts

• Novices killed by peering over parapet into No Man’s Land

• Killed by Sniper’s bullet

• Disease killed constantly

• Falling asleep on duty=death by firing squad

• Trench foot was a big issue in early years of war

• Caused by wet unsanitary conditions and could become gangrenous and lead to amputations

***Excerpt #1

MOVE! MOVE! ARMY CRAWL!

RATS AND INFESTATION

• Millions- a single rat can have 900 offspring per year

• Gorge on human remains (grow to the size of a cat)

• Rats would scamper across their faces in the dark

• They would try to get rid of rats with bayonets, by clubbing them, or shooting them

• Spread infection and contaminated food

• Lice caused trench fever(took 12 weeks to recover)

• Shaved heads to avoid nits and lice

***Excerpt #3***

SOLDIER LIFE• Trench Cycle

• Serve on frontline, serve as support, serve in reserve lines, and finally period of rest, then restart

• Daily Duties

• “Stand to”-hour before dawn (“morning hate”)

• Sometimes rum

• Cleaning rifle equipment-inspection by officers

• Unofficial breakfast truce

• Chores

• Refill sandbags, repair duckboards, draining of trenches, trench repair, prepping latrines

• Read and write letters home

• A few minutes rest here and there

***Excerpt #4***

MOVE! MOVE! ARMY CRAWL!

NO MAN’S LAND

• Area between front lines

• DANGEROUS place

• Soldiers occasionally assigned a listening post (get enemy info)

• Hand to hand combat in No Man’s Land-no guns, too loud

• Sometimes had to repair or add barbed wire

***Excerpt #5***

THE SMELL

• Rotting carcasses-buried in shallow graves

• Overflowing latrines

• Rare bathing opportunities

• Feet had TERRIBLE odor

• Creosol or chloride of lime used to prevent disease

• Lingering poisonous gas

• Rotten sandbags

• Stagnant mud

• Cigarette smoke

• Cooking food ***Excerpt #6***

MOVE! MOVE! ARMY CRAWL!

TRENCH SYSTEM

THE WAR CONTINUES

CHRISTMAS TRUCE: 1914

• Soldiers stopped fighting for Christmas day

• series of widespread, unofficial ceasefires

• Food

• Gifts

• Burials

• Songs

• Games

MAJOR BATTLES OF WWIBattle of Tannenberg

1. August 19142. Complete German victory3. Destruction of Russian 2nd Army

Battle of Marne4. September 19145. One month of movement6. Ended in trench warfare stalemate

Battle of Verdun7. December 19168. Longest battle of WWI

Battle of Somme9. November 191610.Main Allied attack on western front11.Loss of 58,000 British troops12.4 months

INFLUENZA PANDEMIC• About 1/3 of the population were infected- an estimated 500 million

people worldwide

• 20-50 million died

• In the U.S., citizens were ordered to wear masks, and schools, theaters and other public places were shuttered

• We later discovered that the influenza virus had invaded their lungs and caused pneumonia.

• Boy Scouts in New York City approached people they’d seen spitting on the street and gave them cards that read: “You are in violation of the Sanitary Code.”

• Known as “Spanish Flu”-Victims died within hours or days of their symptoms appearing, their skin turning blue and their lungs filling with fluid that caused them to suffocate.

• More U.S. soldiers died from the 1918 flu than were killed in battle during the war. Forty percent of the U.S. Navy was hit with the flu, while 36 percent of the Army became ill

SHELL SHOCK

• 80,000 cases by the end of the war

• Psychological more than physical

• including debilitating anxiety, persistent nightmares, and physical afflictions ranging from diarrhea to loss of sight

• 1/5 returned to duty

• Now known as PTSD

U.S. TURNS THE TIDE

• Convoy System: Battleships escorting merchant ships across the Atlantic.

• 230 miles of mines across the North Sea.

• Kept German U-Boats bottled up.

NEW WEAPONS

Submarine WarfareMachine gunsChlorine and Mustard gasTanksAirplanesGatling gunsBarbed wireRailroads

COLLAPSE OF GERMANY

• Russia pulled out of the war in 1917.

• Germany focused on the Western Front.

• Turkey(O.E.) signs armistice in October

• Nov. 3, 1918: A.H. surrendered

• Nov. 11, 1918: Germany signed an armistice.

• Railroad car in French Forest

• Shock to soldiers

• War went past 11:00

COLLAPSE OF GERMANY CONTINUED

• Allies blockaded Germany until treaty

• Germany relied on imports• people died between

armistice and treaty

DEATH TOLL

• 22 million deaths

• 20 million wounded

• 10 million refugees

Britain :  750,000 soldiers killed; 1,500,000 wounded

France : 1,400,000 soldiers killed; 2,500,000 wounded

Belgium : 50,000 soldiers killed

Italy : 600,000 soldiers killed

Russia : 1,700,000 soldiers killed

America : 116,000 soldiers killed

Germany : 2,000,000 soldiers killed

Austria-Hungary : 1,200,000 soldiers killed

Turkey : 325,000 soldiers killed

Bulgaria : 100,000 soldiers killed

Russian Revolution

RUSSIANS REVOLT• Civil unrest, food shortages, and incomparable losses in

WWI led to uprising and revolt against imperial rule

• Imperial Russia was no match for industrial Germany

• Government corruption

• Czar dissolved Duma (governing body) when it opposed him

• February Revolution (actually March)

• People looking for bread took to streets of capital (Petrograd/St. Petersburg)

• Irate mobs destroyed police stations

• Troops attempted to quell uprising, sometimes by opening fire

• Regiments ended up defecting and joining uprising

• Forced abdication of Czar Nicholas II-last Russian Czar

• His brother Michael refused the crown

REVOLUTION…AGAIN

• October Revolution

• Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup d’etat against provisional govt.

• Czar and his family were killed by Bolshevik forces, who hid the bodies

• Bodies were found in 1970s and identified by DNA testing

• Vladmir Lennin

• Dictator of first Marxist state

• His govt made peace with Germany

• Civil War

• In 1918 anti-Bolshevik white army began civil war against Lenin’s govt.

• They were defeated in 1920

• 1922- USSR was established

THE HOME FRONT

WAR AT HOME

• U.S. is the world’s greatest industrial power.

• Intensified anti-immigrant sentiments

• Women into the work force.

• Wilson given total control over the economy

• War Industries Board

• Espionage and Sedition Acts: fines and imprisonment for saying anything profane about the gov. and war effort.

• Violated Freedom of Speech

GREAT MIGRATION

• Large scale movement of thousands of African Americans from the South to the North.

• Escape Jim Crow

• Jobs

THE “BIG 4”

• U.S.: President Woodrow Wilson

• Great Britain: P.M. David Lloyd George

• France: P.M. Georges Clemenceau

• Italy: P.M. Vittorio Orlando

WILSON’S 14 POINTS• Points 1-5 were

addressed to prevent another war.

• #14: Called for the creation of an international organization to address world problems• League of Nations.

• Rejected by France and Britain – not harsh enough on Germany.

TREATY OF VERSAILLES• Created 9 new European

countries

• Ottoman Empire carved up

• Germany

• Germany couldn’t maintain an army (only 100,000 men, no tanks/air force, 6 naval ships, no subs)

• Germany pay over $30 billion to the Allies. (70 years)

• Germany lost some of their land to Denmark, Czechoslovakia, and Belgium, a larger amount to France and the greatest portion of all to Poland.

• Russia not invited to the Treaty

WHERE THIS IS GOING…

• Above all else, Germany hated the clause blaming her for the cause of the war and the resultant financial penalties the treaty was bound to impose on Germany. Those who signed it (though effectively they had no choice) became known as the "November Criminals".

• The Italian politicians failed to perceive the positive elements of the peace treaties and stressed the negative ones, and so the myth of the "mutilated victory" spread, fueling the Fascist propaganda and helping Benito Mussolini seize power.

• It was the loss of territory to Poland that caused by far the greatest resentment. Many Germans never accepted the treaty as legitimate, and later gave their political support to Adolf Hitler, who was arguably the first national politician to both speak out and take action against the treaty's conditions.

GOING HOME

• Shell Shock

• 306 British soldiers were arrested, put on trial and executed in the same day for “cowardice” and “not following orders”

• We didn’t know much about PTSD

• Plastic Surgery-experimental

• It was new and necessary during this time