IDTechEx Ltd - MarketResearch · IDTechEx Ltd ... Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices 2014-2024 34 ... RFID FORECASTS, PLAYERS AND OPPORTUNITIES

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Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices 2014-2024

34

Table 1.10 Photovoltaics for Energy Harvesting unit value dollars 2014-2024

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

Automotive

Outdoor

advertising/

posters/

awnings

POP Smart

Labels/

indoor

advertising

Mobile

devices

Apparel/

military/

emergency

Other

portable/

disposable

electronics

PV for

developing

countries

Wireless

sensors

Other, BIPV, large projects/utilities: not included

Source IDTechEx

Fig. 1.10 Photovoltaics for Energy Harvesting unit value dollars 2014-2024

Source IDTechEx

For complete data please purchase this report

For complete data please purchase this report

Downloaded by Claire Whiting - [email protected] 31 Mar 2014 15:59:50


42

Fig. 1.16 Power requirements of small electronic products including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

and GSM mobile phones and the types of battery employed

Standby

32 KHz quartz oscillator

Electronic watch

or calculator

RFID Tag

Hearing aid

Miniature FM Receiver

Transceiver Bluetooth

PALM, MP3

GSM

µP laptop

µP desktop

10 nW

100 nW

1 µW

10 µW

100 µW

1 mW

10 mW

100 mW

1 W

10 W

100 W

Bicycle lighting

Source IDTechEx

Nowadays, much of the focus on energy harvesting concerns microsystems including ones in the

human body, and here the relative situation is much the same as shown below in an assessment by

the Tyndall National Institute in Dublin, Ireland.



50

Table 1.19 Some types of energy to harvest with examples of harvesting technology, applications,

developers and suppliers

Energy

harvested

Method Applications Storage Some of the

organisations

involved

Vibration Piezoelectric

Inorganic or electrodynamic

Actuators and generators –

commercial, consumer, medical

including wireless sensors in engines,

vehicles and aircraft

Lithium

batteries,

capacitors

Arveni

AmbioSystems

Clarkson

University

GreenPeak

National

Physical

Laboratory

IMEC

MicroStrain

Midé

Technology

Perpetuum

Smart Material

University of

Bristol

University of

Southampton

KCF

Technologies

Magnetostrictive North Carolina

State University



123

Fig. 6.1 Perpetuum energy harvesting powered wireless sensor monitoring wheel wear in trains.

Source: Perpetuum

Cepnic continues: “With the VEH460 Ferro Solutions, Inc. builds a harvester for similar applications.

To power remote controls, Brother Inc. demonstrated a harvester in size of a AA battery. Several

authors published body worn or implantable prototypes, and prototypes to be integrated in a shoe

to harvest from human walking. A commercially available example with the form of a stick that can

be put into a backpack is the nPowerPEG.

Electrodynamic harvesters were also designed for structural monitoring applications, e.g., by

powering wireless sensor notes for transmission, temperature and acceleration monitoring on

bridges . A study about a harvester mounted to a car engine shows that enough power can

permanently be harvested to supply different condition monitoring sensors.”



208

pairs – ten to hundred times more than conventional devices. Hence our thermogenerators

produce voltages in the range of 0.5-5 Volt depending on actual temperature differences on just a

few square millimeters of footprint – sufficient for driving a wide range of low power wireless

systems such as remote sensors or self-sustained data loggers. Micropelt thermogenerator

devices offer small custom designs for energy harvesting and energy scavenging applications.”

7.84. Microsemi

Microsemi (formerly Zarlink Semiconductor)

400 March Rd

Ottawa

Ontario

K2K 3H4

Canada

www.zarlink.com

Microsemi is a leading supplier of high performance, high quality analog devices, ICs, all the way to

complete subsystems for a variety of industry sectors.

Through the acquisition of Zarlink Semiconductor in October 2011, Microsemi expanded its

activities into implant grade (400MHz) and wearable (ISM band 779-965MHZ covering most

countries) ultra low-power radios. "The medical products group (MPG) was a growing segment of

Zarlink's revenue." Mr Mauricio Peres, product marketing director with Microsemi, says. "Due to

high industry interest level in ultra-low power radios, Microsemi kept the group intact". And he

continues: "In the summer prior to its acquisition, Zarlink was expanding to applications outside of

medical. So now the same products for ISM band are being promoted into other vertical markets

too, such as commercial/industrial wireless sensors that require ultra low-power".

Products - ZL 70250

Power consumption of Microsemi radios is very low, due to requirements from past customers that

really needed compact size and low power, which translates to market interest from companies in

various segments. The radio chip measures at 2mmx3mm and is very thin- around 250microns in

thickness. With an added 120microns chip scale packaging is possible and allows for the use of

regular manufacturing flow.

ZL 70250, the lowest power radio transceiver according to customer testimonials, uses only 2mA to

transmit a packet in a few milliseconds. Once the CPU initializes the radio, the CPU can duty cycle

it at a required frequency bringing the average current consumption in the 100's of μA, depending


http://www.zarlink.com/

http://www.microsemi.com/

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Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors: Supercapacitors 2014-2024

16

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Fig. 1.6 Maxwell Technologies supercapacitor pack for electric vehicles

Source NREL

In 2011, Maxwell Technologies estimated that 300,000 cars using its supercapacitor product will be

on the road by the end of 2011 and 1 million by the end of 2012.

Fig. 1.7 Hybrid bus with supercapacitors on roof

Source Maxwell Technologies

1.6. AEDLC/supercabatteries

However, to address the need in some applications to have higher energy density while

surrendering some supercapacitor advantages, devices with one battery-like positive electrode and

one EDL electrode are being developed, several already being on the market. Such asymmetric

electrochemical double layer capacitors AEDLCs ie supercabatteries store 85 to 115% more energy

(volumetric or gravimetric energy density)than a conventional supercapacitor, while retaining a



75

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The only electrode (nanocarbon based or otherwise) reported having a higher maximum power (3.2

MW/kg, 16 kW/l vs 0.99 MW/kg, 396 kW/l for the composite electrodes) was composed of a sparse

MWNT forest electrode (density of 0.005 g/cm3). Sparse CNT forest electrodes naturally have

higher power performance as essentially individual CNTs within the forest are immersed in an

almost infinite sea of electrolyte, i.e., infinite supply of ions. Here, our composite material has

achieved a similar power performance, by tailoring the pore structure to optimize electrolyte

retention yet having a density eighty times that of the sparse CNT forest.

Following early collaboration between NASA JSC Battery group, Inorganic Specialists Inc. and

Reytec Corporation on carbon nanotube supercapacitors for use in space suits for battery load

levelling in the jetpack, many organisations across the world are developing carbon nanotube

active material in supercapacitors and supercabatteries. Some are described below and in the

manufacturer profiles.

3.3.1. Carbon aerogel

Supercapacitors are also being made of carbon aerogel. This is a unique material providing

extremely high surface area of about 400-1000 m²/g. The electrodes of aerogel supercapacitors are

usually made of non-woven paper made from carbon fibers and coated with organic aerogel, which

then undergoes pyrolysis. The paper is a composite material where the carbon fibers provide

structural integrity and the aerogel provides the required large surface. Small aerogel

supercapacitors are being used as backup electricity storage in microelectronics, but applications

for electric vehicles are expected. The voltage of an aerogel capacitor is limited to a few volts.

Higher voltages will lead to ionization of the carbon, which will damage the capacitor. Carbon

aerogel capacitors have achieved 325 J/g (90 Wh/Kg) energy density and 20 W/g power density.

Fig. 3.2 Carbon aerogel supercapacitors

Source Evil Mad Scientist Labs

3.3.2. Solid activated carbon

The company Reticle claims to be able to make supercapacitors from activated carbon in solid

form with major cost and performance advantages. It has made a prototype supercapacitor to


http://reticlecarbon.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon


83

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their bonds. Shown below are two very high resolution images of single sheets of graphene

material.

Fig. 3.5 Single sheets of graphene material

Source Graphene Energy Inc

Our technology is the result of the efforts of the Ruoff research group at the University of Texas at

Austin. Prof. Ruoff, who holds the Cockrell Family Regents Chair in the Department of Mechanical

Engineering, states, “Graphene’s surface area of 2630 m2/gram, almost the area of a football field

in about 1/500th of a pound of material. This means that a greater number of positive or negative

ions in the electrolyte can form a layer on the graphene sheets resulting in exceptional levels of

stored charge.” After about nine months of research with the new material, they have shown

storage abilities similar to those of ultracapacitors already on the market, and they believe

Graphene’s ultra thin structure will allow for sheets of the material to be stacked to increase

energy storage and possibly double the current capacity of ultracapacitors. This would allow

ultracapacitors to expand into many other renewable and clean energy storage applications.

Fig. 3.6 Graphene supercapacitor cross section

Source Graphene Power Inc

The surface area of a single graphene sheet is 2630 m2/g, substantially higher than values derived

from BET surface area measurements of activated carbons used in current electrochemical double



103

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Fig. 3.16 The energy storage membrane

Source NUS

Led by Principal Investigator Dr Xie Xian Ning, the research team used a polystyrene-based

polymer to deposit the membrane which, when sandwiched between and charged by two graphite

plates, can store charge at 0.2 farads per square centimetre. This is well above the typical upper

limit of 1 microfarad per square centimetre for a standard capacitor. The cost involved in energy

storage is also reduced from about US$7 to store each farad using existing technologies based on

liquid electrolytes to about US$0.62 per farad with this new material.

Using organic waste such as plastic bags, the conversion process from waste to membrane takes

about one to two days on average. It is also said that a ton of plastic bags can produce a ton of

membrane, depending on the polymer functionalization process. Besides a faster charging speed,

the new material can also be charged 5,000 to 6,000 times, about 10 times that of rechargeable

batteries.

Dr Xie said: “Compared to rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors, the proprietary membrane

allows for very simple device configuration and low fabrication cost. Moreover, the performance of

the membrane surpasses those of rechargeable batteries, such as lithium ion and lead-acid

batteries, and supercapacitors.”

Supported by grants from the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) and the

National Research Foundation, the research took about one and a half years to reach its current

status and the team has also successfully filed a US patent for this novel invention.

The discovery has also attracted the attention of scientific journals worldwide, and was featured in

Energy & Environmental Science and highlighted by renowned international journal Nature.

Going forward, the team will explore more applications for this efficient energy storage solution. It

is also looking into opportunities to work with venture capitalists to commercialise the invention.


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IDTechEx Ltd - MarketResearch · IDTechEx Ltd ... Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices 2014-2024 34 ... RFID FORECASTS, PLAYERS AND OPPORTUNITIES