Imperialism • Policy by which

strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories.

REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM

1. Search for new markets2. Spread American culture and governmental ideas3. Spread Christian religion 4. Expand Military power in the area5. Trading ports and outlets to Asia and the PacificNations wanted to– extend their power in the world– gain access to raw materials

6. Competition with European countries in Africa andAsia

Economic benefits of imperialism

• Colonies provided raw materials and natural resources– Rubber, sugar, tea, iron,

petroleum, & timber

• Extractive Economies!!!!! Imperial country removed raw materials from colony & ships them home to create

products!!!

ALFRED T. MAHAN• He was a military historian

and U.S. Navy officer

• The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

• Used the quote – “He who controlled the seas controlled the world”

The Influence of Sea Power• Mahan pushed Congress and the

Presidents to build a modern fleet

• He advocated establishing foreign bases in Cuba, Hawaii, and the Philippines– Places for ships to refuel and resupply

• U.S. expanded and updated Navy

• Built steel-plated and steam-powered battleships like the U.S.S. Maine

• U.S. Navy—3rd largest world navy by 1900

Social Darwinism fuels imperialism

• Survival of the fittest in society

• Belief in racial, national, and cultural superiority

• Justified ruling over “inferior” peoples

• Americans concerned about being left out of grab for colonies and not surviving

• Manifest Destiny taken into new regions of the World

Josiah Strong• Religious philosopher

• Encouraged missionaries to travel the world

• EDUCATE and CHRISTIANIZE

• Later apologized for RACIST imperialism

The Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing Family

Frederick Jackson Turner

• Historian• 1893—Presented The

Significance of the Frontier in American History at the Chicago World Fair

• Frontier was a “safety valve” • Place where Americans could go

to make a fresh start and/or make fortunes

• Americans now spanned continent—Turner’s followers urged oversees expansion as the new frontier

MATTHEW PERRY• Commodore Matthew

Perry sailed fleet of warships into Tokyo Bay, Japan

• Japan had closed off ports to rest of the world

• Japanese thought Perry’s steamships were “giant dragons puffing smoke”

Treaty with Japan• March, 1854—Perry made a treaty that opened

trade with Japan for AmericaTerms of Treaty1. Peace & friendship between the U.S. & Japan2. Opening of 2 ports at Shimoda and Hakodate3. Help & protection for shipwrecked American ships

& persons on Japanese Coast4. Permission for American ships to buy supplies, coal,

water, and other provisions at Japanese ports.

Power in the Pacific• 1867—U.S. takes

Midway Islands• 1875 & 1887—Treaties

with Hawaiian Islands increased trade & gained right to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor

• COALING AND FUELING STATION

Purchase of Alaska• 1867—Purchased from

Russia by Secretary of State William Seward for $7.2 million

• Vast Tundra– “Seward’s Folly” – “Seward’s Icebox”

SOUTH WAS UNDER RECONSTRUCTION

STILL

ALASKA!!!!!!!!!!!• Largely increases

size of U.S.• Rich in resources• Timber• Oil• Gold• Abundance of fish

& wildlife

LATIN AMERICAU.S. businessmen wanted to expand their trade1889—Secretary of State James Blaine sponsored the First International Pan-American Conference

1. Discussed benefits of trade between countries

2. Led to Pan-American Highway link between the U.S., Central America, & South America in 1920s

The Monroe Doctrine• 1823—U.S. would protect

states in the Western Hemisphere from European Aggression

• 1895—Border dispute between British Guiana & Venezuela

• US threatened WAR• Britain backed off• Established U.S. power in

Western Hemisphere

American Presence in Hawaii

• Since the late 1700s, Hawaii had been a stop for U.S. merchant ships on their way to East Asia

• Missionaries established Christian churches & schools

• American planters established sugar cane plantations

• Group of planters/ businessmen form the Hawaiian League

• Goal was to overthrow the King and control Hawaii both politically & economically

• SANFORD DOLE was the American BOSS in HAWAII

The King & the bayonet constitution1887—King Kalakaua forced to amend and sign Hawaii's new constitution to limit voting rights to only wealthy white landowners & planters

McKinley Tariff• 1890s— McKinley Tariffplaced a tariff on Hawaiian sugar grown by American citizens overseas

• Made it more expensive than sugar grown in the U.S. (Florida, Louisiana, Texas)

• Feared lower sales/profits

Queen Liliuokalani• 1891—King Kalakaua

died

• His sister took over

• Very nationalistic

• Resented power ofwhite planters

• Abolished the Bayonet Constitution

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniLiliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849by virtue of economic treaties.by virtue of economic treaties.

AMERICAN LED OVERTHROW

• 1893—American planters overthrew queen

• Backed by U.S. officials and United States Marines– John Stevens, U.S. Minister

of Hawaii ordered the Marines to help rebels seize power

• New government established by white planters - SANFORD DOLE

Annexation of Hawaii• President Harrison signed

the treaty to annex Hawaii shortly before he left office– Senate could not approve it

before Cleveland took office

• 1893—Cleveland took he refused to sign the agreement & apologized for the wrong done to the Hawaiian people

• 1897—William McKinley and his administration favored the annexation of Hawaii

• 1898—Congress officially annexes Hawaii as U.S. Territory