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IDTechEx Ltd http://www.marketresearch.com/IDTechEx Ltd-v3153/
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Phone: 800.298.5699 (US) or +1.240.747.3093 or +1.240.747.3093 (Int'l)
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IDTechEx Ltd http://www.marketresearch.com/IDTechEx Ltd-v3153/
Publisher Sample
Phone: 800.298.5699 (US) or +1.240.747.3093 or +1.240.747.3093 (Int'l)
Hours: Monday - Thursday: 5:30am - 6:30pm EST
Fridays: 5:30am - 5:30pm EST
Email: [email protected]
MarketResearch.com
Sample PagesThe following pages are taken from our report. Our research appraises the market opportunity, assesses technologies, the competitive landscape, value chain drivers, barriers, case studies and global trends.
IDTechEx.com
Since 1999 IDTechEx has provided independent market research, business intelligence and events on emerging technology to clients in 80 countries.
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Functional Materials for Supercapacitors / Ultracapacitors / EDLC 2015-2025
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1.12. Electrolytes
1.12.1. Comparison of options
A comparison of electrolyte properties is shown below.
Table 1.4 Comparison of supercapacitor properties by material with problem areas in red
Voltage window/ practical voltage
Cost of electrolyte
Solvent example
Solute example
Potential power density/ conductivity mS/cm
Energy density
Flammability Toxicity Temp.oC
Organic 2.7-2.8 High Acetonitrile AN
((C2H5)4B4 Moderate High AN
Yes High -40 to 85
Organic 2.7-2.8 High Propylene carbonate PC
((C2H5)4B4 Moderate Moderate PC Yes Yes -40 to 85 (may reach 100)
Organic experimental
3.75 claimed, reality lower
High Adiponitrile L --1Et4 NBF4
Low High? Yes -40 to 85
Neutral aqueous
2.0/ 1.6 but one case of 2.2
Low Water Lithium sulphate Li2SO4
High Low No No -40 to 70
Traditional aqueous
0.7-0.8 Moderate : protected or precious metal electrodes needed due to chemical attack
Water H2SO4
KOH High Low No No -40 to 70
Ionic liquid 2-6 High No solvent – ions only
No-ions Low High. Well-defined small ion size because of no solvation shell may mean smaller pores can be penetrated eg,<0.7 nm. many are viscous, penetrating pores poorly and not good with hierarchical structures
No Very low
Some -50-100*, others up to 300 yet non-corrosive to SC parts at high temp.
Good with exohedral structures
Source IDTechEx
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production of supercapacitors that people will buy in volume. The jury is out. For example,
vanadium-based electrolytes have unusually high redox activity to boost supercapacitance at the
negative electrode. The pseudocapacitive effects of iodide in electrolytes have been combined with
those of vanadium using activated carbon electrodes sometimes with 10%wt of CNTs. A huge 300-
1000 F/g results and useful but not remarkable energy density of 20 Wh/kg. For comparison, here
are some graphene results that mainly apply to useful 1-100 kW/kg power density but again only in
the laboratory with no guarantee that they can form the basis of a useful volume product with all
parameters appealing.
Table 1.5 Graphene supercapacitor and supercabattery research results. Red equivalent to present or
future lithium-ion batteries. Yellow equivalent to lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries.
Structure Energy density Wh/kg Specific capacitance F/g
Laser scribed graphene >600 276
Curved graphene with 5% wt Super P acetylene
black and 10% wt PTFE binder
160
3D porous, curved activated to create
macro/meso pores, capillary compression, etc
60-98 206-550
Graphene composite 500
Theoretical limit of EDLC without
pseudocapacitance
Not certain but suitable
electrolytes and structure may
give 200
550
Source IDTechEx
Nevertheless, graphene has much further to go. For example, the newcomer may think of “curved
graphene” as a nano forest of near-identical corrugated sheets, gripped vertically by some super
precoating on the current carrier metal foil. Nothing could be further from the truth. Today curved
graphene looks like crushed paper under the microscope: nothing optimal about that.
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Company Country Website Technology Supercap.
Sales
2015 $M
industries use JM
Energy LiC but
also have their
own EDLC
50. Murata Japan www.murata.com EDLC carbon <10
51. Nanotune
Technologies
USA www.nanotune.com EDLC carbon Gp <10
52. NEC Tokin Japan www.nec-tokin.com EDLC carbon
LiC
<10
53. Nesscap Energy
Inc
Canada (Korea) www.nesscap.com EDLC carbon 10
54. Nichicon Japan www.nichicon.co.jp EDLC carbon 10
55. Nippon Chemi-
con/ United
ChemiCon
Japan www.chemi-con.co.jp www.chemi-con.com
EDLC carbon 15
56. Nisshinbo Japan www.nisshinbo.co.jp EDLCCarbon <10
57. Optixtal USA www.optixtal.com EDLC carbon <10
58. Panasonic Japan www.panasonic.net EDLC carbon 10
59. Paper Battery
Company
USA www.paperbatteryco.com EDLC carbon <10
60. PowerSystem Co Japan www.powersystems.co.jp EDLC carbon <10
61. Quantum Wired USA www.quantumwired.com EDLC carbon <10
62. Ryan Technology Taiwan www.ryan-technology.com EDLC carbon <10
63. SAFT France www.saftbatteries.com EDLC carbon
AEDLCNi
PseudoC
<10
64. SAHZ Holdings
Sdn. Bhd
Malaysia www.nottingham.edu.my
EDLC
AEDLC
<10
65. Shandong Heter
Lampson
Electronic
China www.htlampson.com EDLC carbon <10
66. Shanghai Aowei
Technology
Development
China www.aowei.com EDLC carbon <10
67. Shanghai Green
Tech
China www.greentechee.com EDLC carbon <10
68. Shanghai Power
Oriental
International Trade
China www.poweroriental.cn EDLC carbon <10
69. Shenzhen Forecon
Super Capacitor
Technology
China www.forecon.hk EDLC carbon <10
70. Sino Power Star China http://www.spscap.com EDLC carbon <10
71. Skeleton
Technologies
Estonia www.skeletontech.com EDLC carbon <10
72. SPL USA www.splusa.net EDLC carbon <10
73. Taiyo Yuden Japan www.t-yuden.com LiC <10
74. Tavrima Canada www.tavrima.com EDLC carbon <10
75. TDK inc EPCOS Japan www.tdk.com EDLC carbon <10
76. Tecate Group USA www.tecategroup.com EDLC carbon
Makes
PowerburstTM
But also resells
Maxwell and Cap-
XX versions
<10
77. Vina Technology
Co
Korea www.vina-technology-co-
ltd.imexbb.com
EDLC carbon <10
78. WIMA
Spezialvertrieb
Elektronischer
Bauelemente
Germany www.wima.com EDLC carbon 15
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Free consultancy from IDTechEx Thank you for buying this IDTechEx publication, which includes up to 30 minutes telephone time
with an expert analyst who will help you link key findings in the report to the business issues you
are addressing. For more details please contact the primary author (details below). Please give the
name of the report purchased and when.
The publisher IDTechEx is a knowledge-based consultancy company providing research and analysis on printed
and thin film electronics, RFID, energy harvesting, photovoltaics and smart packaging. The
company gives strictly independent marketing, technical and business advice and services on these
subjects in three forms - consulting, publications and events. Learn more at www.IDTechEx.com
Raghu Das, CEO
+ 44 1223 813703
Dr Peter Harrop, Chairman
+ 44 1223 813703
Glyn Holland, Senior Editor
+ 44 1223 813703
The author
Dr Peter Harrop, PhD, FIEE has followed the supercapacitor and
electric vehicle industry for 20 years and has written 30 reports on the
subject. He is founder and Chairman of IDTechEx Ltd. He was
previously Chief Executive of Mars Electronics, a start-up he took to
£260 million and sold for $500 million and Chairman of Pinacl plc, the
$100m fibre optic company. He has been chairman of over 15 high tech
companies.
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IDTechEx.com
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