Under imperialism, stronger nations attempt to create empires

by dominating weaker nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialismimperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under

foreign domination.A policy of extending your rule

over foreign countries A major departure of the US A major departure of the US

policy of “policy of “isolationisolation” ” to involvementinvolvement in world affairs. world affairs.

EconomicThe growth of industry increased the need for natural resources.

CommerceNew markets and expansion of trade into Asia & Latin America.

Nationalistic European nations competing for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalism

What are the factors involved in a country becoming imperialists?

MilitaryEurope had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships. (MAJOR U.S. Reason

HumanitarianDesire/duty to spread western civilizations to other countries.

Trade into Asia & Latin America Keep up with Europe

Annex strategic islands in the S. Pacific and Caribbean Sea.Trade center of the world

Build a canal International policeman

Large naval presence

The New Manifest DestinyThe New Manifest Destiny

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

Commercial/Business Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

Commercial/Business Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

ImperialistsImperialists•Theodore Roosevelt•William Mckinley•William Randolph Hearst•Joseph Pulitzer

Anti-Imperialist Anti-Imperialist LeagueLeague

•Mark Twain

•Andrew Carnegie

•Susan B. Anthony

FOR EXPANSIONFOR EXPANSION■Keep up with European

nations■Desire for prestige■Theory of racial

superiority■Provide market for

surplus goods and investments

AGAINST AGAINST EXPANSIONEXPANSION

■America’s vastness provided enough of an outlet for the country’s

energies■America should not rule

over other peoples

Cartoon-European grab

bag

European nations colonizing--US needed to do the same or European nations colonizing--US needed to do the same or become an insignificant county……become an insignificant county……

Cartoon-European grab

bag

Cartoon-European grab

bag

Cartoon-US Expansion1US goal was always expansion

documents expan1

Isolationism

Expansionism

documents expan2

ExpansionExpansion

Expansion and a large naval Expansion and a large naval fleet to protect interestsfleet to protect interests

documents expan3

Expansion and spreading our culture

Source: Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…

American Home Missionary Society, 1885….

It seems to me that God, with infinite wisdom and skill, is training the Anglo-Saxon race for an hour sure to come in the world’s future….The unoccupied

arable lands of the earth are limited, and will soon be taken. Then will the world enter upon a new stage of its history----the final competition of races, for which the final competition of races, for which the Anglo-Saxon is being schooled….the Anglo-Saxon is being schooled….

Source: Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…

American Home Missionary Society, 1885….

Then this race of unequalled energy, with all the majesty of numbers and the

might of wealth behind it----the representative, let us hope, of the largest

liberty the purest Christianity, the highest civilization…will spread itself

over the earth….

Source: Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…

American Home Missionary Society, 1885….

If I read not amiss, this powerful race will move down upon Mexico, down

Central and South America, out upon the islands of the sea, over upon Africa

and beyond. And can any one doubt that the result of this competition of races will

be the “survival of the fittest”?“survival of the fittest”?

Social Darwinist ThinkingSocial Darwinist ThinkingSocial Darwinist ThinkingSocial Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sThe White Man’sBurden: to civilize the worldBurden: to civilize the world

The Hierarchyof Race

The Hierarchyof Race

Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

Source:Source: Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League, 1899

“Much as we abhor the war of “criminal aggression” in the

Philippines, greatly we regret that the blood of the Filipinos is on

America hands, we more deeply resent the betrayal of American

institutions at home……

Whether the ruthless slaughter of the Filipinos shall end next month or next year is but an incident in a contest that must go on until the Declaration of Independence and

the Constitution of the US are rescued from the hands of their

betrayers.

Those who dispute about standards of value while the foundation of the Republic is

undermined will be listened to as little as those who would wrangle about the small economies of the household while the house is on

fire.

The training of a great people for a century, the aspiration for

liberty of a vast immigration are forces that will hurl aside those who is the delirium of conquest seek to destroy the character of

our institutions.”

• In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia.bought Alaska from Russia.

Seward’s Seward’s FollyFolly

• Seward bought the uninhabited Midway Island for use as repairing and refueling stations for navy vessels in the Pacific.

Midway Island

• The United States signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a The United States signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a more active role in protecting Latin America.more active role in protecting Latin America.

• US policy would expand into the Philippines and US policy would expand into the Philippines and negotiate trade treaties.negotiate trade treaties.

Latin Latin America, America, Hawaii Hawaii and Asiaand Asia

Expanding U.S. Interests

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million$7.2 million

Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867

Island Possessions

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

• 1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity TreatyReciprocity Treaty

• 1890 – 1890 – McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff

• 1893 – AmericanAmerican businessmen backed an businessmen backed an uprising against Queen uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Liliuokalani.

• Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

The Spanish-American War• Spanish brutality towards Cubans

•The Butcher-The Butcher---Valeriano Weyler

• Yellow Press/Journalism----Sensational

• Spanish Ambassador de Lôme insulted President McKinley.

• The USS MaineUSS Maine exploded, and the American public blamed Spain.

• Congress recognized Cuban independence and authorized force against Spain.

•Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment: US was fighting this war to help Cuba gains its independence and would not seek any land gains from Cuba.

• War is declared April 17, 1898

Steps to War

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst

•Both imperialists and wanted war with Spain.

•Their “Yellow Press”“Yellow Press” propaganda led Americans to support war with Spain.

•Spain controlled Cuba since 1500’s.

•Cuban people were fighting a revolution

against Spanish brutality

•Cubans wanted their independence from

Spain•90 miles from U.S.•Protect our trade

How long are the Spaniards to drench Cuba with the blood and tears of her people?

How long is the peasantry of Spain to be drafted away to Cuba to die miserably in a hopeless war, that Spanish nobles and Spanish officers may get

medals and honors?How long shall old Cuban men and women and children be murdered by the score, the innocent

victims of Spanish rage against the patriot armies they cannot conquer?

How long shall the sound of rifles in Castle Morro at sunrise proclaim that bound and

helpless prisoners of war have been murdered in cold blood?

How long shall Cuban women be the victims of Spanish outrages and lie sobbing and bruised in

loathsome prisons?How long shall women passengers on vessels flying the American flag be unlawfully seized,

stripped and searched by brutal, jeering Spanish officers, in violation of the laws of nations and of

the honor of the U.S.?How long shall American citizens, arbitrarily

arrested while on peaceful and legitimate errands, be immured in foul Spanish prisons

without trial?How long shall the U.S. sit idle and indifferent within sound and hearing or rapine and murder?

•HOW LONG?HOW LONG?

USS Maine

•American citizens threatened by revolution in

Cuba.

•Pres. McKinley sent USS Maine to rescue US citizens.

USS Maine

•USS Maine---260 US sailors killed

•Spain accused of blowing up the

Maine…..

•Polarized Americans to support the war

against Spain.

•Hearst was heard to say, “You furnish the

pictures and I’ll furnish the war”.

Yellow Press

Yellow PressYellow Press

•Joseph Pulitzer and Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph William Randolph

Hearst were popular Hearst were popular newspaper editors newspaper editors

trying to sell trying to sell newspapers.newspapers.

•Expansionist’s war with Spain.

Yellow Press

The Spanish-American War

The Spanish-American War

• May 1, 1898: The United States launched a surprise attack in Manila Bay and destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in seven hours.

• July 1: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill.• July 3: The United States Navy sank

the remaining Spanish ships.

““A A Splendid Splendid

Little Little War”War”

SP War in Pacific

SP War in Pacific

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

SP War in Caribbean

Rough Riders

•Captured San Juan Hill which led to the end of the war once Santiago was surrendered by the Spanish.

•Became a hero of the Spanish American War.

Rough Riders

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War

• With Spain’s defeat their government recognized Cuba’s independence.

• Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the US in return for $20 million.

• The island nations then became unincorporated territories of the United States.

• President McKinley installed a military government to protect American business interests.

The The Treaty Treaty

of of Paris, Paris, 18981898

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War

Puerto Puerto Rico Rico and and

CubaCuba

•Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment – Cubans will get their freedom when the U.S. has overthrown the Spanish

•Puerto RicoPuerto Rico strategic post in Caribbean, for protection of future canal

•1900, Foraker ActForaker Act sets up civil government

- president appoints governor, upper house

•1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens

•President McKinley installed a military government to protect American business interests.

•CubaCuba drafted a constitution in 1900 that did not allow for U.S. involvement.

•The U.S. government only agreed to remove its troops if Cuba included the Platt Amendment.Platt Amendment.

•The Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment remained in place until 1934. It allowed for U.S. naval bases on the island and intervention whenever necessary.

Cartoon-Sp & US War

•Spanish-American War was referred to as a “Splendid Little War”

•Cost of war in terms of loss of life and money was minimal

•US became a world power as a result of this war.

•Gained the following areas: (Treaty of Paris)

•Philippines

•Guam

•Puerto Rico

More Questions than Answers

• Does the Constitution follow the flag?– Insular cases (1901-1905) provide the answer– People living in territories that are not

“incorporated” into the United States are not entitled to the same Constitutional protections as those living in the states.

Filippino Revolution

Emilio Agunialdo

Filipino Revolutionists

•Filipino Revolution led by Emilio Emilio Aguinaldo.Aguinaldo.

•Erupted between the nationalists and U.S. troops stationed on the

islands.

•Filipinos adopted guerilla guerilla tactics. tactics.

•U.S. army responded by rounding peasants into

"reconcentration campsreconcentration camps"

•U.S. troops declared entire areas battle zonesbattle zones

•No distinctions were made between combatants and

civilians.

•4,200 American4,200 American and 16,000 16,000 FilipinoFilipino soldiers are thought to

have been killed in the fighting.

•US captured AguinaldoAguinaldo in March 1901 and he pledged

allegiance to the United States.

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the Filipino Uprising. Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946: Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

Anti-Imperialist League resistance to the Philippine

War.

•Secretary of State John Hay, proposed the Open Door Notes to the European powers to respect the territorial integrity of China and

for trade rights.

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy 1900, U.S. Policy, US

negotiated with European nations to agree of having free and equal trade rights in China Philippine RebellionPhilippine Rebellion

US war with the Philippines from 1899 to 1902 to keep the Philippines as a US

Territory

Boxer RebellionBoxer RebellionChinese nationalists fight

to remove foreigners, 1899-1900….US troops

were sent to put this down along with European

troops

Open Door Policy:Open Door Policy: 1899-1900, U.S. Policy all nations have equal trade in China

Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence:: areas in a country where a foreign nation claims sole rights to

trade and invest.

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion:: Chinese nationalist fight to remove

foreigners, 1899-1900

Spheres of Spheres of influenceinfluence

Areas in a country where a foreign nation claims

sole rights to trade

and invest.

Uncle Sam to the European powers….”Gentlemen, you may cut up the map as much as like; but remember that I’m here to stay and that you can’t divide me up

into spheres of influence”.

•A secret society, known as the Fists of Righteous Harmony, attracted thousands of followers.

•Foreigners called members of this society "Boxers" because

they practiced martial arts.

•The Boxers also believed that they had a magical power, and that foreign bullets could not

harm them.

•Millions of "spirit soldiers," they said, would soon rise from the

dead and join their cause.

Boxer’s practiced martial arts

Boxer

Boxer

“The present situation is becoming daily more difficult. The various Powers cast

upon us looks of tiger-like voracity, hustling each other to be first to seize our

innermost territories. . . . Should the strong enemies become aggressive and press us to consent to

things we can never accept, we have no alternative but to rely upon the justice of

our cause. . . . If our . . . hundreds of millions of

inhabitants . . would prove their loyalty to their emperor and love of their country,

what is there to fear from any invader? Let us not think about making peace”.

Empress Dowager (Cixi) of ChinaEmpress Dowager (Cixi) of ChinaEmpress Dowager (Cixi) of ChinaEmpress Dowager (Cixi) of China

Boxer1

•Their cause was to expel all "foreign devils from China"foreign devils from China. •The Boxer’sBoxer’s new slogan -- "Support China, kill foreign

devils!”•US and European nations sent troops to put down rebellion.

•It was successfully put down by the multi-national forcemulti-national force.

•Chinese govt. ordered to pay $333 $333 millionmillion to European nations for

damages and expand their trade.

Roosevelt-Russo-Jap War

Roosevelt acted as Roosevelt acted as the mediator the mediator between the two between the two warring nationswarring nationsConcerned about US self interest:

Japanese expansionOpen Door PolicyPhilippines

Wins the Nobel Wins the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.Peace Prize in 1906.

Roosevelt-Russo-Jap War

•Japan controls some of the territorial gains from the war. •Russia and Japan would split

Sakhalin Island•Japanese agreement to stop

fighting and expanding•Secret agreement between

Roosevelt and Japan over Korea and free trade. (Japan formally

annexes Korea in 1910)•Japan rivals the US for

dominance in the South Pacific.•US relations between Russia and

Japanese decrease.

Roosevelt Corollary

FOREIGN POLICY WITH JAPANFOREIGN POLICY WITH JAPAN Keep good relations with Japan and prevent

war. Countries feared Japan because they were the

power in the Pacific along with the US.TR entered into two diplomatic agreementstwo diplomatic agreements with Japan to prevent the possibility of war.

Gentlemen’s Agreement: 1907Japanese children were discriminated against and

segregated in San Francisco elementary schools. TR negotiated with Japanese that discrimination and segregation

would stop and in return, Japan agreed to stop the flow of Japanese immigrants to the US.

Great White Fleet 1907-08(16 battleships) in an around the world tour. Japanese school children trained to wave

American flags and sing The Star-Spangled BannerRoot-Takahira Agreement: 1908

Both governments agreed to maintain the status quo in the Pacific, defend the Open Door policy and the integrity and

independence of China. They resolved to develop their commerce in East Asia and to respect each other's territorial

possessions there.

Island Possessions

quick access to Atlantic &

Pacific military

protection of territories trade & economic

value would increase

•A concession is a grant for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose.

•Defeated by yellow fever and mismanagement, the company abandoned the project and offered its remaining rights to the

United States for $109 million.

• Hay-Paunceforte Treaty overturns the Clayton-Bulwer

Treaty and allows the U.S. to build a canal and fortify it. (1901)

• Americans needed a shorter route between the Atlantic and

Pacific oceans.

•A French company had bought a 25-year concession from Colombia to build a canal across Panama.

•Negotiations with Columbia failed. •President Roosevelt helped instigate the Panamanian Revolution to overthrow the

Colombian government. •The revolution is successful and the US recognizes Panama as an independent

nation. •US negotiated Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty

which gave us the land for the canal. •We paid Panama $10 million for the strip

of land to build the canal and a $250,000.00 yearly rental fee.

Roosevelt picture at canal

•Roosevelt at the canal

•Important to the destiny of the US

•$400 million to build

•Began in 1904 and completed by 1914

•Army engineer George Goethals organized the

construction.

•Dr. Walter Reed found ways to deal with yellow fever

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

•Recognized Panama as an independent nation after Revolution with

Columbia

•Eventually Panama would Eventually Panama would regain the Canal zone.regain the Canal zone.

•Jan. 1, 2000, the canal zone belongs to Panama

Island Possessions

Roosevelt Corollary

US FOREIGN POLICYUS FOREIGN POLICY, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them.

Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin

America and Asia.

ROOSEVELT’S COROLLARYROOSEVELT’S COROLLARY U.S. would act as international international

policemenpolicemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.

Roosevelt Corollary

“Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.” Roosevelt

used this old African proverb to guide his foreign policy.

The Roosevelt CorollaryThe Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine — The United States will act as “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers.Roosevelt in Latin AmericaRoosevelt in Latin America — Under Roosevelt, the United States often intervened in Latin America.Roosevelt in AsiaRoosevelt in Asia — Roosevelt wanted to preserve an Open Door policy to trade with China. He won a Nobel peace prize for negotiating a peace settlement between Russia and Japan.

Roosevelt Corollary

Big Stick Policy: “Speak softly and carry a big stickcarry a big stick”.

Also referred to as “Roosevelt’s Corollary”“Roosevelt’s Corollary”

Roosevelt Corollary

Big Stick Policy: “Speak softly and carry a big stick”. Also referred to as “Roosevelt’s Corollary”

Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet