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Journal of Apicultural Science 87Vol. 55 No. 1 2011

INTRODUCTION

It is crucial for beekeepers to have sparequeen bees in early spring. Additionalqueens can be introduced into coloniesthat have lost their own queen bees in thewinter. They can also be introduced intonew colonies which have been dividedearly in the spring. This is particularlyimportant in Poland because of the severewinters, cold springs and short vegetative

period. Introduction of spring of queen bee

imports from outside Europe, is popularamong beekeepers (Wilde, 2000). Dueto climatic differences, young queen beesfrom outside Europe were available in theearly spring, when in Poland the rearing ofqueens is impossible. Instead of expensiveimports, methods for wintering queen

bees can be developed. Such methodscould become a breakthrough in theapplied apicultural technologies. First of

all these methods are inexpensive - afterthe breeding season, beekeepers havemating nuclei with egg laying queen bees.Second - the small colonies overwinteredas nuclei, grow in strength during thespring. Then, they can be divided, and thenew queens reared the next season can beintroduced into the queenless parts. Andthird - when there are egg laying queens inthe spring, the beekeepers can divide thecolonies early, and increase the number of

productive colonies for the late flow.Introducing a young queen in a beecolony stimulates the colony’s dynamicdevelopment (Wilde, 2006). The queen’sage determines its fertility and the amountof the secreted maternal pheromone(Seeley and Fell, 1981; Naumannet al., 1991). The queen bee’s fertilitydetermines the strength of the colony.A fourfold increase in the colony strength,

WINTERING QUEEN BEES IN MODIFIED MATING NUCLEI

M a c i e j S i u d a 1 , J e r z y W i l d e 1, J a n u s z B r a t k o w s k i 1,

B o ż e n a C h u d a - M i c k i e wi c z 2, J e r z y W o y k e 3,

Z y g m u n t J a s iń s k i 3, B e a t a M a d r a s - M a j ew s k a 3,

J e r z y S a m b o r s k i 2

1Apiculture Division, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland2Department of Zoology and Beekeeping, West Pomeranian

University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland3Division of Apiculture, University of Life Science-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland

E-mail: [email protected]

Received 14 February 2011; Accepted 29 April 2011

S u m m a r y

The aim of this study was to develop an effective method which provides for additional queen bees to overwinter in mating nuclei. The assay was carried out in the years 2005-2008 (threewintering seasons) in three places in Poland: the Department of Zoology and Beekeeping at theWest Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Division of Apiculture, University of LifeScience-SGGW in Warsaw, and the Apiculture Division at the University of Warmia and Mazury inOlsztyn. Experimental colonies were created and kept in two types of nuclei: in a trapezoid, top-barmating nucleus [TB] and in a mini-plus nucleus [MP]. The highest number of colonies survived inSzczecin (63%), less in Warsaw (31%), and the least in Olsztyn (20%). In the TB nuclei, only 2%of the colonies overwintered successfully. In the MP nuclei with one colony, 65% overwinteredsuccessfully, and in MP with two colonies - 45% overwintered successfully.Keywords: wintering season, queen bees, mating nuclei.



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brings about a six-fold increase in its honey productivity (Farrar , 1971). Accordingto Woyke (1984), honey bee colonieswith one-year-old queens, produced 27%more honey than those with two-year-oldqueens. Wilde (2000) and Wilde et al.(2002) report that about 50% less honeywas collected from colonies with three-year-old queens than from those with one-year-old queens. Bee colonies with youngqueen bees are also less likely to develop aswarming impulse (Zeiler, 1985; Siudaand Wi ld e, 2002; Wil de , 2006).

The first attempts at wintering sparequeen bees, date back to the 60s of the

previous century. Most often, youngqueen bees were wintered in small nuclei(Olejniczak, 2002) or in small colonies(Pidek, 2003). Most tests were carried outin a bee yard. Single queen bees were placedin the original hive, in a compartmentcomposed of several honeycombs,separated by a tight board (Bornus andSzymankiewicz, 1968; Ostrowska,1974). This method of wintering was notadopted in practice, though, because of thehigh labor input and material costs.

Several queen bees were also winteredin cages called “queen banks,” in a hive.However, due to the antagonistic behaviorof the surrounding bees, the queens wereinjured (Wo yk e, 1988; Ja siński, 1995).In one bee colony, the attempts to winterseveral freely moving queen bees deprivedof their stingers, also failed (Paleolog,2001).

Efforts were made to keep queen beesoutside the hive in the winter (Foti et al.,1962; Wyborn et al., 1993; Prabucki etal., 2003). But so far, no satisfactory resultshave been achieved. During wintering,nosema disease developed in the attendant

bees (Kostecki , 1976; Prabucki etal., 1982; Gliński and Chmielewski,1994; Sokó ł and Romaniuk, 2000;Muszyńska, 2001; Czekońska, 2002;Tomaszewska, 2002). After some time,it was found that bees originating fromhealthy colonies were affected by Nosemaapis (El -S he my and Pi ck ar d, 1989).

Wintering queen bees in mating nucleiis cheap compared to the cost of importingqueen bees. This is because, queen-rearing beekeepers have at their disposala great number of nuclei with egg layingqueens. Earlier, these nuclei with egglaying queens had to be eliminated afterthe breeding season (Wilde, 2004). Thereasons mentioned above, triggered thesearch for a way to develop an effectivemethod of overwintering spare queen beesin mating nuclei.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The assay was carried out in the years2005-2008 (three wintering seasons), in thefollowing centers:

1. Department of Zoology and Bee-keeping, West Pomeranian University ofTechnology in Szczecin (northwesternPoland)

2. Division of Apiculture, WarsawUniversity of Life Science - SGGW(central Poland)

3. Apiculture Division, University ofWarmia and Mazury in Olsztyn(northeastern Poland)

Queens-sisters of Apis mellifera carnica subspecies were reared every year inqueenless rearing colonies. On the 9th day,capped queen cells were transferred to anincubator (T=34.5oC and RH=80%). Afteremergence, the queens were marked withnumbered plastic discs. Then, they were

placed in small transport cages with 10attendant worker bees. They waited inthe cages before being introduced into theexperimental colonies.

Experimental colonies were created andkept in two types of nuclei: a trapezoid,

top-bar mating nucleus [TB] (with a combsize of 13.5 top × 9 bottom × 9 heightcm) and a multi-super nucleus with sixcombs in the box, in frames measuring215 x 163 mm - mini-plus nucleus [MP].All the nuclei were supplied with combfoundations. In order to extend the nestarea f or a wintering colony in trapezoidnuclei, supers with six honeycombs wereadded (frame size: 148 x 125mm). Afterthe nuclei were stocked with worker bees




of Apis mellifera carnica subspecies, theywere transferred to a dark cellar for twodays (T=10oC). TB was stocked with ca.100g bees, and MP with ca. 250g bees inone box. Seven/eight-day-old queen beeswere instrumentally inseminated with 8 μlsemen from a Carniolan drone. When thequeens started egg laying, the colonies’diet was supplemented with candy. Eachyear, winter feeding of the colonies started15th August and ended 15th September.The colonies to be wintered in MP werefed syrup (5 : 3, sugar : water), and thoseto be wintered in TB were fed candy, inseveral portions.

The colonies prepared for winteringwere randomly divided into the followinggroups:

I TB trapezoid, top-bar mating nucleusII TBS trapezoid, top-bar mating nucleus

with a super III MP1/2 mini-plus twin-nucleus (two

colonies, each wintering on three combs ofthe nucleus, separated in the middle by avertical board)

IV MP1 mini-plus nucleus, one colonywintering on six combs in a whole box

The colonies in each group were dividedinto two subgroups: A - wintered on a beeyard and B - wintered in a cellar.

From 20th Aug. to 15th Dec. all nucleiwere in a bee yard. In the autumn, whenthe temperatures fell below 0oC for afew consecutive nights, half the colonieswere transferred to a cellar (T=4-5oC andRH=ca. 65-75%).

Once a month, the wintering colonieswere examined with a stethoscope.Based on the emitted sounds, the courseof wintering was assessed. When soundassessment was difficult, it was always

possible to lift the nucleus cover for aquick look at the colonies.

For Olsztyn, the temperature andhumidity data were obtained from themeasurements of the UWM meteorologicalstation, for Warsaw - from the SGGWmeteorological station in the Ursynówquarter, and for Szczecin - from the service:Weather Underground (http://www.wunderground.com). The average daily

air temperatures for Poland for the last 30years, referred in this paper as “perennialdata”, were also obtained from the UWMmeteorological station in Olsztyn.

Two and three-way ANOVA was carriedout. Significance of difference between themeans () was determined by Duncan’smultiple range test. The data in percentagesto be used in statistical calculations, wereconverted by the arcsine transformation(Bliss). The means differing significantly(p < 0.05) were marked with differentsmall letters.

RESULTS1.1 Weather conditionsWeather conditions could have

considerably affected the results of theresearch. That is why throughout the assay,temperature and relative humidity of airwere regularly measured. The two-wayanalysis of variance (research place andseason) did not show significant interaction

between the place of the investigationand the consecutive wintering seasons(F

2=0.090, p<0.985).

While the colonies were wintering,

the average monthly air temperatures foreach center were similar to the perennialaverage (Fig. 1a). In the late autumnand in the winter, the highest averagetemperatures were in Szczecin, averagetemperatures were lower in Warsaw andthe lowest average temperatures were inOlsztyn (Fig. 1a). In the early spring, thehighest temperature was in Warsaw, andthe lowest in Szczecin. Average monthlytemperatures for individual centers, wereslightly higher than the perennial averagetemperatures.

The average relative air humidity duringwintering was very similar in all centers(Fig. 1b). It ranged between 76.2% and92.4% from November to March. Duringthe first spring months, it decreased in allcenters. In April, the average relative airhumidity was highest in Szczecin (75.7%),and lowest in Olsztyn (63.4%).

Average monthly temperaturesdiffered significantly in the consecutivewintering seasons (F

2=15.728, p<0.001).



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In the 2005/2006 season, the average airtemperature in November (8.9oC) wasconsiderably higher than the average inother seasons, and higher than the perennialaverage (2.7oC - Fig. 1c). In January2005/2006, the average temperature(-7.1oC) was significantly lower than theaverage temperatures for the 2006/2007and 2007/2008 seasons: 3.4oC and 0.9oC,respectively; and lower than the perennialaverage (-2.9oC). The frost-period in the

2005/2006 season, lasted until Marchwhen the average temperature was -1.2oC.In March, the average temperature wassignificantly lower than the perennialaverage (1.2oC) and lower than theaverage temperatures in the 2006/2007and 2007/2008 seasons: 6.2 and 3.1oC,respectively. The average air temperaturesin the individual seasons in April, weresimilar to the perennial average and ranged

between 6.7oC and 8.0oC.

Fig. 1a. Average air temperature in the centers (oC).

Fig. 1b. Average relative air humidity in the centers (%).




The average monthly relative air humidity

for the three locations in the consecutiveseasons was very similar from Novemberto March, and ranged between 84.1% and92.8% (Fig.1d). In the first spring months,the humidity fell in all locations. In April,the significantly lowest average (F

2= 5.4,

p<0.005) was observed in the 2006/2007season (60.6%), and the highest in the last2007/2008 season (81.7%).

1.2. Survival of colonies

The place where the queen bees werewintered (a bee yard or an undergroundwintering building) did not significantlyaffect the differences in the survivalof the colonies (F

1= 0.562, p = 0.454).

Consequently, the rest of our reportcontains the total results, without referringto the colonies as being split into thesubgroups: A (colonies wintering on a beeyard) and B (colonies wintering in a cellar).

Fig. 1c. Average air temperature in the seasons (oC).

Fig. 1d. Average relative air humidity in the seasons ( %).



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1.2.1. Survival of colonies in threelocations

Wintering the queen bees in trapezoidnuclei without a super (group I, TB) wasnot successful in any of the locations andseasons. That is why this assay group is not

presented in Table 1, nor in the followingdescription of the results.

The two-way ANOVA indicated ahighly significant interaction between theassay groups and apicultural seasons aswell as the place of the research F

2= 3.324,

p= 0.001.The queen bees overwintered most

effectively in Szczecin. In the 2007/2008season, 19% of them survived in trapezoidtop-bar nuclei with a super (gr. II, TBS),81% in twin mini-plus nuclei (gr. III,MP1/2), and as many as 95% in one- box

mini-plus nuclei (gr. IV, MP1 - Tab. 1)

In Warsaw and Olsztyn, queen bees intrapezoid nuclei with a super (gr. II, TBS)did not survive the winter in any season.

In the last year 2007/2008, in Warsaw,most colonies survived in twin and single-colony mini-plus nuclei (gr. III, MP1/2and gr. IV, MP1), i.e. 75% and 68%,respectively.

In 2005/2006 in Olsztyn, most colonies(32%) survived in twin-colony mini-plusnuclei (gr. II, MP1/2). In 2007/2008 mostcolonies (46%) survived in the same nucleitype, yet wintered as a single colony (gr.IV, MP1).

In total, in all three seasons, thesignificantly highest percentage of queen

bees were those that survived the winter inSzczecin (63%). In Warsaw, a significantlyhigh percentage of queens (31%) survivedthe winter, than in Olsztyn (20%) (Tab. 1).

T a b l e 1

Effectiveness of extra queen bees survival during the wintering of experimental colonies (%)

Center Year

GroupCenters in total

II (TBS) III (MP1/2) IV (MP1)

n % ± sd N % ± sd n % ± sd n % ± sd

Szczecin2005/2006 20 0.0

a

± 0.0 20 65

d

± 0.5 21 90

e

± 0.3219 63c ± 0.52006/2007 23 0.0a ± 0.0 20 90e ± 0.3 24 83de ± 0.4

2007/2008 21 19ab ± 0.4 26 81de ± 0.4 44 95e ± 0.2

Warszawa

2005/2006 6 0.0a ± 0.0 13 0.0a ± 0.0 10 0.0a ± 0.0

144 31b ± 0.52006/2007 20 0.0a ± 0.0 22 50cd ± 0.5 20 40c ± 0.5

2007/2008 18 0.0a ± 0.0 16 75d ± 0.5 19 68d ± 0.5

Olsztyn

2005/2006 19 0.0a ± 0.0 28 32bc ± 0.5 8 25abc ± 0.5

183 20a ± 0.42006/2007 20 0.0a ± 0.0 20 10ab ± 0.3 20 45c ± 0.5

2007/2008 20 0.0a ± 0.0 24 13ab ± 0.3 24 46cd ± 0.5

Groups in total 167 2a ± 0.2 189 47b ± 0.5 190 65c ± 0.5 546 40 ± 0.5

Years of investigation in total

145

2005/2006

189

2006/2007

212

2007/2008

30a ± 0.5 36a ± 0.5 50b ± 0.5

group II (TBS) – trapezoid polystyrene mating nuclei with a super group III (MP1/2) – one-box mini-plus nuclei with two coloniesgroup IV (MP1) – one-box mini-plus nuclei with one colonyDifferent small letters indicate significance of differences for p<0.05.




1.2.2. Survival of queen bees in differentnuclei types

In total, of all the centers and seasons,the significantly highest percentage ofqueen bees that survived in the colonies(65%) were those that occupied the whole

box of a mini-plus nucleus (gr. IV, MP1).A significantly high percentage of queen

bees that survived in the colonies (47%)were those that occupied half a mini-

plus nucleus. But only 2% of queen beessurvived in the colonies that occupiedtrapezoid top-bar mating nuclei with a

super (gr. II, TBS) (Tab. 1).1.2.3. Survival of queen bees indifferent seasons

Survival of queen bees in differentseasons varied. In total, of all the centers,significantly more queen bees (50%)survived the 2007/2008 winter whichwas the last year of the study, than in2006/2007 and 2005/2006: 36% and 30%,respectively. Compared to the last year, thesurvival rate in 2006/2007 and 2005/2006was 14% and 20% smaller, respectively.

1.3. Survival of colonies in consecutivewintering months

The number of living colonies graduallydecreased in the consecutive winteringmonths in all the centers, groups, and yearsof the research (Fig. 2).

1.3.1. Average monthly survival ofcolonies in different locations

On the average, of all the three seasonsand nuclei types, the fewest colonies diedin Szczecin (Fig. 2). In October - Januarymore than 80% survived, and by the endof the wintering season, the survival ratefell in March to 60% of the initial value.In Warsaw and in Olsztyn, the survivalrate decreased similarly. During the firsttwo months, 90% of the colonies survived.Then, the survival rate suddenly dropped.In December, 60% of the colonies survived,

and by the end of wintering, only 20%survived in Warsaw and ca. 5% in Olsztyn.On the average, of all the three seasons

and locations, the colonies in trapezoidtop-bar nuclei with a super (gr. II,TBS) already started to suddenly die inDecember (40% of the living colonies). Bythe end of wintering in March, only a fewof them survived (Fig. 3). The colonies inone half of the mini-plus nucleus (gr. III,MP1/2) overwintered successfully tillJanuary. A decrease was observed in thisgroup (gr. III, MP1/2) after January, andeventually 47% of the colonies survived

the winter. Wintering was most successfulfor the colonies in the whole box of a mini-

plus nucleus (gr. IV, MP1), where singlelosses were distributed evenly, throughoutthe whole wintering season (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2. Average survival of colonies in consecutive months in three locations (%).



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On the average, of all the locationsand nuclei types for the first winteringseason of 2005/2006, the fewest coloniessurvived between January and March(Fig. 4). During the next wintering season,the fewest colonies survived in Januaryand February 2007. In the last season;2007/2008, single colonies started dying inDecember. Losses were evenly distributedthroughout the wintering period.

The most frequent cause of losses ofcolonies was insufficient nutrition, as71.4% died from hunger (Fig. 5). Starvingcolonies often suffered from dysentery(9.5%). Quite often (10.2%), the bees didnot move to upper sections of the trapezoidtop-bar nuclei with a super (gr. II, TBS),even though there was still food left.A sudden population drop of bees wasobserved in 8.9% of the colonies.

Fig. 4. Average survival of colonies (%) in the consecutive months of three wintering seasons.

Fig. 3.Average survival of colonies from different groups in the consecutive monthsof wintering season (%).

Explanation: TBS - trapezoid, top-bar mating nucleus with a super; MP1/2 mini-plustwin-nucleus; MP1 mini-plus nucleus, one colony wintering on six combs in awhole box.




DISCUSSION

Successful wintering of bees issignificantly affected by atmosphericconditions, especially by the number of dayswith severe frost as well as by the numberof days with thaws. During the first and thesecond wintering season, extremely lowtemperatures occurred (even -30oC), whichweakened the effectiveness of queen beewintering, to 30% and 36%, respectively.

Weather conditions considerably improvedthe last year, which resulted in a highersurvival rate of the wintering queen bees(50%). The wintering success was differentin the three different places. Most coloniessurvived the winter in Szczecin (63%), lessin Warsaw (31%), and the least in Olsztyn(20%). These results were probably caused

by lower winter temperatures in the twolatter locations as compared with Szczecin.

Also, other authors (Bornus et al.,1974; Bobrzecki, 1976; Ostrowska,1984; Prabucki et al., 2003) have

pointed out the effect of temperature onthe success of overwintering bee colonies.Pechhacker and Kasjanow (2004)

believe that bees should winter in anoutdoor temperature of around 0oC, asin such conditions the intensity of heatgenerated by bees, which reflects the levelof their metabolism, is minimal. Sowa etal. (1983) wintered the colonies indoors, ata temperature ca. 4oC, and the survival ratewas 93-95%.

During the wintering period, relative airhumidity was very high (ca. 90%) in all theresearch centers and seasons. Such highhumidity shortens the life of wintering bees(Ostrowska, 1984; Muszyńska, 2004;Skubida, 2004b; Roman, 2007).

According to Bratkowski (1998), themost decisive factor affecting bee survivalin winter is the strength of bee colonies.

The results of our research prove that it is

not satisfactory to overwinter queen bees intrapezoid top-bar mating nuclei (TB) eitherin a bee yard or in a cellar as independentunits. Only 2% of these queen beessurvived the winter. Maul and Sch nei de r(1991) were able to overwinter such smallcolonies in a cellar only when they replacedthe worker bees in the colonies three or fourtimes. Bornus and Szymankiewicz(1968) successfully overwintered 50% ofqueen bees in mating nuclei, which were

placed between two bee colonies winteringin one hive. In such conditions, bees in thenuclei took advantage of the heat generated

by the neighbouring colonies.The colonies wintering in mini-plus

nuclei (MP) had better chances for survival because of an extended nest area. This areagave both a greater storage potential aswell as a larger number of bees, and at thesame time - there was a smaller productionof thermal energy per bee. In our assay,in mini-plus nuclei, 47% of the winteredcolonies survived the winter on three

Fig. 5. Causes of wintering colonies dying (%).



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honeycombs (gr. III, MP1/2), and 65%on six honeycombs (gr. IV, MP1). Thereis definitely less heat loss in the case ofa bigger cluster because of the favorablerelation of the cluster size to its surface,and because of greater heat production. Inweak colonies, the mechanism is the same,yet with an adverse effect.

Wintering of spare queen bees in matingnuclei is difficult, because of the smallnumber of bees and the small nest surface.Food scarcity was the most common causeof the dying of colonies (71.4%). Starvingcolonies often suffered from dysentery.Defecation into the nest was observed in9.5% of wintered colonies.

In trapezoid top-bar mating nuclei witha super (gr. II, TBS), bees quite frequently(10.2%) did not get to the upper sections,even though there was still food left. Thismay have resulted from rearing brood in thelower sections late in the autumn, and thenthe bees remained in the lower sections.

The sudden population drop in 8.9% ofthe wintered colonies is difficult to explain,yet it may be attributed to the phenomenonof single bees leaving the hive during a

wintering season.

CONCLUSIONS

Trapezoid top-bar mating nuclei areunsuitable for self-wintering of beecolonies in Poland, because of their smallsize.

The best conditions for wintering ofspare queen bees were in mini-plus nuclei,when the colonies occupied the entire box(six combs).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The assay was carried out thanks tothe support of the Ministry of Scienceand Higher Education - as Own ResearchProject No 2 P06Z 058 28. We would liketo thank the head of this project Prof. Dr.hab. Jaro s ław Pr ab uc ki , for effectivelymanaging this experiment for 3 years.

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ZIMOWANIE ZAPASOWYCH MATEK PSZCZELICHW ZMODYFIKOWANYCH ULIKACH WESELNYCH

S i u d a M . , W i l d e J . , B r a t k o w s k i J . , C h u d a - M i c k i e w ic z B . ,

W o y k e J . , J a s iń s k i Z . , M a d r a s - M a j e w s k a B . , S a m b o r s k i J .

S t r e s z c z e n i e

Posiadanie zapasowych matek wczesną wiosną jest bardzo ważne dla pszczelarzy. Matki temożna poddać do rodzin, które straciły własne matki zimą . Można je również poddać do wczesnychodk ładów. Ma to szczególne znaczenie w Polsce, charakteryzują cej się srogimi zimami, chłodnymiwiosnami i krótkim sezonem wegetacyjnym.

Celem badań była próba opracowania skutecznej metody zimowania zapasowych matek pszczelichw ulikach weselnych. Doświadczenie przeprowadzono w latach 2005-2008 (3 zimowle) równoleglew trzech jednostkach: Katedrze Zoologii i Pszczelnictwa Zachodniopomorskiego UniwersytetuTechnologicznego w Szczecinie, Samodzielnej Pracowni Hodowli Owadów Użytkowych SGGWw Warszawie i Katedrze Pszczelnictwa Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie.Rodzinki z matkami unasienionymi sztucznie 8 μl nasienia w wieku 7-8 dni przygotowane dozimowli podzielono losowo na nastę pują ce grupy:

I TS trapezoidalny snozowy ulik weselny.II TSN trapezoidalny snozowy ulik weselny z nadstawk ą .III MP1/2 dwurodzinny ulik mini-plus (dwie rodzinki, każda zimują ca na 3 plasterkach w połowie

ulika, przedzielonego pionową przegrodą ).IV MP1 ulik mini-plus, jedna rodzinka zimują ca na 6 plasterkach w całym korpusie.Rodzinki w każdej grupie podzielono na 2 podgrupy: A - zimowane na pasieczysku i B - zimowane

w piwnicy.

Miejsce zimowania matek (toczek lub stebnik) nie wpłynęło istotnie na zróżnicowanie przeżywalności rodzinek (F1,

= 0,562, p = 0,454). Nie udało się przezimować matek w ulikachtrapezoidalnych bez nadstawki (gr. I, TS) we wszystkich ośrodkach oraz latach badań. W sumie,ze wszystkich miejscowości i sezonów, wysoko istotnie najwię cej matek (65%) przeżyłow rodzinkach zimują cych pojedynczo w korpusie ulika mini-plus (gr IV, MP1). Najwię cej rodzinek przeżyło w Szczecinie (63%), mniej w Warszawie (31%), a najmniej w Olsztynie (20%). W ulikachTS przezimowano tylko 2%, a w ulikach MP zasiedlonych pojedynczo - 65% i 45% przy zasiedleniu przez dwie rodzinki. Trapezoidalne snozowe uliki weselne, ze wzglę du na swoje niewielkiewymiary, nie nadają się do samodzielnego zimowania rodzinek pszczelich w Polsce. Najkorzystniejzapasowe matki zimowały w ulikach mini-plus, gdy rodzinki zajmowały cały korpus (6 plasterków).Słowa kluczowe: zimowla, matki pszczele, uliki weselne.




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