idrÓ

2016

m%ldYkh

uOHu m<d;a ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j

idrÓ14 jk l,dmhm%:u uqøKhISSN - 22792414

ljrfha Ñ;%h( yÕ=rkafl; fmd;a.=,a úydrfha .,a W`Mjiai

uqøKhfí,ska ^mqoa'& iud.u

59$61" ã'tia'fiakdkdhl ùÈh"uykqjr'

ÿrl:k- 081 7429050-1

I

m<d;a .S;h æm<d;a .S;h æm<d;a .S;h æ

iqkaor .sßl=`M mjqßka iq,l<

mskaìu jQ forfKa

uOHu foaYh ,lauj iqrlsk

mskair yoj; fõ

uOHu foaYh fï

mskair yoj; fõ

.x.d uyjeõ isys, iokd

ief,kd Èh we,s ú,a úÿkd

ksïk N+ñ l÷ isrid wrd

ks,ao¨ ,d rkauiq ;kkd

;=ka±h tluq;= l< rkaoduh

,lauj f.,jg r|kd

rkafld; o<od ueÿr; ÿ,kd

rka.sß isßmd msfmkd

uOHu foaYh ir;a ifï

.=ï kef.a miÕ ;=re f.diskd

;=ka fy<hg keK.=K iqrúrelï we;s

udkj iïm; iokd

r;ak YS% úfÊisxy f.ah mo ixl,amkdjr;ak YS% úfÊisxy f.ah mo ixl,amkdj

frdayK ùrisxy i;air yd uqiq l<dfrdayK ùrisxy i;air yd uqiq l<d

r;ak YS% úfÊisxy f.ah mo ixl,amkdj

frdayK ùrisxy i;air yd uqiq l<d

II

uOHu m<d;a .re wdKavqldr;=ñhf.a iqN me;=ï

ixialD;sl yr moaO;s wOHhkhg f;da;ekakla ixialD;sl yev .eiau cd;sl wkkH;dj y÷kd .ekSfï levm;lau fõ'

iudcSh cSjk iajNdjh tu yev .eiau flf¾ ksrka;r in|;djla we;s lrkakla

o fõ' iudc yev .eiau jrska jr úúO n,mEï yd wNsfhda.hkag ,la jqj;a tys

uQ,sl yr moaO;sfha iúu;a nj wkqj wd.ka;=l n,mEï wjfYdaIKh lsrSu wvq

jeä jYfhka isÿfõ'

.; jQ ishjia 25 la ;rï jQ oS¾> ld,hla ;siafia wúÉýkakj mej; tk Y%S

,dxlSl iudc yev .eiau nqÿ oyfï ld,Sk wd.ukh;a iuÕ jvd;a iúu;a jQ

njg újdohla fkdfõ' mqoa.,hdf.a ia:djr nj ks;e;ska u iy;sl fjñka úúO

biõ Tiafia p¾hd rgdjka jvd;a úúOdx.SlrKh fjñka mq¿,a mrdihla olajd

iudchla jYfhka Y%S ,xldj fhduq lrùug nqÿ oyu yd wkqnqÿ uyskao

kdysñhkaf.a jevu lsßu m%n, u idOlhla fõ'

jrska jr úúO úfrdaO;djka mek ke.=Ko ia:djr yr moaO;shla

fkdfjkiaj mj;ajd .ekSug ;rï w;S; iudchg yelshdj ;snqKs' 16 jk

ishjfia isg ishjia ;=kl ;rï ld,hla ngysr iudc n,mEï" wm rg ;=<

n,y;a;ldrfhka jqjo we;s l< o t;rï myiq fkdjQ njg wmg meye|,s idlaIs

we;'

wmf.a m%Odk cSjk ud¾.h jQ lDIsl¾uh" ta yd ne÷Kq l¾udka; yd

fiajd muKla fkdj riúkaokh Wfoid ìys jQ ks¾udKhkaf.ka mjd hf:dala;

ixialD;sfha wdf,dalh me;sre‚' is;a ms;a ke;s .srs YsLr "reÿre jk i;=kaf.ka

.yk .,a .=yd" jk frdo wd.ñl uOHia:dk úh' ksoyfia f;da;ekakla úh' ta

;=< iudê .=K okjk ffY,uh ks¾udK" ì;= is;=jï jeks pu;aldr oiqka

muKla fkdj k¾;kh" jdokh yd .dhk l=i,;djkao fudkjg t<s oelaúK'

f,aLk l,dfõ úêu;a wdrïNho wm ixialD;shg tlaùu úfYAIhls'

nqÿ oyfuka Tma kexjqk Y%S ,dxlSl iudc yev .eiau ms<sn| wjfndaOh i|yd

j;auka iudchg ,efnk bvlv b;d iSñ; nj oefkkafka kùk ;dlaIKh yd

III

úIh wOHhkhka ;=<ska muKla cSú;h ilid .; yels njg úYajdihlao mj;sk

fyhsks' ta ;=< jqjo Y%S ,dxlsl ixialD;sfha úYAñ; nj yeoerSfï oeä msmdidfjka

msrsila isák njo ryila fkdfõ' YS% ,dxld iudcfha úúO p¾hdjka yd in|;d

ms<sn|j ft;sydisl fukau uOH ld,Sk f;dr;=re ms<sn|j ishqï .fõIKhkays

fhoS tys hy M, iudchg odhdo lsÍug lemjk m¾fhaIK f,aLlhkag uf.a

lD;;dj m<uqj mqo lrñ' oekqu fidhd hk j;auka mrmqrg th uy;a

wdYs¾jdohla ùu o i;=gg lreKls'

ixialD;sfhys yr moaO;Ska wOHhkh lrñka tys idrh Wlyd ta u.

.ejfuk m¾fhaIK f,aLlhd fukau tys iqj|g ksn|j f,d,a jk mdGlhdo ug

wNsudkj;a prs;hkah' fuu ÿIAlr oaú;aj prs; ix>glhl kshq;= wm m<d;a

iNfõ ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=jo Bg fkdfofjks fufyjrl kshq;=

fjñka foaYSh ixialD;sfha wdf,dalh m;=rjk myka is¿jla u fõ' ;srh" f;,a yd

myfka oe,afjk wdf,dalh wmf.a iudc fufyjrhs' Bg odhl jk ish,a,kagu

udf.a m%Kduh yd wdYs¾jdoh fuhska m< lrñ'

ksÆld talkdhlwdKavqldrjruOHu m<d;

IV

uOHu m<d;a m%Odk yd ixialD;sl wud;H;=udf.aiqN me;=ï

f,aLk l,dfjka fukau úúO biõ Tiafia oekqu iudc.; jk fujka

wjêhl úúO f;audjka /.;a ,sms ud,djlska hqla;j idrÓ kï jQ idr ix.%yh 14

jk jrg;a l< t<s olskakg fjr ork fudfydf;a ta ioyd iqN me;=ï mKúvhla

tla lrkakg ,eîu ud ,o Nd.Hhls'

fujr idrÓidr ix.%yh fodrg jäkafka Tnf.a;a uf.a;a keK kqjK

oe,aùu ioyd jvd;a ufydamldß jk fm!rdKsl úydr foajd, ms<sno f;dr;=re'

w;S; rdcH ms<sno f;dr;=re" idys;Huh ,sms ud,djla yd ;j;a f;dr;=re

iuqodhlska hqla;jh' iEu rg cd;shlgu ;u cd;sfha wkkH;dj ;u ;ukaf.a

f.!rjh /l .ekSug bjy,afõ' tu w;S;h fm!rdKsl ia:dk" merKs

rdcH;ajhka" w;S; f;dr;=re imhd .ekSug bjy,a jk lv bï fmd;aj,g wod,

f;dr;=re yd ft;sydisl fnoSï wd§ f;dr;=re j¾;udk mrmqr olajd oekqula

f,i f.k hkq ,nk jdylhd jkafka tu f;dr;=re iudc.; lsÍug fhod .kakd

udOHhhs' ta wkqj fnfydajsg fuu ,smsud,djka u.ska úYajúoHd,h iïnkaO ù

lrkd ,o úúO m¾fhaIK Tiafia ,nd .kakd ,o oekqu iudc.; lrkakg

fjfyi jk njla fmfka' tfiau tjeks ld¾hhla lsÍu iqΩ`Mmgq ld¾hhla fkdfõ'

tfy;a jd¾Islj t<s olsk idrÓ idr ix.%yh yryd fuu ld¾h

isÿjkafka úYd, iudc fufyjrla f,isks' tu iudc fufyjr h:d¾:hla f,i

i,ld lghq;= lrk fuu .%ka:fha kj ixialdrl fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha

isxy, wOHhk wxYfha fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h ksu,a úfcaissß uy;dg o ,sms iemhQ

úoaj;a uvq,a,g o" fuu ld¾h h:d¾:hla njg m;a lsÍu ioyd fjr ork uOHu

m<d;a ixialD;sl wOHlaI;=uka m%Odk ks,Odß uvq,a,g o uf.a lD;;d mQ¾jl

ia;+;sh msßkuñ'

ir;a talkdhl

uOHu m<d;a m%Odk yd ixialD;sl lghq;= wud;H

V

m<d;a wOHlaI;=ukaf.a iqNdYSxik mKsúvh

meje;au ;yjqre lr .ekSfï wruqKska udkjhd ;ud wjg mrsirh iuÕ

ksrka;rfhka isÿ l< wr.,h ksrEmKh lrkq ,enQ idOl ixialD;sl Wreuh

jYfhka Wreu l<ukdlrK úoaj;=ka úiska fmkajd fokq ,efí' tkï w;S;

mrmqfrka j¾;udk mrmqr fj; ysñjQo tfukau j;auka mrmqr úiska wkd.;

mrmqr fj; fm%AIKh lsrSfï l%shdj,sh ;=<ska ks;e;skau kQ;k udkjhd fj;

ixialD;sh fma%IKh lsrSu mejreKs'

j.lSï iy.; wdh;ksl mqrjeishl= jYfhka ixialD;sl lghq;=

fomd¾;fïka;=j iajlSh oelau yd fufyjr fmroers lr .ksñka iuia; ck

m%cdfõ wNsjDoaêh flfrys lemùfuka yd j.lSfuka hq;=j ish odhl;ajh ,nd

foñka wm wdh;kh lghq;= lrkq ,efí' tys tla M,hla f,i uOHu m<d;a l,d

Wf<,g iu.dój t<s olajk idr:s idr ix.%yh 14 jk l,dmh fodrg jeãu

fmkajd osh yelsh'

fuu .%ka:h idrfhka" w¾:fhka msrsmqka idr ix.%yhla f,i jd¾Islj

t<s oelaùu w;sYhska jeo.;ajQ ld,Sk wjYH;djla f,i y÷kajdosh yelsh'

b;sydih " mqrd úoHdj" ixialD;sh" wd.u yd idys;H l,dj hk mq¿,a flaIa;%hka

wdjrKh jk f,i fm<.iajkq ,nk fuh úYajúoHd, wdpd¾hjreka" úoaj;=ka"

f,aLlhska" wdOqksl f,aLlhska i|yd wjia:dj ,nd foñka iEu wxYhlskau by<

;;ajhlska hq;= Ydia;%Sh ,sms ud,djla wka;¾.; lrñka mdGlhd fj; ;s<sK

lsrSug .kakd tla W;aiyhla f,i y÷kajdosh yelsh'

oekqñka msrsmqka iudchla ìys lsrSug;a" foaYsh ixialD;sh yd l,dj wkd.;

mrmqr Wfoid odhdo lsrSug;a" f,aLk l=i,;djfhka hqla; msrsia osrs .ekaùug;a

hk wruqKq fmroers lr .ksñka Ydia;%Sh ,sms ud,djlska iukaú;j fuu iÕrdj

t<S oelaùfï ld¾h i|yd Yla;shla fjñka " ksis ud¾.h fmkajd foñka wm

Èßu;a lrk uOHu m<d;a .re wdKavqldrjr ks¨ld talkdhl ue;sksh" uOHu

m<d;a .re m%Odk yd ixialD;sl lghq;= ms<sn| wud;H .re ir;a talkdhl

VI

ue;s;=uka" uOHu m<d;a m%Odk f,alï ir;a fm%aujxY uy;d yd m%Odk wud;HxY

f,alï mS'ì" úchr;ak uy;d lD;fõoSj fuys,d isysm;a lrñ' fujka jQ uyÕ=

lD;shla t<s oelaùu i|yd ish ld,h yd Y%uh lem lrñka ,sms ,nd ÿka f,aLl

uvq,a,go fï i|yd fkdmels<sj bosrsm;a fjñka m%Odk ixialdrl f,i lghq;=

lrñka ish odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha fcHIaG l:sldpd¾h

ksu,a úfcAisrs uy;dgo fï i|yd uÕ fmkajd ÿka fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha

fcHIAG uydpd¾h tÉ'tï'wd¾'ã' fyar;a uy;dgo fuu ld¾hh id¾:l lr

.ekSu i|yd iyh oelajQ ld¾h uKAv,fha ish¨ fokdgu;a udf.a yDohdx.u

ia;+;sh mqo lrñ'

ks¾udKlrKhg yd wOHdmk m¾fhaIK j,g bv yir i,iñka uOHu

m<df;a f,aLk l,dj fmdaIKh lrñka m<d; ;=< oekqu fnodoSug idrÓ kï jQ

úYAj fldaIh bosrs j¾Ihkayso Ydia;%Sh ,smsj,ska fmdaIKh fjñka ixialrKh

fõjdhshs m%d¾:kd lrñ'

tÉ'tï'tï'hq'ì'fyar;a

m<d;a wOHlaI

ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j

uOHu m<d;

VII

ixialdrl igyk

uOHu m<d;a ixialD;sl wkkH;dj iq/lSu fmrgq lr .ksñka tu m<d;a

iNdfjys ld¾hNdrh úúO ÈYdk;Ska fj;g fhduq flfrk kkaúO jHdmD;s iy

jevigyka w;r zidrÓZ jd¾Isl Ydia;%sh ix.%yh iuia; ,xldfjysu wjOdkhg

md;% jkqfha mßmd,k wdh;khlska isÿ flfrk Ydia;S%h odhl;ajh lrK fldg

f.kh' Ydiaf;%daoa.%Kfhys W;aiql jk wdOqksl m¾fhaIlhskag iy mdGlhskag

fukau f,aLlhskag o oekqu ,nd .ekSug iy .fõIKh l< oekqu m%ldYkhg o

fuu idr ix.%yh fj;ska ukd msgqn,hla imhkq ,efí' tys id¾:l;ajh ksidu

fuu j¾Ifha§ zidrÓZ Ydia;%Sh ix.%yfhys oy y;rjk l,dmh m%ldYhg m;a

lsÍug wjldY ,eî ;sfí'

úYajúoHd, wdpd¾hjreka fukau úúO jD;a;sh uÜgïj, fjfik

Ydia;%jka;hskaf.a f,aLk ix.%yhla f,i mdGlhd w;g m;a jk fujr l,dmh

úúO wOHdmk uÜgïj, fjfikakkaf.a oekqu j¾Okh lr.kq msKsi fnfyúka

m%fhdackj;a jkq we;ehs wms úYajdi lruq' fuu ld¾hh jvd;a id¾:l lr.kq

msKsi lem ù l%shd lrk uOHu m<d;a .re wdKavqldr OqrkaOr ksÆld talkdhl

ue;sksh" uOHu m<d;a .re m%Odk wud;H ir;a talkdhl ue;s;=ud" m%Odk f,alï

ir;a fm%aujxY uy;aud" ixialD;sl lghq;= wud;HxY f,alï mS' î' úfÊr;ak

uy;aud iy m<d;a ixialD;sl wOHCI tÉ' tï' tï' hQ' î' fyar;a ue;s;=ud we;=¿

ld¾hh uKav,h fuys§ úfYaIfhka isysm;a l< hq;= h' fuu Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh

id¾:l ksudjla fj; /f.k taug fndfyda fia fjfyi jqKq m<d;a ixialD;sl

fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,OdßKS fla' ã' bkaødj;S uy;añhf.ka ,o iyfhda.h

meiish hq;= fõ'

jvd;a .=Kd;aul ,sms ix.%yhla mdGlhd w;g m;a l< hq;= jQ neúka ,sms

f;dard .ekSfï§ m%ùK f,aLlhska flfrys úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq flßK'

tfy;a we;eï wdOqksl f,aLlhskag wjia:dj ,nd §fuka Tjqka Èß .ekaùula

wfmaCId flßK' úYajúoHd, wdpd¾hjrekag fukau bka mßndysr úoaj;=kgo

fuu ix.%yfhys wjia:dj ,nd fokqfhA m<df;a mdi,a moaO;sfhys fjfik YsIH

m%cdjg jvd;a Ydia;%Sh jQ f,aLk ld¾hhlg mQ¾jdo¾Y iemhSfï wNs,dIh o

we;sj h' NdIdfjys úhrK ksrjoH;dj;a f,aLkfhys jHla; nj;a yels

VIII

Wmßufhka wdrCId jk f,i ,sms f;dard .ekSug l%shd l< w;r úúO úIh Odrd

hgf;a ,sms ,nd .ekSug o lghq;= lsÍfuka nyq;r mdGl msßilg tys M,

fk<d.ekaug wjldY Wod lr § ;sfí' tneúka fuu idr ix.%yfhys

id¾:l;ajhg iydh fjñka Wiia ,sms ud,djla iïmdokh l< f,aLl

uvq,a,g m%Kduh mqo flf¾' fuh mQ¾jdo¾Yhla lr .ksñka uOHu

m<df;ys fjfikakka Ydia;%Sh f,aLk ld¾hfhys ;j ;j;a W;aiql jkq

oelSu wmf.a i;=gg lreKls'

m%Odk ixialdrl

fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h ksu,a úfÊisß

WmfoaYl

m<d;a ixialD;sl wOHCI

tÉ' tï' tï' hQ' î' fyar;a

iydh ixialdrljre

fla'ã' bkaødj;S - ixialD;sl ks,OdÍ

mQ¾Œud iqNdIs‚ ñh - ixj¾Ok ks,Odß ^ixialD;sl&

ridx.s chisxy fukúh - ixj¾Ok ks,Odß ^ixialD;sl&

úuiqu

ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j

uOHu m<d;a iNdj - uykqjr

ÿrl:kh( 081-2238476

IX

fuys we;=<;a fldg ;sfnk ish¨ ,smsj, i`oyka lreKqj, j.lSu wod<

f,aLlhska i;=jk w;r tajdhska m%ldYlhskaf.a fyda ixialdrljrekaf.a

woyia ms<sìUq fkdjk nj lreKdfjka i,lkak

mgqk

msgq wxl

X

wfma hg.shdj foi n,k iqÿ wei

uykqjr iufha .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh yd tys iqúfYaIs;d

lsß wïudjre - iudc úoHd;aul úuiqula

úydr foajd,.ï mkf;a fYaIm;%h

ud;f,a lvbï fmdf;ys idys;Huh ,CIK

iajdNdúljdoS fn!oaO is;=jï l,dj iy ßpâ fykaßlia

uykqjr rdcOdks iuh yd i;r fldar,h

ì%;dkH md,k hq.fha iy bka miq Y%S ,xldjg

wmßñ; fiajhla l< úcd;sl úoaj;=kaf.a

fiajh we.hSula'

uydjxY l;=jrhdf.a foaYmd,k oDIaáh ms<sn|j

ft;sydisl úu¾Ykhla

oy wg ikaksfha i;r wNskh Ndú;h

flá l;dfõ pß; f.dv ke.Su

Èúhu l÷,la jq isrs,l wjika w. /csKsh fodak l;srskd'

tÉ' Ô' ohdisisr

wð;a ;,aj;a;

ohd wurfialr

isßfiak kdkdhlaldr

kd,kS úchj¾Ok f;kakfldaka

ví,sõ'tï'mS' iqo¾Yk nKavdr

úfÊr;ak w;=remdk

ðfkakøodi is,ajd .S.kf.a

tÉ'tï'biqre fyar;a

r;akmqf¾ idikOc ysñ

mshiS,s úfÊudkak

úu,r;ak ySkd.u

1'

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9'

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11'

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01-17

18-24

25-48

49-58

59-67

68-87

88-96

97-111

112-125

126-137

138-146

147-158

XI

f,aLl j.;=.

tÉ' Ô' ohdisß

wð;a ;,aj;a;

ohd wurfialr

ysgmq lÓldpd¾h" mqrdúoHd wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" udkj Ydia;% wOHhkdxYh" Y%S ,xld rcrg úYajúoHd,h

uydpd¾h" iudcúoHd wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

isßfiak kdkdhlaldr

kd,kS úchj¾Okf;kakfldaka

úY%dñl úÿy,am;skswxl'23" fougf.d,a, mdr" Wl=fj,

wxl'03$3" .S%ka fgdm¾ mdr" Wv Bßh.u

ví,sõ'tï'mS' iqo¾Yk nKavdr

wdpd¾h" ,,s;l,d wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

úfÊr;ak w;=remdk úY%du,;a úÿy,am;s" ;reKfiajd iNdfõ úY%du,;a ksfhdacH wOHlaI"uykqjr

YS% ,xld újD; úYaj úoHd,h tÉ'tï'biqre fyar;a

mQcH r;akmqf¾ idikOc ysñ

iyh lÓldpd¾h" isxy, wOHhkdxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

uydpd¾h fcHIaG mshiS,s úfÊudkak fiajd¾ð;

isxy, wOHhk wxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

l,dN+IK iïudk,dNSwegfòf.dv" fldfyd,shoao

úu,r;ak ySkd.u

iduúksiqre foaY lS¾;s l,dN+IK iïudk,dNS .;alreðfkakaøodi is,ajd .S.kf.a

fuu ,smsh lshùu u.ska hg;a úð; isú,a ks,Odßka" yuqod ks,OdÍka"

mQclhka úiska úð; jeishd ×kkh l< wdldrh" f,aLk.; l< wdldrh tu.ska

hg;a jeishdf.a wkkH;dj f.dv ke.+ wdldrh y÷kd .ekSug Tng hï iyhla

,efnkq we;¡ jeo.;a u lreK kï fuu hg;a úð; f,aLk.; lssÍï —udkj

úoHdj˜ hk .re .dïNSr kdufhka y÷kajkq ,eîuhs¡

udkj úoHdj hkq hg;a úð;jdofha fufyldßhhs¡ - laf,daâ f,ù iag%õia

tu m%ldYkfha i;H wi;H;dj o fuu ,smsh lshjd wjika jQ miq Tng úNd. l<

yel'

wm uy;a wNsreÑhlska je<|.kakd jQ yd wms fyd|ska okakd y÷kk wfma

wiydh b;sydi ñ;%hd frdnÜ fkdlaia h' tfy;a fkdlaiag fmr ,xldj .ek ,shQ

b;d,s cd;slhl= we;' Tyq j¾f;aud h'

j¾f;aud ÿgq msgia;rhd

fndf,d.akd ys isg wrdìhdkq uqyqo" ueld" fhaukh" m¾ishdkq fjr<"

bkaosshdj" mq,sleÜ Tiafia 1502-1508 olajd ixprKh lrk fvdúflda ä j¾f;aud

kue;s ñIkdrs mQcljrhd Y%S ,xldjg o meñK ,xldj .ek ie<lsh hq;=

úia;rhla bosrsm;a lrhs' Tyqf.a lD;sh 1511 jk úg ,;ska niska m< ù ;sìK' th

1577 oS bx.%sis niska m< úK'

bkaoshdkqjka .ek yeuúg u úia;r lrkqfhA Tjqka ïf,aÉPhka f,i i<lñks'

wfma hg.shdj foi n,k - iqÿ wei tÉ'Ô'ohdisisr

idrÓ 2016

-01-

^ish wd.fuka msgia;rhd olsk wdldrfhks&

bkaoshdkqjka lk fndk w|sk wdldrh my;a f,i i<lk j¾f;aud 1

.eyeKqkaf.a ,sx.sl Ôú;h foi n,kafka mQclhl=g u Tìk l=yl weilsks'

^—tla .eyeKshla tla msßñhl= i|yd úh hq;= h'˜ tl, hqfrdamfha meje;s wdpdr

iïmkak ms,s.ekSuhs& bkaoshdkq .eyeKshl tla rd;%shl oS msrsñka 6-7 la iu.

ixjdifha fhfok nj j¾f;aud ms<sl=f,ka olshs'

fï mQclhdf.a w.;s - wkaONdjhg my; m%ldYkh o fyd|u

WodyrKhls' bkaoshdkq orejka ó yrl=kaf.ka fyda j,ia megjqkaf.ka fjka lr 2

ye|skSu wmyiq h'

j¾f;aud ,xldfõ mdGl iudchg wuq;af;ls' tfy;a kQ;k mrmqr uy;a

wúpdrfhka frdnÜ fkdlaia 1681 oS m< l< “An historical relation of the island of

Ceylon” lD;sh je<| f.k we;' ta ksid

1' fkdlaia

2' Tyqf.a miqìu

3' fkdlaiaf.a lD;sh yd

4' fkdlaiag miq újrKh lr .ekSug W;aidy .ksuq'

3frdnÜ fkdlaia yd Tyqf.a miqìu

1641 fmnrjdrs 8 jeksod ,kavkfha oS Wm; ,o fkdlaia kef.kysr

bkaoshdkq fj<| iud.fï (East India Company) ish mshdg iydh fjñka" fiajh

lrk w;r;=r ,xldjg meñKsfha h'

^ish wd.fuka msgia;rhd olsk wdldrfhks&

1660 oS fkdlaia Tyqf.a mshd iu. ;j;a 16 fofkl= Wvrg rcqf.a

isrlrejka njg m;a úh' túg fkdlaia 19 jk úfha miq úh' ish Ôú;fha —u,a

iufha˜ fuu wjdikdjka; brKug f.dÿre jQ fkdlaiaf.a cSú;fha B<Õ jir 19

la yd udi yhla .; jQfka isrldrhl= f,i h' fya jhi 38 oS isrldr Ôú;h ksu

lr ,kavkhg m,d hkqfha 1680 iema;eïn¾ udifha oS h'

idrÓ 2016

1 One woman has five, six or seven husbands and even night…. Children go according to her

words.. p 59

2 “They cannot be distinguished from buffalos or little bears” p.68

3 ^wmf.a l;sldjg wod, jk f;dr;=re muKla bosßm;a lrñ&

-02-

nKavdr fldiaj;a;" Wvqkqjr" ,e.=kafoksh" t<oe;a; hk .ïj,

t<suyka isrlrejl= j ld,h .; l< fkdlaia ,kafoaiskaf.a iydh we;sj 1679

Tlaf;dan¾ osk wßmamq yryd osjhsfkka m<d.sfha h' 1680 ckjdrs 15 osk Tyq

n;dúhg <Õd úh' tys isgnkagdï yryd 1680 iema;eïn¾ 06 osk tx.,ka;hg

<Õd úh' nkagdï yd tx.,ka;h w;r kdúl .ufka oS ,xldj .ek Tyqf.a

ft;sydisl lD;sh An historicalrelation of the island of Ceylon ,shd ksu lf<a h'

bka jirlg miq th uqøKh lr m%isoaO lr we;'

jy,a fjf<kafol= jQ issrlrejd

Wvrg rcqqf.ka .e,ù hdfuka miq fkdlaiaf.a jHdmdrh jQfha ish

mshdf.ka Wreu jQ jy,a fj<|duhs' foaYmd,k wr.,j, oS isrlrejka f,i

w,a,d .;a wh yd uev.ialrfha isá ksf.%da f.da;%fha <uqka" ldka;djka yd msßñka

meyer f.k" fk!ldj, mqrjd f.k f.dia jy¨ka f,i wf,ú lsÍfï Ydm,;a

fjf<|dul ksr; jQ fkdlaia Nhdkl ñksia ovhlalrejl= úh'

fï iïnkaO j fmda¨iaf.a J.H.O.Paulusz) igyka b;d jeo.;a idlaIH imhhss'

— ;u kefjs msrsig wu;rj ;j;a 250 la f.k taug fkdlaia tl`. úh'

uev.ialrfha ckhdf.ka jeä m%udKhla bkaÿkSishdkqjka jqj o

ksf.%dhsâ jeks wm%sldkq f.da;%slhka o tys úiSh' fkdlaia msrsñhl=

.eyeKshl yd orejkg kshu l< ñ,la ;snqK w;r fj<|du isÿ jqfka 4ukao.dój h'˜

thg fya;=j jy¨ka ovhus lr .ekSfus wmyiqjhs'

tla jyf,l=g mjqï úiai .Kfka fok nj lSj o lms;dkajre fofofkl= 5jy,a ovhfï hdu m%;slafIam l< nj fkdlaia mjihs' 1661 oS fmrÈ. bkaoshdkq

idrÓ 2016

4 “Knox agreed to carry 250 men, women and children in addition to his crew and provisions for all in the ship. .. A

large part of Madagascar population Indonesian by descent. But the other ethnic groups were African

aborigines

and mainly Negroid. Although Knox “settled the prices one men and women and children slaves” yet “trade

came

one very slowly”. P 421

5 He (Knox) freely avows that “Two of their captains refused to goe one such a voiage although they offered to pay

at the rate of 20 pounds per head. P. 422

-03-

6fj<| iud.u jy,a fj<|dug msúisfha h' fkdlaiaf.a jy,a fj<|du

ksid 1665 jk úg fikaÜ fyf,akd jrdh fmros. bkaoshdkq fj<| iud.fï

(E.I.C) jrdhla njg m;a jQ w;r ,kafoaiska Tjqkg msgùug ksfhda. lrk ;=reu 7fï ;;a;ajh mej;sK' 1684 oS iud.u(E.I.C) ksl=;a l< ,smshlska mejfikafka"

uev.ialrfha ksf.%da f.da;%slhka jy¨ka f,i wf,ú lsÍug Tn ie,iqï lr we;s 8jHdmdrh yels;dla ÿrg mj;ajd f.k hk f,ihs' fojk pd,aia rcq o jy¨ka

9b,a,d fmros. bkaoshdkq fj<| iud.ug mKsúv hjd we;'

fmda¨iaf.a igyka wkqj"fyf,akdys oS fkdlaiag mejreK ;j;a j.lSula

kï È.=ld,Sk OdkH yssssÕhg ms<shula f,i ,xldfõ Wia yd úh,s ìïj, jefjk ù 10j¾. wdishdfõ fjk;a rgj,g úfYaIhka bkaoshdjg y÷kajd oSuhs' úis jirlg

wdikak isr cSú;fhka fkdlaia ,o m%;s,dNh fld;rïo?

fkdlaiaf.a lD;sh

fmrÈ. bkaoshdkq iud.fï f,alï frdn¾Ü í,elafndaka tu iud.ug

1681 wf.daia;= 10 osk fkdlaiaf.a lD;sh bosßm;a lrkafka fkdlaia i;Hfha ñksid 11f,i y÷kajd foñks' ,xldj .ek W;=ï i;Huh mrsmQ¾K úia;rhla fkdlaia

12bosrsm;a lr we;s nj fmfka' hehs Tyq lshhs' fkdlaiao";ud ,shQ foa i;Hu jk

njg iy;sl jkafka fufia h'

My own personal knowledge to be true.

(Knox's address to Sir William Thompson)13ug fuu f;dr;=re ÿka wh tajd i;Hhehs fmdÿfõ úYajdi lrhs'

idrÓ 2016

6 ^tu&The E.I.C was beginning to slide in to the slave trade from about 1661…

7 St. Helena, one of the beneficiaries under Knox's slave running voyages, became an E.I.C port of call from

1665 when the Dutch were finally forced to leave.

8 ^tu&The commission issued to Knox was dated 4 April 1684: “your designed business at Madagascar is to

provide a lading to Negroes as many as you can conveniently …

9 King Charles II himself has issued a commission to the E.I.C to obtain slaves for the royal household. p.424

10 It was part of Knox's duty at St.Helena to make good the long standing shortage of grain by laying out new

paddy fields on the Ceylon model. He knew what kind of rice was most likely to flourish. The governor and

council were advised, 5 April 1684: “ Capt. Knox that lived twenty years in Ceylon informing us That there

is a peculiar sort of rice yet growth best on high and dry lands.”p.424 th11 “We esteem caption Knox a man of truth”. on10 August 1681 at the court of comities for

the East India Company.-Robert Blackbourne. Secretary by the order of the Said Court. P.II.Knox.R.1681)

12 Caption Knox's description of the isle of Ceylon which seems to be written with great truthand integrity. (do)

13 I have received from the inhabitants themselves of such things as are commonly known to be true among

them. (Robert Knox. 1681)

-04-

tfy;a fkdlaiaf.a lD;sfha jeä jYfhka we;af;a ´md¥m nj tys fkdfhla

;ekaj, fhdod we;s Tyqf.au joka idlaIs orhs'

Wod¦ Tjqka oeka mjik mßos -And now they say….

th ksr;=re jd¾;d jQ lreKla ksid uu th i;H hehs is;ñ'- It is

frequently reported and I suppose it's true….

ug oek.kakg ,eìk - zI'm informed ,I have asked ….

uu wy, ;sfhkjd - I have heard….

isrlrejl= jQ fkdlaiag ^—i;Hfha ñksidg˜& ;udf.a weiqrg ,enqKq .eñhka lSm

fofkl= iemhQ f;dr;=re u; hefmñka —W;=ï i;Huh mßmQ¾K úia;rhla oSug

yels ù we;'

Tyqf.a ,xld úia;rh ;=<

1' foaYh yd tys ksIamdok

2' rcq yd Tyqf.a md,kh

3' foaYjdiSka" Tjqkaf.a wd.u yd isß;a úß;a wka;¾.; lr we;'

fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a lsisÿ fyd|la fkdolsk fkdlaia oeä oafõY iy.;j rcq

.ek ,shhs' rcq udkfhka msïnqk" oafõYfhka msreK" oreKq f,a msmdis;hl= nj 14 15fkdlaia lshhs' rcq lEfuys o ldufhys o .scqh' iQlaIau lmáfhl= jk fudyqg

16 17wjYH m%×jhs' iajNdjfhka u oreKq jQ úYd, f,i f,a j.=rejk mqoa.,fhls' 18ñksiqkg isfhd,`. uia lEug o ish orejkaf.a uia lEug o kshu lrhs'

fkdlaia ÿgq ,dxlslfhda19osjhsfka iajNdúl kshu jeisfhda isxy,fhda h'

20isxy,hka ;rï hqfrdamShhkag iujk fjk;a cd;shla f,dj ke;'

idrÓ 2016

14 Under the consideration of his manners will fall his temperance, his ambition and pride, his policy and

dissimulation, his cruel and bloody disposition p 39.

15 He is temperate both his diet and his lust.

16 He is crafty, cautious, a great dissembler, no doth he want wisdom p 39

17 He seems to be naturally disposed to cruelty, for he sheds a great deal of blood.

18 …. make them eat their own flesh and their own children. (p39)

19 -Natural proper people of the island which they call Chinhulayas.(P.61)

20 No nation in the world do so exactly resemble the Chingulayas as the people of Europe. (P.61)

-05-

21jeoafoda lsisodl ysifla fkdlm;s'22isxy,hka bkaoshdkqjkag jvd jeo.;a m%sh ckl ñksia fldgils'

23 by< isg my<g iEu whl=u jy¨ka fyda jy¨ka jeks fõ'

^l¿ ñksiqka jy¨ka f,i wf,ú l< iqÿ ñksil=g tfia fmkSu wreuhla fkdfõ'

issrldr cSú;fha oS Tyqg wem Wmldr l< wh kï YsIag ñksiqka fjhsæ &24isxy,hka bkaoshdfõ whg jvd m%sh ckl h'

Wvrg ñkssiqka fndreldr" wldreKsl krl .;s we;s wh jqj o my;rg ñksiqka 25ldreKsl" wjxl" újD;" mfrdamldÍ" nhdÿ wh fj;s'

^my;rg ñksiqka weiqre lsÍug fkdlaiag fkd,eìK' fkdlaiag wem Wmldr lrk

úg YsIag jk Wvrg ñksiqka u Tyqf.ka .;a Kh fkdf.jk úg fndreldr" krl

.;s we;s wh fjhs&

fmdfrdkaÿ .ek úYajdi ;eìh fkdyel' fndreldrfhda h' weÕg m;g fkdoekS 26fndre lSug olaI h' hehs wj,do k.kafka ta ksihs'

27tfia jqj o fmdÿfõ iqÿ ñksiqka kï f.!rjKSh wh fj;s"

isxy,hdf.a iïNjh Ökhg iïnkaO lrk fkdlaia isxy,hdf.a foúhd28 —nqÿ˜ kue;a;l= nj mjihs'

fkdlaiag wkqj úu, O¾uiQrsh rcqf.a urKska miqj l=iqudik foaúh wdjdy jqfKa 29—;sßkekalais˜^f;rekakdkafia& kue;s uydkdysñhka iu`.h'

“Great Truth” uqødj hgf;a fkdlaia ;u wNsreÑh wkqj fndre ,shkafka tf,isks'

fkdlaia fï wkaoug jrojd ,shQ ;eka i|yd WodyrK ish .Kkska fidhd .;

yel'

idrÓ 2016

21 Vadda never cut their hair.(P.62)

22 Sinhalese are a people proper and very well favored than India (63)

23 People from the highest to the lowest slaves or very like slaves.

24 ….Civilized inhabitants whom I am chiefly to treat of they are a people proper and very well favored

beyond all people that I have seen in India. (p 63)

25 They of the lowland are kind, pitiful, helpful, and honest and plain…uplands are ill natured false, unkind…

26 In their promises very unfaithful approvinglying in themselves…….p65

No conscience of lying (p.64)

27 The white are generally honorable. P67

28 ^There is another god whom they call Buddha p72)…

29 She afterward married to the chief priest whom in their language they called Tirinanxy.

The Trenanx his father ….. p33

-06-

fkdlaiaf.ka miq fkdlaiaf.a wei

fid,aodÿjl= jQ frdnÜ m¾isjd,a ^1803&" mQclhl= jQ fcaïia fldaäk¾

^1807&" úoHdfhl= jQ fcdaka fâú ^1821&" ñIkdßjrhl= jQ ú,shï udáka ydjâ

^1821& fjf<kafol= jQ fkdlaia fiau ,xldj .ek ,shd m%lg f,aLlhka úh¡ fï yeu

fokdu fkdlaia mQ¾jdo¾Y lr .;a whhs¡

fcdk;ka f*daíia 1841&" fykaß ud¾I,a 1846& pd¾,aia m%svka 1849&" i¾

fykaß pd,aia 1850&" fcda¾Ê ndfrda 1857&" fÊïia tu¾ika fgkkaÜ 1859& 19 jk

ishji ;=< fkdlaiaf.a n,mEug ,la jQ fiiq f,aLlhka w;r fjhs¡

(Gunatilake.1975. p.84)

fkdlaiaf.a weiska u ,xld iudch ÿgq hqfrdamShhka .ek f;areus.ekSug" 30f,aLlhka mia fofkl=f.a lD;s mylska Wmqgd .;a kso¾Yk mkyla fuys olajñ'

fudjqkaf.a iudc lshùï fl;rï w.;s.dó o hkak ;SrKh Tng Ndr lrñ'311' ,xldfõ yska¥ka hqoldó h'

322' ,xldfõ& yska¥yq wdl%uKslfhda fj;s'333' jeoaoka wdosjdiSka h'

344' fuu osjhsfka wdosjdiSka jeoaoka muKlau h'

5' ,xldfõ uqia,suqka bkaoshdj wdl%uKh l< uQ.,ajrekaf.ka mej; tkafkda 35 fkdfj;s'

6' ,xldfõ kef.kysr yd W;=f¾ yskaÿ m%cdj yd ol=Kq& bkaoshdfõ yskaÿ m%cdj 36 tlu msßils'

377' yd,ska l=re÷ ;,kafkda h'388' is,kslhkg my;/áhkg& jvd lekaähkajre Wv/áhka& hqoldó h'

idrÓ 2016

30 ^Bertolacci 1817,Cordiner 1807, Parker1909, Blaze1921, John Ferguson1887)

31 Hindoos(Ceylon) are war like (P.17)

32 Hindoos are invaders(P.20)

33 Bedas(Vedda) are true aborigines (P.21)

34 The Vedas, or Bedas, who, by all appearances, are the only indigenous nation in the island .(P.40)

35 The Moors who are now established in Ceylon are not descendants of those Moguls who invaded the

Peninsula. (P.40)

36 The Hindoos, who occupy the eastern and northern parts of Ceylon, are evidently from

the same stock as those who inhabit the opposite coast of the Indian continent. (P. 41)

37 Chalias are cinnamon peelers.(P.42)

38 Candians are more warlike than the Ceylonese, (P.45)

-07-

399' jD;a;Sh wkqj l=,h ;SrKh l< yel'4010' Tjqyq is,kslhka& muK oek l;d ny lr;s' uDÿ .;s mej;=ï iys; h'

11' is,kslhka jyd fldam .kakd fyda weúiafik iq¿ fkdfõ' f,a j.=rkakg 41leu;s ke;'

12' Tjqkaf.a wruqKq oeä h' is;k m;k wdldrhg myiqfjka fmd<Ujd .; 42fkdyel'

4313' isxy,hka b;d os<s÷ h' wysxil h' lïue,s h' hqoldó ke;'4414' ikaiqkah uDÿ h miq.dó h' nhdÿ h'

45 15' Tjqyq b;d iudcldó h' widudkH f,i wd.ka;=l i;aldrhg leu;s h'4616' Tjqkf.a m%Odk wdydrh m<;=re h'

17' f.!rjkSh hqfrdmShhka yd tl fïihl ys| .ekSug fyda wdydr .ekSug 47,xldfõ ñksiqka iqÿiq fkdfõ'

4818' ,xldfõ jeisfhda osjd /h jeä ld,hla t,suyfka .; lr;s'

19' Tjqkaf.a ir, ieye,a¨ cSú;h i;=kaf.a Ôú;hg jvd ;rula Wiia 49 fjhs'

5020¡ yeu ñksil= u ol=Kq w;ska wdydr .kafka w,s we;=ka lEu lkaakd fia h'5121' kqjr ñksiqka flavEßh, ;rula meyem;ah kuq;a Wi ke;'

52 22' my;a l=,j, wh uq¿ukskau ksrej;ska .uka hhs¡5323' kqjr ñksiqka wysxil h¡ mSvdldÍ fkdfõ'

5424' ta yefudau ÿmam;a h¡

idrÓ 2016

39 Occupation distinct caste.(P.43)

40 They are, in general, very reserved in their address, and mild in their manners.(P.51)

41 Ceylonese cannot very easily be roused to resentment and blood shed.(P.51)

42 He(Ceylonese) cannot be diverted from his purpose by the thought or presence of those

objects which, in others, by acting upon the imagination.(P.51) Bertolacci .1817

43 Sinhalese are indigent, harmless, indolent, and unwarlike…. p.92

44 .... equanimity, mildness, bashfulness, timidity. P.92

45 They are extreemely civil, uncommenly hospitable to strangers.p.92

46 Fruit is their principle article of food. p.92

47 No native of Ceylon object to sit at table or eat in company with a respectable Europians.

48 The inhabitants spend by far the greater portion of their time, both night and day, in the open air. P.104

49 ..their life runs on in an easy aparthy , but little elevated above mere animal existence.p.105.

50 ...every man eat with his right hand in the same manner as the elephant feed himself .

51 Candians are of a stouter make, and fairer complexion, but not taller. P.131

52 The lower order of the people go almost naked. P.132

53 Candians are innocent and harmless. P,132

54 They all poor. P.133

-08-

'5525' i¾j n,OdrS tlu foúhl= .ek fn!oaOfhda úYajdi lr;s56

26' jeoafoda ,d ÿUqre ck j¾.hlg wh;a h'57

27' isxy,fhda ,d ly ck j¾.hls'58

28' isxy,hka yd jeoaoka T,sõ ly meye tlu j¾Khka hq;= j¾.fhda h'

29' kqjr isxy,hkaf.a yfï meyeh iys; fou< wh lsisúfgl;a fou< wh w;r 59

olakg fkd,efí'60

30' kqjr^W;=re& m%foaYfha .ïuqkg jvd jeoaokaa Wiska wvq h'61

31' ,xldfõ /<s ysifla ;sfnkafka lskakrekg muKs'62

32' lskakre fyj;a l¾udka;hka ,xldfõ my;a u l=,hg wh;a h'63

33' kqjr .ïuqka yd .ï jeoaokaa tlu ;o ÿUqre meyefhka hq;= h'64

34' .ï jeoaokaa msrsisÿ h' losu wej;=ï mej;=ï iys; h' 65

35' Tjqkaf.a ckl;d kqjr ckl;d yd iu fjhs'66

36' jeoaoka meyefhka o isxy,hkg jvd kqjr jeishkg ,x fjhs'67

37' j. ñksiqka wÕ=re mq¿iaikafkda h' 68

38' msáir jeoafoda yd jkaksjre ks;ru rjqï yeve;s f;davq m<|s;s'69

39' jeoafoda yd jkaksjreka ks;ru rsoS f;davq m<|s;s'70

40' fou< l;d lrk jeoafoda j÷re uia fkdl;s'71

41' jeoafoda úfYaIfhka u ,d ly meye;s uv j;=r îug m%sh lr;s'

idrÓ 2016

55 The Buddhist believe in the existence of one supreme god.. p. 148 Cordiner.1807

56 Vaeddas belong to a light brown race(P.40)

57 Sinhalese belong to a light yellow race(P.40)

58 Vaeddas are of one original colour, yellow, with an olive tint. (P.40)

59 The skin colour of Kandian Sinhalese is never seen in the skins of Tamils.(P.40)

60 The height of the Village Vaddas is less than that of the ordinary northern Kandian villagers (P.41)

61 Kinnaras are only one race in Ceylon with curly hair.(Page 44)

62 Kinnaras or Karmantayo, the mat-Weavers, the lowest caste in the island. (P. 44)

63 The colour of these people (village Vadda) is the same dark brown as that of the average Kandian villager,

(P. 45)

64 Their (village Vadda) villages are clean and neat.(P.45)

65 Their folk-stories are the, same as those of the Kandians. (Page 45)

66 They closely in color than the average Sinhalese. (P. 46)

67 The Waga people, although they are supposed to have been originally only charcoal burners. (P. 46)

68 The Vaddas of the interior and the Wanniyas often have silver rings in their ears. (P. 47)

69 The Vadda of the interior and the Vanniyas often have silver ring in their ears.(page 47)

70 Tamil-speaking Vaddas do not eat Monkeys(Page 51)

71 (Vadda) particularly like water lightly tinged yellow with mud. (p. 53)

-09-

7242' kqjr jeiafida o fld< msreK fndr osh m%sh lr;s'7343' .ïjeoaoka yd fou< l;d lrk jeoaoka .kakd wdydr fkdfjkia h'

7444' fou¿ fï rfÜ i;=frda h'7545' Tjqyq wdl%uKslfhda h'

46' kef.kysr ì%;dkH& iafldÉjreka fuka fudjqyq fou¿& o ixl%uKsl 76

ckmoslhka h'77

47' isxy,fhda ñksia ixy;sfha .eyeKqka h' ^ fuu wjêh jk úg hqfrdamShhka

.eyeKqka my;a f,i ie<l+ nj u;l ;nd .kak&

48' isxy, fn!oaOhkaf.a wdl,amh osùug jvd weúoSu fyd| nj h' weúoSug 78

jvd ys|f.k isàu fyd| h' ksod .ekSu ta ish,a,gu jvd fyd| h'79

49' isxy,hskg yuqodjla fyda kdúl yuqodjla ke;'

50' fn!oaO ëjrhska lshkafka ;uka ud¿ka j;=frka f.dv .kakjd ñi urkafka 80

ke;s nj h'

fcaïia fldaäk¾ lsis úfgl;a Wv/áhka isxy¨ka f,i ie<l=fjs ke;¡

cd;ska yd l=, j¾. lsßfï oS Tjqkaf.a .;s ,laIK .ek ,sùfï oS fï f,aLlhka

wkq.ukh lf<a i;=ka j¾.SlrKh lsÍfï ms<sfj;hs¡ tla flfkl=f.a

fokafkl=f.a ,laIk iuia;hg wdfrdamkh lrkqfha tneúks'

iudc vdùkshdkqjdoh (Social Darvinism) wkqj l¿ cd;slhka i;=ka fyda i;=kg

wdikak fldg ie<lSu idudkHfhka olakg ,eìk'

jy,a fj<\u ;ykïj ;sìh oS fkdlaiag ndOdjlska f;drj th l, yels

jQfha kS;sh wìhi l,a,ka ukqIHhka fkdjQ neúks¡

idrÓ 2016

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72 Kandian villagers also prefer 'bora-diya', and the water of pools which are covered with a green vegetable

growth.(p. 53)

73 All the village Veddas and the Tamil speaking Veddas and the Vanniyas eat the same food.

(p.50)Parker.1909

74 Tamils are the enimes of the country (pp 25-26)

75 They are invaders. (pp 25-26) Blaze.1921

76 Tamils who have been called the “Scotchmen of the East” from their enterprise in migrating and colonizing.(

p.46)

77 The Sinhalese have indeed been called the women of human race. P.156

78 Buddhist Sinhalese being “Better walk than to run to sit down than the walk and the best of all go to sleep.

P.156

79 Sinhalese have no Army or Navy. P.161

80 Buddhist fishermen say “We don't kill the fish. We take them out of water and they die of themselves. P.161

John Ferguson.1887

uykqjr k.rhg ie;mqï úiailg jvd ÿßka msysá wog;a ÿIalr yqol,d .ïudkhla

jk ,e.=kafoksfha .; l< isrldr cSú;fha oS kQ.;a .ïuqkaf.ka ,o f;dr;=re u;

hemqk fkdlaia w;ska ,shejqK f;dr;=re i;H u úh yels o@ jy,a fjf<kafol= jQ

Tyq g wjYH lf,a ,dxlslhka ïf,aÉPhka f,i hqfrdamSh iudch wìhi Ñ;%Kh

lsÍu h' fkdlaiaf.a jHdmD;sh id¾:lj bosrshg .sh nj fiiq hqfrdamShhka o

,dxlslhka tu wdlD;sh ;=<g fy,Sfuka fmfka'

talSh wdlD;shl ;=,g fufia f.dkq lsrSu iudc úoHdfõ oS taldlD;sl m%,dm f,i

y÷kd .kshs'

taldlD;sl m%,dm (Stereotypes)

hg;a úð; hq.fha oS hqfrdamshhka wdishdkq wm%sldkq leßìhka ÿm;a j,

ish hg;a jeishkaj ksrEmkh lf,a ixialD;sl jYfhka miq.dó, ïf,ÉP,

fmdaßido, ls,sá, ñ:HdoDIaál ukqIH fldÜGdY f,ihs' Tjqkaf.a ksrEmkh ;=<

tu ,laIkj,ska msg; l=,lfha lsisjl= ke;' mqoa.,dnoaO ,laIk fkdi,ld

yer, mqoa.,hd tu iudc lKAvdhug wod< fmdÿ úia;rh ;=< tallhla lrhs'

ksoiqkla f,i 'isxy,hd w,i h''wd.ka;=l i;aldrfha ,eosh'' m%ldYk fol

h<s;a i,ld n,uq¡ tlla RKd;aul wdl,amhls' wfkl Okd;aul wdl,amhls'

tfy;a fï ,laIk fol wkqj kEu isxy,fhl= w,i yd wd.ka;=l i;aldrhg

,eos fjhs' tu l=,l j,ska mrsndysr isxy,fhl= isà o@ hk m%Yakhg 'Tõ' fyda

'ke;' hk ms<s;=rla fiùug tu m%ldYk iu;a fkdfjhs'

1' iuyr isxy,hka w,i h fyda

ish¿ isxy,hka w,i h'

2' iuyr isxy,hka wd.ka;=l i;aldrfha ,eosh'

ish¿ isxy,hka wd.ka;=l i;aldrfha ,eosh'

jYfhka iuyr fyda ish¿ jeks m%udKd;aul w.hka iys; úfYaIkhla iys;j

tu m%ldYk bosßm;a flf¾ kï túg th" úia;rd;aul m%ia;=;hla fjhs'

úia;rd;aul m%ia;=; mrSlaIdjg ,la l, yel' tajd uÕska WmkHdi ìys l, yel'

WmkHdi i;H fyda wi;H nj ks.ukh l, yel' tfy;a 'isxy,hka w,ih' jeks

idrÓ 2016

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m%ldYk m%udKd;aul fkdjk ksid i;H fyda wi;H oehs ks.ukh l, fkdyel'

tneúka tajd w;d¾lssl m%ldYk fõ' tjeks m%ldYkj,ska .uH jkafka 'tfia ùug

mq¿jks'' tfia fkdùug o mq¿jks' jeks wiïNdú woyila muKs'

taldlD;sl m%jdo uÕska lsishï ck j¾.hl idudðlhka tlu

wdlD;shl fyda tlu ixo¾Nhl fldgialrejka lr we;s fyhska j¾.dka;r yd

mqoa.,dka;r in|;dj, oS wjYH 'mQ¾j ye|skSu' ,nd fohs' ;u ;ud .ek

is;kafka yd l%shdlrkafkao ;ud wkqka .ek is;kafka yd l%shd lrkafka o fuu

mQ¾j we.hSï u; msysgdh' tneúka taldlD;sl m%,dm y÷kd .ekSu udkj Ydia;%

úIhhkaf.a yd iudcfha m%.ukh i|yd w;HjYH fjhs'

hqfrdamSh ,sheú,sj, we;s w.;s.dó iajrEmh y÷kd.ksñka lshùu b;d

jeo.;a jkafka fïjd ksis úpdrhlska f;dr j lshùug wfma iudc udkj

Ydia;%hka mqreÿ ù we;s ksid h' hqfrdamShhkaf.a m%;sudkhka (Westernimages)

nqoaêuh iïm%odhhla ù we;af;a intelecual tradition) jir ish .Kkla Tjqkaf.a

wOHdmk wdh;k Tiafia tajd iudc.; lr we;s neúks' fmdÿfõ wdishd;slhka

.ek we;s hqfrdamShhkaf.a m%;sudk ^image) ieliS we;af;a tjeks taldlD;sl

m%jdohka iys; ,sheú,s weiqrsKs'

ta wkqj ish¿ wdishd;slfhda

1' l¿ h' black Asia)

2' wmsßisÿ h'

3' wYsIag h'

4' wl%uj;aa h'

5' lïue,s h'

6' fj,djg jev fkdlr;s'

7' m%.;sldó fkdfj;s'

wdishd;slhka .ek hqfrdamShhkaf.a fujeks m%;sudk weiqßka wdishd;slhd

o úfYaIfhka ,dxlslhd& ish ye÷kqïm; ilid .kS' ish ye÷kqu tf,i ilid

.kakd w;r m%;súreoaO ,laIK hqfrdamShhdg wdfrdamKh lrhs' ta wkqj ish¿

idrÓ 2016

-12-

hqfrdamShfhda

1' iqoafoda h'

2' msßisÿ h'

3' YsIag h'

4' l%uj;aa h'

5' ld¾hlaIu h'

6' fj,djg jev lr;s'

7' m%.;sldóh'

óg wu;r j hqfrdamShhkg wm úiska wdfrdamKh lrk ;j;a ,lAaIK we;'

iqoafoda ,iaikhs' handsome and pretty)

W.;A h' with a good academic discipline)

wka whf.a whs;sjdislïj,g .re lrhs' (They respect about others

civil rights)

iajdëk Ñka;khla iys; h' (with liberal ideas)

ms<sfj,hs' neat)

;dlaIKsl j Wiia h' (technically perfect)

úoHd;aul l%ufha Wreulrefjda h'(science and scientific

inventions belong to them)

Okj;a h' Wiia Ôjk ;;a;ajhla iys; h' (wealthy and with high

living standard)

wfma weig yu iqÿ wh fmfkkafka by; ,laIK iys;j h' wfma

ixl,amuh m%;sudk iuia; iqÿ cd;slhka .ek f.dvkef.kafka wm okakd

iqoaoka lSm fofkl= weiqßks'

wm" wms .ek u ork wdl,am yd wm hqfrdamShhka .ek ork wdl,am

hqfrdamShka úiska u frdamKh lrk ,o tajd nj jgyd .ekSug hg;a úð;

hq.h yd bka miq hq.h ksjerosj lshúh hq;= fõ'

idrÓ 2016

-13-

Wiia ixialD;sh" Wiia ;dlaIKh" Wiia we.hSï ish,a, .ek

wmf.a m%;ssudk ielfikafka fuu hqfrdamSh oDIAá fldaKfhks' —Wiia nj

;ud i;=h˜ hk woyi iudc .; lsÍfï ;¾ldkql+, moku my; m%ldYh

uekúka ms<sìUq lrhs¡ oekqu n,h fohs¡ n,h jeälr .ekSug kï oekqu 81jeä lr .; hq;= h¡

tjlg oekqu hkq tx.,ka;h i;= oekquhs¡ oekqu ksIamdokfha whs;sh

we;af;a Tjqkg h¡¡ oekqug wod,j"

1. What before British? ì%;dkHhkag fmr ;;a;ajh l=ulao@

2. What British created? ì%;dkHhka lf<a l=ulao@

3. What after British? ì%;dkHhkag miq ;;a;ajh l=ulao@

mss<s;=re iemhSug wiSre tfy;a wOHhkh l< hq;= .eg¿ fjhs'

hqfrdamSh ke;skï wmros. jeishdf.a oekqu ;=< fmros. jeishdf.a

Ôjk ffY,Ska" f,dal oDIaáh" iïu;hka" wNspdr ish,a, wYsIag h"

fkdoshqKq h" miq.dó h' Tjqkaj YsIag iïmkak lsÍfï NdrOQr l¾;jHh

hqfrdamShhdg mejÍ we;¡

fuu “w;a;=lxik mrjïNkh”- ;ud Wiia h¡ wfkld my;aa h hk

woyi - jkfmd;a lrñka újdohlska f;dr j ms<s.ekSu ksid fmrÈ. jeishd o

ish wkkH;d iy;sl wia:dk.; lr f.k tlsfkld y÷kd.; fkdyels j

n,j;a iudc w¾nqohl .s,S isáhs¡

fmrÈ. .ek wmros. fuu lsshùu m%dÖkjdoh (Orientalism) hk l;sldj; ;=,

idlÉPd fjhs¡

m%dÖkjdoh (Orientalism)

m%dÖkjdoh hkq fmros. rgj,a .ek ,she ù we;s w;suy;a f;dr;=re 82iuqodhhs¡

idrÓ 2016

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81 knowledge gives power, more power requires more knowledge.(Said.36)82 Orientalism is a large and deffuse collection of text about the Orient. (Said.1978.p12) Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an onthological and epistemological distinction made between “the Orient” and “the 83 Occident” (do.p.2)

m%dÖkjdoh hkq m%dÖkjdiSka iu. in|;d f.dvk.k wdh;ksl jHqyh ilia 83lrk u;jdoSuh wúhhs¡

m%dÖkjdoh hkq hqfrdamSh wdêm;Hh m%dÖkjdiSka u; megùug Tjqka md,khg 84 fhdod .;a l%ufõohhs¡

hqfrdamSh fkdjk ñksiqkg jvd hqfrdamShhkag iqmsß wkkH;djla we;s nj ;yjqre 85

lrkqfha m%dÖkjdoh u.sks¡

m%dÖkjdoh hqfrdamshhka úiska wNHka;ßl j fuka u mrsndysr j jHdma;

lrkq ,enQ ixialD;sl wdêm;Hhls¡ tys È hqfrda flakaøsh l;sldj; ;=,

hqfrdamshhka fkdjk m%dÖkjdiSka wYsIag jk w;r tu wYsIaghka ñkS uia lkakka"

ïf,aÉPhka" iuQ, >d;lhka"hl=ka mqokakka" NSurEmSka (monster) fyda

yQkshïldrhka f,i ksrEmkh lrhs¡

Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl wdêm;Hh ;=, m%dÖkjeishdg ÿka

ye÷kqïm; ;udf.a i;H ms,sìTqj hehs m%dÖkjeishd o ms<s.;af;a h¡ wOHdmk

wdêm;Hh ;=, hqfrda flkaøsh l;sldj; jir ish .Kkla fm< fmd;aj," úYaj

úoHd,j, i;H ×kh hehs ;yjqre lrkq ,eî h¡

1¡ isxy,hd w,i h

2¡ wd.ka;=l i;aldrfha ,eos h"

hk ksrEmk u.ska u;= lrk iudchSh .eg¿jla we;¡ isxy," fou<"

uqia,sï, n¾.¾ jd¾.sl;ajhka Ôj;a jk rgl isxy,hka uOH.; l, úg fiiq

jd¾.sl;ajhka m¾hka;.; fjhs¡

idrÓ 2016

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isxy,

isxy, ixialD;sfhkaneyer

83 Orientalism can be discussed and analised as the corporate institution dealing with the orient.(do.p 3)

84 Orientalism is a Western style for dominating restructuring and having authority over the Orient. (do.p.3)

85 ...Europian identity as a superior one in comparission with all the non Europian peoples and cultures.

fuhska u;= lrK l;sldj;(

túg w,i isxy,hka kï fiiafida wk,ia fj;s¡

wd.ka;=l i;aldrfha ,eos isxy,hka kï fiiafida tfia fkdfj;s¡

isxy,hka .ek m%ldYhkaf.a ixl,amSh uQ,h hqfrda flakaøSh ixl,amh ;=, we;¡

hqfrda flakaøSh ixl,amh ;, flakaøfha isáfha hqfrdamShhka h'

mßêfha isáh wh usf,aÉPhka h' ta ksid oyih jk ishji w. Nd.fha

hqfrdamSh ,shú,s “ïf,aõPfhda ienE ñksiqka fkdfj;s” hk jrmáka Yla;su;aj

fj,S ;sìK' hqfrdamShhka ñ,laLhkag jy¨ka fia ie,l=fKa Tjqka ;¾lk nqoaêh"

Wkak;sh yd ;uka fuka i;H wd.ula weoySu hk YsIaGdpdrj;a ,laIk fkdoerE

fyhsk¡s ñ,laLhka hk l=,lhg wh;a jQfha by; YsIag ,laIkj,ska f;drj"

Tjqkaf.a ovhug ,la jQ i;=ka fuka u" mrsirhg b;d iómj cSj;a jQ ñksiqka h'

hqfrdamShhkaf.a mru hq;=lu jQfha ñ,laLhka YsIaghkaf.a we.hsï llaIh fj;

/f.k hduhs¡ tfia lsrSug wiu;a jQ ;ek uq,skqmqgd oeóu idOdrKSlrkh úh¡

th “ysxidj ;=,ska mqk¾ckkh lsrSu” hk foaj Od¾ñl ixl,amh hs' fuu

iuQ, >d;k Wmñ;sh wkqj —msgia;rhd˜ fyda —i;=rd˜ uQ,skqmqgd oeófï

woyiska oi ,laI .Kka hqfoõjka" ixpdrl f.da;%slhka ^gypsies) foaj

Od¾ñl >d;khg ,la úsh¡ iuQ, >d;kh hqfrdamSh YsIaGdpdrfha w÷re

fijke,s ;=< muKla fkdj wo wms cSj;a jk kQ;k" mYapd;a kQ;k" f.da,Shlrk

f,dalh ;=< o mj;sk nj ifya;=lj fmkajd osh yel¡ tfia jkafka YsIagdpdrh

iïnkaOj we;s fuu flakaøSh ixl,amh Bkshd hqfrdamSh iudc úoHdfjka wm ;=,

o frdamKh lr we;s ksid h¡

i;Hh fiùu(

w,shdf.a yevh .ek lS wkaOhka yd ,xldj .ek ,shQ fndfyda hqfrdamSh

f,aLlhka w;r ljr kï fjkila o@ ydiHhg lreK kï ;efkl ;ud ,shk

foag mriamr foa Tjqka u ;j;a ;ekl ,shd ;sîuhs' by; olajd we;s ksoiqka tA nj

f;areus .ekSug m%udKj;a h' Bg;a jvd ydiHckl jkafka fujeks idyisl"

wjd iy.; “kka fovú,s” wkaOdkqlrKfhka Ndú;d lrñka wfma wkkH;dj

f.dv k.d .ekSug wfma b;sydihska o ;e;a lsrSu hs' ta ;rï fÄojdplhla

;j;a kï ;sfío@ wfkldg wjuka iy.; m%;srEmhla osu Wfoid ,shejqK

ft;sydisl igykaj,ska u tu wfkldf.a i;H ms<sìUqj u;= lr .kafka flfiao?

idrÓ 2016

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tu ksid" iqÿ weiska wfma hg.shdj foi n,k l¿ weiaj, iqo bj;a

lsÍug ;¾ldkql+, Ñka;kh kue;s ie;a msysh wjYH h'

lsssshúï Bertolacci, A. 1817. A View of the agricultural Commercial and Financial interest of Ceylon.LondonBlaze. L.E. 1921. e story of lanka. Asian Eduction Services. N.delhi,Madras.re printed 2002.Cordiner, J. A. M. 1805.Description of Ceylon, Containing an account of the country's inhabitants and natural

productions. Colombo, K.V.G.de Silva and sons. (re printed in 1983)Edwerd W. Said.1978. ORIENTALISM. London and Henley, Routledge &Kegan Paul.Gunatilake. H.A.I. 1975. Robert Knox in the Kandian Kingdom. Pp. 81-160.e Sri lanka Journal of Humanities.

University of Peradeniya)John Ferguson.1887. Ceylon in the Jubilee Year. Asian Eduction Services. N.delhi, Madras.re printed 1994.John Winter Jones. 1863. e itinerary of Ludovico De Varthema of Bologna om 1502-1508 ( Reprinted by Asian

Educational Services. Re printed 1997. Madras, New Delhi.)Obesekara,G. 2005.Cannibal Talk : e Man-Eating Myth and Human Sacrice in the South Seas.Oxford Uni.

Press.Paulusz J.H.O.(ed) Introduction .An Historical relation of the island Ceylon- by Robert Knox. First edition: 1681

Second edition: 1989 by Tisara PrakashakayoParker, H.1909. Ancient Ceylon : an account of the aborigines and of part of the early civilization.(with illustrations

by the author). London.Robert Knox.1681. An historicalrelation of the island of Ceylon. Colombo. K.V.G.De Silva & sons

idrÓ 2016

-17-

oy wg jeks ishjfia lkao Wvrg rdcOdksh flakaø.;j we;s jQ ;=<

isÿjk fn!oaOd.ñl mqk¾Ôjkh lafIa;% .Kkdjla Tiafia j¾Okh úh'

úfYaIfhka u ishï Wmiïmodj ;=<ska iiqfka msìoSu kej; yg.;af;ah' tu

m%fndaOh we;sùug m%Odk fya;=j jQfha .Kskakdkafia,d mj;ajdf.k wd Ydiksl

miqìu ;=<" lS¾;S YS% rdcisxy iy je,súg irKxlr ysñhkaf.a lemùuh' fuu

ishjfia lkao Wvrg rdcOdksfha isÿ jQ Ydiksl m%fndaOfha iqúfYaI wjia:djla

f,i úydria:dk flakaø.;j we;s jQ ixialD;sl j¾Okh i|yka l< yelsh'

uykqjr iufha § muKla fkdj" fiiq hq.j,§ o l,d fCIa;%fha msìoSula

yg.;af;ah' fuu ishjfia Wvrg fjku ixialD;sl l,dmhla njg m;aùu ksid 1

b;sydihkaf.a m%n, wjOdkhg o ,la jQ nj fmfka' isxy,hkaf.a ckau

Wreuh f,i ie,l=Kq nqoaOd.u ;=<ska uykqjr iuhg wdfõKsl" .Dyks¾udK"

Ñ;%" leghï iy uQ¾;s iïm%øhla f.dvke.=fKa h' uykqjr rdcOdks iuh ;=<

bÈ jQ rdclSh iy mQckSh f.dvke.s,s úYd, m%udKhla olakg we;' tkuq;a

fuysoS mq`M,a úu¾Ykhg Ndckh jkafka 18 jeks ishji ;=< úydria:dk

flakaø.;j we;s jQ ÈhqKqj y÷kd.ekSu i|yd h' m%ia;=; ld, iSudj ;=< we;eï 2

úydria:dk wNskjfhka bÈ jQ w;r we;eï tajd kùlrKh úh'

uykqjr iufha .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh yd tys iqúfYaIs;d

wcs;a ;,aj;a;

1 foajrdc" f,dakd"YS%u;S" Wvrg rdcOdksh" msgq' 145'

2 fidau;s,l" uyskao"lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy iy .x.drdu rcuyd úydrh" msgq'37'

idrÓ 2016

-18-

oy wgjeks ishji ;=< Wvrg rdcH;ajh ;=< ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy" Y%S

úch rdcisxy" lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy iy rdcdê rdcisxy hkd§ rcjre fn!oaO

úydria:dk i|yd wkq.%yh ie,iQy' l%s'j' 1707 § rc njg m;a jQ ùrmrdl%u

kf¾kaøisxy rcq wiydh l,dldñhl= jQ neúka l,d fCIA;%fha hï m%fndaOhla

yg.;af;ah' t;=ud o<od ueÿr fouy,a myhla f,i f.dvk.d" Bg we;=`M jk 3fomi ì;a;sj, cd;l l:d fo;sila is;=jï lsÍug l%shd lrk ,oSs' o<od ud,s.h

wÅhi msysá kd: foajd,fha fndaê m%dldrh iy >KaGdlr od.en fudyqf.a 4wkqYdikh msg lrjk ,o tajd h' Y%S úch rdcisxy rc;=ud o fn!oaOd.fï

oshqKqjg fnfyúka iydh úh' uykqjr rc l, iEu krm;sfhl=f.ka u ish

wd.ug iy l,djg wmuK fiajhla bgq jQfha o kdhlald¾ rcl= jQ lS¾;s Y%S

rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha h' bka fmr lsis Èfkl fkd,enqK úYd, wkq.%yhla

Wvrg l,d úIhg ysñ jQ nj lsj yelsh' kf¾kaøisxy yer fiiq md,lfhda

kdhlald¾ jxYslfhda jQ neúka fn!oaO ck;djf.a is;a i;ka Èkd .ekSu i|yd isÿ

l< lghq;= w;r úydria:dk jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug o mshjr .;ay' fjfyr" úydr

ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd Tjqka tod f;dard .kq ,enq ìï lv Wia l÷ uqÿkl fyda .,a

.=yd wdY%s; ksixi, mßirhl fyda mssysgd ;snqKs' úydria:dk w;=ßka we;eï tajd

f,ka úydrhka jQ w;r we;eï tajd wNskjfhka bÈ lrk ,o úydrhka h'

w¨úydrh iy nUr., jeks ia:dk Y; j¾I .Kkdjla ;siafia NslaIq jdiia:dk

jYfhka mej;s njg ft;sydisl idlaIs ;sfí' iajNdúl f,kla cQmkSh ia:dkhla

jYfhka ilia lsÍfuka f,ka úydrhla njg mßj¾;kh lrk ,o nj fmfka'

tysÈS f,kg Wäka lgdrula fldgjd" c,h wNHka;rhg ldkaÿùu je<elaùh'

fuu wjêfha § w¨;ska bÈ lrk ,oehs fyda ke;skï m%;sixialrKh

lrk ,oehs fyda ie,flk fjfyr úydr uykqjr yd ;odikak m%foaYj, muKla

fkdj Èjhsfka iEu m%foaYhlu mdfya ;ju;a fYaIj mj;Ss' fï w;=ßka w;s úYd,

úydr ixLHdjla uykqjr" ud;f,a" l=reKE., iy lE.,a, hk Èia;%slal lsysmh

;=< úfYaIfhka msysgd ;sfí' uykqjr Èia;%slalhg wh;a úydria:dk f,i

ueoj," o<od ueÿr" fo.,afodrej" .x.drduh" fkf¾kaøisxydrduh" nUr.,"

oka;=f¾" ys|.," ysmsáh" o<od.u" hdf,af.dv" fndaêu¨j yd wia.sßh f.äf.a

úydrh fyj;a wdodyk u`M úydrh fmkajd Èh yelsh' ud;f,a Èia;%slalfha

msysá úydr w;r w,fld<jej" Wvia.sßh" iq¨kdmyqr" o¨laf.d,a," oUq,a,"

idrÓ 2016

-19-

3 fifkúr;ak"wkqrdO' lkao Wvrg uykqjr' msgq' 90-105'4 úl%uisxy" weia'ta' fy< l,d b;sydih fkdfyd;a Ñ;% uQ¾;s .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh" msgq' 191'

" ;,a.yf.dv" o l=reKE., Èia;%slalfha jvd;a m%isoaO mdfoKsh" ߧúydrh"

oUfoKsh" l=vd.,a.uqj" fld<U.u" lene,a,Ef,k" Åx.sßh" hgkdfj,"

ie.ef,k" kdúkak" klaldj;a;" hdmyqj" iqo¾Ykdrduh" lvj,f.or wh;a

fõ' fldÜáuq,aj, uy iuka foajd,h yd wrukfmd< hk ia:dk r;akmqr

Èia;%slalfha o jdlsß.," Wk.sß.," f.dkaÈfj," hgyf,k yd wïnq¨.,

lE.¨ Èia;%slalfha olakg ,efí' tfukau kqjrt<sh Èia;%slalfha y`.=rkafl;"

l`M;r Èia;%slalfha fmdl=Kqúg iy ùr.k úydria:dk o" .d,a, Èia;%slalfha "

fodvïÿj" udfndgqjk" l;¨j" f;dg.uqj" lrdmsáh iy n,msáh o ud;r

Èia;%slalfha jgf.or iqo¾udrduh iy yïnkaf;dg flakaø.;j m%lg uq,alsß., 5iy je,s.u fmd,aj;a; .x.drduh hkdoS úydria:dk b;d jeo.;a fõ' fuu

wd.ñl f.dvke.s,s wkqidrfhka 18 jeks ishjfia j¾Okh jQ .Dyks¾udK" uQ¾;s

iy Ñ;% Ys,amh ms<sn| oekqula ,nd.; yelsh'

uykqjr hq.fha ìys jQ l,d Ys,am i|yd uQ,do¾Yh jQfha .ïfmd< hq.fha

ksmehqKq l,dj ;=<ska nj lsj yelsh' fuu hq.fha l,djkaf.a Wkak;shg fya;= jQ

lreKq lsysmhla n,mE nj fmfka' ta w;r §¾> ld,Skj mej;s in|;dj,

m%;sM,hla f,i ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka lkao Wvrgg .,d wd øúv wdNdih o ta w;r

b;d jeo.;a úh' ;jo uykqjr hq.fha§ foj;djla ishfuka f.fkk ,o

Wmiïmodj;a iu`. we;=<;a lr.kakd ,o ishï l,d iïm%odh o bjy,a jQ nj

fmfka' wjidk jYfhka fjr<nv ;Srh md,kh l< hqfrdamShkaf.ka tkï

mD;=.sSis" ,kafoais" bx.%sis hk cd;Skaf.ka we;s jQ wd.ñl" Ys,amSh l%u" fj<|du

iy ;E.sfnda. ,ndoSu hk fya;=ka ksid ,enQ hqfrdamsh wdNdih Wvrg mqrd m%p,s;

úh' wm fuf;la i|yka l, lreKqj, n,mEu uOHfha Wvrgg u wdfõKsl l,d

iïm%odhla ìys jQ nj fmfka'

wkqrdOmqrhg miq furg b;sydifha oS¾>;u ld,mßÉfPaohla mej;s

rdcOdksh jkafka lkao Wvrg rdcOdksh hs' f,dj kEu YsIagdpdrhl wkkH;dj

f.kyer olajkafka tlS YsIagdpdrh úiska ks¾ñ; l,d Ys,am u.sks' tfukau

hï hq.hl fm%!V;ajh ms<sìUQ jkafka tys mej;s jdia;= úoHdj fkdfyd;a

Tjqka úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o f.dvke.s,sj,sks' uykqjr hq.hg wdfõKsl

idrÓ 2016

5 fidau;s,l" uyskao" lS¾;s Y%s rdcisxy iy .x.drdu rcuyd úydrh" msgq' 35'

-20-

rdclSh yd wd.ñl f.dvke.s,s iïm%odhla we;' bka jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka

wd.ñl f.dvke.s,s h'

merKs isxy, .Dyks¾udK Ys,amSka fukau Wvrg iufha .Dyks¾udK

Ys,amSka o úfYaIfhka u úydr ;ekSu i|yd iqÿiq f.m<j,a f;dardf.k we;af;a 6

ld¾ñl dkfhka iy ri;dfjka hq;=j nj fmfka' úydr f.dvkexùu i|yd

idudkHfhka f;dard.kakd ,oafoa Wia ìula fyda .,a m¾j;hls' .,a m¾j;

uqÿfkys úydr f.dvke.s,s iaÓridr mokula u; wdrlaId iys;j bÈ lsÍug

yelsùu iy mQckSh ia:dkhla jYfhka úydrh flfrys jQ f.!rjh cks; lsÍu

hk wruqKq n,mdkakg we;' fuu hq.fha § iajNdúl f,kla mQckSh ia:dkhla 7jYfhka ilia lsÍfuka f,ka úydrhka yd geïmsg úydr bÈ jQ nj fmfka' f,ka

lg Wäka lgdrka fldgd" Bg háka .,g u hd fldg jy,la ;kd we;' jy, r|d

;snqfKa leghï lrk ,o .,a lKQ fyda oej lKQ u;h' fuf,i bÈ jQ újD;

nrd|fhka fjka jk fia fodrj,a" cfk,a iys; iy ì;a;s olakg we;' fï

ì;a;sfhka wdjrKh jQ f,k ;=< nqÿms<su iy wfkl=;a ms<su lrjd nqoaO pß;h 8fyda cd;l l:d wdÈh ì;a;sj, is;=jï lf¾' ߧ.u" ok.sß.,"

fo.,afodrej" oUq,a," w¨úydrh" ks,.u hk ia:dk Wvrg rdcOdks

iuhg wh;a m%isoaO f,ka úydr lsysmhls' f,ka úydr fuka fkdj wNskjfhka

f.dvk`.k ,o úydr fndfyduhl u w;a;sjdru ;kd we;af;a ueáfhks' .,a lKq 9

isgjd tajd u; bÈ l, neúka geïmsg ms<su f.j,a f,i y÷kajd ;sfí'

j¾Idêl foaY.=Kfhka we;sjk f;;ukh yd fõhkaf.ka f.dvke.s,s

wdrlaId lsÍug b;d iqÿiq jQ fuu l%uh bkaÿkSishdj jeks rgj, ksfjia

bÈlsÍug o fhdodf.k we;s nj fmfka' uykqjr ueoj, úydrh;a l=reKE.,

fodrmdú, úydrh;a tu iïm%odh wkq.;j hñka ;kk ,o úydr folls'

fuu l%ufha úydr wïn,ï" ù wgq l=reKE., fiau lE.¨ Èia;%slalhg o 10yqre mqreÿ ks¾udKhs' m%ia;=; jljdkqfõ bÈ jQ úydria:dk flakaø.;j

m%;sud>rh"

idrÓ 2016

6 m%kdkaÿ" mS' B' B' —Wvrg iufha uQ¾;s Ys,amh˜"isxy, úYajfldaIh" ixia' ã'B' fyÜáwdrÉõ" y;rjk

ldKavh" msgq' 487-500

7 foajrdc" f,dakd" YS%u;S" Wvrg rdcOdksh" msgq' 145'

8 m%kdkaÿ" mS' B' B' —Wvrg iufha uQ¾;s Ys,amh˜" isxy, úYajfldaIh" ixia' ã'B' fyÜáwdrÉõ"

y;rjk ldKavh" msgq' 491'

9 tu' msgq' 146'

10 fifkúr;ak"wkqrdO" lkao Wvrg uykqjr" msgq' 200'

-21-

11ia;+mh" fndaê uKavmh" Wfmdai:d.drh yd wjdih hk wx. olakg ,efí' fuu

jljdkqfõ .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh .ek wOHhkh lsÍfï § mQckSh ia:dk w;r o<od

ud,s.dj i;r foajd," u,aj;= iy wia.sß úydrh" úchiqkaordrduh"

wodyku`Mj" .x.drduh" iqÿyqïm, úydrh" ks;a;fj, úydrh" iQßhf.dv

úydrh" fodvïj, úydrh" oka;=f¾ úydrh" fo.,afodre úydrh" ueoj,

úydrh" lgdrx., hk úydria:dk b;d jeo.;a fõ'

.Dyks¾udK Ys,amh w;ßka hf:dala; úydr f.dvke.s,s w;r rcjreka 12lsysmfofkl=f.a wkq.%yh u; bÈ jQ o<od ukaÈrh b;d jeo.;a fõ' o<od ueÿrg

13uq,ska u Ndú; fldg we;af;a —o<od f.a˜ hk kduhhs' iaÓrjQ;a" Yla;su;ajQ;a

ffY,uh wä;d,ula u; f.dvkkajk ,o fuu f.dvke.s,a, wiudk

.Dyks¾udK ú,dYhl ,l=Kq fmkajhs' tlsfklg iïnkaO jQ l=`ÿ uy;a uKavm

lsysmhlska iukaú; fï f.dvke.s,a, m%Odk ukaÈr ;=klska iukaú; h' fï w;r

ud,s.h we;=<; fyaúis uKAvm" msß;a uKavm" ms<su .Dy wdÈh;a iq`M

ks,OdÍkaf.a m%fhdackh i|yd l=á o olakg we;' by< ud,fha we;s oej lKq"

fmalv iy lKqj, n| fldgia leghñka w,xlD; fõ' bÈßmi olakg we;s

m;a;sremamqj wIagdI>%hl yevh .kSs' o<od ud,s.h Èh w.,lska iy j,dl=`M

neïfuka jg ù we;s w;r .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh wkqj fhdodf.k we;af;a fndfyda

úg È.= i;/ia yevhhs' o<odj ;ekam;a l, l=áh ksu lr we;af;a jßÉÑ l%uhg

jqjo fndfyda úg wfkl=;a ì;a;s wdÈh lfndla .,a yd nodu fhdodf.k ksu lr 14we;' iqKq msßhï lr Ñ;%j,ska w,xlD; lr we;s nj o fmfka'

f.äf.a úydr kñka y`ÿkajk úydr j¾.h o fï hq.fha§ bÈ ù ;sfí'

fïjd iïmQ¾K jYfhka .fvd,ska ;kd w¾Oljdldr mshiailska ks¾udKh l, 15nqÿueÿre fõ' uykqjr wdodyku`Mfõ nqÿueÿr o fuu wdldrhg o bÈ lr we;s

w;r ody;r jeks ishjfia bÈ jQ .v,dfoKs úydrhg iudk iajremhla 16orhs'

idrÓ 2016

11 osidkdl" uqoshkafia" weïnelafla j¾Kkdj yd fjk;a ,sms" msgq' 41'

12 niakdhl"taÉ'à' Y%S ,xldfõ YsIagdpdrh 11" msgq' 214'

13 úl%uisxy" weia'ta' fy< l,d b;sydih fkdfyd;a Ñ;% uQ¾;s .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh" msgq' 195'

14 uykqjr hq.fha Ñ;% l,dj iïnkaOj n,kak'

15 niakdhl"taÉ'à' Y%S ,xldfõ YsIagdpdrh 11" msgq' 217'

16 ,xld úYajúoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih 11" ixia' fifkr;a mrKú;dk iy fjk;a wh" msgq' 731- 747'

-22-

uykqjr o<od ueÿr bÈßmsg we;s kd: foajd,fha wdlD;sh by; wdldrhg ;kd

we;' fïjd ie,iqï lsÍfï§ ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq yskaÿ Ys,amSkaf.a f.dvke.s,s l%u

wdo¾Yhg f.k we;s nj ie,lsh yelsh' uykqjr hq.hg wh;a foajd, 17f.dvke.Su i|yd ol=Kq bkaoSh Ys,amSka f.kajQ nj is;d .ekSug wmyiq fkdfõ'

kdhlal¾ jxYslhka yskaÿ iuhg wkq.%y oelajQ ksid foajd.u jvd;a m%p,s; úh'

Wvrg foajd, yskaÿ fldaú,lg jvd l=vdjg ;kk ,o f.dvke.s,a,la nj fmfka'

fodrj,a iy W`Mjyq lKq wdÈh t;rï ÿrg leghï lr fkdue;s w;r Wig fhdÿ

fndl= jy, iy ;rula ÿrg wE;a l, jy,la o we;'

oywg jeks ishjig wh;a f.dvke.s,s w;r uykqjr kqÿßka msysá .,auvqj

o b;d jeo.;a fõ' th ol=Kq bkaÈhdkqq" uqia,sï iy hqfrdamSh jdia;= úoHdfõ

n,mEu u; bÈ jQjls' .,auvqj úydrfhys mshiai l%ufhka Wvq w;g isyska ù hk

;Ügq y;lska hqla; msróvdldr jQjls' fuu f.dvke.s,af,a wg,a, yskaÿ

foajd,j, f.damqr l%uhg iudk h' fuys ì;a;s mdIdKfhka o w¾Oljdldr

mshiai .fvd,ska o ;kd ;sfí' msróvdldr úudkh jgd mdIdKfhka ;ekQ úYd,

ì;a;shla bÈ fldg we;' fuu úydrfha jev wjika lr ke;'

oywg jeks ishjfia Wod jQ fn!oaOd.ñl mqk¾cSjkfha myi ,nñka bÈ jQ

úydria:dkhla f,i fo.,afodrej i|yka l< yelsh' uykqjr hq.fha m%lg

is;=jï we;s ia:dkhla jk w;r tu úydrh m¾j;hla wdY%fhka msysgd we;' f,ka

úydrhg m%fõY ùu i|yd uKavmhla we;s w;r .,a lKq 12 la u; bÈ lr we;s

nj fmfka' uykqjr iuhg wh;a fuu l=¿Kqj, isriaj, fmalv fkdue;'

wkqrdOmqrh hq.fha wjidk Nd.hg wh;a l=`MKqj,g isriaj,g iudk wdlD;s

olakg we;'

uykqjr iufha .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh ms<sn| isÿ lrkq ,nk l;sldfõ §

ffp;Hh o jeo.;a fõ' m%udKfhka l=vd ia;+m .=ydjla ;=< fyda .Dyhla ;=< bÈ

lr we;s nj fmfka' fujeks ffp;H ßoS úydrh" fo.,afodrej iy oUq,af,a

olakg ,efí' úydr f.g m%uqL;dj ÿka neúka ffp;H ms<sn| t;rï uykqjr

hq.fha ks¾udK Ys,amshd Wkkaÿ fkdjQ nj lsj yelsh' uykqjr hq.fha f.dvk.k

idrÓ 2016

17 osidkdl" uqoshkafia" weïnelal j¾Kkdj yd fjk;a ,sms" msgq' 45'

-23-

,o úydria:dkj,g m%fõY ùu i|yd we;s msh.egfmf<ys fldrjla.,a fyda

uqr.,a fkdue;' uqr.f,ys jQ kd. oajdrmd, hq.,h bÈß ì;a;sfhys fodr fomi

ks¾udKh fldg ;sfí’

uykqjr hq.fha úydria:dk ;=< ks¾ñ; ks¾udKhka w;r ulr f;drK o

jeo.;a fõ' fldgia jYfhka lmd.;a l`M.,a mqjre nodufhka tlsfklg

iïnkaO fldg ieris,s jYfhka ì;a;sj, iú lr we;' o<od ud<s.dfõ o fujeks

.,amqjre we,aa jQ ulr f;drK olakg we;' uykqjr ulr f;drfKys pu;aldrh

uq,a ù we;af;a tajdfha fomi Èiakd úi,a ;sß.s;,hka h' o`.rdldrj fõ.fhka

fuka .,dhk Èh oyrl isßhla olajk fïjdfha mshdm;a iq,s.eg" m;=re" fld<" 18,shmg wdÈfhka ieÿï,;a ksid ßoañl ,d,s;Hhla olakg ,efí' ulr f;drfKys

lsNsys uqyqK isky Wmojk nj fmfka' fuu jljdkqjg wh;a oUq,a, úydrfha

ulr f;drK o l,d;aul ks¾udKhls' uykqjr we;eï úydria:dkj, we;s ulr

f;drfKys úúO fjkialï we;' ixlS¾K ieris,s .K yd kdkdúO ksrEV 19 ,laIKhkaf.ka mßiudma; tu f;drK —Ñ;% f;drK˜ f,i y÷kajhs'

uykqjr hq.fha f.dvke.s,s i|yd fhdod ;snQ fodr cfk,a isxy, jdia;=

úoHdfõ merKs ksudj fndfyda úg úoydmdhs' ljq`Mj m%udKfhka l=vd jk w;r

îr¨ fhdod wdrlaId lr we;' iuyr ljq`M i|yd fodr mshka fhdod ;snQ w;r

iuyr úg fhdod ke;' W`Mjyq Ys,dfjka fukau oejfhka o lr we;' fï

foj¾.h u iQlaIau f,i leghï lr we;s nj fmfka'

uykqjr hq.fha f.dvke.s,s b;du ir, jk w;r iïm%øhdkql+, njla

fmkajhs' tfiau Ys,d" oej" .fvd,a" ueá wdoS udOH Ndú;fhka l, È.= i;/ia

iïm%odhla olakg ,efí' w;S; .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh uykqjr hq.fha§ o

iqrlaIs;j mej;s w;r úfoaYSh wdNdihka o olakg ,efì' isxy, jdia;= úoHdfõ

wjidk hq.h ms<sìUq l, o fy< l,d Wreuh /l .ekSug uykqjr hq.fha jdia;=

úoHdhd fmdfydi;a ù we;'

idrÓ 2016

-24-

18 osidkdl" uqoshkafia" weïnelal j¾Kkdj yd fjk;a ,sms" msgq' 48'

19 úl%uisxy" weia'ta' fy< l,d b;sydih" msgq' 201

lsß wïudjre - iudc úoHd;aul úuiqulauydpd¾h ohd wurfialr

zlsß wïudZ isxy, fn!oaO ixialD;sfha f.!rjkSh pß;hls' zzwïudZZ yd

ne÷Kq mQckSh jQ ud;D;ajh fmros. ixialD;Skays jvd;a f.!rjkSh ixl,amhla

njg m;aùug fun÷ pß;j,ska wmuK msgqn,hla ,efnkakg we;ehs is;sh yel

idïm%odhsl Wvrg iudcfhys jHjydßl d;S moud,djkag wkqj lsß wïud

jkakS ujf.a fyda mshdf.a fyda uEKshkah' my;rg d;s moud,dfõ tu ;k;=r

wdÉÑ jqj;a idïm%odhsl Wvrg mjq, ;=< merKs mrmqf¾ wdos;u d;sjßh f,i

ie,flkafka lsß wïudh' fuf,i lsß wïud yqÿ d;s mohla jgd f.;=Kq

pß;hla muKla fkdj isxy, fn!oaOhkaf.a nqyquka ,nk iqúfYaI foaj;dúhla

f,i mqrd;S;fha isg wfma ixialD;sl b;sydihg tl;= ù we;s pß;hla ùu

iqúfYaISh'

ckY%e;s Yío fldaIh lsß wïud ñh.sh ;u d;Skaf.a m%Njhla f,i 1olajd we;' ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wdos;u ck fldgila f,i ie,lfkafka jeoaokaf.a

zzkEhl=kaZZ weoySfuka fuu lsß wïudjre msoSu werfUkakg we;ehs hk u;h o

m%p,s; tlls' jeos ck;dj ish orejka l=vd wjosfha isáhoS ñh.sh jeos

ldka;djka" lsß wïudjreka f,i i,l;s'2 bkaoshdfõ ysud,h wjg fjfik

wdosjdis;hka ovhug .sh úg zz.sß wïudkaZZ fj; Ndrùfï pdß;%hla

mj;S' tfia zz.sß wïukaZZ fj; ndr jkafka jkfhaoS lsisfjl=f.ka wk;=rla

isÿ fkdù ;uka /lfokq msKsihs' .sß hk ixialD; mofhka zzlsßZZ hk 3

moh yefokakg we;ehs hk woyi oerE úoajf;ls' fykaß mdl¾ " øúv

niska z." wl=rZ iy zl" wl=rZ iudk neúka z.sß wïudkaZ hkafkka lsß

idrÓ 2016

-25-

wïud hkak yefokakg we;ehs mdl¾ úYajdi lrkakg we;' .sß wïuka

hkq md¾j;S ud;dj m¾j; jdiS fojÕk hk f;areu we;s fou< jpkhls' ysud,h

winv wdosjdiSka .sß wïuka hehs foaj;ajfhka mqokq ,enqfka md¾j;S nj fuhska

meyeos,s fjhs' tfy;a isxy, iy jeos ck;dj w;r lsß wïud hk kduh fmdÿfõ

fhÿfõ l÷ m¾j; iuÕ iïnkaOhla fkdue;s foaj;dúhlg nj mdl¾ olajd

we;'

ieneõkau lsß wïudjreka hkq ljqryqo@ Tjqka furfÜ iudc ixialD;sl miqìu

;=<skau Wmka msßilao@ lsß wïudjreka y;afokd m;a;sks foaúhkaf.a ksfhdacs;hka 4y;afofklah hk u;ho m%p,s; jQjls' lsß wïud hkq úfoaYfhka furgg f.dv

5ng fjku foújre y;a fofkl= njo we;eï lD;sj, i|yka fõ'

jeosck iudcfhka m%Njh ,o lsß wïudjre

flfia jqjo lsß wïud ms<sn| woyi jvd;a fyd|ska f;areï .; yelafla

jeos ck iudch ta ms<sn|j lrkq ,nk hd. l¾u yd ta wrnhd f.dvke.S we;s

úYajdi w;ßka nj lsj hq;=h' ;u mrmqf¾ ljrl= fyda ñh .sh jydu tu

;eke;a;d fyda ;eke;a;sh hfll= fyda hlskakshl ù Wm; ,nk njg úYajdihla

jeos ck;dj w;r we;' fufia urKska u;= hll= fyda hlskakshl njg m;ajk

d;shd fyj;a zkEhldZ ;uka foi ne¨ï fy,ñka ;u osúh iemj;a lsÍug Woõ

lr;shs jeos ck;dj úYajdi lr;s' hï fya;=jlska Tyq fyda weh ;uka iuÕ

wukdm jqjfyd;a ;uyg úK lr;shs hk úYajdih o ta iuÕu mj;sk ksid ta

i|yd u> .sh tu zkEhldZ fjkqfjka mqo mQcd meje;aùu o isÿ lr;s'

lsß wïudjka f,i jeos ck;dj i,lkq ,nkafka ish orejka ì<s÷

úfhaoSu ñh .sh jeos ldka;djkah' jeos ck;dj w;r nqyquka ,nk lsß

wïudjreka w;r uQ,sl jQ l=l=<dfmd< lsß wïud hkq cSjy;a; iy osid,df.a uj 6jk l=fõKsh njg u;hla we;' fufia lsß wïud kñka ye|skafjk ñh .sh jeos

ldka;djka w;r óg fmr ñhf.dia hl=ka njg m;a jQ jeoaokaf.a Nd¾hdfjda o

isá;s' fldia.u lsß wïud kñka ye|skafjkafka fldia.u foúhka fyj;a 7fldia.u nKavdr foúhkaf.a ìß| nj ms<s.efka' b|sf.d,af,a lsß wïud hkq

8.f,a hldf.a ìß|hs'

idrÓ 2016

-26-

fuf,i jeoaoka iy Tjqka woyk hl=ka wdY%fhka lsß wïudjrekams<sn|

úYajdih m%Njh ,nkakg we;ehs hk woyi wmg ;j;a me;a;lska idlÉPd l<

yelsh' jeos ck;djf.a m%Njh n,k úg meyeos,s jk lreKla kï Tjqkaf.a

ixialD;sh bkaoshdfjka meñKs wd¾h ck;dj yd lsis f,ilska j;a noaO jQjla

fkdjk njhs' tfy;a jeos isß;a iy jeos NdId ú,difha;a øúv f.da;%sl øúv

f.da;%sl ,laIK we;' wd¾h ixl%uKhg fmr ,xldjg jßka jr ksoe,af,a

ixl%uKh jQ øúv f.da;%sl ckhd o ,xldfõ jeoaokag ñY% ùu thg fya;=jhs'

tfy;a wd¾h YsIagdpdrfha lsisu wx.hla jeoao fkd.ekSug ,dxlSh jeoafoda

mßiaiï iy.; jQy' jeoaoka isxy, l=, isß;a wkqlrKh fkdl< kuqÿ Tjqkaf.a

isß;a úß;a iy weoySï rdYshla oekqj;aj fyda fkdoekqj;aj fyda isxy, ck;dj

w;rg meñK we;' lsß wïudjreka weoySu m%p,s;j mj;sk m%foaYj,ska tA nj

meyeos,s jk njg uydpd¾h fla'tka'´'O¾uodi fmkajd oS we;s woyi jeo.;ah'

jeos ck;djf.a wd.ñl woyia Tjqka fjfik m<d;aj, isxy, ckhd

w;r o ;rula ÿrg me;sr f.dia we;s njg W!j" ìka;ekak" kqjrl,dúh

;ukalvqj wdoS m%foaYj, l,l mej;s njg idOl we;s zlsß wïudZ kï foaj

msßila ms<sn| úYajdifhka fmfka' fï lsß wïud foújre jeos ckhd woyi ñh 9.sh d;s msßig wh;a fj;s' fuu m%ldYfhka meyeos,s jkafka isxy, ckhd w;r

mj;sk lsß wïudjreka weoySu jeos ckhd w;ßka isxy, ckhd w;rg meñKs ck

weoys,a,la njhs' j¾;udkfha jqj o fuu weoySu olakg ,efnkafka jeos .ïudk

wdY%s;j yd w;S;fha jeos ck;dj cSj;a jQjdhehs ie,flk m%foaYj,gh' ksoiqkla

f,i nÿ,a, osia;%slalfha miair m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdYh fuu weoySu

j¾;udkfha jqjo oelsh yels m%isoaO foaj weoys,a,ls' fuu m%foaYfha

zzóßhneoafoa lsß wïudZZ iy zzm<df.d,af,a lsß wïudZZ fjkqfjka iaÒr foajd,

folla ;sfnk w;r" tys ffokslj mQcd mj;ajkq ,nhs' miair m%foaYfha welsßfh 10kï jQ .ïudkfha jeos ckhd úiQ nj i|yka fõ'

zzbydfõ lsß wïudZZ kñka y÷kajkq ,nk lsß wïud flfkl= ms<sn|j

i|yka jk w;r" bydj hkq fudKrd., osia;%slalfha uvq,a, m%dfoaYSh f,alï

fldÜGdYfha .%dufiajd jiuls' fuu .ïudkfha zzlmqre jeoaodZZ úiQ lmqre.,

msysgd ;sfnk nj;a" tys blmqre jeoaod iy Tyqf.a ìß|f.a rEmh fldgd we;s

idrÓ 2016

-27-

11 nj;a i|yka fõ' fuu m%foaYj, j¾;udkfha wdoSjdiSka jdih fkdl<o isxy,

ck;dj w;rg fuu weoySu jHdma;j we;s nj fmfka' fuu ish¨ lreKq

wkqj jeos ck;djf.a weoySula jQ lsß wïudjre weoySu isxy, ck;dj w;rg

jHdma; jQ whqre meyeos,s fõ' ixl,amh muKla fkdj mQcd úê rgd jqjo fufia

jHdma; úh' tmuKla fkdj lsß wïudjreka ms<sn|j úúO ckY%e;sldx. o isxy,

ck;dj ;=<ska ìysúh'

lsß wïudjrekaf.a ixLHdj 07la" 21la f,i ckm%jdofha i|yka ù we;'

tfy;a tu ixLHdj ms<sn|j ksYaÑ; woyila bosßm;a l< fkdyelsh' jeos

ck;djf.a weoySï w;r lsß wïudjreka y;a fofkl= i|yka jk nj fykaß

mdl¾ uy;d i|yka lrhs' tu lsß wïudjreka i;afokd my; oelafõ'

1. óßhneoafoa lsß wïud

2. mqIamrd. lsß wïud

3. Wkdmdk lsß wïud

4. fldia.u lsß wïud

5. fndaj,f.or lsß wïud

6. nd,.sß lsß wïud12

7. .sksc,a foaj;d lsß wïud

jeos ck;dj úiska woykq ,nk lsß wïudjreka w;r zzl=l=<dfmd< lsß

wïudZZ g iy zzb|sf.d,af,a lsß wïudZZ g jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ fõ' tfy;a mdl¾

tu lsß wïudjre fofokd fuys olajd fkdue;'

fykaß mdl¾ uy;d isxy,hska w;r mj;sk lsß wïudjre i;afokd

y÷kajd we;af;a fufiah' tkï"

1. fmdf<dfõ uyS ldka;dj

2. uqyqfoa uyS ldka;dj

3. Wuhx.kdj

4. iriaj;S

5. iS;d mrfïYajr

6. j,a,s wïud

7. m;a;sks wïud hkqfjks'

idrÓ 2016

-28-

,xldfõ .eñ ck;dj w;r o jeoaoka w;r m%p,s; lsß wïudjrekag 13iudk lsß wïudjre msßila woykq ,nk nj is'o' tia' l=,;s,l uy;d olajhs'

tfia olajd we;af;a fudKrd., m%foaYfha zzlsßuvq hd.hgZZ we;=<;a jQ lsß

wïudjreka 13 fofkls' tkï"

bkje,af,a w¨;a lsß wïud

oU.,af,a w¨;a lsß wïud

fodU.yfj, w¨;a lsß wïud

f.dak;,dfõ lsß wïud

b|.ia we,a, lsß wïud

bydfõ lsß wïud

fmd,a.y.u lsß wïud

lmqhdfha w¨;a lsß wïud

;,af;dg w¨;a lsß wïud

ueo.xf.dv w¨;a lsß wïud

l=l=<dfmd< lsß wïud

ì,s÷ lsß wïud

fldf<dkaúkafka lsß wïud hkqfjks'

úúO uQ,dY%j,ska fidhd.;a lsß wïudjreka msßilf.a kï zzisxy, foaj

mqrdKfhaZZ fufia i|yka fõ'

1' b|sf.d,af,a lsß wïud 13' b|s.iafj, lsß wïud

2' l=l=<dfmd< lsß wïud 14' fmd,a.y.u lsß wïud

3' Wkdmdk lsß wïud 15' fldf<dkaúkafka lsß wïud

4' fj,a,iafia lsß wïud 16' fkdak;,dfõ lsß wïud

5' fldia.u lsß wïud 17' byfò lsß wïud

6' ì,s÷ lsß wïud 18' bkdje,af,a lsß wïud

7' fldhgjej lsß wïud 19' fodU.yfj, lsß wïud

8' uy lsß wïud 20' lmqhdfha lsß wïud

9' ñßhneoafoa lsß wïud 21' ueo.xf.dv lsß wïud

10' mqIamrd. lsß wïud 22' .;,af;dg lsß wïud

11' fndaj,f.or lsß wïud 23' oU.,af,a lsß wïud14

12' nd,.sß lsß wïud 24' y÷ka l=udß lsß wïud

idrÓ 2016

-29-

W!j" ìka;ekak" kqjr l,dúh" ;ukalvqj wdoS m%foaYj, fuu lsß wïudjreka

weoySug ,lajk nj tu .%ka:fha ;jÿrg;a i|yka fõ' fuu lsß wïudjreka

ish¨ fokdu W!fõ weoySug ,la jQ lsß wïudjreka njg f;dr;=re yuq fõ'

óg wu;rj W!j jxY l:dfõ zzjkaksfhanKavdr lsß wïudZZ" zzWkdmdfka

lsß wïudZZ" zzl=l=<dfmd< lsß wïudZZ" zzfod<y nKavdr lsß wïudZZ wdoS lsß

wïudjreka W!fõ ck;djf.a weoys,s iy úYajdi w;r olakg ,efnk nj

i|yka fõ' ßoSud,shoafoa à'tï'.=Kr;ak uy;d tu m<df;a zzflfi,afmd; lsß

wïudZZ" zzl=l=<dfmd< lsß wïudZZ" zzf,am;a lsß wïudZZ" zzkdiaf.daur lsß wïudZZ 15wdoS lsß wïudjre woyk nj m%ldY lr we;' miair m%dfoaYSh f,alï

fldÜGdifha óßhneoao .%dufiajd jifï msysá óßhneoao foajd,fha lka,úfõoS

zzóßhneoafoa lsß wïudZZ" zzwUrdfmd;s lsß wïudZZ" zzuiamkafka lsß wïudZZ"

zz.egjr lsß wïudZZ" zzfldgfndfjda lsß wïudZZ wdoS jYfhka lsß wïudjre 07

fofkl= ms<sn|j i|yka fõ' miair m,df.d,af,a lsß wïud foajd,fha jd¾Islj

mj;ajkq ,nk zzu,a t<shZZ Ydka;s l¾ufha oS .dhkd lrkq ,nk zzfj,a,iafia lsß

wïudZZ" zzwUfrdfmd;s lsß wïudZZ" zzm,df.d,af,a lsß wïudZZ" zzmqIamrd. lsß

wïudZZ" zzi÷ka lsß wïudZZ" zzy,v l=udß lsß wïudZZ" zzWkdmdfka lsß wïudZZ"

zzl=l=<dfmd< lsß wïudZZ wdoS lsß wïudjre ms<sn|j i|yka fõ'

j¾;udkfha oS uyTh fmd,af,a neoao" oUdk" jgjk" lkafo.ïfj, wdoS

.ïj, jeos ck;dj b|sf.d,af,a lsß wïud" lkafo lsß wïud" Wkdmdfka lsß

wïud" osjeia lsß wïud" l=l=<dfmd< lsß wïud" fj,a,iafia lsß wïud" ì,s÷ lsß

wïud" uy lsß wïud wdoS wïudjre woykq ,nk nj B'tï'r;akmd, uy;d 16m%ldY lrhs' fuf,i lsß wïudjreka rdYshla ms<sn| úúO uQ,dY%j, i|yka

fjhs' ckm%jdofha lsß wïudjreka 07la" 21la wdoS jYfhka i|yka jqj o by; oela

jQ lsß wïudjreka ms<sn| f;dr;=re i<ld ne,SfïoS ksYaÑ; ixLHdjla i|yka

fkdl< yels nj fmfka' tfy;a lsß wïudjreka 07 fofkla ms<sn| ixl,amh

iudcfha uq,a nei.;a ixl,amhla f,i oelaúh yelsh'

bkaoshdkq wd.ukh ;=<ska y÷kd.;a lsß wïudjre

lsß wïudjreka ms<sn|j mj;sk fuu jeos ck;dj iïnkaO u;hg

idrÓ 2016

-30-

wu;rj mj;sk ;j;a woyila jkafka ,laosjg meñKs foaj;ajhg m;a jQ msßila

hk woyihs' fuu u;fhka lshfjkafka lsß wïudjreka hkq idos hl=ka

fyj;a Wv hl=ka kï whf.a ìßkaoEjreka njhs' fï idos hl=ka f,i y÷kajd

we;af;a fofjd,a foú y;a lÜgqjhs' fudjqyqo miqj ,laosj meñK foaj;ajhg

m;ajQy'

orejka ke;s fidúka fm¿Kq fudjqyQ oSmxlr nqÿkag i¿jla úhd mQcd

lsÍfï wruqKska ,laosjg meñfK;s' TjqyQ ;uka jdih l< ú,af,daâ foaYfha isg

.,akeõ i;la idojdf.k meñK isxy, oaùmhg f.dvngy' fï ish,a,

iïmdokh fldg fok ,oafoa Tjqkaf.a iajdñjreka jQ idoshl=ka úisks' zzìfidajre

m<uqj f;dms hõ' wms miqj tkafkuqZhs lshd wNsfhda.hla o iuÕZ keõ osh;a

fldg yeßh úg ìfidajreka meñK f.dvneiafia j<fõ .xfudahgh' tu .Õ

winv ire fmdf<dj oel lmq isgqjd bka M, ,ndf.k fkdhs÷,a i¿jla úhd

oSmxlr nqÿkag mQcd lrk ,os' thska ,nd.;a;d jQ hym;a m%;sM,j,ska i;=gg m;a

fuu ìfidajreka i;afokd j<fõ .Õ Tiafia rg wNHka;rhg f.dia rkauq;=

we,af,ys osh fl<skd w;r;=r oS iefvd,a l=,hg wh;a ;eke;af;l= ú;a tla

ìijl iam¾Y lsÍu ksid m;sNla;shg bka ydkshla ù hehs is;+ tu ìij we,af,ka

my<g mek osú f;dr lr .;a;dh' ta wkqj wfkla ih fokd o osú f;dr lr.;ay'

tysoS foaj;ajhg m;a Tjqka i;afokd m;sNla;sh fjkqfjka osú ms¥ fyhska m;a;sks

foaúh fj;ska jrï ,nd.;ay' tf;la m;a;sks foaúh fjkqfjka meje;ajqKq lsß

mQcdfjka mqo ,nd .ekSug o Tjqkag wjir ,eìKs' ta wkqj t;eka mgka m;a;sks

foaúh fjkqfjka meje;ajqKq lsß mQcdj" lsß odkh jYfhka lsß wïudjrekag o mqo

,ndfok Ydka;s l¾uhla njg m;aúh'

fï yd iudkj l;d mqj;la oelafjk Ydka;s l¾uhla jkqfha ßoaos

hd.hhs' tys ßoaos ìijqkaf.a Wm;a l;dfõ oelafjkafka o fuhg iudk l;d

mqj;ls' tkï" oSmxlr nqÿkag i¿jla úhdoS ;u j| nj ke;sfldg .ekSu i|yd

,xldjg meñKSu" Tjqkaf.a Wmka foaYh;a ú,af,daâ foaYhu ùu" jeks lreK

fuysoS iudk;ajhla orhs' tfy;a fuu l;d foflka" ßoaos ìijqkaf.a Wm;a

l;dfõ Tjqka oSmxlr nqÿka jykafiag i¿j úhdoS m%;sM, ,nd.ekSu;a iuÕ

wjika fõ' tfy;a lsß wïudjreka iïnkaO Wm;a l;dfõ Tjqka urKhg m;aùu

wdoS Bg miq isÿ jQ isÿùï o fndfydauhla wka;¾.; fõ' fï wkqj ßoaos ìijqka

idrÓ 2016

-31-

hkqfjka rghl=fï oS y÷kajkafka o lsß wïudjreka njg m;a jQ fofjd,a ìijqka

hehs hk u;h ms<sn| úuiSfï oS" ßoaos ìijqka jgd f.;S we;s ;j;a me;slvlska

hq;a l;djla o fõ' tfy;a by; l;djg jvd;a iïnkajOlï olajk wjia:d o

jßka jr u;= fõ' thg wkqj ßoaos ìijqka hkq uyd n%yauhdg odj uyd ßoaos

ìijqka jykafiaf.a l=iska ìys jQ oshKsjreka i;a fokdh' uyd ßoaos ìij hkq

fjiuqKqs kï hlaI mrmqrg wh;a jQfjls' Tjqkaf.a Wm; ms<sn| ;j;a u;hla

jkafka uydfïrej me,S we;s jQ .skaklska fudjqka i;a fokdf.a uj jQ ßoaos ìij;a 17rg hl=Kq;a Wm; ,o njhs' fuu rghl=fïoS mqo n,kqfha ldka;djka j| Ndjhg

m;alsÍug fõiuqKsf.ka jrï .;a rghl=kah' tfukau tu .skak rka.sß l+Gh

mqmqrd hEfuka we;s ù hehso ye|skafõ' fuu ßoaos ìfidajre uqÿkamd," O¾umd,"

.sßfïl," ´xldr" rklmd," fldkavud," t¾os kï fj;s' Tjqka Ndú; l< u,a

j¾. wkqj uÿu,a ìfida" kdu,a ìfida" imqu,a ìfida" lmqreu,a ìfida" msÉpu,a

ìfida" boaou,a ìfida" lel=¿u,a ìfida jYfhka o kï lr we;' lsß wïudjreka

fyj;a fofjd,a ìijqka i;alÜgqfõ tla tla ìijf.a kï i|yka ù ke;' tfy;a

idos hl=ka kñka n,hg m;a Wv hl=ka i;a fokdf.a kï br/ia idñ" i|/ia idñ"

f;o/iaidñ" nqÿ/ia idñ" .sks/ia idñ" uydidñ yd l=vdidñ bjYfhka oelafõ'

ßoaos ìijqka fukau fofjd,a ìijqka o isxy, oaùmhg meñfKkafka

orejka ,nd.ekSfï wruqKsks' lsßodkfhaoS Ndú; lrk lsß wïudjreka fjkqfjka

jk lkak,õfõ meyeos,sj fuu isÿùu olajd ;sfí' fld;auf,a m%foaYfha lsß

wïud odkfhaoS Ndú; lrkqfha fuu iïmQ¾K l;dj iys; lkak,újhs' tfy;a

fuys rghl=ka fyda rghl=kaf.a n, ì|Sug lrjk mQcd l¾uhla ms<sn| fyda

i|yka fkdfõ' rghl=fï olajk wdldrhg rghl=ka úiska fõiuqks rcqf.ka

,nd.;a n,h i¾jld,Sk ke;' wd;=rhd úiskau i¿jla úhd oSmxlr nqÿka

jykafiag mQcd l,úg tu n,h ì|S hhs' ßoaos ìijqka isxy, oaùmhg meñKsfha

tu n,h ì|Sug m%;sl¾u fiùfï mrud¾:fhks' fofjd,a ìijqka fuys meñKsfha

o oSmxlr nqÿka jykafiag i¿jla mQcd lsÍfï wruqK we;s úh' fuu fomsßiu

tlu msßila fõ kï fo wdldr mQcd l¾uhka follg Tjqka iyNd.S ùu o .eg¨

iy.;h' tkï" ßoaos hd.fha oS hl=ka m%Odk jk w;r lsß odkfhaoS jvd ixjr

f,daflda;a;r ;;a;ajhg nr jQ msßila njg fuu i;afokd m;afj;s' we;eï úg

rghl=kaf.ka ysßyerhg m;a ;j;a lKavdhula ßoaos ìijqka meñKs wdldrhg

idrÓ 2016

-32-

ú;a lsß wïudjreka jQjd úh yels w;r ke;fyd;a fofjd,a ìijqka meñKs

wdldrhgu ßoaos ìijqka o meñKshd úh yelsh' Tjqka meñKs ud¾. i,l=Kq tlu

jqjo ßoos ìijqka hkq ;ud meñKs ldrKdj iïmQ¾K fldg.;a msßils' tfy;a lsß

wïudjreka hkq ;u wruqKq iïmQ¾K fldg .;a;o m;soï fjkqfjka cSú;h msoSu

jeks fÄohlg uqyqK ÿka msßils' Tjqkaf.a iajdñjreka fyj;a fofjd,a i;alÜgqj

meñfKk úg Tjqka osú ydksfldgf.k wjikah' tfy;a ßoaos ìijqkaf.a

iajdñjreka ms<sn|" wruqK bgqlr .ekSfuka miq Tjqkag isÿ jQ fohla ms<sn|

i|ykla ckjyf¾ fyda i|ykaj ;sfnkq olakg ke;' fï wkqj orejka

,nd.ekSfï Wmdhka fidhd jßkajr fuu ud¾.h Tiafia úúO msßia fuys

meñKshd o úh yelsh' fuu ßoaos ìijqka iïnkajO l;d mqj; iy by;oS

idlÉPd jQ lsß wïudjre iïnkaO l:d mqj; f.k n,k úg fuu ixl,am fol

;=< lsishï iïñY%Khla isÿ ù we;s nj úoHdudk fjhs' ta wkqj ú,af,daâ foaYfha

rka.sß l+Gfha bmoS keõ ke.ú;a ,xldfõ Whkaf.däka fyj;a j,fõ .xf;ßka

f.dvniakd ,o ßoaos ìijqka yd lsß wïud hkq tlu msßila nj fmfka' fï

ms<sn|j woyia olajk chfiak fldaÜgf.dv uy;d lsß wïudjreka iy ßoÉos

ìijqka hkq tlu msßila jk nj fy<s lrhs' Tyq tu ks.ukhg msúfikafka my; 18wdldrhg fï fomsßi ixikaokh lsÍfuka wk;=rejh'

01'lsß wïudjre i;afofkls

02'lsß wïudjre ßoaos ìfida hk

kñka o ye|skafjhs' ^lsß wïudg

Roaê jrï ,eîfuka miq ßoaos hk

ku tla jQ nj lshfõ&

03'lsß wïud Wmkafka o ú,af,daâ

foaYfha rejka.sß m¾j;fhah'

^rejka.sß ,¾j;h hkq rka.sß

l+ghhs'

04' lsß wïudjre orejka

,nd fo;s' /l fo;s'

05' lsß wiaid Wm;g o Wv hlal=

iïnkaO ù we;'

01' ßoaos ìiõ i;afofkls

02'ßoaos hd.hg iïnkaO

kjudf,a lúj,ska lshfjkafka

lsß wiaidjreka .ekh'

03'ßoaos ìfidajre Wmkafka

ú,af,daâ foaYfha rka.sß

l+gfhah'

04' ßoaos ìij oreM, ,nd fo;s'

bore.en wdrlaId lr;s'

05' ore.en msysàu j<lajkakd jQ

l¿l=udr W;am;a;shg Wv hl=ka

iïnkaOh'

idrÓ 2016

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idrÓ 2016

06' jeos weoySula f,i .efkk

ì,s÷ hld l=l=<dfmd< lsß wïud

fyj;a l=fõKshf.a mq;%hdh'

^l¿oElv l=ure fyj;a b,xodß

hld nhkq fudyqh'&

07' lsß wïudjre ìfidajreka f,i

iajdñ jr ,en keõ ke.S ú;a

isxy, oaùmhg f.dv nisk ,oy'

08' lsß wïudjre f.dv nisk ,oafoa o

j<fõ .x f;rgh'

09' lsß wïudjre rkauq;= we,af,a

iakdkh lrk ,oy' ^rkauq;=

we,a,gu m¾hdh kduhls

wdNrK we,a,&'

10' frdäfhl= w;ska we,a,Su fya;=fjka

lsß wïudjreka we,af,ka mksk

,o neõ lsß wïud Wmf;ka lshfõ'

11' lsß wïud woykq ,nkafkao oreM,

yd ì,s÷ka /l .ekSfï

wfmalaIdfjks'

12' lsß wïudjre orejkag wd,fhka

ñh f.dia N+; wd;auhlg m;aj we;'

06' ì,s÷ka kikakd jQ;a" .eí msysàu

j<lajkakd jQ;a" l¿l=ure uy

l¿ lsß wïudf.a mq;%hdhs' ^uyd

l¿ lsß wïud hkq l=fõKshhs&

07' ßoaos ìfidajre i;auqyqoska tf;r

isá keõ ke.ú;a ,xldjg f.dv

nisk ,oy'

08' ßoaos ìfidajre f.dv niska ,oafoa

Whkaf.dvgh' Whkaf.dv ,sysáfha

j<fõ .x f;rg wdikakfha h'&

09' ßoaos ìfidajre wdNrK we,af,a

iakdkh lrk ,oy' ^wdNrK we,a,

j<fõ .Õ w;= .x.djl msysgd we;&'

10' ßoaos hd.fha tk frdã msfoaksh

fyj;a l=,af, msfoaksh iïnkaO

lúj,ska ìijla we,af,ka mekak

nj lshfõ'

11' ßoaos ìijqkag mqo fokq ,nkafkao

oreM, wfmalaIdfjka yd ì,s÷ka

/l .ekSfï n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjks'

12' ßoaos ìij orejkag wdorfhka ñh

f.dia ßoaos hlaIKSka njg m;a jQy'

hf:dala; ixikaokh wkqj fuu ixl,am foflu iudk;ajhla fy<s fõ¡ tlu

ckY%e;sh mdol lrf.k fuu wNspdr úê folu f.dv ke.sh we;s nj ta wkqj

wmg meyeos< fõ¡ ßoaos hd.fha wka;¾.; fm<md,s rgdjkaf.ka fy<s jkafka o

hg ú.%y lrk ,o Wm;a l:d mqrdjD;a;sh iïnkaO f;dr;=re neúka ta ;=<ska o

iudk;djla úoHdudk fjhs'

ßoaos hd.fha oS .eí kjhlska hq;a u,a n,sh lsß wïudjreka fjkqfjka

-34-

fjka jqjls¡ lsß wïud jäk l,ays u,a jreid jysk nj;a tu u,a wuqKd ud,

f.d;d m<osk nj;a jHjydrfha mj;s¡ ud;r m%foaYfha m%p,s; ßoaos hd.fhaos

kjudf,a n,sh mqo fokq ,nkafka lsß wïudjreka Wfoid nj chfiak

fldÜgf.dv uy;d mjihs¡ tlS lú w;r ßoaos hk kduh lsß wïudjreka Wfoid

Ndú;d lrk nj;a Tyq mjihs¡ fï ms<sn`o .eUqßka wOHkh lr Tyq wjkidkfha 19 fufia mjihs¡

zz isxy, hd.hla f,i ßoaos hd.h reyqfKaos ieliS we;s nj;a Bg miqìï

ú we;af;a wdoSld,Sk weoySula jq lsß wïudjre ms<sn`o ixl,amhla nj;a 20

ms<s.ekSug isÿ fõ¡ZZ

fï m%ldYh wkqj wmg meyeos<s jkafka jeos ck weoySula jq lsß wïud

ixlm,amh ;=<g úúO ckY%e;s tla ù fuu weoySï fjkia uqyqKqjrlska tu

m%foaYj, olakg ,efnk njhs¡ tfi m%ldY l, yels idOl lsysmhla fuu

weoySï fol ;=<ska úoHdudk fjhs¡ jeos ck weoySula jq zzuyl¿ lssß wïudf.aZZ

pß;h kdhl ìiõ f,i ßoaos hd.hg iïnkaO ù we;' lmq leàu ixfla;j;a

lrñka lmq hlaldßh ;=<ska bosßm;a jkafka l=fõKshf.a pß;hhs' wdosjdiSyq

l=fõKsh zzl=l=<dfmd< lsß wïudZZ f,i y÷kaj;s' l=l=<dfmd< lsß wïud" uyl¿ 21

lsß wïud f,i o y÷kajkq ,nk nj l=,;s,l uy;d m%ldY lrhs' ol=Kq m<df;a

m%p,s; Ydka;sl¾uhla jk rg hl=u fyj;a ßoaos hd.fha oS i|yka jk ßoaos

ìijqka i;afokd ms<sn|j ixl,amh o mqrdK jeos ck úYajdifha mej;s lsß

wïudjreka ms<sn| jQ úYajdih yd uqiqj we;ehs Tyq m%ldY lrhs'

Wla; lreKq úuid ne,SfïoS wmg meyeos,s jkafka ßoaos ìij iy lsß

wïudjre w;ßka ßoaos ìiõ iy jeos ck;djf.a lsß wïudjreka weoySu w;r;a

lsishï iïnkaO;djla mj;sk njhs'

m;a;sks foaúh

m;a;sks foaúh Wmka jdr wkqj weh i;a m;a;sks foaúh f,i y÷kajk

wdldrhg lsß wïudjreka y;a fokdo m;a;sks foaúhf.a uQ¾;shla f,i ie,lsh 22

yels nj uydpd¾h tosßùr irÉpkaø m%ldY lrhs' fykaß mdl¾ uy;d isxy,

idrÓ 2016

-35-

23iudcfha olakg ,efnk lsß wïudjre wg fofkl= y÷kajd fohs' tkï iriaj;S

foaúh" m;a;sks foaúh" fmdf<da uyS ldka;dj" uQfoa uyS ldka;dj" YS;d mrfïYajÍ"

uyS wx.kdj fyj;a wïud foaú" j,a,s wïud wdoS jYfhks' fuu foaj;dúhka

j¾;udkfhys jqj o .renqyquka ,nk kuq;a lsß wïudjreka f,i i,lkafka

ke;' fuu foaj;dúhka w;r m;a;sks foaúh o isáhs' mdl¾ uy;d olajk fuu

foaj;dúhka i;afokd i;a m;a;sks weoySulg fm/<S we;s nj l=,;s,l uy;d 24olajhs' wm l< wOHhkfhka meyeos,s jQfha;a j¾;udkfha fndfyda

fofkla m;a;sks foaúh lsß wïud f,i i,lk njhs' tfy;a meyeos,s f,iu lsß

wïud iy m;a;sks foaúh hkq foaj;dúhka fofofkl= njg f;dr;=re yuqfõ'

lsisu fya;=jla ksid lsß wïud" m;a;sks foaúhg iudk l< fkdyelsh'

iudcfha isÿjQ fkdfhla n,mEï iy wdl%uK ksid fuu ixl,am fol

ixl,kh ù we;s nj fmfka' zzm;a;sksZZ hkafkys w¾:h zziajdñ Nla;sh we;s

ìß|ZZ hkakhs' zzm;s ¬ j¾;ZZ ia;%sh hk woyi o m;sks hkafkys .eí ù we;' weh

wdorh" bjiSu" laIudj wdoS m;sks .=K oyñka fyì Nd¾hdjl f,i i,lkq

,efí' isxy, fn!oaOhka mqomQcd mj;ajk Ndr;Sh m%Njhla we;s foújreka w;r

m%Odk ;ekla m;a;sks foaúhg ysñfõ' m;a;sks ixl,amh furg wdrïN jQfha l=uk

wjêhl o hkak ksYaÑ;j lsj fkdyelsh' th .cnd rcq oji ol=Kq bkaoshdfõ 25

isg furgg f.fkk ,oaola nj ft;sydisl .%ka:j, i|yka fõ' fid<S foaYhg

f.dia fid<Ska mrojd ch.;a .cnd rcq m;a;sks foaúhf.a md i,U;a Ysj

foajd,j, foúhkaf.a wdhqO;a j<.ïnd rcq oji f.k hk ,o md;%d Od;=j;a

,laosjg /f.k wd nj tu .%ka:j, ;jÿrg;a i|yka fõ' t;eka mgka m;a;sks

weoySu ,laosj ckhd w;r m%p,s; jkakg we;ehs úYajdi flf¾'

;j;a u;hla jkafka lsß wïud ixl,amh bkaoshdfõ wdrïN jQ njhs'

bkaoshdfõ ysud,h m%foaYfha jdih lrk jeoafoda ovhug hkúg zz.sß wïukaZZ

fj; ndr fj;s' th ,dxflah iudcfha zzwhshkdhlZZ jeks foújreka Wfoid lrk

ndrùula yd iudkh' tkï ovhfï hkúg uy jkfha oS lsisÿ wk;=rla fkdù

;uka /l fok f,i b,a,kq msKsih' .sß wïuka hkq m¾j;jdiS ud;j" m¾j;

jdiS fojÕk hk w¾: we;s fou< jpkhlska ksmka w¾:hls' ysud,h iómfhys

fjfik fudjqka .sß wïudka hehs foaj;ajfhka i,lk ,oafoa md¾j;S nj fï wkqj

is;sh yelsh' md¾j;sh hkq yskaÿ wd.ñlhka úiska woykq ,nk Ysj foúhkaf.a

idrÓ 2016

-36-

ìß| jk w;r" ialkaO yd .fKaI foúhkaf.a uEKshkah' Wm;a l;dj,g wkqj

Wud" f.!ß" i;s" md¾j;S" ffyu;S" c.;a ud;d" NjdkS" foaaú" uyd foaù hkdoS

kïj,ska y÷kajkq ,nk weh o ;u iajdñhd fjkqfjka osúÿka ;eke;a;shls'

m%cdm;Sf.a oshKsh jQ Wud" ;u mshd úiska ;u iajdñhd jk Ysjg l< wmydi

bjid.; fkdyelsj hd.h i|yd jk .sks ue<hg mek osú f;dr lr.;a;dh'

tysoAS wehf.a oeù .sh isrer wi< isg Ysj ú,dm k.k úg zzmd¾j;SZZ kñka kej;

Wm; ,enqjdh' Wud i;s kñka m%lgj bkaoshdfõ wo olajd mej; tk i;s mQcdjg

cSjh ÿkakdh' iajdñhd u< miq tu Ñ;lhg mek Nd¾hdj o osú f;dr lr.kafka 26Tyq wkqj hñka foaj wd;auh ,eîu msKsih' m;a;sksh" lsrs wïudjreka fukau

weh o m;s Nla;sfhka hq;= ldka;djls' fï wkqj tl yd iudk fuu ish¨ prs;

fuys oS tlu pß;hlg wdfrdamKh lsÍug miqld,Skj fm<fUkakg we;'

uyje,s Õx bjqr o fjfik jeos ckhd o zz.srs wïukaZZ mqo;s' Tjqka

ovhug f.dia meñKs úg ishU,d .ila hg ueiaila ;kd r;au,a" nq,;a" uia

wdosfhka .srs wïuka mqod Tjqka o ld î kgd úisr hdu isrs;h' bkaoshdfõ

ysud,hno fjfik jeoaokaf.a;a .srs wïuka msoSu" .srs wïuka Wfoid odkh oSu

fuu ,dxflah jeos ckhd wkq.ukh lrk isrs;aj,g iudkh' fuys olakg

,efnk úfYaI lreK jkqfha Tjqka mj;akd iudcfha lghq;=j,g wkqj yd

;;a;ajhg wkqj Wiia yd hym;a fukau wdydr mdkj,ska wvqjla ke;s myiq osú

fmj;la m%d¾:kd lsÍu fuys wruqK ùuh' ta i|yd Tjqka Ndú;d lrkqfha ;ud

Ndú;hg .kakd tosfkod meje;aug wjYH ovuia" nq,;a wdoS øjHhka iudch yd

ixialD;Ska wkqj fjkia ùu fmdÿ ckhd w;rg fuu mQcd l%uh ixl%uKh ùfuka

fyda fuu mQcd l¾uh fmr mej;s iudch oshqKq ùfuka miq" ta iudcfha tosfkod

meje;aug wjYH øjH fuu odkh Wfoid fhdod.;a;d úh yelsh' ta wkqj isxy,

fn!oaO iudchla yd ixialD;shla we;s ùu;a iuÕ tys oelafjk wúysxidjdoS nj

ksid ovuia wdosh bj;a ù tjka oeyeñ iudchlg wh;a øjHo fuu odkhg

tlajQjd úh yel'

fofjd,a ;=< mqo ,nk lsß wïudjre

óßh neoafoa lsßwïud

fykaß mdl¾ jeos ckhd w;r olakg ,efnk lsß wïudjreka y;a fokd w;r

idrÓ 2016

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idrÓ 2016

m%Odk;ajh oS we;af;a óßhneoafoa lsß wïudghs¡ nÿ,a," fudkrd., ud¾.fha

miair k.rdY%s;j óßhneoao kï .ïudkfha óßhneoao lsß wïud fjkqfjka mqo

mQcd mj;ajd foajd,h msysgd we;¡ óßhneoao lsß wïud óßh weg weysoSug f.dia

jeiaig f;ó ñh .sh nj;a¡ wehf.a urKh .ïjdiSkaf.a lïmdjg fya;= jQ nj;a

i`oykah¡ .ïjdiSkaf.a wfodakdj weiQ foaj uEKsfhda óßh W,am; wi, l`ÿ

.eghlg mdù ol=Kq ú¨ôka weK úYd, .,a lene,a,la jeg Wäka fmr,d

;ekakg md;a lrk ,os¡ tu ., fmr,S weú;a kej;=Kq ia:dkfha foajd,h ;kd

we;s nj .eñfhda mji;s¡

óßhneoao lsß wïud foajd,h lkak,õfõ i`oyka jk wdldrhg

óßhneoao lsß wïud l;r.u foúhkaf.a iy j,a,s wïudf.a wf;a óhla

nkaojkakg iu;a ù we;¡ l;r.u foúhka fuu l%shdj lf<a ljqrekaoehs osjeiska

n,k úg óßhneoafoa lsß wïud tu l%shdj l< nj oel we;¡ bkamiq l;r.u

foú`ÿ óßh lef,a winv óßhneoao wi, uy —fudKreka .,˜ kue;s úYd, .,a

m¾j;hla ujd tu ia:dkhg meñK óßhneoao lsß wïud wu;d fufia mejiSh¡

—tïnd ke.Ksh" f;dm T;rï ydialï mdhs kï i;ahijdoS kï fï uy

fudKreka lshk ., u; isg ud yg odkhla ms<sfh, lr osh yelso˜ hs wid we;¡

fuh weiQ lsß wïud iskd iS —´l;a ug wmQrejlao˜hs wid ol=Kq ú¿fUka weK osh

j<la ujd,d ta fudfydf;au mek ke.=Kq iqúi,a m`ÿre mSos" meiS" iy,ska nrj

miqj uqÜáhlg jeà" r;a ù W;=rd ta fudfydf;au odkhla ms<sfh< lr ila

foú`ÿkag;a" l;r.u foúhkag;a ms<s.kajd we;¡ fï mqj; lkak,õfõ i`oyka

jkafka fufiah¡

—¡¡¡¡¡ W;=ï jQ óßhneoafoa lsß wïud yduqÿrefjda ;uka jykafia l;r.u

lkafodia yduqÿrejka jykafiaf.a j,a,s wïud foaùka jykafiaf.a wf;a óhd

nkaoj,d l;r.u lkafodia yduqÿrejka jykafiag;a n,mdmq f;o mdmq W;=ï jQ

óßhneoafoa lsß wïud yduqÿrejka jykafia ;uka jykafia fï wdldrfhka

ydialï mdkjd ÿgqjdu l;r.u lkafodia yduqÿrejka jykafia ;uqka jykafiaf.a

kscìu jQ óßhle,h winv óßhneoao wi,u uy fudKreka lshk ., kue;s

m¾j;h ujd,d ., u;g mek ke.=k l;r.u yduqÿrejka jykafia ;uka

-38-

jykafia wu;d —tïnd ke.Kshks" f;dm T;rï ydialï mdkjd ienE kï"

i;Hjdos kï fï uyd fudKreka lshk ., u; isgu ud yg odkhla ms<sfh, lr

osh yelso˜ hs weiQ l,ays ;uka jykafia uyfudKreka lshk ., u;g mek ke.S

fmros.g md ;nd l;r.u foú`ÿka wu;d —tïnd foúr`ÿks" l;a wmQrejlao @

lshd ol=Kq ú¨ôka weK osh j<la ujd,d ta fudfydf;au u;= jQjd jQ iqj`oe,a m`ÿr

mSoS meiS iy,ska nr ù uqÜáhg jeá r;a ù fmK oud tla fudfyd;lska odkh ila

foú`ÿkag;a l;r.u lkafodia yduqÿrejkag;a ms<s.eka jQ W;=ï jQ óßhneoafoa lsß

wïud ;uka¡¡¡¡¡˜

fuf,i óßhneoafoa lsß wïud ;udf.a f;acdkqNdjh úoyd oelajQ whqre

ms<sn`o ckm%jdo we;¡ tod isg fï olajdu fuu fudKreka., u; iE¥ osh jf<ys

c,h ;sfnk nj ck;dj w;r úYajdihla mj;S¡ c,h muKla fkdj tu

ùm`ÿr o mj;sk nj ck;dj úYajdi lrhs¡ l=uk wdldrfha bfvdarhla mej;sh;a

fuys c,h fkdisf`ok nj;a" ù m`ÿr úkdY fkdjk nj;a Tjqyq mji;s¡

—isxy, foaj mqrdKfha˜ óßhneoafoa lsß wïud miair msysá —f.dak.,˜

kï .fï .,af,kl úiQ nj i`oyka lr we;¡ —f.dak.,˜ óßhneoa wjg msysgd

we;s .ïudkhls¡ ta wkqj óßhneoafoa lsß wïud fuu m%foaYfha jdih lr we;s nj

hf:dala; f;dr;=rej,ska meyeos,s fjhs¡ óßhneoafoa lsß wïud foajd,fha iEu

nodod iy fikiqrdod osklu mqo mQcd mj;ajkq ,nhs¡ jd¾Islj hlaldßh

meje;afõ¡ óßhneoafoa lsß wïud m,df.d,af,a foúhka iu. újdy ù isá nj;a"

tneúka m,df.d,af,a jeishka fuu lsß wïud —m,df.d,af,a lsß wïud˜ hkqfjka

ye`oskajQ nj .eñfhda m%ldY lr;s¡

m,df.d,af,a lsß wïud

miair k.rfha isg ie;mqï folla muKla wE;ska m,df.d,a, .ïudkh

msysgd we;¡ fuu .ïudkfha m,df.d,af,a lsß wïud fjkqfjka bos jQ iaÒr

foajd,hla olakg ,efí¡ fuu foajd,fha iEu i;shlu nodod iy fikiqrdod

mqomQcd mj;ajkq ,efí¡ j¾Ihla mdid —u,a t<sh˜ Ydka;s l¾uh isÿ lrkq ,nhs¡

my; oelafjkafka —u,a t<sh˜ Ydka;s l¾ufhaoS m,df.d,af,a lsß wïud fjkqfjka

.dhkd lrk ,o lú lsysmhls¡

idrÓ 2016

-39-

iïud uqks.=Kuhs mj;ska fka

oeïud u,aou lf¾ jefgka fka

ksïudjla ke;s frda. uqoka fka

m,df.d,af,a lsß wïud jäka fka

m,df.d,af,a kqu lsß wï ud

y,v l=udß u;= nqÿ fjï ud

fj,a,iafika oe¨uqr f.k kï ud

m,df.d,af,ka jevmka wï ud

l=l=<dfmd< lsß wïud f,i jeos ckhd foaj;ajhg kxjd we;af;a ish

mrmqf¾ wdos;ñhl jQ l=fõKshhehs u;hla ;sfí¡ jeos ck;djf.a lsß wïudjreka

w;ßka ;u orejka l=vd l, fÄockl f,i urKhg m;a l=fõKshg w;ajkafka

woaú;Sh ia:dkhls¡ —l=l=<dfmd< lsß wïñ,e;af;da˜ kñka woykq ,nk

l=fõKsh jeoaokaf.a jre. uQ,hlg o ^nKavdr fyj;a rE.ï jre.h& ysñlï

lshhs¡

Ôjy;a:f.a iy osid,df.a uj jQ l=fõKsh wjdikdjka; f,i urKhg

m;a j fufia lsß wïud flfkl=ka f,i mqk¾Njh ,o nj úYajdi lrkq ,efí¡

úch l=ure úiska fkrmd yßk ,o l=fõKsh ish d;Ska lrd meñK blaì;s tla

kE hfll=f.a oreK m%ydrhla ,en ueÍ jegqKdh¡ bka wk;=rej ´ —l=fõKs lsß

wïñ,e;af;da˜ kñka jeos ckhdf.a f.!rjdorhg md;% jQjdh¡ l=fõKsh ms<sn`oj

mj;akd Nla;sh iuia; ìka;ekak mqrdu m%p,s;j mj;S¡ weh —l=l=<dfmd< lsß

wïud˜ kñka Wm; ,oafoah hk u;h flfia iïNjh ,enqfõ oehs wmeye¢<sh¡

l=l=<dfmd< lsß wïud ms<sn`oj f.;=Kq cklú iuQyhla mj;S¡

l=l=<dfmd<g ;,u, msmqKd jd f.a

ìka;ekakg rclu .;a;d jd f.a

urdk hkakg wd urejl= jd f.a27 l=l=<dfmd< lsß wïu;a ta jd f.a

idrÓ 2016

-40-

l=l=<dfmd, lsß wïudf.a f;aci;a" wKil;a .ek fï lúfhka lshfjhs¡

;, u,la msmSu .ula mqrdu me;sÍhk mqrdjD;a;hla njg m;afjhs¡ fï lsß wïud

l=l=<dfmd,g ;, u,la jekak¡ ´ b;d úfYaI tfukau m%lg m%foaYhg uqÿka

u,alvla n`ÿ ;eke;a;shls¡ wef.a wK f;o o m%n,h¡ .eñhd l=l=<dfmd< lsß

wïud flfrys olajk ,o nh mlaImd;S;ajfha iajNdjh fuhska ms<sìUq fjhs¡

my; oelafjkafka o tu lsß wïud ms<sn`o lshfjk ;j;a lúhls¡

rel=,la .,a wrfKa /ia ù fha

wl=,d mqiafld< f;davq ;nd fha

rel=,;a Wr nkaÿj fmdrjd fha28

l=l=<dfmd, lsß wuïd jeä fha

—uy¿ lsß wïud˜ kñka iuyr m%foaYj, ye`oskafjkafka l=l=<dfmd< lsß

wïud nj o" weh ì<s`ÿ hldf.a uj f,iska ie,flk nj o" iS¡ o tia¡ l=,;s,l

uy;d m%ldY lrhs¡ ì,s`ÿ hld jQ l,s l=fõKshf.a mq;a Ôjy;a: ñh f.dia mQ¾K

ckauh ,enQ hlaINdjh nj l=,;s,l uy;d úiska i`oyka lrkq ,nhs¡

ñh .sh jeos ldka;dfjda uy hlskaksfhda kñka y`ÿkaj;s¡ uyd lsß wïud

hkq Tjqkaf.a kdhsldjh¡ l=l=<dfmd< lsß wïud" uy lsß wïud hkq tlaflfkl= o

hkak iel iys;h¡ my; oelafjkafka uy lsß wïudg fudKrd., m%foaYfha oS

.ehQ hdoskakls¡

—kfuda f;ojrx" .=re jrx¡ miajdka oyilg nqÿ fjkav" whq fndfyda

jkav" wdhqfndfyda jkav" fydarfudfÜ fydrfudr lsõjd" fydruqr fldka

remafmka" fldkaremafma lsõjd" we,Ej, fj,a t<shg fj,a t<sh lsõjd" kd rEiaig

kd rEisfha lsõjd" uy., uy;akdñg uy;akdñ lsõjd" yE,.,g yE,., lsõjd"

udfoa.,g udfoa., lsõjd" uyshx.Kfha yduqÿrejkag uyshx.Kfha yduqÿrefjda

lsõjd" uy., uy;akdñg uy;akdñ lsõjd" uy., uy;akdñf.a biafiÜg

hkafkda iqieghs¡ miafiÜg hkafkda iQieghs¡ n;a fmÜáldrfhda iQieghs¡ nq,;a

fmÜáldrfha iQieghs¡ wuduq,aldrfhda iQieghs¡ ldßh lshkafkda iQieghs¡ ldßh

fkdlshkafkda iQieghs¡ w;a w`oskafkda iQieghs¡ mh woskafkda iQieghs¡ ksh woskafkda

iQieghs¡ uy., uy;akdñh lshk lkak,õj" uhslsß odyg Woyia fjkak tmd"

idrÓ 2016

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wkqyia we;s lsß wïud" f;aci we;s lsß wïud" idOq nqÿ jk lsß wïud" uhslsß

wïud w; f.jklx joskafka" lg f.fjklx lshkafka¡ fjk;a .rejlg uqis;a

md;=jlg fkdfjhs¡ fï f,a ì,skaod wf, mdf,a hk yskaoduhs¡ lsß wïudg Y=oaO

ydia fl<shla f.k mdjd fokafka" fï f,a ì,skafoda fydß lÜg" oUqlÜg" f.ß 29j`ÿre .id ÿre lr" fï f,a ì,skaod w,a,d f.dv oSmx¡¡¡¡¡˜

uylsß wïudg úúOdldrfhka fiajh lrkakd jQ 64 ne.ska msßia i`oyka

lsÍfuka wef.a f;acjka;Ndjh m%ldY fjhs¡ .%dóh foaj;dúhl jk lsß wïudg

lrk f,ka.;= b,a,Sula fuys we;¡

Wkdmdfka lsß wïud

30Wkdmdk lsß wïud Wkdmdk kï jeos jß.fha wdos ldka;djh¡ jeosck 31úYajdi w;r weh orejka ,nd oSug iu;a hlskakshls¡ my; oelafjkafka

Wkdmdfka lsß wïudg .hkq ,nk lú lsysmhls¡

j<dj jg lr tk jeis lka od

k<d msôk f,i hg il ìka od

n,d fu;ek wïuf.a .=K lka od

Wkdmdk lsß wïudg jeka od

WKd WKd jr,i n`osñka od

i,d mdkq fï f;o /ia ìka od

.,d l`ÿ¿ fokqjka jdiska od

Wkdmdk lsß wïug jeka od

l=l=<dfmd< lsß wïud iy Wkdmdfka lsß wïud .j frda,j,oS msÿï ,n;s¡

jeoaoka w;r mj;sk —oïuvqj˜ Ydka;sl¾ufha oS yrl=kaf.a wdrlaIdj i`oyd fuu 32

lsß wïu,d fofokdg lsß n`ÿkla mqokq ,efí¡

b`osf.d,af,a lsß wïud

b`osf.d,af,a lsß wïud foúhka W!j" W;=re ueo" jhU hk m<d;aj,

ckm%shj isá nj fykaß mdl¾ olajhs¡ fï foúfhda —.f,a hld˜ hkqfjka jeos

idrÓ 2016

-42-

ck;dj y`ÿkajd we;s w;r whka b`osf.d,af,a hld f,i y`ÿkajd we;s nj

mdl¾ olajhs¡ fuu b`osf.d,af,a foúhkaf.a ìß`o —b`osf.d,af,a lsß wïud˜ f,io

y`ÿkajd we;¡ uyTh m%foaYfha .ï jeoaokao .f,a hldg;a lsß wïudg;a mqomQcd

mj;ajd we;¡ ìka;ekak m%foaYfha isxy, ckhd w;r ;snqKq lú w;r

—b`osf.d,af,a˜ lsß wïud ms<sn`oj .efhk lú lsysmhla mshfiak ly`o.u uy;d

olajd we;¡

b`osf.d,af,a lkafoa jev isáka fka

Íß Trej msg ilauka lrka fka

wuq uia wuq Íß fjo kqU nqoska fka

b`osf.d,af,a lsß wïud jäka fka

bkaøkS, ueKsflka fjo Wmka fka

.skso fiau l< t<suhs olska fka

pkaøi uv, Wv Njfka fjfika fka33 b`osf.d,af,a lsß wïud jäka fka

f.dak;,dfõ lsß wïud

lsß wïudjreka l=vd <uhska i`.jd f.k hk njg;a <uqkag frda. mSvd

muqKqjk njg;a jeos ckhd w;r fukau isxy, ckhd w;r o úYajdihla mj;S¡ ta

yd iïnkaO ckY%e;so fudjqka w;r mj;S¡ tjeks rij;a ckY%e;shla

f.dak;,dfõ y`ÿkajk ,o lkafoa .,a f.hla we;¡ tu .,af.a fodr <`. lsß wïud

flfkl= jdih l< nj;a tu lsß wïud fyd`oska b`ÿKq m<;=re jÜáhla ;ndf.k

isák nj;a úYajdihla mj;S¡ tu ia:dkh <`.ska <uhska hkq ÿgqjdu fuu lsß

wïud m<;=re jÜáh fmkajd <uhd .,a f.a we;=<g le`ojdf.k hk nj;a" orejd

we;=¿ jQ ú.i .,afodr jefik njg;a úYAjdihla mj;S¡ fuu <uqka kej;

fkdmeñfKk nj o mejfia¡ tajdf.a u fuf,i hk <uqkag f,v frda. iEfok nj

o úYajdi lrhs¡ fuu <uqkag fufia isÿjkafka Tjqka fjkqfjka lsß wïu,dg ndr ù

ndr Tmamq fkdl< úg nj .eñfhda mji;s¡

lsß wïu,d /f.k hk <uhskag f,v frda. iEfok nj i`oyka jk l:d

o fuu m%foaYfha m%p,s;j mj;S¡ my; oelafjkafka tjka l:djls¡ tl .ul

idrÓ 2016

-43-

le<E uq;a;d hkqfjka y`ÿkajk uq;a;d flfkl= jdih lr we;¡ Tyqf.a orefjl=

yekaoE fj,djl ñÿf,a fi,a,ï lr lr isáfhah¡ y;r jákau w`ÿr jefg;au fï

orejd w;=reoka ù we;¡ .fï ish¨ fokdu tla ù .fï iEu ia:dkhlu fijQ kuq;a

fidhd .; fkdyels úh¡ miqj f;dú,hla kgd fmak n,oaoS orejd wE; lkafoa .,a

.=ydjl isák nj oek.kakg ,enqKs¡ f;dú,fhka iemhQ úia;r wkqj .,a.=ydj

fidhd .sh .ïjdiSkag .=ydj <`.g <x fj;au orejd .=ydfjka mek ÿjkjd

oel.; yels úh¡ .ïjdiSka osj f.dia orejd w,a,d.;a úg orejd isyske;s úh¡

.ug f.kú;a ue;sÍula l, miq Tyq mjid we;af;a lsß wïud lejqï" flfi,a

wdosh ÿka njhs¡ lsß wïudjreka <uhska i`.jdf.k hk njg;a <uqkag frda. mSvd

muqKqjk njg;a .ïjeishka w;r úYAjdihla mj;S¡

fj,a,iai lsß wïud

j¾;udkfha ìì, kñka y`ÿkajk ,o m%foaYh w;S;fha fj,a,iai kñka

ye`oskaúK¡ fj,a,iafia lsß wïud ms<sn`oj ne`ÿKq ck .dhkd rdYshla we;¡

fj,a,iai m%foaYfha fuu lsß wïudf.a wKil mej;s nj tu lúj,ska èjks;

fjhsh¡

fj,a,iaig wKil mj;sk jd

u,aj;a;g foõ ne,au lrk jd

;srfha iqÿuq¨ f.k m<`osk jd34 fj,a,iafia lsß wïud tk jd

y`ÿkal=udß lsß wïud i`ÿka l=udß lsß wïud&

i`ÿka l=udß ìka;ekafka Wmka ;eke;a;shls¡ lsß wïud f,i y`oskafjk

ueh jeos ck;djf.a foaj;dúhl nj fmfka¡ wef.ka ore Wm;la ,eìh yels

njg úYajdihla mj;S¡ ;reKshlg oEjeoaola jYfhka ,enqKq i`ÿka fymamqjla

uq,alrf.k bos jQ foajd,hla W!fõ Wvqls`o m%foaYfha we;¡ fï wdêm;Hh ysñ

jkafka i`ÿka l=udßg nj wkqudk lrhs¡ fulS foajd,fha jd¾Islj hlaldßh isÿ

jk nj kdjq,af,a Oïudkkao ysñ jd¾;d lr we;¡ hlaldßh jeos ckhd w;ßka 35isxy, ck;dj w;g m;a jQ mQcd úê rgdjls¡

idrÓ 2016

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y`ÿka l=udß kqfò lsß wï ud

lkao l=udß u;= nqÿ fjï ud

fj,a,iafika o¿uqr f.k kï ud36 y`ÿkal=udß jeäho wï ud

wUrdfmd;s lsß wïud

úi,a mqr rcqg ìijl jQjdh¡ weh weu;shl= iu`. wh:d iïnkaOhlao

we;s lrf.k isák nj rcqg oek.kakg ,enqKs¡ tneúka rcq úiska wef.a f.f,a

l¿ .,la ne`o l¿ .f`.a .s,ajd urjk ,os¡ fï lshk úi,amqr bkaoshdfõ ;snqKdla

fia ie,fla¡ tfy;a l¿ .`. we;af;a ,xldfõh¡ tneúka fï mqjf;a lsishï ñY%

ùula isÿ ù we;s nj fmfka¡ uykqjr wdikakfha we;s l=Kavid,hg wdikakj

msysá f.dakj;a; f;dgqfmd< mqrdKfha o úi,amqrh hkqfjka y`ÿkajd we;¡ tys

tf.dv f;dgqfmd< o úi,a f;dg hkqfjka y`ÿkajd we;¡ fï ksid by; lS osfha

.s,aùu l=Kavid,h wdikakfha uyje,s .f`.a isÿjQjla úug bv we;s nj isxy,

foaj mqrdKfha i`oyka fõ¡

fuu ìij ñh f.dia foj`.klj bmso uvl,mqjg f.dv nei t;ekska

jeos rg ìx;ekak yryd l`ÿrgg meñKshdh¡ tysoS weh fmdÿ ck;djg hym;la

isÿ lr we;s neúka uyckhd úiska wehg hákqjr mE,jlkafoa foajd,hla boslr

oS ;sfí¡ wUrdfmd;s foaúh jix.; frda. iqjlrk nj;a ia;%Ska yg l¿

l=udrhdf.ka isÿ jk Wjÿre ÿr,k nj;a ck;dj úYajdi lr;s¡

fi,s.audka hqj< jeosckhd w;r —wUrdfmd;s lsß wïud˜ hkqfjka mqo 37mQcdjg Ndckh jk foaj;dúhl ms<sn`oj i`oyka lrhs¡ Tjqka jeos ckhd w;ßka

tl;= lrk ,o lú w;r wUrdfmd;s lsß wïud ms<sn`oj i`oyka jk lúo we;¡

.jrd ú,a udfkaos t<jd,d lf<a hqoa o

nUrd u, msg b`of.k lrhs kdo fjku ioa o

wUrd,d mqiqU i`ÿka m<`oskjd Bg iqoa o

wUrdfmd;s lsß wïud ni fu kvqjg ljqre weoa o

idrÓ 2016

-45-

fudKß`ÿ lrks, ;Ufmd; fiauhs ì<s`ÿf. wdik rej fid`o kd

nf`oka fldfidka u,aoï fiajhs fn,a, jgg f.daur biq Kd

ikak mqiafld< trka f;davq f.k kdhsldj k<,g Tì kd38 fldu, m;=,a fol fork ;ndf.k jeähhs Urdfmd;s wï ud

.Kkd: Tfífialr uy;df.a woyi wkqj wUrdfmd;s jkdys ,xldfõ

merKs foj`.kls¡ jeos ckhd w;r mj;sk úYajdifhka fuh ;yjqre fõ¡ ux.r

foúo tjekakls¡ wUrdfmd;s yd ux.r mQcdj miqj m;a;sks iy md<`. ms<sn`o 39úYajdihla njg yefrkakg we;ehs Tfífialr uy;d wkqudk lrhs¡

by; oela jQ f,i ck;dj lsß wïud f,i ye`oskajQfha ñh .sh jeos

ldka;dfjdah¡ tkï hlskaksfhdah¡ isxy, ck;dj foaj;ajhg m%uqLia:dkhla fokq

,enQjo jeos ck;dj jvd n,.;=ka f,i i,ld we;af;a hlaI hlaIKsfhdah¡ jeos

ck;dj lsß wïud hlaI‚hl f,i ie,l= w;r isxy, ck;dj lsß wïud

foaj;dúhl f,i y`ÿkajd we;¡ tneúka jeos iudcfha lsß wïud ms<sn`o lshfjk

lúj, wE ;rula fr!ø f,i o ksrEmKh lr we;¡ tfiau weh ldka;djl neúka

m%shxlr iajrEmfhka j¾Kkd lr we;¡ my; oelafjkafka —fikiqka., lsß

wïud˜ ms<sn`oj flfrk tjeks j¾Kkhls¡

ls;=,a /k fia jr,i ñoS ,d

b`os weg mn¿ fia o;a fm< os<S ,d

neì, u, f,ig f.daur msmS ,d

tkakhs ieoS fikiqka., lsß wïu ,d

os.= jr,i úoydf.k f,a jel=Kq neúka b`osf.ä mn¿ fuka r;= jQ o;a

we;sj f.daur bisKq we.ska hq;=h fykiqka., lsß wïud ujd we;¡ m%shxlr jQo

tfukau ìh ckl f,i o fuu lsß wïud ksrEmKh lr we;¡

lsß wïud weoySu isxy, ck;dj w;rg meñKsfha jeos ck;djf.ka nj

wmf.a ms<s.ekSuhs¡ lsß wïud fjkqfjka .hkq ,nk lúj,o ta nj i`oyka ù we;¡

idrÓ 2016

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Wmka .uhs lsß wïuf. jeos r g

imkaluhs weúoska oeka fï r g

oSmka mg m`vqre lsß fldry g40 ie< lrmka fï j. lsß wïu g

—jeosrg˜ fj,a,iai m%foaYfha fldgils¡ 1860 .Kkaj, W!j m%foaYh

fldgia y;lg fnod ;snqK w;r tu m%foaYj,o ;j;a md,k tall ;snqKs¡ bka

fj,a,iai kñka y`ÿkajkq ,enQ m%foaYh ;=< uyje,s rg msysgd ;snqKs¡ ta ;=<ska lsß

wïudf.a Wm; jeos ck;dj w;ßka we;s jQjla nj meye¢<s fõ¡ tu m%foaYj, lsß

wïudjrekag jdih lsÍug úúO jQ m%foaY ;snqKs¡ my; oelafjk lúfhka jqj o ta

nj meye¢<s fõ¡

Wka ójqjd Wka fmdäuhs Tìka fka

ñá ñjqjd ñá fmdäuhs Tìka fka

óf.dka olalkav jej jg Tìka fka

lsß wïug fidrfndr jej Tìka fka

foúhka flfrys wiSñ; f.!rjhla ,dxlslhka w;r mj;S¡ ta ta

foújrekag wdfõKsl jQ jdykhla we;s nj o Tjqyq úYajdi lr;s¡ lsß

wïudjrekag o tjeks jdyk ;snQ nj lsß wïud ms<sn`oj lshfjk lú ;=<ska

meyeos,s fõ¡ osjeia lsß wïudf.a jdykh we;d nj my; oelafjk lúfhka

èjks; fõ¡

osjeia lS¾;s n, fmkak fmka kd

lef,a isák we;=kq;a f.kak .ka kd

tlal isáh msßjr uka fkdoka kd

fukak osjeia foúfhda mq;l= ÿka kd

lsß wïudg ndr ù oreM, o ,enqKq nj by; lúfhka lshfõ¡

idrÓ 2016

-47-

1 isrs ,shkf.a" ckY%e;s Yío fldaIh" isrs,sh m%ldYk" fmd,a.ia´úg" 2000

2 B'tï'r;akmd," ,xldfõ jeoafoda" wdrsh m%ldYk" jrldfmd<" 2003'

3 Henry Parker “Ancient Ceylon” Colombo, Asian Education Service” Bombay 1999

4 tosrsùr irÉpkaø" isxy, .eñ kdglh ixialD;sl lghq;= ms<sn| fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U"1968

wkqrdO fifkúr;ak" ,laosj nqÿ iiqk iy isxy, ixialD;sh" weia'f.dvf.a m%ldYk fld<U" 2003

5 udfmdfÜ pkaøfcd;s ysñ'' f.dv.u úmq,idr ysñ" ,dxlsl foújre .=K;s,l uqøKd,h weye,shf.dv"

1954

6 fla'tka'´'O¾uodi"isxy, foaj mqrdKh

tï'tia';=kafoksh" rcfha uqøK kS;s.; ixia:dj" mdÿlal"1994

idrÓ 2016

-48-

7 tu

8 tu

9 tu

10 ú'n'uq' ;s,lisrs nKavdr" W!fõ jxY l:dj" 1"2" ldKav" W!j m<d;a ixialD; wud;HxYh" 1991

11 ú'n'uq' ;s,lisrs nKavdr" W!fõ jxY l:dj" 1"2" ldKav" W!j m<d;a ixialD; wud;HxYh" 1991 1 tu

12 Parker 1999

13 iS' o tia' l=,;s,l" ,xldfõ ix.S; iïNjh" f.dvf.a m%ldYk"1974

14 O¾uodi" ;=kafoksh" 1994

15 ;s,lisrs nKavdr" 1991

16 r;akmd," 2003

17 ir;aokaø" 1968

18 chfiak fldaÜfÜf.dv" rsoaos hd.h fyjk;a rg hl=u" äcsg,a ämafiÜ m%skag¾ia" fldaÜfÜ"1996

19 tu

20 tu

21 C.de,S.' Kulatilaka, 'Kiri Amma Wor ship and its ritual song' in Sanskrit, vol08, No 01, 1984

22 ir;apkaø 1968

23 Parker

24 l=,;s,l" 1974

25 ta'ù'iqrùr ^ixia& rdcdj,sh" fld<U 1977

26 O¾unkaÿ wurfialr" wfma foú foaj;dfjda" .=Kfiak iud.u" fld<U 1967

27 r;akmd, 2003

28 ;siai ldßhjiï" › ,xldfõ foaj;djfhda iy hlskaksfhda" ;rxð m%skag¾ia¡ kdúkak¡

29 “Kulatilaka” 1984

30 O¾uodi ;=kafoksh¡ 1994

31 tu 1994

32 ;s,lisß nKavdr 1991

33 mshfiak lyo.uf.a" ìka;ekafka ck lú" mkays`o m%ldYk" fldÜgdj" 1994

34 ;siai ldßhjiï 1992

35 kd W,af,a ly`o.uf.a" ìka;ekafka ck lú" mkays`o m%ldYk" fldÜgdj" 1994

36 ;siai ldßhjiï 1992

37 C.G. Seligma, The Veddas, Brenda Seligman Cambridge, 1911

38 O¾uodi ;=kafoksh¡ 1994

39 G. Obesekara, The Cult of Goddess Pattini, Chicago 1984

40 ;siai ldßhjiï 1992

úydr foajd,.ï mkf;a fYaIm;%hisßfiak kdkdhlaldr

mD;=.siSka ,xldjg f.dv niskafka 1505 jqj o mD;=.d,fha rcq ,xldfõ

fldaÜfÜ rdcOdks m%foaYfha rcq njgo m;a lrk ,oafoa 1597 §h' Tjqka fuu

m%foaYfha md,kh ;uka i;= lr .ekSug fmr isgu tkï 1567 § mD;=.d,fha

—f.dwd (Goa)ZZys§ /ia jQ lf;da,sl meúÈ iNdj mD;=.d, md,kh hgf;a mj;sk

m%foaY ;=< msysá lf;da,sl fkdjk ish¨ isoaOia:dk úkdY lsÍug ksfhda. lr

;snqKs' ta wkqj ,xldfõ o mD;=.siS md,kh mej;s m%foaYj, ;snQ mkai,a" foajd,"

fjfyr" úydr wdÈh úkdY l< w;r" ix>hd jykafia,d we;=¿ mQcl mCIhg

wdrCIdj m;d Wvrg rdcOdkshg m,d hdug isÿ úh'

mD;=.siSkaf.a yd ,kafoaiSkaf.a wdodhï bmhSfï m%Odk ud._h jQfha bvï

u; yd tajdfha j.d u; nÿ mekùuhs' úydr yd foajd, i|yd rcjreka úiska

m%Odk f,i ,nd § ;snq bvï " nÿ f.ùulska f;drj tu úydr yd foajd, N=la;s

úkafoa jqj o" mD;=.siSka úiska ;u md,k m%foaYh ;=< tjeks úydr yd foajd,

úkdY l< neúka " Tjqkag Tjqkaf.a md,k m%foaY ;=< nÿ iyk §ug fyda uyck

úfrdaOh fkd;ld nÿ mekùug fyda isÿ fkdùh'

1795 wf.daia;= 15 Èk ;%sl=Kdu,fhka furgg f.dvnei" 1796 fmnrjdß

15 jk úg ,kafoais md,kh m,jd yer uqyqÿ nv m%foaY ;u md,khg hg;a lr

.ekSug bx.%siSka iu;a úh' 1798 ud¾;= 26 Èk furg md,khg m;a flreKq

f*âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldr;=ud úiska 1801 iema;eïn¾ 03 jk Èk orK

idrÓ 2016

-49-

u`.ska fiajdjka u.ska nÿ f.ùu ;ykï lr" bvï i|yd f.úh hq;= nÿ m%udK

ksYaÑ; lr ±lajQ w;r" fjk;a fiajd iemhSï fjkqfjka bvï mßyrKhg bv§u

fjkqjg uqo,ska jegqma f.ùug ksfhda. lrk ,§'

Tyq tfia lrk ,oafoa" mD;=.siS yd ,kafoaiS md,k ld,h ;=," mej; wd nÿ

tl;= lsÍfï l%uh i|yd m;alr ;snQ iajfoaYsl ks,OdÍka úiska ;u hg;a jeishka

fj; fhdok ,o mSvkh yd rdcldß l%uh fya;=fjka Tjqka m;aj ;snQ wmyiq;djh

ms<sn`oj;a" bvï ysñldß;ajh mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg hdu ksid we;sjQ

fkdfnÿ bvï ysñldÍ;ajh fya;=fjka" we;sj ;sfnk wjqf,ka wjq,g m;a bvï

wdrjq,a ms<sn`oj;a ±ä wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu fya;=fjks'

fuu wdrjq,a ;;ajh yd jHdc ysñlï ±lafjk ikakia" ;,am;a wdÈh

bj;a lsÍu i`oyd 1800 wf.daia;= 02 ok orK m%ldYkh u.ska i¾fõ

ckrd,ajrfhl= hgf;a ñkskafodare fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqjd" msUqre ieliSug;a"

bvï Tmamq ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍug;a" iEu wêlrK l,dmhla i|ydu m;alrk ,o

bvï frðiag%d¾jreka hgf;a th isÿ lsÍug;a lghq;= lrk ,§'

bx.S%iSka úiska 1815 ud¾;= 02 Èk" Wvrg .súiqu u`.ska Wvrg rdcOdksho

we;=¿ uq¨ ,xldfõu md,kh Ndr f.k flá l,lskau" Wvrg .súiqfï j.ka;s

flfrys bx.%SiSka ;elSula fkdlrk nj fmkS hdu fya;=fjka we;s jQ úfrdaO;d"

1818 lere,a, olajd j¾Okh ùu;a" th lDDr f,i uev meje;aùu;a iu`. 1818

fkdjeïn¾ 21 Èk m%ldYkhla u`.ska fuf;la uqyqÿnv l,dm ;=< muKla

l%shd;aul jQ kS;s Wvrg rdcOdkshgo uDÿ f,i wdfoaY lrk ,§'

tfia jqjo mkai,a iy foajd, i|yd rcjreka ,nd § ;snQ nÿ ksoyi iy

rdcldß l%uh fjkia fkdlrk ,§' 1819 iema;eïn¾ ui 18 Èk m%ldYkhlska"

1818 fkdjeïn¾ 21 Èkg" tkï uqyqÿ nv m%foaYj, n,mdk kS;s Wvrg rdcOdks

m%foaYhgo wdfoaY l, Èkg úydr" foajd," f,ka úydr wd§ fuf;la nÿ wh

fkdlrk ,o mQckSh ia:dkj,g wh;a ish¨u foam," 1819 iema;eïn¾ 19 Èk isg

fodf,dia uila we;=,; ,shd mÈxÑ lsÍug okajk ,È' ta wkqj tfia ,shdmÈxÑ

lsÍfuka miqj n,m;%hla ,ndfkd.;fyd;a" nÿ ksoyi fyda ksoyia fiajdjka fyda

idrÓ 2016

-50-

,nd .ekSu kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk nj o ±kajQ kuq;a" ta i|yd ,enqk m%;spdr w,am jQ

nj fmkS .shfyhska 1822 uehs 21" 1827 foieïn¾ 11 Èk orK ±kaùï u`.ska tu

,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ld,h Èlalf,a jqj o" tu Èk jljdkq blaujQ miqj;a" tfia

,shdmÈxÑ fkdlrk ,o úydr" foajd, i;= bvï úYd, m%udKhla olakg ,enqKs'

tfia ùug fya;=jkakg we;af;a Wvrg ix>hd jykafia,d i;=j ;snq n,h yd

ì%;dkH ks,OdÍkaf.a ksfhda. wkqj l%shd lsÍu" ;ukag fkd;rïh hk ye`.Su u;

úh yelshhs uu is;ñ' ta yer tfia ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍug b,a,d isá bvï w;r"

fuf;la mkai,a" foajd,j,g wh;a nj fkdms<s.;a bvï úYd, m%udKhlao ùu

fya;=fjka tu ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï l%shdj,sh kj;d ±óug wdKavqjg isÿúh'

Èjhsfka md,kh .ek wOHhkh lr jd¾;djla iemhSug 1929 § ì%;dkH

md,kh úiska i¾ ú,shï flda,anDDla yd iS'tÉ' leurka hk fofok m;alr tjk

,§' 1831 foieïn¾ 31 Èk ksl=;a flrekq Tjqkaf.a jd¾;dfõ zz;u wd.ñl lghq;=

j, ksoyfia fh§ isàug yels jk fia ckhd wdrCId lsÍug 1815 .súiqfuka

wdKavqj ne`§ isák kuqÿ" fn!oaOd.ñl pdß;% jdß;% meje;aùu i|yd wdKavqj

bÈßm;a ù n, lsÍu" /l .; hq;= Wiia uQ,O¾uhla jQ wd.ñl ksoyi ms<sn`o

uQ,Ou_j,g úreoaO fohla fõ' ls%ia;shdks wd.ug fyda yskaÿ fyda uqia,sï jeks

wd.ï j,g fyda fok wdOdrhg jeä wdOdrhla wdKavqj úiska fn!oaOd.ug ,nd

§u idOdrK fkdfõ hkqfjka úydr yd foajd, ms<sn`oj ,nd § ;snQ nÿ iyk yd

ksoyia fiajdjka iïnkaOfhka i`oyka lrk ,§'

Tjqkaf.a ks¾foaY ls%hd;aul lsÍu msKsi 1832 wfma%,a 12 Èk iys;j ksl=;a

lrk ,o ksfhda. u`.ska" jevjiï l%uh ke;s lsÍfï wjYH;dj f,i" ro<jreka

fj; ksoyia fiajd iemhSu yd l=, fjkqfjka lrkq ,nk rdcldß fiajdjkao

wfydais lrk ,o kuq;a úydr foajd,.ï i`oyd — Wvrg msysá úydr.ï fyda

wfkl=;a .ï j,g wh;a bvlvï nqla;s ú`Èkakka úiska ;uka tu bvï nqla;s ú`Èk

;dlal,a" tlS úydrj,g fyda .ï ysñhkag fyda fiajh lsÍug ne`§ isáh hq;=h'

hkqfjka ;j ÿrg;a úydr foajd, yd .nvd .ï ysñhka i`oyd we;s jevjiï

l%uh hehs y`ÿkajkq ,enQ l%uh mj;ajd f.k hdug bv fok ,§' fufia jQfha

ix>hd jykafia,d;a" foajd,;a" m%cdj;a w;r jQ ne`§ug tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu

iduhg ys;lr fkdjk njg ì%;dkHhka ;=, jQ woyihs'

idrÓ 2016

-51-

1846 wxl 2 orK Wvrg úydr yd foajd, md,kh lsÍfï mk;la iïu; lr

.;af;aa jqjo" tys foam, ms<sn`o kshuhka wvx.= fkdlrk ,§'

1856 wxl 10 orK wdd mk; bÈßm;a lsÍu fya;=fjka úydr yd foajd,

bvï ms<sn`oj wjOdkh kej;;a fhduq úh' tfia jkakg we;af;a fuf;la ksoyia

fiajd imhñka" .ï m%OdkSka yd ro<jreka hgf;a fiajh l< fiajdodhlhkg"kj

kS;s wkqj tu bvïj, ysñlu ,enqK kuq;a mkai,a yd foajd, bvï j.d lrk ,o

whj¨kag tu ysñlu fkd,eîu ;=<ska" Tjqka bÈßm;a lrk ,o ÿla.ekú,a, yd

lrk ,o wdrjq,a ksid;a" tu mkai,a yd foajd, j,g wh;a bvï j,ska lsisÿ

wdodhula wdKavqjg fkd,eîu;a ksid úh yelsh'

tu wdd mk; u`.ska úydr yd foajd, bvï ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu msKsi

b,a,Sï bÈßm;a l, hq;= jQ w;r" tajd mÍlaId lr n,d wod, iy;sl ksl=;a lsÍu

msKsi flduidßiajreka m;a lrk ,§' Tjqka fj; ,enqk b,a,Sï ms<sn`oj

flduidßiajreka" wod< Tmamq" f,alï ñá WOD;" ikakia m;% wd§ f,aLko" ±kg

we;s bvï mßyrkh o" i,ld n,d ,shdmÈxÑ l< yels bvï fjku;a" m%;slafIam

l< bvï fjku;a" tfiau tu m%udK l=Uqre yd f.dv" j;=" fyaka wd§ f,i;a

f,aLk .; lrk ,§' ta wkqj ilik ,o f,aLkfha idrdxYh my; mßÈ fõ'

idrÓ 2016

1856 wxl 10 orK wdd mk; wkqj úydr bvï flduidßiajreka úiska ,shd mÈxÑ lrk ,o yd m%;sfCIam lrk ,o úydr yd foajd, bvï m%udK igyk

uykqjr

ud;f,a

kqjrt<sh

r;akmqr

lE.,a,

nÿ,a,

^W!j m<d;&

wkqrdOmqr

fmdf,dkakrej

l=reKE.,

mq;a;,u

ol=Kq m<d;

tl;=j

1,313

604

222

2,090

1,246

2,183

251

11

4,831

10

13

12,778

2

3

0

1

2

2

0

0

3

0

1

2

00

06

01

05

09

06

07

00

06

00

07

7

906

683

157

1,388

553

898

3

130

3,716

11

3

8,553

3

3

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

3

0

01

07

00

06

6 ¼

07

00

00

09

01

06

3 ¼

2,382

1,054

320

6,234

3,985

5,749

1

0

8,067

60

123

27,978

0

1

0

3

1

1

0

0

2

2

3

3

1 1/3

06

00

03

06

0 1/3

00

00

04

00

07

7 2/3

4,927

5,657

999

12,672

1,293

5,388

1,001

302

8,481

80

142

40,946

1

3

3

0

2

0

0

1

1

1

2

1

04

07

02

1 ½

05

4 ½

00

00

04

02

02

2

wuqKq mE,a l=reKs wuqKq mE,a l=reKs wuqKq mE,a l=reKs wuqKq mE,a l=reKs

,shdmosxÑ l, fkdl, ,shdmosxÑ l, fkdl,

osia;s%lalh l=Uqre f.dv bvus ^j;=" fyaka" le<E we;=¿j&

l=reKs 10 mE,a 01 mE,a 04 wuqKq 01 wuqKq 01 wlalr 1 1$2l=reKs 01 m¾'10^uQ,dYh # úydr.ï" foajd,.ï yd kskao.ï bvïj, nqla;sh ms<sn`o fldñifï jd¾;dj 1956 fmnrjdß msg 125&

-52-

tfia ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍug fhdað; jQ bvïj, msUqre ieliSu ñkskafodare

fomd¾;=fïka;=fjka bgq lrk ,§' úydr ysñlï msUqre ( Temple Plan ) wdo¾Yh

bosßfha oelafõ'&f,i tu msUqre ilik ,o w;r" tfia ilia lrk ,o msUqrla o'

,shdmÈxÑ iy;slhla o iys;j wod< úydrhg fyda foajd,hg ,nd §ug" uekSug

jeh jQ .dia;=fjka wvla wod< úydrh fyda foajd,h f.úh hq;= úh' tfia

fkdf.jk ,o ksid fyda fjk;a fya;+ ksid fyda tfia ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï iy;sl

ksl=;a fkdlrk ,o úydr msUqre we;=<;a f,aLkfhka Wmqgd .;a mßÈ tla tla

úydrh wkqj wod< úydr ysñlï msUqre wxl muKla fuys my; f,aLkfha

±lafõ' fuys§ ie,lsh hq;= jkafka fufia ms<sfh, lrk ,o úydr ysñlï msUqre

u`.ska ±lafjk bvï" wod< úydr fj;g whs;s njg tu flduidßiajreka ms<s.;a

nj yd tu msUqre ±kg;a tfia j,x.=j mj;sk nj;ah' tfia ms<sfh< lrk ,o

úydr msUqre 2301 la wog;a ñkskafodare fomd¾;=fïka;=fõ m%Odk ld¾hd,fha

iq/lsj we;s nj;a" ^ wod< f,aLkfha wdo¾Yh my; n,kak'& ´kEu wjia:djl

tys msgm;a ,nd .; yels nj;a" ,shdmÈxÑ iy;sl ksl=;a fkdlrk ,o msUqre o"

tys wvx.= nj;a" wod< md¾Yjhka fj; ±k .ekSu msKsi fuys i`oyka lrñ'

ñkskafodare fomd¾;=fïka;=fõ we;s úydr msUqre j, f,aLkfha

fldgila

idrÓ 2016

Ĭ ÑǾÒ

al

No.

İ Ĩ Í Ŏ Í MÖÑ ŎŅ İ ÑÖŐÕÑ IJÒÕÕMŊÑ GÒŒPǾÒŃ C

Korale

ĜŔPÑŌP

ĞÒÑÕŇ Ĭ OÑÑP Í ŎB Ė Ī Ĩ

EĆE ÐĎĊĎÐ ĦMŌŇŘ Ĩ MPPÒŌÒ GÑR MÕÑ J MǾMÔMŐŎÕM ĞŎÞǾ‐ korales DĊ

5 Ć ĊČ

HCČĊ ĊĘ ŒØÈDĈÆ

52

EĈĆ ÐĎĊĎE GMǾMŌÒŘMŊMÕM Ĭ MÖMŌ

Dewale ĜÕÞR MŌM İ OǾÑÑ‐korales Ć Ċ ĊÐ I CÐ ČĖ ŒØÈ ĊĆ

EĈĈ ÐĎĊĐĆ Ĭ ŎǾMŊÞŌÑ GÑR MÕÑ ĢMÕÑPMPÑŌŌM ĘMŇÞÕÕM ÇÐ Ć ĆĆ Ì CĈĎ ČĘ ŒØÈ ĊĈ

EĈČ ÐĎĊĐĈ GÒÖNÞÕÕÑŌM IJÒOMǾMŘM Ì MÕRMPPÑ ĘMŇÞÕÕM Ć Ĉ ČĐ Ì CĐ ĊĖ ŒØÈ ÇČ

EĈĊ ÐĎĊĐČ ĦMŌŇŘ ĖŒŊÒǾÒ ĖÕÞPO IJÒOMǾÑ ĢMÕŎÕÞR M ĢMǾÒŒŐMPPÞ Ć Ĉ ĊÇ

EĈÇ ÐĎĊĐĊ ĦMŌŇŘ ĖŒŊÒǾÒ ĖÕÞPO IJÒOMǾÑ ĢMÕŎÕÞR M ĢMǾÒŒŐMPPÞ Ć Ċ ČĈ HCČD ĈĘ

EĈD ÐĎĊĐÇ GÒÖNÞÕÕÑŌM IJÒOMǾÑ ĠMÕÔŎPÞR MÆ

kohowila & Dimbullena ĘMŇÞÕÕM ĈĆ Č ĈČ M/7 1A sq: 26

EĈĎ ÐĎĊĐD Ì MÔÞÕMŌÑ IJÒOMǾÑ İ ŎǾMŊŎÕÕM ĦÞǾÞŌMŊMÕM Č Č ČĐ HCĈE ČĖ ŒØÈ Ď

EĈĐ ÐĎĊĐĎ ĦMŌŇŘ Ì MOM GÑR MÕÑ ĘŎŊMOMÔŎPÞRM ĦÞǾÞŌMŊMÕM ĎČ Ć ĆĆ HCĈE ČĖ ŒØÈ Ď

-53-

idrÓ 2016

ñkskafodare fomd¾;=fïka;=fõ m%Odk ld¾hd,fha we;s úydr foajd, msUqrej,

-54-

ñkskafodare fomd¾;=fïka;=fõ m%Odk ld¾hd,fha we;s úydr foajd, msUqrej, wdo¾Yhla

f,aLkh ,shd mÈxÑ lsßfï iy;sl ksl=;a fkdl, úydr ysñlï msUqre ms<sn`o ,ehsia;=j

idrÓ 2016

úydrfha fyda foajd,fha ku ,shdmosxÑ lsfï iy;sl ksl=;a fkdl< úydr ysñlï msUqre wxl

m%udKh w' rE' m'

uOHu m<d;

uyshx.k úydrh

EEÐDČÆ EEÐDĊÆ EEÐDÇÆ EEÐDDÆ EEÐDĎÆ EEÐDĐÆ

99858, 99861, 99862, 99864, 99867

Č,260 Ć ĊČ

ìx;ekafka w¨;akqjr iuka foajd,h ĈĆÇĐĎĆÆĈĆÇĐĎĈÆĈĆÇĐĎĊÆĈĆÇĐĎÇÆĈĆÇĐĎDÆĈĆÇĐĐÐÆĈ04780

DĐ Ċ ĆĎ

;,.=fka úydrh ĈĆÇĐĎĎÆĈĆÇĐĎĐÆĈĆÇĐĎÐÆĈĆÇĐĎEÆĈĆÇĐĐĆÆĈĆÇĐĐĈÆĈ04772,104773,104779

ĈE Ĉ ĆĊ

W!j m<d; y`.=rkafl; uyd foajd,h ĈĆDĆEĈ ČDD Ć ĆĆ ìx;ekafka iuka foajd,h ĎÐÇÇÐ ÇĊĐ Ć ĆĆ w⋲ ;akqjr iuka foajd,h ĐĎĆĆĊ ĊĎ3 Ć ĆĆ hqO.kdfõ úydrh ĈĆĆĆĈĎ Ĉ,739 Ć ĆĆ reyqKq uyd l;r.u foajd,h ĈĆČÐĆEÆĈĆČÐĈÐÆEĆDĊĆ ČĆ,503 Č ĈĈ fidr.=fka foajd,h ĈĈĎĎDĊÆ ĈĈĎĎDĊ Æ116654 D,955 Ć ĆĆ

inr.uq m<d; inr.uq uy iuka foajd,h ĎEĈĐĎÆĎEĈĐĐÆĎEĈĐÐÆĎEÇĎĈÆĎEÇĎČÆĎEÇĎĊÆĎEÇĎÇÆĎ

9465,69466,69467,69468,69469,701991,69470,8

3880,68793,68794,68927,69128,72144,73446,73447,73449

Ð,453 Č ĆĊ

isßmdo ia:dkh ĐĈĊĎĆ E Ć ČĎ kqjr uy iuka foajd,h ĈĆĈÇEČÆĈĆĈÇEĊÆĈĆĈDĊĎÆĈĆĈDĊČÆĈĆĈDĊÇÆĈĆĈDĊDÆĈ

01536

Ĉ,001 Ć ĆĆ

ueof.dv m;a;sks foajd,h ĈĆĈDČÐ ĎĊĈ Ĉ ĈÐ kqjr m;a;sks foajd,h ĈĆĈÇĊE ĈĎĆ Ć ĆĆ kqjr o<od ud<s.dj ĈĆĈDČĎ kqjr uy foajd,h ĈĆĈDČĐÆĈĆĈDĊĊÆĈĆĆĐĐEÆĈĆĆĐÐČÆĈĆČĊDEÆĈĆČĊĎĆÆĈ

02361,102362,102364,102365,102366,102367,10

2368,102369,102370,102392,102398,102399,102702,102403,102407,102422,102423,102442,1026

55

ĈÇÆDDE Ĉ ĊĊ

rel=f,a.u .fkaj;a; úydrh ĈĆČĊÐEÆĈĆČÇĊĈÆĈĆČÇĊČÆĈĆČÇĊĊ ČD Ć ĆĈ y`.=rkafl; uyd foajd,h ĈĆČĊÐEÆĈĆČĊEĆÆĈĆČĊEĈÆĈĆČÇČDÆĈĆČÇČĎÆĈĆČÇĐEÆĈ

02489

ÇÐ Ċ ČČ

≤rKsh., iuka foajd,h ĈĆĈÇĊĐÆĈĆĈÇÇÇÆĈĆĈÇÇDÆĈĆĈÇÇĎÆĈĆĈÇÇÐÆĈĆĈÇÇEÆĈ

01451,101452,101453,101454,101473,101474,101478,101479,101480,101482,101483,101489,101490,101481

ČÆDĎČ Ĉ ĊČ

jhU m<d; ,andfõ foajd,h ĈĆĈĈÐĐÆEĐÐĊDÆEĐÐÇĆÆEĐÐÇĊÆEĐÐÇÇÆEĐÐČČÆ

97823,97824,101060,101142,101197,103299,103

353

ÇDĈ

Ĉ ĆE

kqjr m;a;sks foajd,h ĈĈĆĊEĐÆĈĆĎĊEĐÆĈĆĈĈEÐÆEĈĈĈDÆEĈĈĈĎÆEČÇÇD ÇÆDÇĈ Č ČĆ r; auq⋲ lkafoa úydrh EDDĎĊÆEDĈĎÇÆEDĈĐDÆEDČDĈ ĈĈÇ Č ČĆ

-55-

kqjr uyd foajd,h 101303,101351,97841,97830,97831,97828,97829,97832,97834,97836,97837,97838,84306,83891,83892,83895,83896,83897,83898,84303,84304,84

309,84310,84311,36360,86363,86326,101347,86379,90533,90534,90535,90536,90539,90541,90532,95738,95739,95740,95741,95742,95743,1035

15,103516,103517,103518,103519,105817,95737

8,357 1 37

kqjr l;r.u foajd,h 101304

1,790 0 00

kqjr o<od ud<s.dj 91130,101199,91129,101302,84295,84296,97825,97826,97827,97839,83893,96823,96824,96831,9

6832,80153,80169

8,960 0 05

Wiajej úydrh 101023 314 0 00 m,af,a.u úydrh 100957,100958,100959,100960,100962,100963 32 2 10 je,a,E., úydrh 91,120 337 0 00 je,a,j úydrh 87270,87271,87272 144 3 29 ud<s.d., úydrh 87281 82 0 00 l,gqjd.u úydrh 97845 70 1 00 kqjr kd: foajd,h 83888 250 0 00 kd fld, .fka úydrh 80157 345 0 00 yd,afí úydrh 92428, 92429 170 0 36 fk¨ka., úydrh 92436,92437 86 3 18 kdfld, .fka úydrh 80154,80156 2,816 3 00 nqciaf,k úydrh 101332,101333,101334,101345,101346,101348 65 2 31 mru lkao úydrh 99348,99349,99350,99351 63 0 31 Wiajej úydrh 101527,101533,100779,100782,102359,102360,1

02361,102362,102364,102365,102366,102367,102368,102369,102370,102392,102398,102399,102702,102403,102407,102422,102423,102442,1026

55

14,559 1 33

rel=f,a.u .fkaj;a; úydrh 102389,102431,102432,102433 25 0 01 y`.=rkafl; uyd foajd,h 102389,102390,102391,102425,102426,102479,1

02489

48 3 22

±rKsh., iuka foajd,h 101437,101444,101445,101446,101448,101449,1

01451,101452,101453,101454,101473,101474,101478,101479,101480,101482,101483,101489,101490,101481

2,562 1 32

idrÓ 2016

^ uQ,dY%h # úydr.ï" foajd,.ï yd kskao.ï bvïj, nqla;sh ms<sn`o

fldñifï jd¾;dj 1956 fmnrjdß msg 162 - 170&

fuu bvïj,ska lsysmhla miqj bvï ksrjq,a lsÍfï fomd¾;=fïka;=j hgf;a

ksrjq,a lrk wjia:dj,§ o ksrjq,a lr we;'

bvï whs;sfha úYd, yerjqï ,CIhla igyka jQ 1972 wxl 1 orK bvï

m%;sixialrK mk; hgf;a o úydr yd foajd, i`oyd jQ úYd, bvï m%udKhla

fldñiu fj; mjrd .kakd ,§'

mj;sk kS;sh wkqj wjqreÿ ishhla N=la;s úkafoa jqjo" ld,djfrdaO ysñlug o

hg;a fkdjk tu bvï fï ,shk fudfyd; olajdu 2016 uehs& wod< úydria:dk

fyda foajd, fj; ksrjq,a lr § ke;' fn!oaO úydr foajd,.ï bvïj,g wod<

.eg¿ mÍlaId lsÍug 1956 ka miq kej; jrla 2005 cqks 28 Èk isg ls%hd;aul jk

-56-

mßÈ ckdêm;s fldñiula m;a lrk ,§' ud úiska o idCIs fok ,o fï fldñifï

jd¾;dj 2006 cq,s 28 Èk ksud lr ksl=;a lrk ,§'

tu jd¾;dfõ Wm f,aLk wkqj bvï m%;sixialrK mk; hgf;a tu

fldñiug mjrd f.k we;s bvï m%udk my; ±lafõ'

bvï m%;sixialrK fldñIu fj; mjrd .;a úydr yd foajd, bvï

idrÓ 2016

Ôia;s%lalh úydrfha $ foajd,fha ku m%udKh

w' rE' m'

r;akmqr keÿka rc uyd úydrh' lsßwe,a, 1668 2 09 inr.uq iuka foajd,h 160 1 00 fmd;a.=,a rcuyd úydrh 410 0 00 nqÿ f,k rcuyd úydrh 213 0 00 .fKa.u wrku fmd, úydrh 150 0 00 keÿka rcuyd úydrh" me,auvq,a, 491 0 00 -tu- 270 3 34 YS % mdoia:dk úydrh" r;akmqr 2252 0 00

r;akmqr uy iuka foajd,h 2233 0 00 lE.,a, l;r.u uyd úYaKq foajd,h 36 2 00 -tu- 142 0 00 ±rksh., iuka foajd,h 310 0 00 -tu- 976 0 00 nÿ,a, m;a;sks foajd,h 32 0 00 uyd úYaKq foajd,h" uykqjr 126 0 00 m,af,a.u m;a;sks foajd,h 488 0 00 ±rKsh., YS% iuka foajd,h 180 0 00 -tu- 324 0 00 -tu 200 0 00 l=reKE., l;r.u uyd úYaKq foajd,h 82 3 00 uykqjr uyd úYaKq foajd,h 82 3 30 uykqjr YS% o<od ud<s.dj 147 0 00

-tu- 104 0 00 -tu- 40 1 00 -tu- 34 0 00 -tu- 40 0 00 je,shd., mqrdK úydrh 173 0 38 wïUq,., úydrh 75 0 00 ±rKsh., YS% iuka foajd,h 48 0 00 wïnqq ., úydrh 150 2 22 nÿ,a, udmd we,a, m;a;sks foajd,h 113 1 09 -tu- 9 0 27

rUqlafmd; rcuyd úydrh 622 0 09 inr.uq uy iuka foajd,h 46 0 00 ls;=,aj;a; rcuyd úydrh 1 0 00

-57-

tys ks¾foaY

51 w& wkqj" fuu bvï wdmiq tu úydr foajd, j,g bÈß j¾Ih ;=< 2007& Ndr

Èh hq;=h' fï ms<sn`oj fn!oaO lghq;= ms<sn`o flduidßia úiska miq úmrï l<

hq;=h'

7'51 ^we&^i& lsishï mqoa.,fhl= fyda wdh;khla fyda m%ldY lsÍï wkqj mjrd

f.k ;sfnk úydrj, fyda foajd,j, fyda ysñlï we;sj mej;s bvï o tla

j¾Ihla ;=< wod, úydr j,g fyda foajd, j,g fyda wdmiq Ndr Èh hq;=h'

fï olajd;a 2016&tfia l< hq;= wdmiq Ndr §ï lr ke;'

fuhska meyeÈ,s tla lreKla kï úydr foajd, yd kskao.ï bvï j,g

nÿ ksoyi ,nd §" msUqre wdÈh ilid tajdfha whs;sh wdrCId lsÍug úfoaYsh rdcH

ls%hd lf<a jqjo" fn!oaO rdcH ;=< th tfia fkdjk njhs'

idrÓ 2016

-58-

ud;f,a lvbï fmdf;ys idys;Huh ,CIKkd,kS úchj¾Ok f;kakfldaka

hï m%foaYhlg wh;a N+ñh fldgia jYfhka fjkalr iSud oelaùu wE;

w;S;fha o isÿlr we;' oS¾>;u ld,hla furg md,kh l< mKavqldNh l%s ' mQ'

436 - 366 & rcq m<uqjk rdcOdksh jQ wkqrdOmqrh ;=< uQ,sl kd.ßlrK ,CIK o 1

iys;j N+ñ iSud fjkalr k.r ks¾udKh l< nj uydjxYfhys i|yka fjhs'

fufia fjka lrk ,o N+ñ iSud igyka l< f,aLk — lvbï fmd;a ˜

hkqfjka yeoskafõ' th úYaj fldaIh ijeks ldKavfha fï f,i w¾: olajhs'

— m<uq fldg osjhsk fldgia ^rg& ;=klg fnod h<s fï ;=ka rg fjk

fjku lKav l=vd fldgia & jYfhka fnod tla tla ldKavhg iSud igyka fldg 2

;enQ fmd; m; lvbï fyda lv whqre kï yÿkajkq ,efí'

w;S;fha furg lvbï fmd;a lsysmhla u ,shd we;s nj b;sydifhka

meyeos,s fjhs’

› ,xldfõ lvbï fmd;a

.ïfmd< hq.fha — .sß;,dfka Wkakdkafia úiska rÑ; " › ,xldoaùmfha

lvbï fmd; fYaIj mj;akd merKs;u lvbï .%ka:h fjhs'˜

idrÓ 2016

-59-

1 uyd jxYh - mß ( 10 2 ã' B' fyÜáwdrÉÑ - úYaj fldaIh - ijeks ldKavh ^ ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j - 1978 &

uykqjr hq.fha rÑ; ;%s isxyf,a lvbï fmd; mD;=.SiSkaf.a ld,fha

kÕk ,o fldgq f.dvke.s,s wdosh iSud jYfhka olajd we;s nj;a" udhd rgg 3wh;a m%foaYhloS ,shd nj;a " tÉ' ta' mS' wNhj¾Ok uy;d fmkajd fohs' ud;f,a

lvbï fmd; o uykqjr hq.fha oS kshf¾fmd< w,yfldaka fudfydÜgd, úiska

,shkq ,enqjls' uykqjr rcl< fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a fidfydhqre f.dvfmd<

úchmd, rcq iïnkaO isÿùï fuys olajd ;sfí'

úfYaIfhka u mD;=.SiSka i;=j ;snQ ;%sux., n, fldgqj " rdcisxy rcqf.a

iy úchmd, rcqf.a WmfoaYfhka hq;=j nqoaêu;a WmdhYS,s hqoafOdaml%uhlska

we;sfmd, osidj úiska w,a,d .ekSu fuys m%uqL mqj; fjhs' ta iuÕ my; i|yka

isÿùï ms<sn| úia;r lvbï fmdf;a wkqms<sfj,ska oelafjhs'

01' ud;f,a m%foaYfha uq,ajeishka f.a úia;rh

02' › uyd fndaëka jykafia iuÕ furgg meñKs l=, 18 l we;a;ka

ud;f,a wjg mosxÑ ùu'

03' .cnd mqj; ixCIsma;j &

04' ud;f,a osidm;sjreka udre lsÍu'

05' n,j;a uqo,sjreka ;,a¨ lsÍu' fkrmSu&

06' w;sfmd, osidjg ;%sZl=Kdu, fldgqj w,a,d .ekSfï Ndr¥r

ld¾h mejÍu

;%sux., fldgqj ch .ekSu 07'

08' ud;f,a osidjg uyosid ;;ajh ,eîu iuÕ bry| fldäh iy fldä

;=jlal= my msßkeóu'

09' osidm;s jrekg uyjdi,ska ;E.s ,eîu4 10' ;%sux., fldgqj m%;sixialrKh lsÍu'

› ,xldoaùmfha lvbï fmd; " ;%sisxy,fha lvbï fmd;" ud;f,a lvbï fmd;

yer" ,laùosh" isÿrejdk lvbï fmd; " ú;a;s lvbï fmd;a wdoS LKav iSud

oelafjk f,aLk lsysmhla u úoHudkj ;sfí'

idrÓ 2016

-60-

3 - tu - 4 tÉ' fodka ¨úia úch uka;%S .=K;s,l ^ ixia & ud;f,a uy osidfõ lvbï fmd; ^ fudrgqfõ fodvxf.dv iy iud.u 1932 &

lvbï fmd;aj, m%fhdackj;a nj

lvbï fmd;a rdcH md,kh i|yd w;HjYH jQ f,aLkhls' rdcH fiajhg

lem jQjka m;alsÍu" ia:dk.; lsÍu" udre lsÍu " fkrmSu wdoS kshuhka tajdfha

igyka lr ;sfí' N+ñ iSud oelafjkafka tu ld¾hdj,shg wkqnoaOjh'

fïjdhska ;;ald,Sk m%n,;u ft;sydisl isÿùï wNsudkj;a f,i fy<sorõ

flfrhs' tfia ft;sydisl f;dr;=re uQ,dY%hla f,i o iudc ;;= oek .ekSug o

mrïmrdkq.; Wreuhka fidhd ne,Sug o tu Wreuhka ,ndÿka mrmqfrys

we;a;kg fl;rï .re;ajhla ysñúh hq;= o wdoS fndfyda foh yeoeÍug o lvbï

fmd;a fnfyúka u m%fhdackj;a h'

ud;f,a uy osidfõ lvbï fmdf;ys tnÿ mqoa., kdu iy ;k;=re ishh o

blaujd we;' lvbï fmd;aj, m%fhdackj;a nj ms<sn|j ;siauv kkaodrdu

ysñfhda fufia mji;s'

— fldarf<a iy m<d;a ms<sn| udhsï jeks jeo.;a lreKq rdYshla o

mqoa.,hkag rcfhka ,enqKq ;k;=re .ïjr yd fiajd mhsxv jeks lreKq iy

;;ald,Skj rfÜ mej;s f;dr;=re fidhkafkl=g fujeks f,aLk w;sYhska

m%fhdackj;afõ' ud;f,a uy f,alï ñáh o tjekakls' fïjd ;;ald,Sk NdId 5 jHjydrdoS lreKq fidhd .ekSug iEfyk Wmldrhla j mj;S'

md,k ixúOdkh ms<sno f;dr;=re yeoEÍfuys oS ud;f,a lvbï fmd;

fnfyúkau m%fhdackj;a jk nj " wdpd¾h tÉ'ta'mS' wNhj¾Ok uy;d ;u

lvbï fmd;a úu¾Ykfhka meyeos,sj fmkajd fohs'

fuys jpk Ndú;fha mj;akd fhÿï iy úfYaI joka ksid jd.a úoHdj

yeoEÍfï oS lvbï fmd; o b;d ire uQ,dY%hla jkq ksielh'

idys;Huh ,CIK

N+ñ iSud f,aLk .; lsÍu lvbï fmd;a j, uQ,sl wjYH;djh úh' ta

iuÕu tu ld¾hhg m%ia;=; jk isoaê yd ú;a;s ixCIsma;j mejiSu o lvbï

idrÓ 2016

-61-

5 ;siauv kkaodrdu ysñ- ft;sydisl ud;f,a - ud;f,a idys;H ;;= ^ ud;f,a osid ixialD;sl uKav,h - 1984 &

fmd;a j,ska m%o¾Ykh fjhs' fïjd iïNdjH idys;H lD;s .Khg fkd .efka'

tfia jqj o lvbï fmd;a idys;Hdx.hla f,i ie,lSug yels idOl iy .=Kdx.

fuu .%ka:hkays m%udKj;a ;rï we;'

lvbï .%ka:dj,sfhys idys;H ,CIK u;=lr .ekSug ish,a,u ksfhdackh

lrñka ud;f,a uy osidfõ lvbï fmd; ksheosh lr .; yelsh' fuu ,smsfhka

iuia; lvbï fmd;a ms<sn|j úu¾Ykhla fkdflfrk w;r ud;f,a uy osidfõ

lvbï fmdf;ys iqúfYaIs ,CIK wjOdrKh flfrhs' th wfkl=;a lvbï fmd;a

i|yd o .e,fmkq we;' tfia jqjo ta ta .%ka:hkays oelafjk isoaê ms<sno úia;r

tlsfklg fjkia jk neúka fjka fjka jYfhka lvbï fmd;a wOHkh l< hq;=j

we;'

Y%e;s f.dapr ffY,sh

l=reKE., wjêfhys oS rÑ; cd;l fmd; o oUfoKs hq.fha ioaO¾u

r;akdj,sh we;=¿ fmd;a ldKavh o lshjk úg wid isàfï Y%e;s f.dapr ffY,sh

b;d m%Yia; uÜgulska olajhs' tnÿ Y%jKdNs,dIss reÑ rpkd ffY,shla ud;f,a

lvbï fmdf;ys ks¾ud;Djrhd o yÿkd.k isá nj osfihs'

—hkq fyhska il, N=jk m%osmdhudk jQ Ndkq f;aciska nn,ñka f.dvfmd<

mqrjrfhys jevisá úchmd, foõ iajdóka jykafia i;r fldarf<a r.a.y j;a;g

jevu lr jodrd t;ek m;a;sremamqjla lrjd jev ys| kj udihla fyajdlï

lrk ;efkaoS mr y;=rkaf.ka oskd .kakg neß ksid md;rg y;<sia kj

fldarf<alska fiakdj f.kajd jodrd ud;f,a w,yfldaka fudfydÜgd, f.kajd 6f.k —ud;f,a rfÜ ñksyd y;d ljqo ukao lshd weyqx ne¨x Wfkah'

fufia yvkÕd lshùfuka" Y%jKh ùfuka" wdl¾IKh jk os.= jels ud;f,a

lvbï fmdf;ys läka lv oelsh yelsh' oS¾> jdlH u.ska kdudj,ska bosßm;a

lsÍu fndfyda wjia:djkays oelafjhs'

— ta uqo,sjrekaf.a kï .ï flfia o h;a Wvqkqjr fyar;a uqoshkafia o"

hákqjr chfialr uqoshkafia o '''''''' hkqfjka jdlH wrUd mkia y;r

idrÓ 2016

-62-

6 tÉ' fodka ¨úia úch uka;%S .=K;s,l ^ ixia & ud;f,a uy osidfõ lvbï fmd; - ^fudrgqfõ fodvxf.dv iy 1932 &

fofkl=f.a kï iy m%foaY olajd — '''''''' fulS wh iy yuqodfjka tla oyia wg

ishhla muK jkafka h' hkqfjka wjika lrhs'

fï w;r osla fkdjQ tl u iajrEmfha jels /ila os.ska os.gu oelafjk

wjia:d o lvbï fmdf;ys we;'

— thska fidaudkkao kd.mÜg,fï isrlr isáhdh' › úIaKq n%dyaukrd, 7w¨úydf¾ fmdfrd;a;=j isáhdh wdoS jYfhka iïnkaëlrK ksmd; kdúlfhka

f;drj ;ks jdlH jYfhka os.= kdu f,aLkhla bosßm;a lrhs'

ia:dk yd kï jvd;a meyeos,sj m%ldY lsÍu i|yd fufia ,Sjd úh yelsh'

fï iEu wjia:djlu m%ldYk iajrEmhla u olakg we;s w;r tfia lshk ,o foh

ta whqßka u f,aLkhg .;a neõ fmfka'

m%lD;s l:k jdlH rgdj

hï flfkl=ka úiska lshkq ,enQ fohla úlD;s fkdlr ta whqßka u m%ldY

lsÍfï l%ufõoh fuys iq,Nj olakg we;'

— ud;f,a rfÜ ñksyd y;d ljqo ukao lshd wyqx ne¨x Wfka h'

— fohsfhda nqÿ jkav ud;f,a rfÜ f.j,a ;=kla we;ehs ie, lf<ah'

ta f.j,a ;=fka kï fudlo ukao lshd weyqï ne¨ï Wka ;efka oS

ie,lrkafka Wvqmsys,af,a l=,;=x. uqoshkafia o" w¨úydf¾ jks.fialr uqoshkafia 8o" ÿUqfld< pkaøfialr uqoshkafia o lshd ie,l<dh'

fuh kdgHdkqidrfhka oelaúh yels cjksldjlg jqj o iqÿiq ixjdohls' fmdf;ys

funÿ ;eka fndfyda h'

;jo —fohsfhda nqÿjKav we;sfmd, osid uy;a;fhda tl fudrovq .fyka úo 9wefrõjd h'˜ wdos jYfhka rcq wu;k ieu wjia:djlu —fohsfhda nqÿjKav˜

hkqfjka olajd we;' fï m%lD;s l:k weu;=u f,aLkhg tf,iska u we;=<;a lsÍu

w;HjYH f,i woyia l<d fyda tu ms<sfj, f.!rjdkaú; f,i we;=<;a lsÍu

kshuhla j ;snqKd fyda úh yelsh'

flfia jqj;a .; mqrd osfik fï m%lD;s l:k rgdj tys iÔú .=Kh biau;=

lr olajkafka h'

idrÓ 2016

-63-

7 - tu -8 tÉ' fodka ¨úia úch uka;%S .=K;s,l ^ ixia & ud;f,a uy osidfõ lvbï fmd; - ^ fudrgqfõ fodvxf.dv iy 1932 &9 - tu -

lg jyr fhdod .ekSu

ud;f,a uy osidfõ lvbï fmd; ,shd we;af;a úh;a jyßka fkdj yqfola u

tl, mej;s lg jyr Wmfhda.s lr .sksñka h' ta ms<sn|j lvbï fmd;a úYaf,aIl

wdpd¾h tÉ' ta' mS' wNhj¾Ok uy;d fufia mjihs'

— ud;f,a lvbï fmdf;a we;af;a yqfola lg jpkh u ,shd ;eîula fyhska

NdId Í;s wkqj ilia ù ke;s nj fmkS hhs' NdIdjlg n,mdk jHdlrK .ek

lsisÿ ie,ls,a,la ud;f,a lvbï fmdf;a fkd olakd w;r idudkH lgjyr ta 10whqßkau oelaùu tys ,CIKhla j mj;S'

l;=jrhd Wmfhda.s lr .kakd .eñ lg jyr fl;rï ;d;aúl o hkak

wkqiajdrh fhdod .kakd whqßka u m%;HCI fõ'

weyqx " ne¨x " uqykaosrx " jix " ;=xfldrf<a wdos f,iska —ï˜ fyda —ka˜ j¾K

fkdfhdod iajrdka;hg wkqiajdrh ke;fyd;a ìkaÿj Ndú; lr we;' oekqÿ .%duH

jHjydrfha mj;sk "

— oex b;sx ux .sysx tkakx˜ jeks .eñ lg jyr fhÿï wmg ful, jqjo

kqyqre kqmqreÿ weiSula fkdfõ' lvbï fmdf;a lg jyr lshùfï reÑl;ajh jeä

lrjk iq¿h' th m%shudkdmh Wmojk idys;Huh yev rejls'

jHdlrK Ndú;h

uykqjr hq.h jk úg isxy, NdIdfõ úhrK Í;s Ndú;h foaaYh mqrd

jHdma; ù fndfyda l,la .;ù ;sìKs' lvbï fmd;g mQ¾jfhys iy iuld,Sk

f,aLkfhys oS úhrK úê Í;s b;d Wiia uÜgulska fmd; m; ,sùug Ndú;

flßKs' tfia jqjo ud;f,a lvbï fmdf;ys jHdlrK Í;s ms<sn|j wjOdk fhduq

lr ke;'

— jeoaod isrlr isáhd h 11

— n%dyauK rd< fmdfrd;a;=j isáhd h'

idrÓ 2016

-64-

10 ;siai yq,x.uqj" ft;sydisl ud;f,a - ud;f,a b;sydih yeoEÍug bjy,a jk idys;Huh uQ,dY%

^ud;f,a osid ixialD;sl uKav,h - 1984 &

11 tÉ' fodka ¨úia úchuka;%S .=K;s,l - ud;f,a uy osidfõ lvbï fmd;

fufia m%:u mqreI" mqreI ,sx. " taljdÖ Wla;hg tu ia;%SjdÑ wdLHd;hla fhoSu

b;d nyq,j olakg we;'

— osidj ,enqKd h ˜ fmaria uqoao ,enqkdh ˜ iuekakqjdh ˜ —fhÿkd h' ˜ 12wdldrfha wLHd; fnfyú'

fujeks idjoH ,sùï ksid úh;a nj uelS .sh o lvbï fmdf;a iuyr

;ekays b;d ksjeros fhÿï o ke;af;a fkdfõ' — lf<ah ˜ " — fhÿfka h ˜ iqÿiq

wdLHd; f,i Ndú; lr we;'

— fojk mE;sia rÊcqrefjda ''''''' rg f;dg .ï ìï fojd jod<y' 13— fulS wh wdjdy '''' wdoS ksis .e,mSï o olakg we;'

lvbï fmdf;a úhrK idjoH f,i fhdod we;af;a úhrKh — fkdoekSfuka

˜ fkdj — fkdie,lSfuka fyda tjeks .e,mSula — wod, fkdfõ hehs woyia l<

ksid úh yelsh'

flfia jqj;a lgjyßka ,shd we;s iajrEmh ksid o lshùug fkdleue;a;la

we;s fkdjk nj o yefÕhs'

fjfiis joka

l;d jHjyrh ksid .%duH jpk o úfYaI;ajh w¾:j;a lsÍug wuq;= jpk o

ud;f,a lvbï fmdf;ys we;=<;a h'

fuys ñksiqka yeoskaùfï oS —yq,x.uqfõ .uf.a jeoaod˜ " —m,a, lkx.uqfõ

lka;s,l jeoaod˜ wdoS jYfhka kduhka w.g — jeoaod hk jpkh ,shd ;sfí' fï

ms<sn|j ud;f,a uy osidfõ lvbï fmd; ixialrKh l< fodka úia úchuka;%s

.=K;s,l uy;d Tyqf.a ixdmkfhys fufia i|yka lr we;'

— fuys fmfkk m%ldr — jeoafoda ˜ rfÜ ukqIHfhda ˜ hkafjkq;a msgrg isg

meñK mosxÑ jQfjda — foafika meñKsfhda ˜ hkqfjka tjlg ck iïu; 14jHjydrhlaj ;snqK nj fmfka'

Tyq mjik whqßka fuys — jeoafoda fnfyúka YsIagiïmkak " by, ks, ;,

mjd orefjda fj;s'

— Wvqf.dv uy fldaKdr jeoaod isrlr isákafka h' fuys — isrlr isákafka

h hkqfjka ia:Sr f,i mosxÑj fufyjfrys fhoS isáhs' jeks woyia úh yelsh'

— ;,a¨l<d hkqfjka udre lsÍu fyda fkrmSu l< nj woyia fjhs'

idrÓ 2016

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12 tu13 tÉ' fodka ¨úia úchuka;%S .=K;s,l - ud;f,a uy osidfõ lvbï fmd; 14 tu

fuys jpk ixÑ;h w;r Ndkq f;aciska" m%oSmdhudk" j<.ïNdyq

f,dalmqrkaorhdKka " wddjl%fhka wdoS wre;aosis jpk o Ndú;hg f.k we;'

tneúka ud;f,a uy osidfõ lvbï fmd; jd.a úoHdj úIh yodrK

wfhl=g jqj o w;sYhska u m%fhdackj;a úh yelsh'

moH ridiajdoh

ud;f,a lvbï fmd; wjidkfha m%;sixialrKh lrk ,o ;%sl=Kdu, fldgq

;dmamhg msgoS uQ¥ fjr< n,d ysosñka isõ mo .dhkhla o lr ;sfí' úch uka;%S

.=K;s,l uy;df.a lvbï ixialrKfhys — rÊcqrefjda fldgq ;dmafma msg br

`y| fuka uQ¥ fjr< n,d jev ys| isõ mohla lshkakg fhÿkdy hkqfjka mjid

meos folla olajd we;'

01' ixidf¾ osh m,af,a t.i lskd

uÕ hkafkda u,a fkf,;shs ú.i lskd

t.i mqrd u,a msms,d ú,i lskd

msms bisr .sh u, f;dar fkd,i lskd

02' weiska n,d kqjkska lSjdh oe ld

fld;k .sh;a ijig t;s tlska t ld

Wvl ñila ìu fkd,.shs isf;a ie ld15 uf,a iqo fkdfjhs w;= w. jeiQ fld ld

wdpd¾hh tÉ' ta' mS' wfíj¾Ok uy;df.a lvbï wkq msgmf;ys by; moH folg

wu;rj my; oelafjk moH ;=ko we;=<;aj ;sfí’

03' uf,a uf,a ;eô,sh jkak fmd,a u uf,a

/f,a /f,a uqyqoska ouk osh / /f,a

nf,a nf,a rdisx foúhkaf.a n f,a

.f,ka fldgqj nekaohs ;%s l=Kdu f,a

idrÓ 2016

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15 tÉ' fodka ¨úia úchuka;%S .=K;s,l - ud;f,a uy osidfõ lvbï fmd;

04' c, ljodo ud ú<s .Õ nei bjrd

hkq ljodo fu;kska kqjrg bjrd

n, iuqod weksfhka ;U., kqjrd

j`ÿ o<od ud,s`.hg nei fidÿrd

05' il< biqre msKs oshf,ka TmslU uvl,Uqfj .,aTfh ofkda f,iskd

.Õ mo neosh fonelrk m;a lsUqf,l= oel rcq rl=iq f,iskd

iqks,a j,d .eU ;=f,l f,iska úÿ,shla f,iska ÿgqjo ú.ilskd16

;,d rdcisxy kf¾kaø rc úis l,ehs rka l.h w;skd

mS' ã' tia' ùriQßh uy;d Tyqf.a — cklú idys;H kï lD;sfhys " fuu

uq,a moH y;r" mqiafld< fmd;aj,ska Wmqgd .;a lú f,i olajd ;sfí' Tyq tys

mdol igykg" — › ,xld ft;sydisl w;a msgm;a fldñifuka ,nd.;a m;a;sre 13 17

l l=vd mqiafld< fmd;l PdhdrEm msgqjlska ,nd.;a nj i|yka lrhs' lvbï

fmd;a o l,ska mqifld< fmd;a j, ,shd miqj uqøKh lr we;' tneúka ùriQßh

uy;df.a m%ldYkh iy ud;f,a ^mqiafld< & lvbï fmd; w;r in|;djhla

we;ehs is;sh yelsh'

flfia jqjo fuu w¾:dkaú; rimQ¾K moH mka;sh riúoSug o ud;f,a

lvbï fmdf;ka wjia:dj ie,iSu tys idys;Huh w.h úoyd mdk levm;la

jeksh'

ud;f,a uy osidfõ lvbï fmdf;ys tk ú;a;s mokï lr .sksñka " Wiia

uÜgfï ft;sydisl kj l;djla " fõosld kdgHhla" m%didx.sl rEmjdysks kdgH

ud,djla " .S;" moH wdoS jYfhka iïNdjH idys;Hdx.hka jqj o ks¾udKh l<

yels nj" th uekúka wOHkh lsÍfuys oS mila jk lreKls'

idrÓ 2016

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16 tÉ' ta' mS' wNhj¾Ok lvbï fmd;a úu¾Ykh -^Wmqgkh& ft;sydisl ud;f,a 17 mS' ã' weia' ùriQßh " cklú idys;H - ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j

iajNdúljdoS fn!oaO is;=jï l,dj iy ßpâ fykaßlia

wdpd¾h ví,sõ'tï'mS' iqo¾Yk nKavdr

ye|skaùu

oykujk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fhaos uykqjr iïm%odfha úydr ì;=is;=jï

l,dj l%ufhka wNdjhg f.dia iajdNdúldos Ñ;% iïm%odhla ia:dms; jq nj furg

l,d b;sydih wOHhkh lsrSfïos wjfndaO fõ' fuf,i l%udKql=,j is;=jï l,dj

;=< we;s jQ mrsj¾;kh furg j¾;udk úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dj ;=< o

úúOdldrfha Pdhdjka oel.ekSug ,eìfuka tys m%n,;ajh wjfndaO lr.;

yel' uykqjr iïm%odfha úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dj iajNdúl is;=jï l,djg

mrsj¾;kh úfïos wjê lsysmhla oel.; yels w;r thska úfoaYSh fukau foAYSh

Ys,amSka hqfrdamSh iajNdúljdos Ñ;% iïm%odh wkq.ukh lrñka fn!oaO Ñ;%

l,djla furg ;=< f.dvkeÕsu iqúfYaIs wjia:djls' fuu Ydia;S%h rpkdj ;=<ska

uQ,slj idlÉPd lrkqfha furg ;=< iajNdúljdos ì;=is;=jï l,djla ia:dms;

lsrSfïos ßpâ fykaßliaf.a odhl;ajhhs' tfukau uykqjr iïm%odfha úydr

ì;=is;=jï l,dj iy hqfrdamSh iajNdúljdos is;=jï l,dj w;r mj;sk

fjkialï" Bg n,mdk ,o iudc" wd¾:sl" foaYmdk iy ixialD;sl fya;= idOl

iy ßpâ fykaßliaf.a ks¾udK iïm%odfha úfYaI;do úu¾Ykh lrkq ,efí'

fuu ,smsfhos zhqfrdamSh iajNdúljdos is;=jï l,djZ" zls;=kq iajNdúljdos is;=jï

l,djZ iy ziajNdúljdos is;=jï l,djZ f,i Ndú; lrkqfha tlu w¾:fhka nj

úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;=h'

idrÓ 2016

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uykqjr úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dj iy hqfrdamSh iajdNdúljdoS is;=jï l,dj w;r iuúIu;d

ishjia ;=kla muK wLKavj mdrïmßl Ys,amdpdÍka úiska mj;ajdf.k

wd uykqjr úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dj l%udkql+,j úúO yria ixialD;sl is;=jï

l,djkaf.a yd iudc ixialD;Skaf.a ixiam¾Yh;a iu`. fjkia úh' m%:u Nd.fha

uykqjr úydr ì;=is;=jï l,djg hqfrdamSh ixialD;Skaf.a úúO NdKav" we÷ï

me<֕" ksjdi" udkj rEm iy fudaia;r wdosh we;=<;a jQ w;r fojkqj uykqjr

ì;=is;=jï l,dfõ jHdlrKh ;=< fjkialï isÿúh' tkï me;,s j¾K Ndú;h

bj;aj rEmj, m¾hdjf,dalkh oelaùug Ys,amSka W;aidy .;a whqre oel.;

yelsh' f;jkqj hqfrdamSh l%sia;shdks iajNdúljdoS is;=jï l,dj l%udkql+,j

úydr ì;=is;=jï l,djg we;=<;aùu oelsh yel' tysos wLKav l:k udOH

fjkiaùu" me;,s j¾K Ndú;fhka wE;aùu" idïm%odhsl j¾K ilid .ekSfï

Ys,am l%uj,ska bj;aùu " ;Sre l%uhg is;=jï ks¾udKh fkdlsrSu" úfoaYSh

j¾Kl u`.ska iajdNdúl Wrejg fn!oaO l:d m%jD;a;s ks¾udKh lsÍu hkdosh tu

fjkialïj, uQ,sl ,laIKhkah' uykqjr iïm%odfha úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dfõ

isÿ jQ tu úma,ùh mßj¾;kh mdkÿr rkafld;a úydrh" foysj, lr.ïmsáh

úydrh" fnda;f,a f.daGdNh úydrh wdoS ia:dkj, is;=jï u`.ska ukdj úoHudk 1fõ ' fuf,i isÿ jQ mßj¾;kfha B<`. t<Uqu jQfha iïmQ¾Kfhkau uykqjr úydr

ì;=is;=jï l,dj wNdjhg f.dia hqfrdamSh iajdNdúljdoS is;=jï l,djla

,dxflah úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dj ;=< ia:dms; ùuhs' idïm%odhsl l=, rgdjkaf.ka

Ñ;% l¾uh bj;aùu;a fjk;a jD;a;Skays kshe¨Kq mqoa.,hka fï i|yd fhduqùu;a 2tlS mßj¾;kh ;sj% lsÍug m%uqL idOlhla úh ' bx.%siSka úiska ,dxflah iudch

mqrdjg ls;=kq wd.u jHdma; lsÍfï wáfhka bosl< ls;=kq m,a,s wdY%s; is;=jï

l,dj fuu mßj¾;kh fõ.j;a lsÍug fya;= jq ;j;a idOlhls' tfiau

idïm%odhsl uykqjr úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dfõ mej;s Ndj m%ldYk .=Kh" iSñ;

j¾Kdj,sh" me;,s j¾K Ndú;h" md¾Yj o¾YS yd iDcq o¾YS Í;shg wkqj udkj

rEm ks¾udKh wdoS ,CIK hqfrdamSh ls;=kq l,dj;a iu`. ikaikaokh ùfïoS

idrÓ 2016

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1 .dñKS chka; fukaäia" —fn!oaO m%fndaOhg odhl jQ Ñ;% Ys,amS weï' id¾,sia˜" id¾,siaf.a ck is;=jï"

iyNd.s;aj ixj¾Ok m¾Ioh" 51 ;,j;=f.dv ñßydk" fldaÜfÜ" 1991" ye|skaùu' iqo¾Yk nKavdr"

fida,shia fukaosiaf.a fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2004" ms' 22'

2 wdkkao fla' l=udriajdñ" —Wvrg merKs f.dvke.s,s wdrCId lsÍu i|yd woyia lsysmhla˜" ,xld l,d

uKav,fha l,d i`.rdj' ,xld l,d uKav,h" fld<U' 1957' ms'4-5' tï' fidau;s,l" uykqjr iïm%odfha

fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U"2002" ms'461'

hqfrdamSh iajdNdúljdoS is;=jï l,djg ffki¾.slj foaYSh m%N+ka"

úydrdêm;sjreka iy Ñ;% Ys,amSka fhduqùuo fuhg n,mE fya;= w;r olakg 3,efí ' tfukau bx.%Sis ixialD;sh úiska ,dxflah iudch mqrdjg jHdma; lrñka

mej;s iajdNdúl is;=jï l,dj iy th wkq.ukh lrñka ìys l< ì;a;s ieris,s"

lsÍgfha rEm" lsÍgfha mjqf,a rEm" N=ñ o¾Yk" ls;=kq l:d m%jD;a;s wdosh flfrys

foaYSh idudkH ck;dj yd m%N+ me,eka;sh olajk ,o oeä reÑl;ajh;a uykqjr

iïm%odfha úydr Ñ;% l,dj l%ufhka ;=rkaj f.dia iajdNdúljdoS is;=jï l,djla

ia:dms; ùug u`. ie,isks' foaYSh m%N+ka" úydr NsCIqka" Ñ;% Ys,amSka" fn!oaO odhl

odhsldjka hqfrdamSh ls;=kq is;=jï ffY,shg olajk ,o oeä leue;a; fya;=

fldgf.k ñka miq ìys jQ fndfyda úydr ì;=is;=jï iajdNdúljdoS ffY,sfhka

ks¾udKh lsÍu isÿúKs' uykqjr is;=jï l,djg idfmaCIj is;a we| ne| ;nd

.ekSfï m%dudKsl yelshdjla hqfrdamSh ls;=kq l,djg ;sîu tu mßj¾;kh

fõ.j;a lsÍug fjfiiska msgqjy,a úh' tfiau ,dxflah úydr NsCIqka iy odhl

odhsldjka úiska iajdNdúl Ñ;% ffY,sfhka úydr ì;=is;=jï ks¾udKh lrk f,i

tjlg isá Ñ;% Ys,amSkaf.ka b,a,Su o fuu Ñ;% l,dj furg jHdma;ùug iy

ia:dms;ùug fnfyúka rel=,a jQ nj fmfka' úgl idïm%odhsl uykqjr ì;=is;=jï

u; kej; yqKq ms<shï fldg hqfrdamSh ls;=kq ffY,sfhka is;=jï ks¾udKh lrk

f,i ueoaofmd, úydrdêm;s úiska fida,shia fukaosia uy;dg m%ldY l< wjia:d o 4mej;s nj i|yka fõ '

óg yd;amiska fjkia jQ l%shdoduhla ksid o idïm%odhsl uykqjr

is;=jï l,dfõ wNdjh isÿ jQ njg idCIs we;' ì%;dkH hg;a úð;jdohg tfrysj

ksoyia wr.,hka osh;a l< wkd.dßl O¾umd," i¾ fykaß ´,alÜ"

ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñ wdoS wd.ñl yd foaYysff;IS kdhlhkag rel=,la

jYfhka tï' id¾,sia jekakka tjlg ,dxflah iudch ;=< ia:dms; jQ l%sia;shdks

is;=jï l,d ffY,sh Wmfhda.s fldg foaYSh ixialD;shg wh;a wd.ñl yd 5iudÔh l;d m%jD;a;s ks¾udKh lsÍug fm<UqKy ' tu`.ska ck;djg b;d

blaukska wd.ñl woyia f.k hd yels nj is;+ ksid fuu Ñ;% ffY,sh Wmfhda.S

idrÓ 2016

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3 iqo¾Yk nKavdr" fida,shia fukaosiaf.a fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" 2004" ms' 75'

4 iqo¾Yk nKavdr" fida,shia fukaosiaf.a fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" 2004" ms' 184'

5 .dñKs chka; fukaäia" —fn!oaO m%fndaOhg odhl jQ Ñ;% Ys,amS weï' id¾,sia˜" id¾,siaf.a ck is;=jï"

1991" ye|skaùu iqo¾Yk nKavdr" fida,shia fukaosiaf.a fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" 2004" ms' 75'

Sunil Goonasekera ,George Keyt Interpretations, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, 1991, p.15.

lr.;a nj úYajdi flf¾' tkï tjlg ,dxflah ck;dj iajdNdúljdoS is;=jï

ffY,shg olajk ,o oeä reÑl;ajh fuhg m%n,;u fya;=j jkakg we;' tneúka

tï' id¾,sia jeks foaYSh úydr ì;=is;=jï Ys,amSyq ;u ks¾udK iïm%odh i|yd

uykqjr ì;=is;=jï ffY,sfhka neyerj hqfrdamSh iajdNdúljdoS is;=jï l,dj

wkq.ukh l<y' fuu kj hqfrdamSh ì;=is;=jï ffY,sh wkq.ukh l< m%uqL

fmf<a foaYSh Ys,amSka w;ßka ßpâ fykaßlia" tï' id¾,sia" fida,shia fukaosia 6i|yka l< yelsh '

uykqjr iïm%odfha úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dj ;=< mej;s ;Sre l%uhg

is;=jï ks¾udKh lsÍfï ffY,sh ls;=kq l,dj ;=< olakg fkd,enqKs' úfYaIfhka

lsishï cd;l l;djl fyda nqoaO pß;fha isÿùï ud,djloS kj ls;=kq l,dj

wkq.ukh l< is;a;rdf.a uq,sl wjOdkh fhduq jqfha l;d m%jD;a;sfha tk

iqúfYaIS isoaêhla muKla Ñ;%Kh lsÍuhs' tneúka uykqjr iïm%odfha fuka

Ñ;%dj,shla f,i úydr .Dyh úúO ;Sre .Kkdjlg fkdfnÿKq w;r th úYd,

m%udKfha fldgq jYfhka ieliqKs'

me;,s j¾K Ndú;h uykqjr iïm%odfha úydr ì;=is;=jïj, iqúfYaIS

,CIKhls' iSñ; j¾Kdj,shla fhdod .ksñka is;=jï w,xldr lsÍu;a miqìug 7r;= j¾Kh fyda úfYaI wjia:djl l¿" ks,a jeks j¾K fhoSu;a olakg ,eìK '

tfy;a kj l%sia;shdks is;=jï l,dj wkq.ukh lrñka we|s úydr Ñ;% ;=< me;,s

j¾K Ndú;h iïmQ¾fhkau bj;aj w÷rdf,dalh wkqj j¾K Ndú; lrñka

rEmj,g .eUqrla ,ndoSfï wáfhka j¾K yiqrejk njla olakg ,efí' úúO

j¾Klj" m%fNao Wmfhda.s fldg rEmj, iy wjfYaI jia;=j, ;%sudK nj oelaùu

tu ffY,sfha m%uqL ,CIKhls' uykqjr iïm%odfha ì;=is;=jï l,dfõ olakg

fkd,efnk mq¿,a mrdihl úysfok j¾Kdj,shla Ndú; lrk w;ru tu`.ska

idrÓ 2016

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6 fI,agka wdrÉÑf.a" YS% ,xldfõ kQ;k Ñ;% uq¾;s l,dfõ m%jK;d" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"

fld<U" 2000" ms' 13' iqo¾Yk nKavdr" fida,shia fukaosiaf.a fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" 2004" ms' 74-75'

.dñKs chka; fukaäia" —fn!oaO m%fndaOhg odhl jq Ñ;% Ys,amS weï' id¾,sia' id¾,siaf.a ck is;=jï" 1991"

ye|skaùu'

7 iqo¾Yk nKavdr' fida,shia fukaosiaf.a fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" 2004" ms' 60-64' tï' fidau;s,l" mqrd;k

Y%S ,xldfõ Ñ;% l,dj" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2004" ms'304-308' isß .=Kisxy" —uykqjr

hq.fha ì;=is;=jï˜' l,d i`.rdj' ,xld l,d uKav,h" fld<U" 1960" ms' 9-11' Senake Bandaranayake,

The Rock and wall painting of Sri Lanka, Lake House Book Shop, Colombo, 1986, p.23. Lalani Fernando,

“past stories for Future prosperity”, The Sunday Times, Vijaya Newspapers Company Ltd, Colombo,

December 2, 1990, p. 15.

is;=jug kj Ôjhla ,ndoSug o W;aidy .kakd whqre oelsh yelsh' úgl YS;

j¾K;a ;j;a wjia:djl WIaK j¾K;a Ndú;d lrk Ys,amshd Ñ;%fhka ye`.Sï

m%lafIamKh i|yd ix.; iy úix.; j¾K o Ndú; lrk whqre úYsIagh' kuq;a

uykqjr iïm%odfha j¾K u`.ska woyia m%lafIamKh fyda rEmj,g ;%sudk njla

fyda mßirhg .eUqrla fyda is;=jïys úúO isoaëkag wkql+,j wjia:d ksrEmkhla

fyda èjks; lsÍula oelsh fkdyel' l%sia;shdks is;=jï ffY,sh ;=< mßirh

oelaùfïoS iajdNdúl whqßka .ia fld<ka" we< fod<" wyi wdosh fmr ìï" ueo

iy miqìu& ksrEmKh flfrhs' tfy;a uykqjr is;a;rd mßirh ysia wjldYhla

f,i èjks; lsÍug r;= meyeh úfYaIfhka Ndú; lsÍu o olakg ,efí' úúO

wjia:dj, wjldYh ;=< mj;sk ysia nj ke;s lsÍug fh¥ fudaia;r olakg 8,eîu tu iïm%odfha ;j;a úfYaI;ajhls '

kj iajdNdúljdoS ls;=kq l,dj ;=< olakg ,efnk ,CIKhla jqfha oDYH

f.daprjk ish¨u jia;+ka yels;dla ÿrg tf,iu j¾K" f¾Ld iy yev;, u`.ska

m%;sks¾udKh lsÍuhs' ;:H f,dalfha olsk jia;=jla is;=jula ;=< tf,iu

m%;sks¾udKh lsÍfï wmq¾j jQ yelshdjla fuu iïm%odfha mej;Su uykqjr

is;=jï l,djg yd;amiska fjkia jqjls' udkj rEm" Tjqkaf.a we÷ï me<÷ï iy

wjfYaI mßirh hkdoS ish,a,u iajNdúl f,dalfha olsk jia;+ka tf,iu

m%;sks¾udKh lsÍfï ,CIKhla fuu iïm%odh ;=< olakg ,efí' udkj rEmj,

úúO bßhõ fuysoS úfYaIfhka oelsh yel' tfy;a uykqjr iïm%odfha udkj rEm

ks¾udKh lsÍfïoS iDcq o¾YS iy md¾Yj o¾YS Í;s muKla wkq.ukh lsÍfï 9úfYaI l%ufõohlg muKla iSudùula olakg ,efí ' fuf,i rEm ks¾udKh

lsÍfï ,CIKfhka o fuu iïm%odhka fol w;r fjkila olakg we;'

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8 à' hQ' o is,ajd" merKs isxy, ieris,s fudaia;r" tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u" fld<U" ms'13 iy 33"

wdkkao l=udriajdñ' uOHld,Sk isxy, l,d" mß' tÉ' weï' fidaur;ak" ,xldKavqfõ uqøKd,h" fld<U"

1962' msgq'94' tï' fidau;s,l" uykqjr iïm%odfha fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" 2002" ms'356-360'

iqo¾Yk nKavdr" fida,shia fukaosiaf.a fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" 2004" ms' 153' tia' mS' pd,aia" mdrïmßl

isxy, ieris,s yd fudaia;r" weia' f.dvf.a iy iud.u" fld<U" 1999" ms' 10-11 Senake Bandaranayake,

The Rock and wall painting of Sri Lanka.1986. P174.

9 lreKdr;ak úfÊ;=x." uq.,a bkaoshdj" f,alayjqia bkafjiaÜukaia" fld<U" 1951" ms' 201"

A. K.Coomaraswamy. The Arts and Crafts of India and Ceylon, Today and tomorrow's, Printers and

Publishers, New Delhi, 1913, p.240. W.G.Archer, Ceylon Paintings from Temples Shrines and Rock,

UNESCO world Art Series, Italy, New York Graphic Society, 1957, p.28. tï' fidau;s,l" uykqjr

iïm%odfha fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" 2002" ms'320-322' wdkkao l=udriajdñ" uOHld,Sk isxy, l,d" 1962"

ms'186'

uykqjr ì;=is;=jï l,dj ;=< f¾Ld l¾uh tu is;=jï iïm%odfha uQ,sl

moku jYfhka ie,lSu hqla;s hqla;h' f¾Ldjg m%Odk ;ekla ysñjk fuuis;=jï

l,dj ;=< rEmj,g ixrpkhla fukau we÷ï me<÷ïj, ishqï nj m%;sks¾udKh

lsÍug o th fnfyúka Wmfhda.S lr.kS' udkj rEmj, ndysrj .,dhk isyska

l¿jka f¾Ldj;a rEmj, wNHka;r iúia;r i|yd fhdok ,o r;=jka f¾Ldj;a 10fuu iïm%odfha Í;shla jYfhka Ndú;fha mej;sKs ' mdrïmßl Ys,amdpdÍkaf.a

fm<fmd;aj,g wkqj uq,skau Ñ;% l¾uh yodrk isiqka ;u Ñ;% l¾u osúh wjika

lrkqfha ;sß`.s;,fhks ^03 rEmh&' jlfol iy ;sß`.s;,h hkq f¾Ldj Ndú;

lrñka l%ñlj Ys,amshdf.a mßk;Ndjh yqjd olajk úêu;a Ys,am l%u 11moaO;shls ' fujeks mokul isg ìysjk uykqjr úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dj f¾Ld

Ndú;h úYsIag ;;ajhl mj;sk nj fnfyda kQ;k W.;=kaf.a o woyihs' tfy;a

kj ls;=kq is;=jï iïm%odh ;=< f¾Ldjg t;rïu m%uqL;ajhla ysñ fkdfõ'

rEmj, ixrpkhg fyda rEm mßirfhka fjkalr oelaùug f¾Ld l¾uh fhdod

fkd.kakd w;r ta i|yd úfYaIfhka j¾K Ndú; lrkq oelsh yelsh' rEm

mßirfhka yqjd oelaùug úúO wjia:dj, udkj rEmj,g ,d meye;s j¾Khl=;a

mßirhg ;o meye;s j¾Khl=;a fhoSug fndfydaúg W;aidy lrkq olakg ,efí'

jDCI,;d ks¾udKfhaoS o úfYaIfhka uykqjr ì;=is;=jï l,dj ;=<

mej;s úêu;a kHdh moaO;shg wkql+,j ks¾udKh l< Ys,am l%ufõohg

yd;amiska fjkia jQ w;sYh iajdNdúl l%ufõohla wkq.ukh lrkq oelsh yelsh'

iajdNdúl f,i w;=m;r úysfok w;ru ishqïj m;%hka fjkaj oelaùu;a

weUÍ.sh wdldrhg .fia l| wdosh oelaùu;a fuu kj Ñ;% ffY,sfha

úfYaI;ajhls' ta i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk j¾K ud,djo iajNdúl ,CIK ;sj%

lsÍug fnfyúka bjy,a fõ' w÷rdf,dalh Ndú; lrñka .fiays mj;sk ;%sudK

,CIK ksrEmKh flfrhs' úúO wjia:dj, is;=jï w;r j¾K modi Wmfhda.S

fldg .ksñka jDCI,;d ks¾udKh lsÍfï iïm%odhla o fuu kj l%sia;shdks

iajdNdúljdoS Ñ;% l,d iïm%odh ;=< olakg ,efí'

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10 isß.=Kisxy" —uykqjr hq.fha ì;=is;=jï˜" ,xld l,d uKav,fha l,d i`.rdj" 1960" ms'10' —Wvrg

is;=jï l,dj˜" ixia' à' î' lreKdr;ak" isxy, úYajfldaIh" y;rjk ldKavh" ixialD;sl

fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U" 1970" ms'519' tï' fidau;s,l" uykqjr iïm%odfha fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj"

2002 ms'222-223' iqo¾Yk nKavdr" fida,shia fukaosiaf.a fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" 2004" ms'60-62'

11 à' hQ' o is,ajd" merKs isxy, ieris,s fudaia;r" iSudiys; f,ala yjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜ iud.u" fld<U 2"

1971" ms' 9' wdkkao l=udriajdñ" uOHld,Sk isxy, l,d" mß' tÉ'weï' fidaur;ak" 1976" ms' 64-66'

.Dy ks¾udK rgdjka ks¾udKh lsÍfïoS o uykqjr iïm%odfha is;=jï ffY,sfha

olakg ,enqKq m¾Yj o¾YS fyda iDcq o¾YS Í;shg fukau me;,s iajdNdjhg

yd;amiska fjkia iÔù ,CIK j,ska hqla; l%ufõohla wkq.ukh lrhs'

iajdNdúl ls;=kq idïm%odfha is;=jï l,dfõoS fiiq jia;= ks¾udKh l< wdldrhg

;:H f,dalfha olsk iajNdjhgu .Dy ks¾udKd;aul rE rgdjka o ksujd ;sfnkq

olakg ,efí' ;ksuy,a" fouy,a" f;uy,a f.dvke.s,s ks¾udKfhaoS tajdfhys

;%sudK nj mßudKql+, iajrEmhg ksu lsÍu fuu is;=jï w;r oelsh yelsh'

úfYaIfhka ,`. olakg ,efnk f.dvke.s,s úYd,j oelaùu;a ÿßka fmfkk

f.dvke.s,s l=vdjg oelaùu;a úúO ia:dkhka ;=< .Dyhka ia:dk.; lr ;sîu;a

fuu kj ffY,sfha úfYaI;ajhls' tfiau úúO me;sj,ska fmfkk wdldrhg

.Dyhka ks¾udKh lsÍu;a fuu kj is;=jï ffY,sfha oS oel.; yel'

i;aj rEm ks¾udKh lsÍfïoS o Wla; i|yka l< udkj rEm ks¾udKfha oS

Ndú; l< l%ufõoh tf,iu oel.; yelsh' iajNdúl f,i i;=kaf.a wkkH;d

,CIK yels;dla ÿrg ksrEmKh jk whqßka ks¾udKh lrkq ,efí' i;=kaf.a w`.

mi`.j, l%shdldÍ;ajh" jgl=re nj pKav nj hkdosh fyd|ska wOHhkh fldg

ks¾udKh lsÍug Ys,amSka W;aiql ùu uykqjr is;=jï iïm%odfha i;aj rEm

ks¾udKhg yd;amiska fjkiah' uykqjr iïm%odfha Ñ;% ;=< i;aj rEm md¾Yj

iy iDcq o¾YS Í;shg wkql+,j ks¾udKh lsÍu muKla olakg ,efí' tfy;a kj

iajdNdúl is;=jï l,dj ;=< i;=kaf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh úúO oDIaá fldaK u`.ska

ksrEmKh lsÍug Ys,amSka fnfyúka W;aiql jQ whqre úYsIagh'

fudaia;r Ndú;h uykqjr ì;=is;=jï l,dfõ uq,sl ,CIKhla f,i

ye|skaúh yelsh' úydr .Dyhkays úhka;, w,xldr lsÍug cfk,a" fodrj,a"

ì;a;s ;Sre" cfka," fndroï fukau is;=jï ;=< ysia wjldY msrùu i|yd o

nyq,j fudaia;r fhdod .eKsk' tajd iïm%odhsl Ys,am l%ufõohkag wkql+,j ìys

jQ cHdñ;sl yev;, jk w;ru WoaNso yd i;aj jYfhkq;a tajd kej; ld,amksl 12yd iajdNdúl jYfhkq;a j¾. lrkq ,eîh ' fuu ish¨ fudaia;r rgd f¾Ldjg

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12 isß .=Kisxy" —uykqjr hq.fha ì;=is;=jï˜" ,xld l,d uKav,fha l,d i`.rdj˜ 1 l,dmh" 1960" ms'10-13'

tï' fidau;s,l" uykqjr iïm%odfha fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" 2002" ms'325-327' tï' fidau;s,l" mqrd;k

Y%S ,xldfõ Ñ;% l,dj" 2004" ms'314-317' —Wvrg ì;=is;=jï l,dj˜" ixia' à' î' lreKdr;ak" isxy,

úYajfldaIh" y;rjeks ldKavh" 1970" ms' 518-519. See Siri Gunasinghe, An Album of Buddhist Paintings

from Sri Lanka, National Museum Publication, Colombo, 1978, Plate No. 27.

m%uqL ;ek foñka me;,s j¾Khkaf.ka ksujd we;' tfy;a kj úydr ì;=is;=jï

l,dj ;=< oS ìys jQ fudaia;r rgd óg yd;amiska fjkia jQ kejqï Ys,amSh

l%ufõohka mokï lr.;a njla oelsh yel' iÔù wdldrhg iajNdúl mßirfha

olakg ,efnk whqßkau u,a fudaia;r" ñksia rEmj,ska hqla; fudaia;r" m;%

fudaia;r fhdod.;a whqre olakg ,efí' fïjd w;r úhka;,j, frdai" lmqre iy

iSk u,a fukau hqfrdamSh ixialD;shg wh;a cHdñ;sl yev;, wdosh fhdodf.k

we;'

idïm%odhsl Ys,amSh l%ufõohkag wkql+,j uykqjr iïm%odfha Ñ;% 13ks¾udKh i|yd j¾K ms<sfh, lr.;a njg úúO idOl we; ' tfy;a ls;=kq

wd.ñl mßirh;a iu`. j¾Okh jQ úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dfõ j¾Klhka ilid

.ekSu idïm%odhsl l%ufõohkag wkqj isÿ fkdùh' úfYaIfhka hqfrdamfhka

f.kajk ,o ridhksl l%ufõohkag wkql+,j ieliQ lD;su j¾Klhka fndfyda

úydr ì;=is;=jï Ys,amSka fhdod.;a njg idCIs we;' l=vq j¾." oshr j¾."

ridhksl øjhka iu`. iïñY%Kh fldg j¾Khka ilid.kakd ,oS' woo iuyr

merKs úydr i|yd fhdok ,o ,el¾ jeks j¾Khka b;d fyd|ska wdrCId ù

;sfnkq oel.; yelsh' fuu kj j¾Klhkaf.ka olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,CIK

jQfha os,sfik iq`M iajNdjhlska hqla; ùuhs' tfukau nyq, j¾K ixLHdjla ;sîu

o fuys ;j;a úfYaI;ajhla jk w;r fiiq j¾K i;r iu`. fyd|ska iïñY%Kh

fldg w¨;a j¾Khka idod .ekSug o fuhg yelshdj we;' tfiau j¾Kj,

;Sj%;dj wvq fyda jeä fldg is;=jfï >k;dj ke;fyd;a ;s%udK nj u;= lsÍug

fuu j¾Khka u`.ska yelshdj ,efí' tfy;a uykqjr úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dfõoS

Ndú; l< me;,s j¾K ksid lsis÷ úgl tjeks wjia:djka ksrEmkh lsÍug

yelshdjla fkd,eìKs' fujeks úúO;ajhka u; foaYSh idïm%odhsl úydr

ì;=is;=jï l,dj l%ufhka ke;s ù f.dia kj ls;=kq l,d iïm%odhla ,xldj ;=<

ia:dms; úh' fuu kj ls;=kq l,dj foaYSh úydr ì;=is;=jï l,djg muKla fkdj

mqj;am;a i`.rd w;a m;%sld hkdoS fiiq úIhkag o we;=<;a l< whqre merKs

fmd;am;a iy m;a;rj,ska ;yjqre fõ'

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13 —Wvrg is;=jï l,dj˜" ixia' à' î'lreKdr;ak" isxy, úYajfldaIh" y;rjk ldKavh" 1970" ms'519'

fcdaka fâú" fâú ÿgq ,xldj" mß' we,af,afmd, fidaur;k" tï' ã' .=Kfiak iud.u" fld<U" 1967'

ms'128' tï' fidau;s,l" —uOHld,Sk j¾K ;dlaIKh˜" .%dóh ;dlaIK" uykqjr YS% iqux., úoHd,hSh

Ydia;S%h ix.%yh' ixia' f.dv.u ux., ysñ" ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U" 1994" ms' 22'

kdjQ,af,a Oïudkkao ysñ" —oUq¨ moú ikaki˜" uOHu ,xld mQrdjD;a;" tï' ã' .=Kfiak uqøKd,h"

fld<U" 1969" ms'306-316' “Madavala Viharaya Copper Plate”, C. E. Godakumbura, Epigrapic Zelenica,

VoL.V, 1966, p.472. ã' tï' wd¾' osidkdhl" —ud;f,a Ñ;% yd uQ¾;s Ys,am mrïmrd˜" ft;sydisl

ud;f,a" rcfha uqøKd,h" fld<U" ms'190'

fuf,i is;=jï iïm%odhka fofla mej;s oaúrEmS;dj iy idïm%odhsl

uykqjr úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dfõ mej;s ir, nj ksid ffki¾.slj foaYSh

ck;dj" m%N=ka" Ñ;% Ys,amSka" úydrdêm;s NslaIqka kj l,djg weoS .sh nj fmfka'

fuu kj Ñ;% idïm%odhl iïm%dma;sh;a iu`. iïmQ¾Kfhka foaYSh l,djla jQ

uykqjr Ñ;% iïm%odh wNdjhg f.dia kj hqfrdamSh iajdNdúljos is;=jï l,djla

wdrïN úh' fu;eka mgka ,dxflah úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dfõ isÿ jQ úma,ùh

fjki hï;rul fyda fjkilg n÷ka lsÍug Ys,amSka lsysm fofkl= .;a

W;aidyhka o i|yka lsÍu úfYaIfhka jeo.;ah' ta w;ßka fida,shia fukaosia"

fcda¾Ê lSÜ" fidaunkaÿ úoHdm;s" we,anÜ O¾uisß jekakjqka úfYaIfhka i|yka

l< yelsh'

fï wdldrhg werô kj iajdNdúljdos is;=jï ffY,sh mokï lr.;a

Ñ;% Ys,amSka w;ßka m%uqL;ajh ysñjkqfha ßpâ fykaßlaia ygh' Tyqf.ka ,enqKq

wdrïNh;a iu`. tï' id¾,sia" fida,shia fukaosia hkdoS jYfhka Ñ;% Ys,amSka

.Kkdjla fï kj Ñ;% idïm%odh .=refldg úydr l¾udka;fha kshe¨Ky' woo

hqfrdamSh iajdNdúljdoS Ñ;% l,dj ,dxflah úydr ì;=is;=jï ks¾udKfhoS ckms%h

Ñ;% ffY,shla jYfhka mej;Su tys m%n,;ajh ;yjqre lrk idOlhls' fuysos

ßpâ fykaßlaiaf.a ks¾udK ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsÍfuka foaYSh l,djg hqfrdamSh

l%sia;shdks is;=jï l,dj we;=<;a jQ whqre fukau foaYSh is;a;reka tajd fn!oaO

l;d m%jD;Ska i|yd fhdod.;a whqre iy tajdfha id¾:l yd wid¾:lNdjh

fln÷ o hkak jgyd.; yelsh' fuu fjki ,dxflah úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dfõ

isÿ jQ m%n, mßj¾;khls'

ßpâ fykaßliaf.a iajdNdúljdos fn!oaO is;=jï l,dj

oykj jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.h Wodj;au Wvrg is;=jï l,dfõ mßydks

wjêh ;rul fõ.j;a fjñka mej;sk' l%sia;= mq¾j wjêfha isg wúÉýkakj

mej; wd YS% ,dxflah ì;=is;=jï l,dj mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais yd bx.%Sis hk

wêrdcHhkaf.a .%yKhg furg k;=ùu;a iu`.u tys m%n, mrsj¾;k /ila we;s 14jQ nj fndfyda W.;=kaf.a woyihs '

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14 à' hQ' o is,ajd" merKs isxy, ieris,s fudaia;r"1953" ms'6' iS' tï' o w,aúia" fldaÜfõ rcOdksh b;sydih

yd mqrdjia;=" oSma;s uqøKd,h" kqf.af.dv" 1986" ms'26'

idïm%odhslj Ys,am fY%aKsj,g flakaø.;j mej;s uykqjr iïm%odfha

úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dj hqfrdamSh iajdNdúljdoS Ñ;% l,dfõ wdrïNh;a iu`.

l%ufhka kejquq uqyqKqjrla .;a w;r l,ah;au th iïmQ¾Kfhkau wNdjhg hk

,oS' fuu mßKdu ls%hdj,sfha iqúfYaIS ixêia:dkhla f,i hqfrdamSh ls%ia;shdks

is;=jï l,dj mokï lr.;a úydr Ñ;% Ys,amSkaf.a iïm%dma;sh y÷kajdosh yelsh'

m%:u Nd.fha úfoaYSh Ys,amSka o fojkqj foaYSh Ys,amSyq o fuu ffY,sh wkq.ukh

lrñka úydr l¾udka;fha kshe¨Ky' cd;sfhka isxy,fhl=j;a wd.ñka

fn!oaOfhl=j;a fkdjq ßpâ fykaßlia kï Ñ;% Ys,amshd fuu kj is;=jï iïm%odh

furg fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj ;=< ia:dms; lrkakg m%uqL jQfjl= f,i i|yka

l< yelsh' oykujk ishjfia b;d,sh" tx.,ka;h wdoS úfoaYSh rdcH ;=< Ñ;%

l¾uh ms<sn|j úêu;a wOHdmkhla ,en furgg meñKs ßpâ fykaßlia Ñ;% 15Ys,amsfhl= iy Ys,amdpd¾hhjrfhl= jYfhka o m%isoaêhla ,enqfõh ' ßpâ

fykaßlia ,dxflah iudch ;=< hqfrdamSh iajdNdúljdoS is;=jï l,dj b;du

l%udkql+,j ia:dms; lsÍug iu;a úh' ls;=kq m,a,sj, iy nhsn,fha úúO l;d

m%jD;a;s i|yd Ñ;% we|s fudyq l,ah;au gj¾fyda,a kdgHj, miqìï ;Sr i|yd o 16Ñ;% we|s mqoa.,fhl= jYfhka uy;a m%isoaêhla ,nd .;s ' tfiau fn!oaO úydr

ì;=is;=jï we|sug;a fn!oaO O¾u .%ka: i|yd Ñ;% we|Sug;a fudyq fhduqùu ksid

,dxflah l,dj ;=< úma,ùh mßj¾;k /il wdrïNh iksgqyka lrkakg iu;a

úh'

1839 fld<U msgfldgqfõ Wmka ßpâ fykaßlia 1882 isg ;u l,d lghq;=

mq¿Ω,a uÜgñka isÿ lsÍug fhduq úh' fudyq úiska l< is;=jï w;r .%Ekaâ mdiays

ch;s,ldrduh" fudaor Ydka; fÊïia foõ ueÿr" fudrgqj Ydka; fifnia;shka 17foõ ueÿr úfYaI jeo.;alulska hqla; ia:dk f,i i|yka l< yelsh ' tfiau

gj¾ fyda,a kdgH i|yd l< miqìï ;Sr w;r iS' fodka nia;Shka n¾f;daf,dafujqia

weÿrkaf.a kdgHj,g we|s ks¾udK ,dxflah is;=jï l,dfõ kj Wodjl ,laIK 18fmkakqï lrhs ' l=i cd;lh" ðkrdc jxih jeks fn!oaO .%ka: i|yd o ßpâ

fykaßlia úiska w|sk ,o is;=jï miq ld,Sk foaYSh úydr ì;=is;=jï Ys,amSkag

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15 t,a' ã' ta' r;akdhl" gj¾ fyda,a kdgl b;sydih" iSudiys; ú,am%â iy iud.u" j;a;," 1972" ms' 36-37'16 t,a' ã' ta' r;akdhl" gj¾ fyda,a kdgl b;sydih" 1972" ms' 36-37' fI,agka wdrÉÑf.a" YS% ,xldfõ kQ;k Ñ;% uq¾;s l,dfõ m%jKj;d" 2000" ms'13' .dñKS chka; fukaäia" —fn!oaO m%fndaOhg odhl jQ Ñ;% Ys,amS weï' id¾,sia˜" id¾,siaf.a ck is;=jï" 1991" ye|skaúu' iqo¾Yk nKavdr" fida,shia fukaosiaf.a fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" 2004" ms' 23'17 .dñKs chka; fukaäia" —fn!oaO m%fndaOhg odhl jQ Ñ;% Ys,amS weï' id¾,sia˜" id¾,siaf.a ck is;=jï" 1991" ye|skaùu'18 t,a' ã' ta' r;akdhl" gj¾fyda,a kdgl b;sydih" 1972" ms' 36-37"

19uy`.= w;aje,la úh ' weï' id¾,siag is;=jï l,dj i|yd w;afmd;a ;enqfõ ßpâ

fykaßlia ùu ,dxflah uykqjr úydr ì;=is;=jï l,dj hqfrdamSh iajdNdúljdoS

l,dfjka wdl%uKh ùug n,mE m%uqL;u idOlh fõ'

hqfrdamSh ls;=kq l,dfjka úêu;a mkakrhla ,enQ ßpâ fykaßlia ,xldj

;=< o tu kj Ñ;% l,dj ta whqßkau Ndú; lrhs' Wla; wdldrhg ;:H f,dalfha

,laIK uol=ÿ wvq fkdfldg foaYSh fn!oaO l,djg yd fjk;a l,d ks¾udK

i|yd Tyq Ndú; l< nj fmfka' tfy;a ßpâ fykaßlia úiska y÷kajdÿka kj

is;=jï l,dj wkq.ukh lrñka Ñ;% we|s fiiq mrïmrdjkaf.a ks¾udK woo b;d

fyd| uÜgfï mej;sh o fykaßlia úiska ks¾udKh l< Ñ;% j¾;udkfha

oel.ekSu ;rul wmyiq nj i|yka l< hq;=h' l=i cd;lh iy ðkrdcjxih

i|yd Tyq we|s rEm igyka yereKq fldg fiiq úydrdrdu iy m,a,sj, b;du iq¿

jYfhka b;sß jQ Ñ;% fldgia oel.kakg ,efí' Tyqf.a ks¾udK iïm%odh mq¿,a

mrdihl jHdma; jQ neúka ta ish¨u wxYhkaj, mej;s idïm%odhsl ffY,sh

fjkiaùu;a Tyqf.a uq,sl y÷kajdoSfuka werô kj iïm%odh b;d fõ.fhka

jHdma; ùu;a oelsh yelsh' m%:u Nd.fha fudaor Ydka; fÊïia foõ ueÿf¾ wÈk

,o is;=jï w;r w,a;drhg by<ska ,S úhka;,hla iys; miqìfï úYd, m%udKfha

Ñ;% wo o olakg ,efí' Bg wu;rj nodu iys; ì;a;s mDIaGhka ;=< o úúO ls;=kq

ud;Dld iys; Ñ;% oel.; yelsh' —l=reishg weK .eiSu˜" —W;a;dkh" —wjika

fNdack ix.%yh˜" —fn;af,fyï mqrh˜" —ußhd yd cqfia˜" —ußhd yd fÊiq ì<skaod˜

wdoS ud;Dld /ila fuys ks¾udK w;r fõ' kQ;kh jk úg Ñ;% lsysmhla uq,a

iajrEmfhka mej;sh o wfkla is;=jï kej; j¾K .kajd m%;sks¾udKh fldg

we;'

fykaßliaf.a os¾> ld,Sk l,d osúfha wu;l fkdjk wmQ¾j ld,h .;

lsÍug isÿ jqfha .%Ekaâmdiays ch;s,ldrdufha Ñ;% ks¾udKh lsÍfuka nj fyf;u

i|yka lrhs' fuu úfYaI;ajhg m%Odk fya;=j jqfha oskm;d ls;= foõueÿf¾

w,a;drh bosßfha foúhka hosk ßpâ fykaßlia m<uqjrg fn!oaO úydrhl

is;=jï we|Sug hEuhs' 1909 oS fuu l¾;jHhg w;.eiQ fykaßlaia yg weï' 20id¾,siaf.a o iydh fkdwvqj ,eìK ' fn!oaO oDYH ikaksfõok wx. w;r

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19 .dñKs chka; fukaäia" —fn!oaO m%fndaOhg odhl jQ Ñ;% Ys,amS weï' id¾,sia˜" id¾,siaf.a ck is;=jï" 1991" ye|skaùu' 20 .dñKS chka; fukaäia" —fn!oaO m%fndaOhg odhl jQ Ñ;% Ys,amS weï' id¾,sia˜" id¾,siaf.a ck is;=jï" 1991" ye|skaùu' iqo¾Yk nKavdr" fida,shia fukaosiaf.a fn!oaO ì;=is;=jï l,dj" 2004" ms' 75'

fn!oaO O¾u .%ka:hkays tk kso¾Yk Ñ;%j,g fukau tajd ì;a;s mDIaGh mqrdjg

úydr .Dyhkays is;=jï lsÍug;a fm<öula ,;a ßpâ fykaßlaia úcd;slhl= f,i

tajdg odhlùu w.h l< hq;a;ls' uykqjr is;=jï iïm%odhg jvd is;a w,jk

;d;aúljdoS Í;sfhka l< fuu Ñ;% kQ;kh jk úg ish,a,u mdfya úkdY ù f.dia

we;s w;r b;sßj we;af;ao ;ekska ;ek noduhkaf.a lvd jeàfuka fYaIj we;s

l=vd Ñ;% lsysmhls' úfYaIfhka fuu Ñ;% w;r —nqÿùu˜" —iqcd;dj lsßmsvq mqcd

lsÍu˜" —miaj. uykqka˜ yd —uyskaod.ukh˜ wdoS jeo.;a fn!oaO f;audjka jQ

nqoaO pß;fha isÿùï iy YS% ,dxflah fn!oaO ft;sydisl l;d m%jD;a;Ska nj 21úydrdêm;s ysñfhda m%ldY lr;s '

fudaor Ydka; finia;shka foõ ueÿf¾ Ñ;% ks¾udKh lsÍu Wfoid ßpâ

fykaßlia yg iyh jQfha ;u fidhqre fcda¾Ê fykaßliah' ;d;aúl whqßka" olsk

ne;su;=kg Y%oaOdj we;sjk wdldrhg fÊiq;=uka l=reisfha weK .id isák f,i

l< is;=ju úYsIag .Kfha ,d ie,lsh yels ks¾udKhlah' úYd, Ñ;% m%udKhla

l< njg idCIs olakg we;;a tajd wo jk úg úkdY ù f.diah' b;sßj we;af;a

tlu Ñ;%hla muKs' lekajihla u; ukd j¾K ixfhdackhla ;=<ska ;%sudK

iajrEmh we;sjk whqßka hqfrdamSh Ydia;%d,Sh l,djg wkq.; jk fia fuu is;=ju

ksu fldg we;s whqre u`.ska wjfndaO jkafka mdrïmßl uykqjr l,djg jvd yQoS

ckhdf.a is;a rxckh lrk úYsIag yelshdjla fuu kj l,d ffY,sfha mej;s

njhs' úfYaIfhka Ndú; lrk nyq, j¾Kdj,sh" ;d;aúl iajremhg we|s udkj

rEm" mßirfhys olakg ,efnk w,xldrj;a nj tlS ;;ajh ;Sj% lsÍug

fnfyúka Wmldr jkakg we;'

j¾I 1879 mgka iS' fodka nia;shkaf.a fõosld kdgHj, miqìï;sr

ks¾udK Ys,amsfhl= f,i ßpâ fykaßlia werô .uk fõosld ;sr ks¾udK lsÍu

n¾f;d,fujqia wdoS fYa%IaG l,d weÿrkaf.a ks¾udKhka olajd úldYkh lrk 22

,oS ' ;d;aúl whqßka N+ o¾Yk hqfrdamSh ffY,shg wkq.;j isÿ l< fykaßlia

ms<sn|j gj¾fyda,a kdgH b;sydih lD;sfha ioyka lrkafka fufiah'

—fykaßlaia fidhqfrda fuka f;,s ;=äka l< oialï lsÍfï iuf;l=

j;aukfha olakg ke;sùu ,laosj kq;k Ñ;% l,dfõ oshqKqjg uy;a mdvqjls" 23hkqfjks '

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21 .dñKs chka; fukaäia" —fn!oaO m%fndaOhg odhl jq Ñ;% Ys,amS weï' id¾,sia˜" id¾,siaf.a ck is;=jï" 1991" ye|skaùu'22 t,a' ã' ta' r;akdhl" gj¾ fyda,a kdgl b;sydih" 1972" ms' 36-37'23 t,a' ã' ta' r;akdhl" gj¾fyda,a kdgl b;sydih" 1972" ms' 36'

1906 oS ã' î' ch;s,l uy;df.a m%Odk;ajfhka werô isxy, kD;H

iud.u hgf;a isÿl< kdgHhkaysoS kdgH yeu tllau mqyqKqlr m%o¾Ykh lrk

,oafoa yqKqmsáfha tÉ' ã' tâjâ m;srdc ^1875-1915& iy fldaÜfÜ à' ksl,ia

fmf¾rd 1864-1914& h' k¾;k mqyqKqj me,Sia wmamqydñf.ks' k¿Ω ks<s msßi w;r 24tan%yï fmf¾rd ^1865-1918&" osfhdakaâ fmf¾rd ^1885-1953& wdoSyq jqy ' tod

,xldfõ iqm%isoaO ßpâ fykaßlia yd fldgfyafka uf;ia reøsf.da fuys m%Odk

is;a;re jqy' thg wu;rj n¾f;d,fujqia weÿrdf.a kdgHj, b;d w,xldr

miqìï ;sr ilid ÿkafkao ßpâ fykaßlaia úiska nj i|yka fõ'

1885 wf.daia;= 21 iy 22 hk oskj, wdOqksl kdgH ix.uh *af,dar,a

fyda,a ys oS “Megi Diversion” kï kdglh iy “The Steeple Chrse” úysΩ kdgl r`.

olajk ,oS' tfiau iema;eïn¾ 23 od fld,a¨msáfha ,xld kdgH ix.fïo

Wmldrh we;sj maf,dar,a fyda,ays —we,aäka fyj;a mqÿu myk˜ kdglh r`.

oelaúKs' fuu kdgHhkaj,o miqìfï Ñ;% w|sk ,oafoa m%isoaO Ñ;% Ys,amS ßpâ

fykaßliah' tfiau “The porters knot” yd “Cut off with a shilling” kdgHhkays o

fudyqf.a is;=jï úÑ;%j;a úh' tys miqìï b;d iajdNdúl úh' Ñ;% l,djg o jeä

;ekla kQ¾;sfhaoS ,eìKs' frdaufha iy b;d,sfha Ñ;% Ys,amh yeoerE ßpâ

fykaßlia fuu kq¾;sj,g y÷kajdfok ,oafoa ngysr hqfrdamfha ls;=kq wd.ñl

Ñ;% l,djhs' fm%aCIlfhda tlS Ñ;% ri úkaokh i|yd uy;a reÑl;ajhla oelajqy'

tfiau 1886 uehs 31 od r`.oelajq fcdaka o is,ajdf.a —rdudhkh˜ kdglfhys Ñ;% 25we|s ;u fidhqre fcda¾Ê fykaßlia yg ßpâ fykaßlia iyh jQ nj o jd¾;d fõ '

hqfrdamSh Ydia;%d,Sh l,djg wkq.;j fn!oaO l:d mqj;a m%:ufhka

is;=jï lsÍfï f.!rjh ßpâ fykaßliag ysñ fõ' fykaßlaia úiska w|sk ,o

ðkrdc jxih yd l=i cd;lh ,dxflah fn!oaO Ñ;% l,dfõ iqúfYaIS lvbula 26úh ' fn!oaO f;aud yd l:d jia;+ka mqrdjg l%sia;shdks ffY,shg wkq.;

ñksiqkaf.a Ndú;dj fuu ks¾udKj, ukdj oelsh yel" úfYaIfhka ußh;=ñh

yd fÊiq ì,skaod Ñ;%hg wkq.;j uyudhd yd isÿy;a pß;h;a fÊiq iy ußhdf.a

fn;af,fyï mqrhg hdug wkq.;j iqoafodaOk uyudhd lsUq,aj;a .uk;a ukdj

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24 tu' ms' 36-37'25 t,a' ã' ta' r;akdhl" gj¾fyda,a kdgl b;sydih" 1972" ms' 36-37'26 t,a' ã' ta' r;akdhl" gj¾fyda,a kdgl b;sydih" 1972" ms' 36-37' .dñKs chka; fukaäia" —fn!oaO m%fndaOhg odhl jq Ñ;% Ys,amS weï' id¾,sia˜" id¾,siaf.a ck is;=jï" 1991" ye|skaùu' fI,agka wdrÉÑf.a" YS% ,xldfõ kQ;k Ñ;% uq¾;s l,dfõ m%jKj;d" 2000" ms' 13-16'

.,mñka ksrEmKh lr we;' tfiau w;S; l:dmqj;a i|yd hqfrdamSh iaNdjfhka

hq;= ;reK ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka fhdod we;s nj o úfYaIfhka olakg ,efí'

cd;l l;dj meye¢<sj lshùug fkdj oDYHudk l,djla njg m;afldg

ukd oelaula Y%djl msßig ,ndoSug fykaßlaia is;=jï u`.ska W;aidy lr we;'

tfiau ;d;aúl whqßka is;=jï we;=<;a lr ;sîu ksid lshjkakdg Ñ;a;rEm ujd

.ekSugo msgqjy,la tu rE igykaj,ska ,eìK' ì;=is;=jïj,g muKla fkdj

l=vd O¾u .%ka: Wfoid ls;= f;audjka Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka is;=jï lsÍu

fykaßliaf.a is;=jï l,dfõ ;j;a iqúfYaIS me;slvls' nhsn,fha O¾u lreKq yd

isoaëka meyeos,s lsÍu Wfoid tu isoaëka is;=jug ke.Su fudyq w;ska isÿúh' ta

w;r fÊiq Wm;" wjika fNdack ix.%yh" l,ajdß lkao" l=reihg ;nd weK

.eiSu" —W;a;dkh˜" —iaj¾.ia:ùu˜" —Y=oaO ;%s;ajh yd m%ekaisia fYaúh¾ msh;=ud"

hk is;=jï jeo.;a ;ekla .kS' tu is;=jï Tyq l< foajia:dk is;=jïj,g

fnfyúka ióm jk w;r oekg b;sßj we;af;a is;=jï lsysmhla nj fudaor foõ

ue÷f¾ l< ixpdrfhaoS oel.; yels úh'

N+ o¾Yk yd N+ is;shï ks¾udKlrefjl= jYfhka muKla fkdj jdia;=

úoHdfhl= jYfhkao fykaßlia is;=jï ld¾hfha kshe¨K ,oS' úfYaIfhka

bvï fomd¾;fïka;=j iu`. tlaj wod< m%foaYfha N+ is;shï ks¾udKh lsÍu;a

wod< mßirh is;=jug k.d rchg NdroSu;a fykaßlaia uy;d i;= ld¾hhla úh'

tneúka tu uy;dg ñKqï l%ufõohka muKla fkdj bxðfkare Ys,amSh ;dCIKh

ms<sn|j;a ukd mßphla ;snQ nj fmfka'

Ñ;% Ys,amsfhl= jYfhka muKla fkdj uq¾;s Ys,amsfhl= f,iska o

fyakaßlia uy;d tl, ckm%sh úh' ;d;aúl f,iska udkj rEmh uq¾;shg ke.Sug

iu;alula olajk ,o Tyq l< ks¾udK lsisjla wo olakg fkd,efn;;a fudaor

Ydka; fÊïia foõ ue÷f¾ we;s cqfia;=uka yd cqfia ì<skaod uq¾;sh Tyqf.a nj

úYajdi flf¾' foajia:dkfha ueo fldgfia by< m%oCIsKd m:h jfÜ uQ¾;s

.Kkdjla ;snQ njg idOl yuq fj;;aa wo jk úg tajd ish,a, úkdY ù f.dia

yudrh'

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is;=jula ks¾udKh lsÍug m%:u ta i|yd wjYH ì;a;s mDIaGh ilid

.ekSu wksjd¾fhkau isÿl< hq;a;ls' foaYSh fukau úfoaYSh jYfhka Ys,amSka úúO

iajrEmfhka fuu lghq;a; isÿfjhss' ßpâ fykaßlaia ì;a;s mDIaGh ilid

.ekSfïoS yqKq noduh flfrys úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq fldg ;sfí' uykqjr

iufhaoS mjd yqKq nodu Ndú; lsÍug ,dxlsl ckhd fhduq ù isá nj fcdaka fvú

olajk úia;rfhka o ;yjqre lr.; yelsh' noduhg wjYH yqKq ;oska

mqΩiaid.;a úg (Quick Lime) thg c,h oud le,aishï yhsfvdlaihsâ (Slaked

Lime) idod.ks' fn,slgq yqKq folg ishqï je,s ;=kl wkqmd;hg wkqj

ñY%fldg.;a noduhla fuu is;=jïj, mDIaGhg fhdodf.k we;' úfYaIfhka

ì;a;s mDIaG muKla fkdj tu úydr yd foõ ue÷rej, úhka;, o fyd|ska

is;=jï weoSug iqÿiq whqßka nodu ;Ügq fhdod ilia lr .;a nj fmfka' fudaor yd

fudrgqj foõ ueÿf¾ jQ úhka ;,fha fldgila ,E,s ùu fya;=fjka tu ,E,s u;

is;=jï we|Sug wjeis mßirh ks¾udKh Wfoid tu ,S ia:rh u; l=vd fukau

ishqï nodu ;Ügqjla fhdod we;s nj oel.; yel'

fykaßlia is;=jï i|yd Ndú; lrk ,o wuqøjHj, o mdrïmßl

uykqjr iïm%odhg jvd fjkia u`.la .;anj fmfka' úfYaIfhka lvodis u;

fmd;a i|yd we|s Ñ;% j¾K lsÍug oshidhï udOHh Ndú;d l< fyf;u m,a,s iy

úydr ì;=is;=jï i|yd f;,a idhï iy ,el¾ ^N+ñ f;,a ñY% j¾Klhla&

fhdodf.k we;' óg wu;rj gj¾ kQ¾;sj, miqìï ;Sr i|yd f;,a idhï iy

,el¾ jeks l,a meje;afuka jeä j¾Klhka fhdodf.k we;'

j¾K ixl,kfhaoS oSma;su;a jrAK Ndú;h;a uq,sl j¾K fiiq j¾K

iu`. ixfhdackfhka f;drj fhoSu;a oelsh yelsh' nyq,j iqÿ j¾Kh fhdod

.ksñka N+ o¾Yk yd miq;, ks¾udKh lrk w;r tu`.ska Ñ;a;dl¾YKSh

iajrEmh jeä oshqKq lr we;' tfiau j¾K u`.ska m¾hdjf,dalkh biau;= lrk

wdldrh;a thg wdfõKsl f,i wdj¾;s; yev;, yd rEm ixrpkh

fhdod.ekSu;a t<sh yd w÷r Wmfhda.S fldg ;d;aúl;ajh yd is;=jfï .eUqr

ksrEmKh lsÍu;a ;=<ska ks¾udKhg wmq¾j ksudjla ,ndoS we;'

ßpâ fykaßlia l,djg wj;S¾K jk hq.h ,dxflah iudch ;=< bx.%sis

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ixialD;sh j¾Okh fjñka mej;s iuhls' bx.%sis jrm%ido yd wOHdmkh ;=<ska

Tjqkaf.a wd.u jHdma; lr;au fn!oaOhka i;= l,d l¾udka; fukau wd.ñl

l,djg o Tjqkaf.a woyia Woyia we;=<;a úh' fuys m%;sM,h jQfha uykqjr

iïm%odfha úydr is;=jï ffY,sh weKysáñka ta fjkqjg l%ufhka hqfrdamSh

l%sia;shdks is;=jï l,dfõ wx. we;=<;a ùu;ah'

fuf,i fn!oaO is;=jï l,dj wvd, ù hqfrdamSh iaNdúljdoS ffY,sfhka

Ñ;% ksu lsÍfï Í;sh y÷kajdÿka mqfrda.dñhd jqfha ßpâ fykaßliah' merKs

hqfrdamSh Ydia;%d,Sh l,dj i;= úúO .;slhka tf,iskau ,dxflah is;=jï l,dj

;=< ia:dms; lsÍug fyf;u iu;a úh'

.%Ekaâmdiays ch;s,ldrdufha we|s is;=jï foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfïoS

Tyq iuld,Sk l,d m%jdyhkaf.ka ,;a wdNdih lemS fmfka' tf;la mej;s

uykqjr iïm%odh fjkqjg iuld,Sk hqfrdamfha m%p,s; iajNdúljdoS Í;Sh

furgg y÷kajdoSu thg m%Odk fya;=jhs' b;d,sfhaoS ,o is;=jï weoSfï

wOHdmkh;a iu`.u tu Ndú;dj ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh jkakg we;ehs is;sh yel'

tfiau merKs foaYSh l,dfõ wdNdih o fudyq uekúka .=refldg.;a njla fmfka'

merKs uykqjr iïm%odfha f;audjka f,ig Ndú; jQ nqoaO pß;h" cd;l l:d"

ft;sydisl isÿùï hkdoshg muKla fkdj tu f;audjkays wvx.= fn!oaO

ixl,amSh oDYH wdLHdkh mjd ;u is;=jï u`.ska ksrEmKh lsÍug W;aidy f.k

we;'

ßpâ fykaßliaf.a is;=jï l,djg úúO mqoa., wdNdi ,enqKq nj

i;Hhls' úfYaIfhka b;d,shg f.dia Ñ;% l,dj wOHhkh lsÍu yryd Tyqg

b;d,shdkq Ys,amSkaf.a n,mEu jl%j fyda ,efnkakg we;ehs is;sh yel'

úfYaIfhka iïNdjH hq.fha Ñ;% l,dj iy mqkreo hq.fha is;=jï l,dj ta

w;=ßka m%uqLh' fcdafhdaf;daoS fndkafodafkda ^1266-1326& ìika;shdkq iïm%odfhka 27fjkaj .sh m<uq b;d,s Ys,amshd fõ ' Tyqf.a is;=jïj, ñksia isrer iajNdúlh'

;%sudK nj ksrEmKhg .;a W;aidyh id¾:l ù we;' Tyqf.a wd.ñl Ñ;%j,

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27 Mario Bucci, Giotto, Thames and Hudson, London, 1968, p.3-4. Albrecht Durer and Jan Lievensz, The Encyclopedia of Visual Art, Vol: 7, (Biographical Dictionary of Artists), E. Britannica International Ltd, London, p.255.

fõ.j;a Ndj m%ldYkhla we;' mdÿjdys tÍkd foõ ueÿf¾ úYsIag lD;s

.Kkdjla fõ' fuys fÊiq l=reifha weK.id we;s is;=ju yd fykaßlaia úiska

fudrgqj Ydka; finia;shka foõ ueÿf¾ l< is;=ju w;r we;af;a fjkilg jvd

iudk njls' fuu is;=jug iudk is;=jula fudaor Ydka; fÊïia foõueÿf¾

fykaßlia úiska ks¾udKh fldg we;s whqre woo oel .kakg ,efí' fudaor

Ydka; fÊïia foõ ueÿf¾ is;=jï i|yd hqfrdamSh mqkreo Ys,amSka w;ßka

,shkdfvda vdúkaÑf.a 1452-1519& wdNdih o fykaßlaia .=refldg.;a nj fmfka'

ñ,dka ys ,dfvdaúflda wdosmdojrhd ,`. isáhoS wka;su fNdack ix.%yh kï wä 2824 º 14 m%udKfha is;=ju vdúkaÑ ks¾udKh lf<ah ' tu is;=jfï j¾K yev;,

iy pß; ksrEmkh wdoS il,úO wx. .Kkdjlau b;d iqCIuj ;u is;=jï ;=<g

we;=<;a lr .eksug ßpâ fykaßliag yels jQ nj fmfkkafka fudaor Ydka;

fÊïia foõ ueÿf¾ fykaßlia úiskau is;=jï l< —wjika fNdack ix.%yh˜

ksÍCIKh lsÍfuks' is;=jfï miqìu" Ndú; we÷ï me<÷ï" WmlrK" j¾K

fukau udkj rEmj,ska ksrEms; ;d;aúl nj uekúka fuys leá fldg olajd we;'

fuf,i úúO mqoa., wdNdihka ,o ßpâ fykaßliaf.a is;=jï ffY,sh j;auka

is;=jï l,djg l< n,mEu o iq¿ mgq fkdfõ' úfYaIfhka fudyqf.a Í;sh tï'

id¾,sia úiska .=refldg.;a w;r tu f.da, mrmqr fida,shia fukaosia iy fiiq

Ys,amSka yryd wo olajdu meñK we;s neõ fmfka' thg wu;rj iajNdúl

Í;shlska hq;=j fn!oaO is;=jï weoSfï l%ufõoh y÷kajdoSfï fmr.ukalrejd o

jkafka fykaßliauh' wog o Tyqf.a tu ffY,sh wvq fyda jeä jYfhka iudcfha

Ndú; jkafka o Tyqf.ka ,enq wkq.dñl;ajh ksidfjks'

ßpâ fykaßlia úiska ;u is;=jïys jia;= úIhh Wfoid ;ud wkqo;a

wd.fï úfYaI isÿùï .%yKh lr.ekSug iu;a jqfhah' úfYaIfhka nhsn,fha

wvx.= l:djka Wfoid wOHh;k Í;Shla Tyq tla lf<ah' —ußhd yd cqfia

újdyh˜" —fn;af,fyug hdu˜" —fÊiq Wm;˜" —l=reishg weK .eiSu˜" —wjika

fNdack ix.%yh˜ wdoS isÿùï .Kkdjla is;=jï u`.ska bosßm;a fldg we;' ta iEu

l:djlau ngysr iajNdúl Í;shg wkq.;j isÿlr we;s w;r tu is;=jï

wdrCIdj Wfoid l< kej; ;Ska; wdf,amh u`.ska tys uq,a iajrEmh w.h ySk ù

f.dia we;s nj fykaßliaf.a is;=jï iys; foõ ueÿre úu¾Ykh lsÍfuka

meyeos,s fõ'

idrÓ 2016

-84-28 Patrice Boussel, Leonardo Da Vinci, Tiger Book International, London, 1992, p.75-76.

thg wu;rj fn!oaO is;=jïlrKhg fhduqùu fya;=fjka fn!oaO

f;audjkao fudyqf.a is;=jïj,g mdol úh' oekg .%Ekaâmdiays ch;s,ldrdufha

is;=jï /ila úkdY ù f.dia ;snqK o —nqoaO;ajh˜" —iqcd;dj lsßmsvq mqcd lsÍu˜"

—miaj. uykqka yg Oïuplal mj;ajk iq;%h foaYkh˜" —uyskaod.ukh˜ wdoS

jeo.;a fn!oaO f;audjka /il is;=jï fuu úydr .Dyfha mej;s nj

úydrdêm;s ysñfhda m%ldY lr;s'

tfiau l=i cd;lh yd ðkrdcjxYhg is;=jï lrñka fykaßlia fn!oaO

jia;= úIh wmqrejg .%yKh l< njla fmkajhs' ðkrdcjxYfha is;=jï w;r

—jia;= mß;Hd.h˜" —oSmxlr újrK˜" —foajdrdOkdj˜" —isÿy;a l=ure

W;am;a;sh˜" —isoaOd¾: l=udr o¾Ykh˜" —jma u`.=, iy m%;syd¾Hh˜ " —isoaOd¾:

l=udr újdy ux.,Hh˜" —ksínq; mo weiSu˜" —uydNsksIal%uKh˜" —udr

m%fõYkh˜" —fkarxckdfjka tf;rùu˜" —flai fþokh˜" —nqoaO;ajh˜" —miaj.

uykqkajykafia,d m%uqL osjH n%yauhkayg m<uqfjka l,d jQ O¾u foaYkdj˜"

—kkao l=ure m%jDÊHdj˜ —rdyq, l=udr m%jDÊHdj˜ iy —mßks¾jdKh˜ wdoS is;=jï 29Tyqf.a fn!oaO f;audjkays Ndú;h meyeos,s lrhs '

ft;sydisl l:djia;+kag o fykaßlia jeä wjOdkh fhduq lrñka is;=jï

we|su isÿ lf<ah' úfYaIfhka gj¾ fyda,a kdgH i|yd iïnkaOj isá wjêfhaoS

Tyq rdudhkh ^.sks.;a rdudhkh& i|yd ft;sydisl;ajh ksrEmKh lsÍu

Wfoid rdjKd wyiska hEu jeks is;=jï .Kkdjla lf<ah' ta ;udf.a fidhqre

fcdA¾Ê fykaßlia iu`. tlaùfuks' thg wu;rj ñ:Hd l:djkays n,mEuo

fykaßliaf.a is;=jï u`.ska ksrEmkh fõ' l%sia;shdks l:djkays tk —ksrhg hEu˜"

—foaj ueKshka yd tlajk iaj¾.ia:jk orefjda˜ wdoS jYfhka ñ:Hd .Kfha ,d

ie,lsh yels l:d /ils' fï iEu is;=julau mdfya wojk úg kej; j¾K

wdf,am lr we;s neúka tys uq,a iajNdjh fln÷ùo hkak fiùu wmyiq ù we;'

tfiau w,xldr u,a" ,shje,a" ;DK" msÿre wdosh o is;=ujg f.dkq lsßug fyf;u

iu;aj we;' ngysr iajNdúljdoS Í;shlg wkq.;j N+ o¾Yk ksu lsÍug w;ayod

ne,Su isÿfldg we;s nj tu`.ska oel.; yel' fuf,i fykaßliaf.a is;=jïj,

idrÓ 2016

-85-

29 .dñKs chka; fukaäia" —fn!oaO m%fndaOhg odhl jq Ñ;% Ys,amS weï' id¾,sia˜" id¾,siaf.a ck is;=jï" 1991" ye|skaùu' ckrdcjxYh fyj;a f.!;u nqoaO pß;h" ixia' ã' tia' weia' wNhr;ak fla' ã' fmf¾rd iy mq;%fhda fld<U" 1923 ms'2" 6" 8" 14" 20" 25" 27" 29" 34" 37" 38" 39" 47" 53" 82" 114" 116" 152'

jia;= úIh úúO f;audjka Tiafia jHdma; jqKq w;ru th fjfiiska

hqfrdamSh wdNdih mokï lrf.k neõ fmfka'

ßpâ fykaßliaf.a is;=jï ks¾udKh isÿjkqfha furg ì%;dkH lsÍghg

hg;aj mej;s iuhl jk neúka hqfrdamSh Ydia;%d,Sh l,dfõ úúO l,d udOHhka

l%ufhka we;=,a jq nj fmfka' fuf,i ßpâ fykaßlia úiska wkqo;a l,dj u`.ska

tl, iudcfha mej;s we÷ï me<÷ï ms<sn|j hï wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh'

—foaj ueKshka iu`. isák orejd˜ Ñ;%fha tu l=vd orejdf.a we÷u" ,xldfõ

m%d:ñl mdi,aj, msßñ isiqka Ndú;d lrk iqÿ lñih yd ks,a fldg l,siuhs'

fuhska tl, iudcfha mej;s iudc rgdj fln÷oehs hkak jgyd .ekSug ms<sjk'

tfiau fykaßlia Ôj;a jq hq.fhys Tyq fyda tl, iudcfha mßyrKh l<

úúO wxf.damdx.o ;u is;=jug we;=<;aa jq nj fmfka' fudaor Ydka; fÊïia

foõueÿf¾ Tyq úiska l< is;=jï w;r ms`.ka" fïi ,dïmq" bámkaoï o,ajk ;eá"

f;dmams" .jqï" l,siï wdoS NdKav iy we÷ï me<÷ï hkdos wx. /ilau wvx.=

fõ' tu`.ska tl, ì%;dkH md,khg k;=j ;snq iufhys iudcfhys ldka;djka

msßñka mßyrKh l< we÷ï me<÷ï WmlrK wdosh is;=jï ;=<g meñKs nj

Wml,amkh l< yel' tl, iudcfha mej;s .Dy ks¾udKd;aul Ndú;dj o ßpâ

fykaßlaiaf.a is;=jï u`.ska fy<s fõ' úfYaIfhka wdrelal= (Arch) fvdßla yd 30wfhdksla" fldßka;shka l=¿Kq wdosh Tjqkaf.a is;=jïj, olakg ,efí ' ful,

iudcfha Ndú;djg .ekqKq hqfrdamSh .Dy ks¾udK wx. fukau tajd wx,ldrh

i|yd fhdod.;a ;sr fros wdosh;a fuu is;=jïj, oelsh yelsh' úfYaIfhka udkj

rEm ks¾udKh lsÍfïoS hqfrdamSh ixialD;shg wh;a ia;s% iy mqreI rEm Tyqf.a

Ñ;% ;=< oel.; yelsh' iqog yqre iulska hqla;j msßmqka uqjuv,la iys;j

udkj rEm Ñ;%j, ks;r olakg ,efí' fuhg uq,sl fya;=j jkqfha hqfrdamSh ls;=kq

Ñ;% l,dfõ n,meuhs' ðkrdcjxifha iy l=i cd;lfha is;=jï wOHhkh

lsÍfïoS tlS idOl fyd|ska .uH fõ' l=i cd;lh i|yd l< —ila foõ rc iS,j;s

ìijg jroSu˜" —;ry¨jd rkarej oelSu˜" —l=oS rka rejg myroSu˜" —m%Ndj;S

foaúh we;ay,g meñKSu˜" —l=i rc;=ud .=ma;j k.r ixpdrh lsÍu˜" —l=i

rc;=ud fk¨ï fmdl=fka ie`.ù isàu˜" —mQm bosÍug hdu˜" —l=i rc;=ud wrlaleñ

Oqrfhys kshqla;ùu˜" —l=i rc;=ud uq;eka lo;a iu`. ìu jeàu˜" —i;arc fokd

idrÓ 2016

-86-30 Lauri Schneider Adams, Art across Time, McGraw-Hill College, New York, 1999, p.212- 213.

hqOh msKsi hdu˜ iy —uÿrc ÿys;DDka mdjdoSu˜ wdoS is;=jï u`.ska tu

,laIK;yjqre fõ' mndj;S l=ußh b;du rEm iaNdjfhka hqla;j olajkqfha ußhd

uõ;=ñhf.a wdlD;shg wkqjh' l=i rcqo W;a;=x. foayodßfhl= f,i;a olajk uq;a

Tyq o hqfrdamSh ixialD;sfha udkjfhl= nj is;=ju n,k laIKfhka ;yjqre fõ'

fujeks fya;=kag uq,sl jkqfha fykaßliaf.a hqfrdamSh wOHdmkh iy ixialD;sl

wdNdihhs' Wla; kso¾Ykhka jYfhka bosßm;a lrk is;=jïj, we;=<;a .Dy

ks¾udK rE rgd" jDlaI,;d ks¾udKh iy is;=jïj, wjg mßirh oelaùfïoSo

hqfrdamSh iajdNdúljdoS Ñ;% l,dfjka ,enq wdNdi olakg ,efí' fjfiiska ;;H

f,dalfha olakg ,efnk jia;+ka yels;dla ÿrg tf,iu m%;sks¾udKh lsÍug

fykaßlia W;aiy lsÍu u`.ska tu ,laIK èjks; fõ' uykqjr iïm%odfha ks¾udK

ffY,shg jvd fuu is;=jï ffY,sfha mej;s is;a we| ne| ;nd .ekSfï ,laIK"

foaYSh ì;=is;=jï l,dj l%ufhka ke;s ù hdug fya;= jQ uQ,sl lreKls' fykaßlia

úiska tjlg hqfrdamfha m%p,s;j mej;s is;=jï ffY,sh wkq.ukh lrñka

ks¾udKlrkfha fhoSu;a tiufhys furgo iajdNdúljdoS Ñ;% l,dj l%ufhka

jHdma;j mej;Su;a tlS fjkialï ;Sj% ùug m%n,j n,mdk ,oS' fuf,i ßpâ

fykaßlaia ks¾udKh fldg we;af;a Tyqf.a ukfiys /os is;=ju muKla fkdj ;;a

iudcfha Ndú;djkao iu`.ska jq iudch ms<sônq lrk oDYH uq,dY% mx;shls'

l,dlrejd W;aidy lrk ks¾udKh ;;a iudcfha iudc mßyrKh

ffki¾.fhkau wka;¾.; jk fyhska fuu is;=jï iudch ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla

,ndfok mqrdúoHd;aul oDYH uq,dY%hla f,ig o .;yels idOlhka nj fmfka'

hqfrdamSh Í;shg wkq.;j furg fn!oaO is;=jï l,dj ks¾udKh lsÍfï

mqfrda.dñhd jq ßpâ fykaßlia furg ìys jq m%Odk Ñ;% Ys,amSka w;ßka iqúfYaIS

mqoa.,fhls' hqfrdamSh iajNdúl is;=jï Í;sh u`.ska fn!oaO l,djl mqk¾Ôjh

we;s l< mqfrda.dñhdo jkafka Tyqh' lsis÷ n,mEulg ,la fkdù ;u iajdëk;dj

is;=jï l,dj u`.ska t<solajk ,o fykaßlia l%sia;shdks wd.ñl u;Odßfhl= jqjo

fn!oaO wd.u Wfoid l< fiajh o w.h l< hq;= lghq;a;la nj úfYaIfhka

i|yka l< hq;=h'

-87-

idrÓ 2016

uykqjr rdcOdks iuh yd i;r fldar<h

YS% ,xldfõ uykqjr rdcOdks wjêfhaoS thg wh;aj mej;s N=ñ m%foaY

j,ska tla m%foaYhls i;r fldar< m%foaYh' tiufha uykqjr rdcOdkshg w;sYhska

jeo.;a m%foaYhla jQ i;rfldar<h yd uykqjr rdcHfha iïnkaO;d jsuid

ne,Sfï§ foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól ixialD;sl yd idudcSh wdoS ish¨ me;s j,ska mej;s

iïnkaO;d jsuid ne,Sug isoqfõ' fuysoS uQ,slj uykqjr rdcOdkS iuh .ek

meye¢<s lsÍula l< hq;=h'

uykqjr fyj;a fixlv., kqjr YS% ,xldfõ w.% rdcOdksh njg m;a

jkafka ls%'j'1592 oS m<fjks úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud isxydikdrEG ùula iu`.h'

thg fmr ls%'j'1480 isg 1592 olajd fixlv., kqjr m%dka; rdcHhlaj mej;sh;a

th ,laosj m%Odk rdcOdksh njg m;a jkafka 1592 oSh' t;eka mgka YS% úl%u

rdcisxy rcq 1815 oS bx.S%iSka úiska w,a,d .kakd f;la uykqjr ,xldfõ m%Odk

rdcOdksh úh' fï iufha rcjre 9 fofkla isß,l rclï l<y' tkï 1 fjks

úu,O¾uißh 1592 - 1604& fikr;a 1604 - 1634& fofjks rdcisxy 1634 - 1684&

fofjks úu,O¾uißh ^1684 - 1706& YS% ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy ^1706 - 1780& YS%

úch rdcisxy 1739 - 1747& lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy 1747 - 1780& rdcdê rdcisxy 1780 -

1798& YS% úl%u rdcisxy 1798 - 1815& hk rcjrekah

fuu Wvrg rdcHhg wh;a m%foaY .ek yeÈkaùula lrk' fcdka fvdhs,s

fufia i`oyka fldg we;'

idrÓ 2016

-88-

úfÊr;ak w;=remdk

Wvrg rdcH m%Odk fldgia 21 lska iukajs;h' fuhska m%Odk 12 osid kñka

yeoskafõ' b;sß fldgiska jeä yrsh rg hk ku ,nhs' fïjd kshu jYfhka

Èia;s%lalhs' tla tla osidj osidfõ kï m%foaYdêm;sfhl=f.a wKil hgf;a

mej;sKs' osid fufiah' i;r fldArf<a i;a fldarf<a" W!j" ud;f,a" inr.uqj"

;=kafldarf<a" j,mfka" Wv m<d;" kqjr l,djsh " fj,a,iai “nska;ekak” 1;u;alvqj'

b;sß fmfoia tla tla wêm;sfhl=f.a md,kh hgf;a úh' thska wka;su

fol yer b;sß ish,a, md,kh l<dyq rfÜ uy;a;hd hk kñka y÷kajk ,oy' tA

fufiah' Wvqkqjr" hákqjr" ;=ïmky" ydßiam;a;=j" ÿïnr" fyajdyeg" 2 fld;auf,a" Wvnq,;a.u" md;nq,;a.u

fuu fnoSï j,ska uq,gu tkafka i;r fldar,hhs' th kef.kysr isg

niakdysrg bx.S%is ie;mqï 26 lao W;=f¾ isg ol=Kg bx.S%is ie;mqï 14 lao jk nj

fvdhs,s i`oyka lr we;'

i;r fldarf,a iSud udhsï olajk m%isoaO cklú 4 la we;' ta fufiah'

idrÓ 2016

jhsl=Kagh iosis w,amá lkao .,

nq,;a,uq lkao lr., ry, .,

rka wdoZd ,.sk ñKsloZ lshk j,

wyqmsks we,a, jegqks .u ueÈka fnr ú,

ud;,d .,ska uqref;a lv bug

Wkka lkao miqlr f.dia jeos .,g

khsfhd;amdk lr., msgzgE .ug

wre.a.ñka fldá l| l=Uqf¾ bug

ÿï u,foks lkao miqlr f.k f . diskd

br y| flgQ rK .ß uqÿfkka ni skd

nqcafcduq f;dgo ud je,s lkao uqÿfkkd

fiarejd.f,a W;=rg fldkska hkd

-89-

i;r fldar,hg ta ku ,eî we;af;a fldar, i;rla we;s ksidh' fuu

fldar, jkafka .,anv fldarf,a" mrKl=re fldarf,a" y`o mdka ÿkq fldar,h& ls`os

f.dv fldarf,a" ^lsksf.dv fldarf,a& fn,s.,a fldarf,a" hk fldar, i;rhs'

uykqjr rc;=udf.a md,k m%foaY j,ska wfkla m%foaY j,g jvd y;r fldar,h

m%uqL;ajhla oerE nj fn,a uy;d ish lE.,q jd¾;dfõ i|yka lr we;' Tyq

fufia olajhs'

i;r fldar,h m%;Hhka; jQ wfkla m%foaY ish,a,gu jvd m%uqL;ajh oerE

w;r tu iqúfYaI;ajh tys m%OdkSka f.a f.!rjhgo fya;= úh' uykqjr jd¾Isl

o<od fmryef¾§ i;r fldarf,a ^ iqÿ miq;,hla u; jQ br y| yd ;re we;s &

fldäh fyj;a 'bry| fldäh .ckdhl yd uyf,alïf.a fldä j,g wk;=rej

wfkla m,d;aj, fldä j,g bÈßfhka hd hq;= úh' fï whs;shg wu;rj i;r

fldar,fha ks¾NS; ckhd úiska udk mi iy fldäh oeÍfï jrm%idoh oskd .;a

whqre fï m<df;a oeks÷ jHjydrfhys mj;akd ck lúhlska mejfia'

i;r fldar,h ksr;=reju uykqjr kr m;shkaf.ka wkq.%y ,nk ,oafoa

úh' fuh lSm jdrhlau rc l=ufrl= i;= md,k m%foaYhla jYfhka mej;sKs' 4 mqrdK wjêfhys fndfyda wdrCIl ia:dko úh'

fuys i|yka lrk i;r fldar,hg udkak mi ,;a wdldrh oelafjk

isoaê úia;r flfrk moH lSmhla § uyf,alï ñáfhka § Wmqgdf.k fn,a uy;d

le.¨ jd¾;dfõ olajd we;' ta fufiah'

1' reyqKq udhd msysá ;=ka ,l lkao Wvrg i;la we;af;a

jdk isÿreh lñka mrisÿ Wvqkqjr uq,a fldg m eje;af;a

mdk isõ;=v f,iska kqjrg isõ foiska isõ osid ,;af;a

udk mi,;a fldar,h isjq fuuy kqjrg bÈß me;af;a

idrÓ 2016

-90-

óhka we,a, n,fka lvj; w e;=f,a

lvq.kakdj msg fiai; flgQ . f ,a

ud fj, Wvqmsáka ,`. uqjo miq l f < a 3

fu,l=Kq j,g ueos rg i;r f l d arf,a

uykqjr rdcHfha wdrCIdjg úYd, msgq n,hla jQfha i;r fldar<fha

fiakdjhs' uykqjr rc iufha rdcHfha wdrCIdj iy hqoaO wjia:dj, ta ta osidfõ

jre ish fiakdj iuÕ meñK rcqg iydh jQfhah' rcqf.a tu fiakd n,h fmkajk

wjia:djla jQfha jd¾Isl wei, fmryerhs' wei, fmryef¾§ ta ta osidfõ jre

osidfõ fldäh;a /f.k ish fiakdj;a iuÕ rcqg bosßfhka fmryef¾ .uka lr

we;' ta wkqj uq,skau .sfha § bry| fldäh .;a i;r fldarf,a osidfõ iy

idrÓ 2016

-91-

2' rdu foõr| fojqkaor isg w`:;a kqjrg jäk .u fka

iEu isõr`. fik`. iefoñka u.=,a osj fmryeßka fidÈ fka

fidau ßú rej msyá fldäho fmrgq lr wd fihska tos fka ta uy;a udkhla isjqfldarf,a yg jsks t;eka mg fka

3' yßfâ fldgq fld<U rcisy kß÷ rhs.ï j;a; jev isg

ojqqfå iy mpj,kafia t,a,ñka fmd,a ;=frl tu úg

f.fkfå joyf,ka lmams;a;df. ;ruo oelal= w;a msg

ojqKaf`â iy mpzp,kaih ,enqKs isõ fldarf,g udfk g

4' ,l fu;=ka yñ rdis krm;s jäkq uvl,mqjg iufhl

fkl .Kka ok kid .,aTh rok lsUqf,l= osj fk;ska oel

iel fkdù l. m;ska fldgñka fld;úfhla wek,qfjka ú.fil

/l fkdyS Èú fld;úh;a iy lsUq,q c,nd úh weis,af, l

5' fika msßia ueo rdis krm;s tod tla mk;la jod f,a

wekak úg lsUq,dg c,hg wekak .sh ta b¨la fldaf,a

ÿkak fyd;a oeka f.K;a iuf;la wef;d;a infha fkdù fldaf,a

oeka fojñ udkhg w;a msg jodf,a tu b¨la fldaf,a

6' túg lmamdf.diska iuf;la /f.k wjir oshg mek,d

tf.g jeo Wka lsUq,q olsñka .sßh w;,d wkqj ì|,d

oshg u;=fldg f.k;a oelajQ l,g udye`.s lgzgq ne| ,d

túg udfkg b¨laflda,h ,enqKs Tyq hi Wiia lr ,d

7' fldähl=;a r;= ne|mq ijrka i|k hqOhg fmruqfka

fld;úh;a iy mpzp,kafia ojqkavhl=;a iu.sfka

fldähl=;a ;j msyá bry| udk mi fï iu.sfka 5

fuu isß;a we;s i;r fldar, osidfõ h;s fmruqfKa

fiakdjhs' fuf,i ta ta osidj, fiakdj .uka l< wkq ms<sfj, /,ama mSßia §

uy;df.a isxy, iudc ixúOdk .%ka:fha 1828 oS mj;ajk ,o o<od fmryer

ms<sn| j ;;ald,Sk isxy, f,aLlfhl= l< jsia;rhla Wmqgd olajuska fufia

i|yka lr we;'

fojkqj fldä ;=jlal=o fldä;=jlal= we;s uy fldäh iy fjk;a w;a

fldä we;=`Mj ßoS máia:dkhla w;ska .;a fldä;=jlal= f,alï lrjk

rkafldoaosfj, osjdlr úchfldaka uqoshkafia rd,ydñ we;=`Mj tu f,alï

mhskavldrfhda iy yuqodjo ;=kafjkqj i;r fldarf,a uy osidfõ bry| fldäh

iy w;a fldä we;=`Mj rxlï l< ßoS lgqmq,af,a fõje,la w;ska .;a tu osidfõ

lrjk fud,a,sf.dv rdclreKd fifkúr;ak fyar;a jdi, uqoshkafia rd,ydñ 6 we;=`Mj tu osidfõ mhskavldrfhda iy yuqodjo jYfhks'

uykqjr rcqka oji mD;=.S%iS" ,kafoais" bx.S%iS hk úfoaYs; cd;slhka iuÕ

lrk ,o igka j,oS i;rfldarf,a yuqodj fmruqK f.k igka fldg Wvrg rdcH

/l .ekSug .;a jEhu ms<sn|j§ lE.¨ ú;a;s .%ka:hg § lkao Wvrg rdcH /l

.ekSu i|yd lE.¨ osia;s%lalh oerE odhl;ajh uefhka ,smshla imhk cS' wd¾' 7 .=Kj¾Ok nKavd uy;d iúia;rj olajd we;'

YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a wjêh jk úg Wvrg rdcHfha fiakdêkdhlhd

jQfha i;rfldar,fha osidj jQ f,õfla osidjhs' b;du;a rKY+rfhl= jQ f,õfla

osidj 1803 oS bx.S%iSka Wvrgg úreoaOj l< igfkaoS bx.S%is fiakd yxje,a, f;la

miq nisk ;=re t,j t,jd mtr oqkafkah' tfy;a tu igfkaoS g,õfla osidjf.ka

isÿjQ iq`: m%udohla ksid fldamjQ YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcq f,õfla osidjf.a ysi .id

oeóu ksid hqoaOh thskau ksu úh' YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a tu fudav ;SrKh

isxy, rdcHfha wjYdkh ,`.d lÍug fya;=jla úh' f,õfla osidjg w;ajQ brKu

ck lúfhka i|yka lr we;af;a fufiah'

idrÓ 2016

-92-

mqkai| fiau mdhd,d rg u eo a f o a

rkaflÈ fiau mSrd,d msg ueoafoa

udr fikÕ jg lrf.k hu hqoafoa

f,õfl ue;s÷ wo ;kshu fj, ueoafoa

i;r fldar< jeishkaf.a rK Y+r;ajh ksidu Wvrg rcjreka i;r fldar<h

y÷kajd we;af;a chj¾Ok i;r fldar<h f,ih' YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a

fud,a,sf.dv ikakfika th ukdj meyeos,s fõ'

chj¾Ok i;r fldar< uyosidj ;sfnk fud,a,sf.dv wêldrug i;r

fldarf< osidj;a iy m,af,a .ïmfya wêldruq;a fojd jÿrñka ta Wmka ldrkdj

ikaisÿjk yeáhg hhs ku kshu jQ ksid w;s úYajdi chj¾Ok i;rfldarf,a uy 8osidfõ yuqodj;a iuÕ f.diska ta wjq, ikaisÿjd

YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcq olajdu y;r fldarf<a osidj iy fiakdj Wvrg rcqg

mCImd;j lghq;= l< ksid úfoaYSh yuqodjlg Wvrg wdl%uKh lsrSu myiq

fkdùh' tfy;a 1815 bx.S%iS wdl%uKfhaoS y;r fldarf<a lrjQ fud,a,sf.dv osidj

bx.S%iSkag mCIj lghq;= l< ksid bx.S%is fiakdjg ksremo%s;j Wvrg rdcHhg

we;=`M ùug yels úh'

wdrCIdj w;ska muKla fkdj Wvrg rdcHfha wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsrSugo

i;rfldar<fha odhl;ajh jeo.;a úh' úfYaIfhka Wvrg rdcH wdrïN jk úg

úfoaYSh cd;Skaf.a n,mEu furgg t,a,ù ;snqKs' úfoaYSh cd;Ska ,xldj

wdl%uKh lÍu flf¾ n,mE m%Odk idOlh jQfha l=`Mnvq ,nd .ekSuhs' Wvrg

rdcHhg wh;a m%foaY j,ska l=re÷ .ïñßia" lrdnq iy mqjla nyq, m%foaYhla jQfha

y;rfldar,hhs' úfoaYSh cd;Ska iuÕ fuu øjH fj<odfuka Wvrg rdcHhg

,enqkq wdodhu i;=gqodhl uÜgul ;snqKs'

rcqf.a uy .nvdjg wdodhï ,enqk m%Odk ud¾.hla jQfha ;j,ï fj<oduhs'

fuu ld¾h lf<a uäf.a fyj;a ;j,ï ld¾hdxYhhs' fuu ld¾hdxYh fndfyda

jsg meje;sfha y;rfldarf<a osidj hgf;ah' ;j,uz fj<odu jeämqru lf<a mqjla

fj<oduhs' fuu fj<odu flreK whqre fcdaka fvdhs,s fufia i|yka lr we;'

mqjla 30000 l wuqKla rsoS 06 ne.ska mqjla wuqKq 50 la ñ,oS .ekSu msKsi rsoS

300 la uy .nvdfjka uäf.a wosm;shdg fokq ,efí' fyf;u fuh wuqKl bvula

ysñsfhl=g rsoS 6 ne.ska ;u ñksiqka w;r fnod fohs' my; i|yka yq,x

idrÓ 2016

-93-

noao uäf.a we;a;kago wuqKq lSmhl jákdlu fokq ,efí' uqo,a ,nkafkda m<d;a

jdiSka f.ka mqjla ñ,hg .ks;s' wkHhkag mqjla fj<odu;a msgrg hejSu;a

iïmQ¾Kfhka ;ykï fyhska ñ, wksjdrAh fhka my;ah' Tjqyq mqjla ;j,uz

u.ska rejkaje,a,g f.k f.dia fld<U fj<| fmd<g b;d jeä ñ,g úl=Kd uq`M

,dNh uy .nvdjg .Kka fo;s'

fï wkqj Wvrg rcqf.a wdodhu Wmhd oSu i|yd i;rfldarf<a

ck;djf.ka isÿjQ fiajh iq`M mgq fkdfõ'

wd.ñl yd ixialD;sluh jYfhka n,k l,o uykqjr yd i;rfldar,h

w;r meje;sfha tlsfklg noaO jQ oeä iïnkaOhls' Wvrg rdcH wdrïNfhaoSu

úu,OQ¾uißh rcqg isxy, rdcH ia:dms; lsrSug wjYH miq;,h ilia lr ÿkafka

i;rfldarf<a fojk., úiQ r;kd,xldr ysñmdkkah' furg rdcH;ajh yd

ne§ mej;=Kq lreKla jQfha o<od jykafiaf.a ysñluhs' furg rcjQ wfhl=g

rdcHh;ajh iaÒr ùug kï o<od Ndrldr;ajho ysñ úh hq;=h hkak uq,a nei.;a

isoaOdka;hla úh' mD;=.S%iSka iuÕ Wvrgg meñKs fodka cqjka fldkmamqnKavdr

mD;=.S%iSka úiska isxydikdrEG lrjQ fodka ms,sma t,jd 1 fjks úu,O¾uiQßh

kñka uykqjr rc úh' Tyqf.a rdcHh;ajh iaÒr ùug o<od jykafiaf.a

Ndrldr;ajh ,nd .; hq;= úh' fï wjia:dfõ fo,a.u úydrfha l=ryka .,l

iÕjd ;nd isá o<od jykafia jsu,OrAuiQrsh rcq fj; f.kejs;a ÿkafka

fojk., úydrfha jev iá r;kd,xldr ysñhkah' fuu ld¾h w;sYhskau

jeo.;a lreKla f,i i|yka lrk uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;drk uy;d

fufia i|yka lr we;'

fldkmamq nKavdr Wv rgg tkak bkak biafi,a,d wjqreÿ .Kkla ráka

msgfj,d ysáhd' rclug Wreuhla lshkak;a thdg ta ;rï myiqfjka mq`Mjkalu

;snqfk keye ta ksid rg jeishkaf.a mCImd;lu ,nd .ekSug fldkmamqnKavdrg

hï lsisfjl=f.ka Wmldr ´kEj ;snqkd' fï Wmldrh i,iaj, oSug flfkla ta

m%ia:dfõ§ bÈßm;a kQkd kï ys;+ ldßh isoaOlr.kak fldkmamqnKavdrg wudre

fjkjd'ta ksid ta Wmldrh lrkak bosrsm;ajqk ;eke;a;ka isxy,hkag we;sfj,d

;snqK úmf;ka Tjqka .,jd.;a flfkla yeáhg .Kka .kak kE ta ;eke;a;d

idrÓ 2016

-94-

10 ;uhs fojk., r;kd,xldr f;rekakdkafia'

,xldfõ b;sydih foi n,k úg isxy, ckhd;a Tjqkaf.a iuh;a

ke;a;gu ke;ù hk wjia:d ;=kla meje;s nj;a tu wjia:dj, isxy,h;a

nqoaOd.u;a /l.;a ;sfokd f,i mrKjs;drk uy;d ioyka lrkafka oqgq.euqKq

rc;=ud;a”' uyd úchndyq rc;=ud;a “ fojk., r;kd,xldr ysñhkq;ah'

fufia Wvrg rcqka yd i;rfldarf,a jdiSkq;a w;r meje;s wd.usl

ixialD;sl in|;djka Wvrg wka;su rcq olajdu meje;sKs' úfYaIfhka uykqjr

rcl< úu,O¾uiQßh" lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy" rdcdêrdcisxy" YS% úl%u rdcisxy

rcjrekaf.a ld, j, lrjQ fi,a,sms yd ikakia uÕska tu rcjreka

y;rfldar,fha fn!oaO mqk¾cSjh i|yd .kakd ,o Wkkaÿj meyeos,s fõ' fï 11wkqj 1 fjks úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=udf.a fojk., ,smsh lSrA;s YS%

12rdcisxyrc;=udf.a ie,j ,smsh yd .egfnrh le,E oUq,a, yd f,k., úydr 13 14ikakiao rdcisxy rcqf.a jÿrd., yd ok.srs., úydr ikakiao uÕska lrk

,o m%odkhka .ek i|yka fõ' lSrA;s YS% rdcisxy rc jÜgdru" le,E oUq,a, we;=`M

i;rfldar,fha úydr rdYshla ms<silr lr we;'

fï wkqj foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudcSl yd ixialD;sl hk ish`M me;s

j,ska Wvrg rdcH yd thg wh;a m%foaYj,ska m%uqL;djh f.k we;af;a

i;rfldar<fha nj meye¢<s fõ'

idrÓ 2016

01' ikakia., mS'î' - isxy, idys;H jxYh - 1964 fojk uqo%Kh

-309- 382 msgq

02' fcdaka fvdhs,s - isxyf,a wdKavql%uh ms<sn| ¨yqvq igyka - we,af,afmd,

tï'weï fidaur;ak mßj¾;kh 2005 74 msg

03' tï'ã'tï'tia' hgjr - lE.,q fldar, mj; - 178 msg

04' tï'iS'mS'fn,a - ,xld mqrdjsoHd .fõYKh - lE.,a, osia;s%lalh m s< sn|

j d rA;dj - fld;auf,a fla'î'ta' tâuka mrsjrA;h

2 0 0 5 uqo%Kh 4 msg

05' tu - 242 msg

mdol igyka

-95-

06' /,ama mSrsia - isxy, iudc ixúOdkh - iuka m%ldYlfhda" uyr.u

1964 uqo%Kh" 133-134 msgq

07' cS'wdrA'.=KjrAOk nKavd - lE.,q ú;a;s - lE.,a, osidm;s ld¾hd,hSh

m%ldYkh 55 msg

08' wkqrska bkaosl osjdl r - iïNdId 13 l<dmh - 102 msg

09' fcdaka fvdhs,s - isxyf,a wdKAvql%uh ms<snoZ ¨yqvq igyka -

tï'tï'fidaur;ak

mßj¾;kh - 2005 uqøKh - 92 msg

10' uydpdrAh fikr;a mrKjs;drK - idys;H ff;%hs udislh

1964 3 l,dmh 12 msg

11' tï'iS'cS 'fn,a - ,xld mqrdúoHd .fõYKh - lE.,a, osia;s%lalh ms<snoZ

jdrA;dj - fld;auf,a fla'nS'ta tâukaâ

mrsjrA;kh - 2005

uqo%Kh 170 msg

171 msg12' tu

13' tu

idrÓ 2016

-96-

ye`Èkaùu'

cd;Ska w;r iduh ixysÈhdj f.dv ke.Sug ld,h WÞ ù we;s fï hq.fha

wfma rfÜ ÈhqKqjg m%.;shg wem lem ù l%shd l< wisxy, úcd;sl úoaj;=ka f.ka

furgg isÿ ù we;s fiajh iq`Mfldg ;elsh fkdyels h' ta Wodr fiajh wm rgg

,ndÿka W.;=ka yd nqoaêu;=ka .ek ksis wjfndaOhla wm rg fmdÿ ck;dj ;=<

;nd we;eï W.;=ka w;rj;a fkdue;s nj m%lg ldrKhls'

wm ksr;=reju wjOdkh fhduq lrk wfkHdakHh úYajdih fï rfÜ

Ôj;ajk isxy," fou<" uqia,Sï" n¾.¾ iy uef,a hk ck fldgia j,g wh;a

ck;dj w;r fldf;la ÿrg ;yjqre ù ;sfío@ hkak úuiSfï§ fmkS hkafka wfma

wjfndaOh wkqj ta úYajdih m¨ÿ ù hdfuka Tjqfkdjqka w;r ielh we;sùu ksid

uE; hq.fha oreKq hqO .egqula rg ;=< jHdma; jQ njhs' fuu hqO .egqu ;sia

jirla mqrd mej;Sfuka wm rg isxy," fou< focd;shgu w;a jQ fi;la ke;'

W;=re kef.kysr m%foaYj, iajdójreka wysñ jQ jekaoUqjka" mshjreka

wysñ jQ orejka" orejka wysñ jQ foudmshka oyia .Kkla wo Ôj;a fj;s' ol=fKa o

ta yd iudk jQ msßila Ôj;a fj;s'

idrÓ 2016

-97-

ì%;dkH md,k hq.fha iy bkamiq Y%S ,xldjg wmßñ; fiajhla l<

úcd;sl úoaj;=kaf.a fiajh we.hSula'ðfkakø odi is,ajd .S.kf.a

.sksn;a jQ foam," wysñ jQ Ôú;" iÞld,sl wdndê; ;;a;ajhg m;a ;reK

Ôú; .ek ie,lSfï§ wmg i;=gq úh fkdyels h' fï jHjikhg f.d`ÿre jQfha Y%S

,xldfõu mqrjeishka h'

fï fÄojdplh ck yoj;aj,g oefkk yef`.k f,i wjfndaOhla ,nd

§ug ;rï n,j;a jQ l,d lD;Ska idys;H" iskud" fg,s kdgH& ìys ù we;akï ta

b;d iq`M m%udKhls' tho isxy, wmg muKls' fou< yd uqia,sïjrekag b,lal

l< yels l,dks¾udK ke;s ;rïh' jir 2600 la ;rï jQ b;sydihla isxy,

cd;shg we;' fï ld,fhka jir 500 la muK ld,hla mD;D.sis" ´,kao iy

bx.%Sis cd;Skaf.a .%yKhg hg;aj ;snqKs'

1505 isg 1656 olajd ld,h mD;=.siS hq.h fjhs' fï ld,h ,xldjdiSkag

úfYaIfhka isxy, fn!oaOhskag wys;lr w`ÿre hq.hla jQ nj wújdÈ; h'

Tjqkaf.a tlu mrud¾:h rfÜ iïm;a fld,a,lEu;a nqÿ oyu úkdY lr

lf;da,sl oyu rg;=< jHdma; lsÍula muKla úh'

,kafoais hq.h 1658 - 1687 olajd ld,mßÉfþoh úh' th ,lajdiSkag

t;rï lgql fkdùh' ls;= oyu jHdma; lsÍu i`oyd mD;=.Siska wkq.ukh l<

ms<sfj;g jvd ,sys,a m%;sm;a;shla ,kafoaiSka úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,§' Tjqkaf.a

uqLH mrud¾:h jQfha fï rfÜ mD;=.Sis n,h iïmQ¾Kfhkau úkdY lr rfÜ

fj<`o taldêldrh Tjqka w;g .ekSuh' ta ksid ,kao hq.fha§ isxy, fn!oaOhdg

lsishï iykhla jQ nj fmfka' rgjeishdf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh wdÈh iïnkaOfhka

úm¾hdihla we;s lsÍfuys ,kao md,lfhda jvd;a jeo.;a ia:dkhla f.k we;'

Èjhsfka fkdfhl=;a m<d;aj, me;sÍ .sh m%d:ñl wOHdmk l%uh;a" Tjqka úiska

msysgjkq ,eîh' fï ksid isxy, yd øúv cd;sl fndfyda fofkl=g wOHdmkhla 1,nd .ekSfï wjYH;dj Wod úh'

ì%;dkH hq.h - 1796

tjlg tx.,ka;fha ;snQ md,k l%uh tkï" iduh" kS;sh" hqla;sh" iy

wfkl=;a uQ,sl O¾uhka mj;ajdf.k hdu ms<sn`oj ish¨ lghq;= ,xldj ;=<o

we;s lsÍug

idrÓ 2016

-98-1 w¾i r;akï wdpd¾h tia' ,xldfõ ,kafoais n,h " wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j fld<U" 1958

ì%;dkH hq.fha§ lghq;= lf<a h' 1796 § ì%;dkHhka úiska uqyqÿnv m%foaY hg;a

lr .ekSu;a iu`. ì%;dkH hq.fha wdrïNhg uq, msreKs' 1815 Wvrg .súiqfuka

miq uq`M rgu w;am;a lr .;af;a h' 1818 Wfõ le/,a, uev meje;aùu;a iu`.

ì%;dkH md,kh Yla;su;aj bÈßhg f.k hk ,§'

iajdëk cd;shla f,i mej;s isxy, cd;sh úfoaY wdêm;Hhg hg;aùu

i;=gqúh yels ldrKhla fkdfõ' ta ms<sn`oj wms w;sYhska lK.dgq jk w;r" tfia

ùug mdol jQ lreKq .ek úuiSfï§ fï ldrKh ms<sn`oj uOHia:j is;d ne,Su

jeo.;a h'

hk rcjre isõfokd bka§h iïNjhlg kElï lshk kdhlaldr jxYhg wh;a md,lfhda fj;s'

Y%S úl%u rdcisxy hq.fha rcq;a ks,fïjre;a w;r we;s jQ u;fNao yd

l=uka;%K ÿrÈ. hdfuka rcq lDDr md,lfhla njg m;a ù l< l%shd ksid Tyqg;a

rgg;a úkdYhla ,`.d úh'

mD;=.sis hq.fha isg ì%;dkH hq.h olajd ld, mrdih ;=< isxy, krm;Ska

w;r mej;s u;fNao" wNHka;r >ÜGk wdl%uKslhskag furg ;=< n,h ;yjqre

lr .ekSug bv ie,iSula f,i ie,lSug mq`Mjk' zz fï jkdys 1811 j¾Ifha§

uykqjr rcjdif,ka fld<U isg bx.%Sis md,lhka fj; hjk ,o ikafoaYhl

fldgils'ZZ

zzbx.%Sis" ,kao" m%xY fyda ldmsß hk l=uk i;=frl=g jqjo ,xldj hg;a

lr.; fkdyelafla Ydikh wdrlaId lrkakd jQ i;rjrï foúhkaf.a wdkqNdjh

ksido" wm rc;=udf.a mqKH uysuh fya;=fjka o" mkaoyia jirla fuys lsis`ÿ

i;=frl=g úish fkdyels jkq we;'ZZ

idrÓ 2016

-99-

01' l%s'j 1739 - 1747 úch rdcisxy

02' l%s'j 1747 - 1782 lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy

03' l%s'j 1782 - 1798 rdcdêrdcisxy

04' l%s'j 1798 - 1815 Y%S úl%u rdcisxy

fuh Tjqka úiska bx.%Sishg mßj¾;kh lrk ,ÿj tx.,ka;fha n,OdÍka

fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,§' tod fld<U isá bx.%Sis n,OdÍka by; i`oyka m%ldYh

msgqmi ;snqKq isxy, cd;sldNsudkh yd wd;au úYajdih y`ÿkd .;af;a o hkak

iel iys; h' tfia jqjo óg jir y;r yudrlg miqj jqjo isxy, rdcOdksh

ì`o jegqfka i;=rdf.a hqO n,h ksid fkdj wNHka;r jdo fNaohkaf.a m%;sM, 2jYfhka nj ms<s.; hq;a;ls' fï isoaêfhka miq ,xldfõ .uka u`. fjkia jQ

wdldrh;a" ta fjki we;s lsÍug uQ,sl jQjka ms<sn`oj is;d ne,Su jeo.;a h'

ì%;dkH md,lhska wfma i;=rka f,i ms<s.ekSug wms fhduq ù isáuq' th ienEjla

jqjo Tjqka rg md,kh lsÍfï§ tod Tjqkaf.a myiqj" m%fhdackh i`oyd jqjo lrk

,o ld¾hhka wo iuia; Y%S ,xldjdiSkag buy;a m%fhdackhla ù we;' tajd wms

w.h fldg i,luq' ta ld¾hhka j,§ Bg uq,a ù lem ù l%shd l< pß; y`ÿkd

.ekSu;a" Tjqka we.hSulg ,la lsÍu;a u;= mrmqrg hym;a u`.fmkaùuls'

ld,fha je,s ;,dfjka jeiS .sh j,a ìysj kgUqka njg m;a wfma merKS Y%S úN+;sh

ydr wjqiaid kej; tajdg kj Ôjhla ,nd §ug Tjqka .;a l%shdud¾. wms w.h

fldg ie,lsh hq;= h' wms tfia l< hq;af;a wo wms cd;Hka;r jYfhka ,nk

f.!rjh;a" rgg ,efnk wd¾Ól ,dNh;a iq`Mmgq fkdjk ksidh' fï ld¾hhfha§

fykaß ví,sõ flaõ kï jQ iqÿ cd;sl f,aLlhd wm rgg isÿlr we;s fiajh

wurKSh fõ' zz,xldfõ kgUqka k.rZZ kñka Tyq w.kd .%ka:hla 1920 § ,shd

m<lr we;' fuu .%ka:fha jeo.;alu jkafka ,xldjg lsis Èkl fkdmeñKs"

,xldj .ek h:djfndaOhla fkdue;s úfoaYSkag lsishï wjfndaOhla ,nd §ug

fukau b;sydih .ek yi, oekqula ke;s iajfoaYSlhskag mjd fuh m%fhdackj;a

ùuhs'

,xldfõ Y%S úN+;shg m;a jQ ia:dk /ila tu fmdf;a i`oyka ù we;'

01' wkqrdOmqr .uk

02' ñyska;,h

03' wkqrdOmqr k.rh

04' iS.sß n,fldgqj

05' ñkafkaß jej

06' fmdf<dkakre k.rh

idrÓ 2016

-100-

2 uydpd¾h fla'tka'´' O¾uodi ^uykqjr rdcOdks hq.fha wjidk nd.fhys mej;s cd;sl yd wd.ñl ixl,am& idrÓ jd¾Isl l,dmh - 1962 uOHu m<d;a ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j m%ldYkh msgq 55

07' oUq¨ úydrh

jir 2000 lg jeä b;sydihla we;s tjlg j,a ìysj fmdf<dfõ ie`.j

.sh ia:dk mQcd N+ñ" jeõ" wuqKq" .ek lreKq fiùu úfoaYslfhl= jQ flaõ uy;dg

ÿIalr ld¾hhls' rfÜ b;sydih yeoEÍfuka muKla th l< fkdyel' mqrd

úoHd;aul lreKq iy Ys,d f,aLk mßYS,kfhka iy wOHhkhka l< hq;= h' ta 3ld¾hh uekúka fï úfoaYSl f,aLlhd bgq lr we;'

wm rg md,kh l< iqÿ cd;slhskaf.ka krl fukau fyd`o o isÿúh' my; 4oelafjk ixCIsma; igyka Bg u`. fmkajhs'

wxl 01 - f*âßla fkd¾;a 1798 - 1805 Tyq l%udkql+, rdcH ;ka;%hlg uq,a

jQfha rdcH fomd¾;fïka;= úêu;aj ilia lsÍfuks'

wxl 02 - fyda¾gka wdKavqldrjrhd 1831 - 1837 Tyq rg ;=< mdie,a fldñIula m;a

lsÍfuka rfÜ wOHdmk fjkila we;s lsÍu" zzl,ïnq c¾k,aZZ kï

mqj;am; w drïN lsÍu'

wxl 03 - uelkais wdKavqldrjrhd 1873 - 1841 Tyq ,xldfõ udkisl frday,

wdrïN lr we;'

wxl 04 - leïn,a wdKavqldrjrhd 1841 - 1847 Tyq isú,a fiajh úY%du jegqma

iys; fiajhla njg m;a lf<a h' Wiiaùï §fï§ ie,lsh hq;= tlu

idOlh mqoa.,hdf.a olaIlu njg ks¾foaY lf<a h'

wxl 05 - Y%Su;a y¾lshq,sia frdìkaika 1865 - 1872 lka;f,a jej we;=`M jeõ

rdYshla m%;sixialrKh lf<ah' kQ;k wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j we;s

lsÍu'

wxl 06 - f.%.ß wdKavqldrjrhd 1872 - 1877 kqjrt<sfhaa f..ß jej iE§u'

fld<U jrdfha uq,a bÈlsÍï wdrïN lsÍu' fld,U fl!;=ld.drh

idrÓ 2016

-101-

3 tÉ'ví'flaõ zz,xldfõ kgUqka k.r" ,xldKavqfõ wOHdmk uKav,h úiska ixIsma; fldg isxy, NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lr we;' 1921 fld<U tÉ'ví' flaõ iy iud.u úiska uqøKh lr m%isoaO lr we;'4 118 msgqj" tÈßisxy moaud" zzw;S; ,xldZZ m%ldYkh tia'f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10

we;s lsÍu'

wxl 07 - wdKavqldr f.d¾vka 1884 - 1890 Tyq fjila Èkh" isxy," fou<

wjqreÿ Èk" yd yÊð Èkh m%isoaO ksjdvq Èk lsÍu' ,xldj m<d;a 09

lg fnod§u isÿ lr we;'

wxl 08 - wdKavqldr yeõf,dla idñ 1890 - 1896 ,xld ld¾ñl úoHd,h" ßÊfõ

wd¾hd <ud frday, yd fld<U k.rhg úÿ,sh ,nd§u isÿ lr we;'

wxl 09 - wdKavqldr íf,la 1903 - 1907 Tyq fld<U weia frday, wdrïN lr we;'

wxl 10 - wdKavqldr la,s*¾â 1925 - 1927 Tyq iajNdId .=rejrekaf.a jegqma jeä

lsÍu" fld<U mq;a;,u ÿïßh ud¾.h idod ksu lr we;'

wxl 11- isxyf,a ì`o jefgk nj ÿgq ú,shï fgd,am%s 1814 - 1815 ,xldfõ jeo.;a

isÿùï ms<sn`o jD;a;dka;hla A Narative of Events in Ceylon kñka ,shd

we;' Tyq isxy, md,s W.f;ls' nhsn,h" isxy,hg iy md,s NdIdjg

mßj¾;kh lr we;' isxy, fjojrekaf.a merKs fjo fmd;a

kdudj,shla ieliSu lr we;' nd,dj;drh" wNsOdkmam§msldj yd Od;=

uxcqidj weiqre fldg md,s újrK bx.%Sis niska ,shd we;' 39 jeks úhg 5m;a jQ Tyq 1817 ckjdß 04 fjksod ñh f.dia we;'

wxl 12- ùr lemameáfmd< wjidkh isheiska ÿgq fodia;r ud¾I,a fykaß ud¾I,a

1808 § ,xldjg meñK yuqod fiakdxlhl ffjoHjrhd f,i lghq;=

lr we;' 1818 isg 1821 olajd uykqjr ld,h ;=< isheiska ÿgq foa

zz,xldj yd tys jeishkaZZ hkqfjka ,sjQ lD;sh 1845 § ksl=;a lr we;'

^msgqj 119&"

wxl 13- lkao Wvrg ießierE fodia;r fcdaka fâú 1816 - 1820 md.ukska

yd m,a,elalsfhka o w;amqgq j, wdOdrfhka o ,xldfõ isõfoi .uka

idrÓ 2016

-102-

3 ^msgqj 112&" fyaumd, kqjrt<sfha" zzisß,l isß úfoia weiskaZZ úfÊiQßh .%ka: flakaøh" 460 ta" tï'à'fmf¾rd udj;" uq,af,aßhdj

fldg weiq ÿgq foa w<,d ,shk ,o zz,xldfõ wNHka;rh tys ck;dj yd

ta Èjhsfka pdßldZZ hk .%ka:h 1821 ,shd ,kavkfha§ m< lr we;'

^msgqj 133 - 134 - 136& isxy, mßj¾;kh fâú ÿgq ,xldj&

wxl 14- uyd jxYh f,djg fmka jQ fcda¾Ê g¾k¾ 1977 ud¾;= 11 jeks Èk

,xldfõ§ Wm; ,nd we;' 1817 ,xldfõ isú,a fiajhg we;=<;a ù

rdcldß lghq;= i`oyd isxy, bf.k f.k Bg wu;rj md,s NdIdj o

bf.k md,s uyd jxYh bx.%Sishg mßj¾;kh lr we;' fmr wmr

foÈ. úoaj;=kaf.a f.!rjhg md;% jQ wfhls' msgqj 147 - 150&

wxl 15- iS.sßh fidhd.;a fïc¾ f*dania 1829 ud;f,a Èidm;s iy Èid úksiqre

f,i lghq;= lr we;' Tyq 1837 § wdmiq tx.,ka;hg f.dia ;ud

úiska ,xldfõ§ .fõIKh lr ,shd.;a lreKq zz,xldfõ 11 jila

ldKav follska ,shd 1840 § m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' j,a ìysj ;snQ

iS.sßh Tyq úiska fidhd f.k we;' 151 msgqj&

wxl 16- kqjrt<sh ckdjdi l< iekqfj,a fíl¾ 1848 rïfndv ÿ¾. ud¾.h

Tiafia kqjrt<sh olajd udj; bÈ lf<a h' miqj th nÿ,a, olajd §¾>

lsÍu;a kqjrt<sfha f.dúm, wdrïN lsßu' hqfrdamhg kqjrt<sh

y`ÿkajd§u;a isÿjQfha Tyqf.a fufyh ùfuks' ;u w;aoelSï w<,d Tyq

úiska ,sjQ zz,xlfõ wg jirla ZZ .%ka:h furg f,aLlfhl= w;ska

fkd,shfjk ;rï uy`.= lD;shls'^msgqj 161 - 163&

wxl 17- Y%Su;a tu¾ika fgkkaÜ 1845 - 1850 ,xld wdKavqfõ uyf,alï OQrh

orñka ,xldj ms<sn`oj úu¾Ykhla iy wOHhkhla lr zz,xld

jD;a;dka;hZZ kï .%ka:h ,shd we;' fuh uydjxYhg muKla fojks

fldaI .%ka:hla f,i wo úoaj;=ka ms<sf.k ;sfí' ^msgqj 176 -

182&

wxl 18- fcdaka le*¾ ^mdkÿrdjdoh f,da m;, l< mqj;am;a l,dfõ§hd fjhs'

ghsïia T*a mqj;amf;a l;=jrhd' 1873 mgka mj;ajk ,o mdkÿrdjdoh

idrÓ 2016

-103-

uq`Mukskau ish mqj;am;a j, m, lsÍu ta ms<sn`o l=vd fmd;a msxpla

uqøKh lr fnod yeÍu' Tyqf.a ld¾hh úh' th weußldj m;, úh'

th fikam;s ´,alÜ;=ud w;g m;aùfuka isÿjQ úma,jh .ek isys

lsÍfï§ fcdaka le*¾g Y%S ,xldjdiS fn!oaOhskaf.a fkduo f.!rjh g

md;% fjhs' msgqj 190 - 196&

wxl 19- fïc¾ f;dauia ialsk¾ 1848 furg wNHka;rfha ie;mqï 3000 la

uydud¾. ;ekQ bxðfkarejrhd fõ' ie;mqï 700 la fomhska .uka lr

we;' isxy,hkag ks¾jHdc we,aula oela jQ wfhls' ðú;fha 50 jirla Y%S

,xldj i`oyd furg i`oyd lem lr we;s fY%aIaG bx.%Sis cd;slfhls'

^msgqj 209 - 216&

wxl 20- ,S ueiqßh¾ uy;d Èidm;s jrfhls' 1890' fudyq kqjrt<sh Èia;%slalfha

y`.=rkafl; f.dúm,la msysgqjd we;' fuh wo ,euiQßh .u f,i

jHjydr fõ' Tyq isxy, md,s NdId W.f;ls' ,xldfõ merKs kS;s

m%ma;sh ks;S ks.Kavqj& bx.%Sishg mßj¾;kh lf<a h'

wxl 21- uydpd¾h ã' ví,sõ' Íia fâúâia fu;=ud Y%S ,dxlsl fn!oaOhskaf.a

f.!rjhg md;%% jQ m`äjrfhls' Tyq w;ska isÿ jQ Ydia;%Sh fiajdj w;s

úYd,h' Tyqf.a is; nqÿ oyu flfrys fukau md,s NdIdj fj;;a weÈ

.sfha ,xld isú,a fiajfha fh§ isáh§ h' hqfrdamfha msysgqjk ,o md,s

fmd;a iud.u Íia fâúâ kduh wurkSh;ajhg m;a lrhs' md,s

NdIdfjka rÑ; uq`M ;%smsglhu muKla fkdj nqÿ oyu ms<sn`oj l<

m¾fhaIK hqfrdamh ;=< m%fndaohla we;s lsÍug iu;a úh' fu;=ud we;s

l< md,s fmd;a iud.u ìys fkdjkakg wo mj;sk fndfyda fmd;m; 6wNdjhgo bv ;snqKs'

wxl 22- uyd úoajf;l= jQ isú,a ks<Odßhd tÉ' ví' fldâßkagka isú,a

ks<Odßfhls' tx.,ka;fha bms§ ,xldjg meñK isú,a fiajfha

fhfoñka ;ukaf.a ks, rdcldßhg wu;rj ;j;a fCIa;% rdYshla

idrÓ 2016

-104-

6 lsßj;a;=vqõ Y%S m%didr kdysñ ^Íia fâúâ wxlh1965& úoHd,xldr m%ldYk msgq 217 - 223

ms<sn`oj yi, oekqula ,nd .;a;d muKla fkdj tajd ,shd ;eîug;a Tyq

mshjr .;af;a h' b;sydih" mqrd úoHdj muKla fkdj ,xldjg

wdfõksl isß;a úß;a isxy, md,s yd øúv NdId yeoEßh' rdclSh

wdishd;sl iñ;sfha ,xld YdLdfõ idudðl;ajhg m;a fu;=ud ta

ix.ufha úúO ;k;=re ,nñka hdjÔj idudðlfhla f,i lghq;= lf<a

h' 1932 uOHu m<df;a Èidm;s ;k;=r orñka úY%du .sh fu;=ud 1942 §

mrf,dj iem;a úh' ,xldfõ b;sydih" mqrd úoHdj yd iudc

ixúOdkh yÞrkakkkag tia'ví' fldâßkagka kduh flfiaj;a wu;l 7 l< fkdyels h'

wxl 23 - wdpd¾h wd¾'t,a' fn%daysh¾" isxy, .eñ ck;djgo isxy,

ixialD;shgo yoj;skau wdorh l< W;=ï iqÿ cd;slfhls' 1910 - 1944

olajd rcfha ñkskafodarejrfhla f,i fiajh l< ld,h ;=< w;aÿgq

ienE ;;= .fõIKh lr ,sjQ lD;Ska folls'

01' fn%dysh¾ y`ÿkd.;a ,xldj8 02' fn%dysh¾ ÿgq ,xldj

wxl 24 - fikam;s fykaß iaà,a ,alÜ 1892 - 1907 ld,h ,xldfõ kQ;k

fn!oaO m%fndaOfha ks¾ud;Djrhd úh' wêrdcHjd§ka ;=ka

j¾.hl .%yKhg hg;a ù mßydksfha m;a,g jeá isà isxy,

fn!oaOhd wdrlaId lsÍug meñKs weußlka cd;slfhls' msgqj 63 9- 64 mQð; Ôú; fojks fj¨u'

wxl 25 - udß ñhqishia ys.skaia 1855 - 1926 c¾uka cd;sl ldka;djls' idys;Hh

Ñ;% Ys,amh jeks fi!kao¾Hh úIhkag we¨ï l< weh m%xY yd .%Sla NdId

yÞrd weußldfõ wOHdmk fiajfha fh§ isáhd h' mru úkHd¾:

iud.fï idudðldjla jQ wekS fnikaÜ uy;añhf.a wdrdOkfhka

,xldjg meñKs weh 1890 Tlaf;daïn¾ ui 10 fjks Èk urodfka á%É

fndaka udjf;a m%:u fn!oaO nd,sld úÿy, wdrïN lr we;' bka l,lg

idrÓ 2016

-105-

7 wurfyajd uoaÿu zz tia'ví' fldâßkagka 2010 wfm%a,a 04 fjks bßÞ ßúrZZ8 wNhfyajd jiï zzwdpd¾h wd¾'t,a' fn%dysh¾" iQßh m%ldYlfhda" uyskao udj;" urodk9 wdßhmd, fmf¾rd" fikam;s fykaß iaà,a ´,alÜ" wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl wud;HxYh 1990

miq zz ñhqishia fn!oaO nd,sldj wrUd tys úÿy,am;s OQrfha lghq;= lr 10we;'ZZ

wxl 26 - *ekala ,S jqâjâ ^1871 - 1952& ,xldfõ ol=Kq m<df;a w. k.rh jQ

.d,af,a fn!oaO wOHdmk flaakaøh jQ uyskao úÿyf,a ks¾ud;D iy

úÿy,am;s f,i lghq;= lf<a h' tx.,ka;fha ls;=Kq mQcljrfhl=f.a

mqf;ls' Wm;ska ì%;dkH cd;slfhl= jqjo Ôj;a jQfha isxy,fhl= f,ih'

,kavka md,s fmd;a ix.ufha md,s .%ka: bx.%Sis NdIdjg fmr,Sh' 1952

uehs 27 Èk ckaudka;r .; úh'

wxl 27- Y%Su;a fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï" 1853 - 1927 wo wm%;sy; ffO¾hfhka

l%shdl< foaYSh øúv kdhlfhl= jQ fu;=ud Wm; ,nd we;af;a 1853

iema;eïn¾ ui 14 jeks Èkh' tx.,ka;fha flaíßÊ iriúfhka bf.k

1875 ,xldjg meñK isú,a fiajdjg we;=,a ù we;' 1919 § zz ,xldfõ

isú,a kS;s ix.%yhZZ ,shd m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' 1915 isxy, urlal,

flda,yd,h ksid isxy,hskag isÿjQ ysßyer mßlaId lsÍug;a Bg n,mE

i;H fya;= fiùug wmlaImd; fldñIula m;al< hq;= h hkak

wjOdrKh lrñka 1915 cq,s 06 fjks Èk wdKavqldrjrhdg m%n,

n,mEula lr we;'

wxl 28 - wdpd¾h wdkkao flkaáia l=udriajdñ uy;d 1877 - 1947& wjqreÿ 2600

;rï b;sydihla we;s isxy, cd;sfha nqo oyfï wdNdIfhka

f.dvke.=Kq ixialD;sl ,laIK iuia: f,dalhd bÈßfha m%o¾Ykh l<

wdpd¾h flkaáia l=udriajdñ ienE Y%S ,dxlsl mq;%fhls' ,xldfõ

kgUqka fjfyr úydr" jdß jeõ we;=`M isxy, fn!oaO ixialD;sh .ek

,shQQ m¾fhaIKd;aul .%ka:h zzuOHld,Sk isxy, l,dZZ fu;=udf.a

lD;shls' ksødYS,s isxy¨ka iy oñ<hka wjÈlsÍfï wruqKska 1905 §

,xld m%;sixialrK ix.uh wrUd we;'

idrÓ 2016

-106-

10 mQð; foaú; fojks fj`Mu" udß ñhqishia is.skaia" wdpd¾h frdaysKs m;srK m%ldYkh wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl wud;HxYh 1990

wxl 29- Y%Su;a fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka" uy;d isxy,hska iu`. WfrkaWr .eà

bx.%Sis wêrdcHjd§kaf.a .%yKfhka ñ§ug l%shdl< cd;sl úrfhls'

1915 § werUqk isxy, uqia,Sï flda,yf,a§ isxy, kdhlhska kvq

úNd.hlska f;drj Tjqka isrNdrhg .;a wjia:d úh' yÈis kS;sh

rg;=< mkjd isxy, ck kdhlhska >d;kh lrkq ,eîh' tjlg

wdKavqldrjrhd m%uqL md,lhska úiska lrk ,o widOdrKlïj,g

tfrysj hg;a úð;Ndr uyf,alïjrhd yuqù lreKq lSug

tx.,ka;hg hk wjia:dfõ isxy, kdhlhska iu`. fu;=udo iïnkaO 11ù we;' tu .ufkka id¾:l m%;sM, o ,nd we;'

wxl 30- ffjoH wd¾'t,a' iamsÜ,a ^frðfkda,aâ ,hk,a iamsá,a& uy;d 1881

foieïn¾ ui 08 jeks Èk Wm; ,eîh' Tyq jeäÿr wOHdmkh yeoEÍu

i`oyd 1906 tx.,ka;hg f.dia lsxia úÿy,a frdayf,a mqyqKqù

tï'wd¾'iS'mS' - t,a'wd¾'iS'mS' - t*a'wd¾'iS'mS' Wmdê ,ndf.k we;'

f,vqkaf.a ;=jd,j,g m%;sldr lsÍfï m%Odk ffjoHjrhd f,i Tyq úiska

,xldfõ m%:ujrgzz reêrmdrú,khZZ fyj;a flfkl=f.a reêrh

fjk;a wfhl=g YÍr.; lsÍu lrk ,oafoa fodia;r iamsÜ,a úisks' Tyq

ffjoH úoHd,fha lÓldpd¾hjrfhl= f,i lghq;= lr we;' fY,H

ffjoH úoHdj ms<sn`o lD;Ska 03 la ,shd we;'

01. Surgisal Ward Work

02. Essential on Surgery

03. Framboesi Trofic

Tyq olaI f,aLlfhls' .%ka: lsysmhla ,shd we;' jeÈ ck;djf.a

.e,jqïlre f,i ie,fla' jeÈ ck;dj Tyq y`ÿkajkafka fmd,af,a

neoafoa iqÿyQrd f,ih'

wxl 31- fâúâ fmakag¾ zzudkj rEmfha wdh;ksl ,dxlsl ,l=KZZ fï wmqre

is;a;rd Wm; 1900 ud¾;= ui 05 jeksod bkaÈhdfõ W;a;r m%foaYfha

ysud,fha l`ÿ mduq, msysá we,af,dardfõ ñIkdß mjq,l ,eîh' fudyqf.a

mshd tl, isá .e,ùfï yuqodfõ hqfrdamSh cd;slfhla jQ w;r uj

idrÓ 2016

-107-

11 wdßhr;ak pkaød" Y%Su;a fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka" ,xld b;sydifha wu;l fkdjk pß;" iuqød fmd;a m%ldYlfhda l=reKE., msgqj 42 - 43

,xldfõ ol=Kq m<df;a isxy, ldka;djls' fâúâ fmakag¾ kï is;a;rd

ñIkdß isiqka fjkqfjka fjkal< bkaÈhdfõ ì%la fufudaßh,a mdif,ka o

uykqjr ;%s;aj úoHd,fhkao Ys,amh yeoEÍh' bka wk;=rej jhi

wjqreÿ 19 § ì%;dkH rdclSh mdi,g we;=`M ù Ñ;% l,dj m%.=K lr we;'

fâúâ fmakag¾ täkanfrda" ,sj¾mQ¾" uekafpiag¾" n%hsgka ksõfhdala hk

f,dj m%lg Ñ;% l,d.drhkays Ñ;% m%o¾Ykh lsÍfï jru ,nd .;af;a

h' thg wu;rj Ñ;% Ys,amS ld,a liauka;a" fÊ'ã'ta' fmf¾rd hk Ñ;%

Ys,amSka iu`. iuQy Ñ;% m%o¾Yk lsysmhla mj;ajd we;' 1925 ,xldjg

meñK fyajqâ ukaÈrh weröfuka miq tys lÓldpd¾hjrfhla f,io

1956 § rcfha ,,s;l,d;khfha Wm úÿy,am;s f,io lghq;= lf<a h'

wxl 32- mSg¾ flakuka 1917 - 1997& uy;d flaïì%Ê úYaj úoHd,fha bf.kf.k

,xldjg meñK 1943 fodia;r weia'ta' úl%uisxy uy;d iu`. tla ù

,xldfõ fldñhqksÜia mlaIh msysgqjk ,§' tjlg fu;=udf.a mshd

,xldfõ fY%aIaGdêlrK úksiqrejrfhls' flkuka uy;d ´,kao

iïNjhla we;s ,dxlslfhla jqjo ,xldfõ ÿla ú`Èk ck;dj fjkqfjka

lem ù l%shd lf<a h' 1947 isg 1977 olajd jir 30 l muK ld,hla Y%S

,xldfõ md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrfhla iy weu;sjrfhla f,io lghq;= 12lr we;' 1997 § Èúfhka iuqf.k we;'

wxl 33-OdjkY+r vkalka jhsÜ l%Svd fCIa;%fhka Y%S ,xldj m<uqfjkau

cd;Hka;r ;,hg f.k hEug lghq;= lf<a h' Tyq 1947 Tlaf;daïn¾

T,sïmsla ;r`.dj,sfha§ Y%S ,xld lKavdhfï kdhlhd jYfhka l%shd

lf<a h' tfukau T,sïmsla jd¾;djla ì`o fy,d lvq¨ mekSfï biõfjka 13Y%S ,xldjg ߧ molalula ,nd §ug iu;a úh'

wxl 34 - w,aydÊ fudysÈka fn.a" iqjyila rislhskaf.a wdorh Èkd.;a

.dhlfhls' bkaÈhdkq ia,dï Nla;slfhls' 1918 foieïn¾ 05 fjks Èk

bkaÈhdfõ uÿrdxis m%dka;fha§ Wm; ,nd we;' 1934 ,xldjg meñK Y%S

,xld fmd,sisfha fiajhg ne`§ we;' 1937 § Tyq m%:u isxy, .S;h

idrÓ 2016

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12 mS'ta'ù' vhia" isxyf,a fY%aIaG pß; msgqj 42 - 4313 ví'chj¾Ok" vkalka jhsÜ" zziqreúrelï mE fy, úrefjdaZZ l;D m%ldYk" 49$ta" yxi.sßh mdr" .ïmy'

.dhkd lf<a h' ta zzlreKd uQfoa kduq .s,S,dZZ hk .S;hhs' Tyq bia,dï

Nla;slfhl= jqjo jeämqru .dhkd lr we;af;a fndÿ ne;s .S;h' fï

uyd l,dldr bkaÈhdkqjd Y%S ,dxlslfhl= lf<a Èjka.; tia'ví'wd¾'ã'

nKavdrkdhl ue;s;=ud h' w,aydÊ fudysÈka fn.a zz §mYsld" l,diQßZZ

hk iïudk j,ska mqo ,nd we;'

wxl 35- à'î' cdhd" uy;d 1890 § .,f.or§ Wm; ,nd we;' Tyq uef,a

cd;slfhls' jD;a;sfhka .=rejrfhls' uykqjr O¾urdc" fudrgqj m%skaia

T*a fõ,aia iy fld<U wdkkao hk úoHd,j, fiajh lr we;' 1921

iysrd úÿy,am;s f,i m;aù uqia,Sï orejkaf.a wOHdmkh fjkqfjka

l%shdlr we;' 1924 rdcH uka;%K iNdjg m;aúh' 1947 § fld<ôka

md¾,sfïka;=jg f;aÍ m;a ù lïlre yd iudcfiajd wud;Hjrhd f,i

fiajh lr we;' 1950 § mdlsia:dkq ;dkdêm;sjrhd f,i m;alr we;

wxl 36- Y%Su;a rdisla mÍâ fld<U§ Wm; ,nd we;af;a 1893 foieïn¾ ui 29

jeks odh' wOHdmkh ,nd we;af;a fld<U rdclSh úoHd,fhks' 1915 -

1918 jirj, fld<U k.r wdrlaIl wxYfha ¨;sk,a jrfhl= f,i

fiajh lr we;' bkamiq iudc iqNidOl lghq;=j, fhfoñka isáh§

1960 - 1965 ueofld<U uka;%Sjrhd f,i m;aù fjf<`o wud;H OQrh ord

we;' bkamiq mdlsia;dkfha uyflduidßia f,i lghq;= lr we;' 90

jila wdhq ú`o 1984 mrf,da iem;a úh' fu;=ud ish¨ cd;Skaf.a is;a 14 Èkd.;a udkj ys;jd§ wdo¾Yu;a ,xld mq;%fhls'

wxl 37- ,laIauka lÈr.du¾" uy;d kï jQ udkj ys;jdÈhd 1994 isg Y%s ,xld

foaYmd,k ;,fha Èÿ,k ;rejla njg m;a úh' tlai;a rdcOdksfha

Wiiau úoHd mSGhla jQ Tlaiaj¾â iriúfhka kS;s Wmdêh iu;a ù ^

nqoaêuh foam< ms<sn`o cd;Hka;r lS¾;shg m;a kS;s fõÈfhla úh' kS;ss

jD;a;sfhka Tyqg Wmhd .; yels jQ remsh,aj,ska fkdj fvd,¾j,ska

,CI .Kkls' ta ;=<ska Tyqg b;d iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú;hla .; lsÍug

idrÓ 2016

14 fï f;dr;=re ,ndfok ,oafoa w,aydÊ hQmqma" iq,amsld¾" 218" ã'tia' fiakdkdhl ùÈh" uykqjr'

-109-

;snqKs' tfia jqjo ta fY%aIaG hq. mqreIhd Wmka N+ñfha fN!ñl wLKav;djh

wdrCId lr .ekSug ;u oekqu" nqoaêh iy m<mqreoao yd w;aoelSï

fhdod f.k isÿ l< l%shdoduhka iuQyh wog muKla fkdj u;=jgo

fnfyúka wm rgg m%fhdackj;a jkjd we;' lÈr.du¾ kï jQ

foaYmd,k o¾YkjdÈhd Wm;ska wfn!oaOfhl= jqjo ish oekqfuka"

;;ajdjfndaOfhka fn!oaO o¾Ykh uekúka yodrd ieoeyej;a

fndÿkqjl= f,i Ôj;a jQ wfhls' fï ksy;udkS hq. mqreIhd .ek kqÿre

wkd.;fha § iïNdjkSh pß;dmodkhla ,sh fjkjdg lsisu ielhla

ke;' 2005 wf.daia;= 12 fjksod rd;%S 11'05 g ish ksjfia msyskqï

;gdlfhka f.dv tñka isáh§ t,a'à'à' iamhsk¾ fjälalrejl=f.a fjä

myßka Ôú;;CIhg m;a úh'

wxl 38- weußlka cd;sl mQcH fndaê ysñmdfKda " 1944 § weußldfõ ksõfhda¾la

kqjr§ Wm; ,nd we;' 1966 jif¾ § nDla ,S úoHd,fhka o¾Ykjdoh

ms<sn`o Ydia;%fõ§ Wmdêh;a" 1972 § laf,ahd fudkaá iriúfhka

o¾Ykjdoh ms<sn`oj wdpd¾h Wmdêh;a ,ndf.k 1972 jif¾ wjidk

Nd.fha YS ,xldjg meñK w;s mQcH n,kaf.dv wdkkao ffu;%S uy kd

ysñ hgf;a meúÈ nj ,ndf.k we;' miqj uykqjr Wvj;a; lef,a jk

fikiqfka jev isá c¾uka cd;sl [dK fmdaksl uyf;reka jykafia

iu`. tla jQ Wka jykafia 1984 isg uykqjr fn!oaO .%ka: m%ldYk

iñ;sfha m%Odk l;D f,i o" 1987 isg tys iNdm;s jrhd f,io lghq;=

lrk ,§' f:rjd§ nqÿ oyu ms<sn`o Ydia;%Sh fmd;a .Kkdjl l;D iy

mßj¾;l jk W;ajykafiaf.a fmd;a w;r"

1.The Discourse on the all embracing net of views (1978)

2. A Comprihencive manual of Abhidhamma (1993)

3. The Middle length discourses of the Buddha (1995)

4. The Connected Discourses of Buddha (2000)

m%Odk .%ka: fõ'

idrÓ 2016

-110-

f:rjd§ nqÿ oyu ms<sn`oj f,dj isák m%Odksfhl= f,i i,ld

Wka jykafiag World Acadamy of art & Sicence wdh;kfha o idudðl;ajh ,nd §

we;' nqÿka jykafia iy Wka jykafiaf.a oyï mKsúvh tod" wo iy fyg 15lD;sfha ye`Èkaùu'

15 fn!oaO .%ka: m%ldYk iud.u " uykqjr 200 uehs 15

-111-

idrÓ 2016

uydjxY l;=jrhdf.a foaYmd,k oDIaáh ms<sn|j ft;sydisl úu¾Ykhla

tÉ'tï'biqre fyar;a

uydjxi l;=jrhdf. foaYmd,ksl oDIaáh ìysùug fya;= jQ miqìu'

m%d:ñl uQ,dY% primitive sources& .Khg jefgk uydjxih mßÉfþo 37

lska ^37'52& ke;fyd;a .d:d 2913 lska iukaú;h' bkaÈhdfõ yd furg fn!oaO

Ydiksl b;sydih fukau ls%'mQ' 6 - ls%'j' 4 ,xldfõ foaYmd,ksl b;sydih

i;=gqodhl f,i úia;r lrk fuys we;eï úia;r j, ñ;Hd l:d mqj;a' cd;l

l:dj, yd bka§h ùrldjHj, Wmqgd .ekSï" w;sYfhdala;s j¾Kkd wvx.= jqjo

iEfyk ft;sydisl f;dr;=re iïNdrhla idys;Hhu yd mqrd úoHd;aul uQ,dY%

j,ska ikd: jk fyhska iuia;hla f,i weoysh yels uQ,dY%hla jYfhka

y÷kd.; yel' úfYaIfhkau fuys ft;sydisl w.h m%udK lrk Ô'iS' fukaäia

fmkajdfokafka uydjxih jeks ,xldfõ fuka wE; wdrïNfha isg l%s'j' 3

Y;j¾Ifha wjidkh olajd Èk - jljdkqj wkqj iliajqkq wLKav l:d úia;rhla 1

bkaÈhdfõ ljr fmfoilskaj;a ,eî ke;s njhs' fuu ,smsh u.ska uydjxi

l;=jrhdf.a foaYmd,k oDIaáh ljf¾o hkak úuid ne,Sug wfmalaIs;h' tfy;a

Wla; m%ia;=;h úuiSug m%:u l;=jrhd" Tyqf.a ;rd;sru" W.;alu" mrud¾:"

oaú;Shsl mrud¾: mßYS,kh l< wjfYaI uQ,dY% fukau l;=jrhd úiQ ld,

jljdkqj yd tl, furg mej;s foaYmd,ksl ixialD;sl" wd¾Ól" iudÔh

jgmsgdj ms<sn|j ixlaIsma;j wOHhkh l< hq;=

idrÓ 2016

-112-1 fukaäia" Ô'iS' ,xld b;sydifha .eg¿" fld<U" wefmda;slßia iy iud.u" 1966" ms 87

jxi;a:mamldiskshg wkqj uyd úydrhg wh;a Èlai| fifkõ

msßfjfkys jevúiQ m%ùk wdpdrhjrhl= jQ uydkdu ysñhka uydjxifha

l;=jrhdh' l;= ysñhka .ek ;jÿrg;a mßlaId l< t,a'tia' fmf¾rd tia'

mrKú;dk" à'Ô' l=,;=x." úu, úchiQßh hk úoaj;=ka mjikafka pQ,jxYfha

i|ykajk l%s'j' 5 furgg n,meje;ajqKq Iâ øõvdl%ñKslhkaf.ka Od;=fiak

l=ure wdrlaId lrf.k wk;=rej t;=udg rg fírd.ekSug iyhjqKq uydkdu

kï ysñhka jk njhs' miqj óg fjkia u;hla bÈßm;a lrk mrKú;dkhka

uq.,ka rcq l%s'j' 491 - 508& úiska lrjQ È>ikao msßfjfKys úiQ uydkdu kñka

ye¢kajQ meúÈ .=rel=,hla .ek i|yka lrhs' fï ish,a, iudf,dapkh lrk

ux., b,x.isxy mjikafka uydkdu kñka pQ,jxifha fo;ekl i|yka

ysñjrhd mshmq;= fofokdf.kau Wmydrhg m;a tlu ysñkula nj;a" tneúka

tlafiai;a Y%S ,xldjla ìyslsÍug Od;=fiak l=ureg msysgjQ ududo Wkajykafiau 2nj ms<s.ekSug ndOdjla fkdue;s njhs' l;=ysñhka Ôj;a jQ ld,mßÉfþoh

mokï fldgf.k .hs.¾ " *a,SÜ" mrKú;dk" isßud lsßnuqfKa hk úoaj;=ka

ks.ukh lrkafka uydjxih l%s'j' 5-6 ishjfiaos fyda l%s'j' 6 ishjfia rpkd

jkakg we;s njhs'

fï wkqj fuys l;=jrhd uydúydr f:rjd§ ksldhsl woyia ksfhdackh

lrk" wkq.ukh lrk" fn!oaO f:arjdÈ wOHdmksl mßphla ,enQ NslaIQka

jykafia kula nj meyeÈ,sh' tfiau §mjxih" úkhÜGl:dj" frdayKjxiaÓG

l:dj" fndaêjxiaÓG l:dj" mq[a[fmd;a:l hkd§ uQ,dY% iïNdrh foi

ne,Sfï§ fmkS hkafka l;=jrhd nyqY%e;hl= nj;a" iajlSh lD;sh u.ska Tyq

foaYmd,ksl yd ixialD;sluh jYfhka .eUqre Ñ;%hla bÈßm;a lsÍug W;aidy

f.k we;snj;ah' ó<Õg t;=udf.a foaYmd,ksl oDIaáh ye¢k.ekSfï

;SrKd;aul m%fõYhla jYfhka rpl wruqK úuid n,uq' —merkakka úiska

iïmdÈ; fï yd iudk úia;r ;efkl §¾>jo" ;efkl fláfhkao ;j;a

;efkl mqkrela; fodaIfhkao .yKh" tu fodaI u.yrjñka yq§ ckhdf.a my;a

ixfõ.h msKsi uydjxih lrkafkñ˜ hkqfjka l;=jrhd wdrïNfha§u ;u

mrud¾:h meyeÈ,s l<o uydjxifha we;s úia;r mÍlaId lsÍfï§ fmfkkafka

l;=jrhd u;=msáka tjeks wOHd;añl wruqKla f,dalhdg fmkajd ÿkako

we;=,dka;fhka m%n, wkkH fn!oaO f:rjd§ foaYmd,ksl oDIaáhla bÈßm;a

idrÓ 2016

-113-1 b,x.isxy" ux.," uydjxih yd Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydi iïm%odh" uyr.u" l¾;D m%ldYkhls'2003'ms 24

lsÍug W;aiql ù we;s njhs'úfYaIfhkau fuu oDIaáh ;=< nqÿrÿka úiska

foaYkd l< plalj;a;S iSykdo iQ;%h" oirdc O¾uh" uyd iqoiaik iQ;%h jeks 3fn!oaO iQ;%j, wvx.= lreKqj, Pdhdjkao" l;=ysñhka úiskau f.dvk.d.;a

fn!oaOd.u yd ne`ÿKq ixl,am j,ska ks¾ñ; h:d¾;jd§ wkkH foaYmd,k

ixl,amkdjkao we;=,;aj we;s nj fmfka' ksoiqka f,i nqÿoyfï plalj;a;S

iSykdo iQ;%fha we;s oi ilaú;s j;%fhka tllajk ;sßikqkag yd mßirhg

ysßyer fkdfldg /ln,d .ekSu hk ijeks j;%h l;=jrhd wduKav.dñKS wNh

rcqf.a i;+ka fkdueßh hq;= njg mekjq ud>d; wddj wdY%fhka isysle|jhs'

tfiau øúv wdl%uKslhka uerùu ms<sn|j lïmdjg m;aj isá ÿgq.euqKq rcqj

iekiùu i|yd ry;=ka úiska ñ;HdoDIaálhka ueÍu iaj¾.fudalaIhg wka;rdh

fkdjk njg l< m%ldYh uydjxi l;=jrhd úiskau ksIamdokh l< nqÿoyu yd

ne÷Kq ixl,am j,ska ks¾ñ; h:d¾:jd§ wkkH foaYmd,k ixl,amhla nj

fmfka'

ó<Õg l;=jrhd uydjxih ;=<ska f,dalhdg wkkH f:arjd§ fn!oaO kj

foaYmd,ksl Ñka;khla ìyslsÍu i|yd Wmia:ïN jQ foaYmd,ksl" ixialD;sl yd

iudc wd¾Ól jgmsgdj mÍlaId l< hq;=h' l;=jrhd Ôj;ajqKq iuh ,xldj jir

27 l øúvdêm;Hhlska ñ§ tys iqkanqka u; tlai;a rdcOdkshla ìysù md,kh

fjñka mej;s iuhls' tkï ;ks md,lfhl= hgf;a wkqrdOmqrh m%Odk

mßmd,kuh w.kqjr f,i ;ndf.k md,kh fjñka mej;s iuhls' tneúka

bkaølS¾;s isßùr" f,ia,s .=Kj¾Ok hk úoaj;=ka fmkajd fok wdldrhg

uydjxY l;=jrhd úYajdi fldg we;af;a uq¿uy;a Èjhsku foaYmd,k yd

ixialD;sl jYfhka tlu foayhla nj;a wkqrdOmqrh flakaø fldg .ksñka uq¿ 4

Èjhsku tl È.gu md,kh jQ nj;a h' ksoiqka f,i jxYl;djkg wkqj ,xldfõ

m%:u md,lhd jk úch l=udrhd mjd ndOdjlska f;drj uq¿ Èjhskgu

rdcHdkqYdikd l< nj i|yka lrk úia;rh iy mKavqldNh rcq uq¿

,laÈfjysu .%duiSud kshu l< nj oelafjk i|yk fmkajd Èh yel' tfiau

l;=jrhd furg fmr mej;s tlai;a md,k rgdjg yd f:arjd§ fn!oaO Ydikhg

wk;=rla lrk n,fõ.hla jYfhka olaIsK Ndr;Sh" wdl%uK ÿgq nj fmfka' ta

yd iu.dój .=ma; wêrdcHh úiska h,s mK .kajk ,o yskaÿ wd.u olaIsK

Ndr;Sh cd;sl rdcHhkaj, iyfhka ol=Kq bkaÈhdj ;=< fiiq ffck" fn!oaO hk

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3 r;akmd, kkaofiak" fn!oaO m%cd;ka;%jdoh" r;au,dk" úYajf,aLd m%ldYk" 1998" ms' 284 .=Kj¾Ok f,ia,s" m%jdo wxl 18" fld<U" iudc úoHdhskaf.a ix.uh" 2001" msgqj 5-6 isßùr" bkaølS¾;s" rcrg YsIaGdpdrh iy ksß; È. rdcOdks" fld<U" ohdjxY chfldä iy iud.u" 2001" msgq 46'

5wd.ï uev,ñka rKldó wkHd.ï úfrdaê n,fõ.hla f,iska ysi Tijñka

mej;s ld,jljdkqjla nj fmfka' thg ;srh msgqmiska wk.s iyhla W;a;r"

olaIsK Ndr;Sh idys;Hlrejka úiska rÑ; rdudhkh" yßjxYh jeks yskaÿ

ùrldjHhka ;=<ska ms<sìUqjqk foaYmd,k" wd.ñl oDIaàkao yd ta wdY%fhka mek

ke.=Kq wka;.dñ Nla;s jHdmdr o wkd.;fha ,xldfõ tlai;a foaYmd,ksl

tald.%;djg" iudc ms<sfj<g yd ta wkqnoaê; nqÿoyfï ÑriaÓ;shg ydkshla f,i

l;=ysñhka ÿgq nj Wml,amkh l< yel'

ó<Õg uydjxilrejdf.a oDIaáhg" furg uyskaod.ukfha isg furg

w¨;skau frdamKh jqKq foaYmd,k ;ka;%h yd fn!oaO f:rjd§ iïm%odh w;r

ine¢ wúfhdackSh iïnkaO;djg úreoaO m%;s.dó n,fõ.hla f,i fõ.j;a

f,iska j¾Okh fjñka meñKs fn!oaO uydhdk iïm%odh y÷kd.kakd nj fmfka'

úfYaIfhka fï i|yd uydjxY lD;sh mqrdu we;s foaYmd,ksl" wd.ñl m%jD;a;s

bÈßm;alsÍfï§ uydhdksl woyia oerE NslaIQka jdih l< wNh.sßh"

fÊ;jkdrduh hk fn!oaO wdh;k j,g iyhÿka j<.ïnd" uyfika jeks

md,ljrekaf.a foaYmd,ksl yd iudc wd¾Ól fiajh l=iS; f,i ¨yq`äka úia;r

lr ;sîfuka ks.ukh l< yel' tfiau rplhd uyfika jeks rcorejka úiska

uyd úydrhg úreoaOj l< l%shdud¾.hka wkqlïmd iy.; f,i újrKh lr

we;' úfYaIfhka fuu uydhdksl ksldhka ;=<ska y÷kajdÿka f,!lsl;ajhg nr

mqo mQcd iy md,l" md,s; mka;sh w;r f:arjd§ nqÿoyu ;=<ska we;s l< Yla;su;a

hdka;%sl taldnoaO;dj ^Mechanical Solideration& ì|s hkq we;s njg iel l<

uydkdu ysñhka f:arjd§ nqoaO Ydikh;a" rfÜ tlai;aNdjh;a /l.; yels

m%n, fm!¾Ihla iys; md,l me,eka;shl=;a" Tjqkg iyh Èh yels md,s;hka

msßil=;a f.dvkexùfï wruqKska uydjxih ;=<ska ish iajdëk fn!oaO rdIa;%Sh

oDIaáhla" Ñka;khla bÈßm;a l< nj fmfka' ó<Õg wm uydjxilrejdf.a tu

foaYmd,ksl oDIaáh ljf¾oehs úuid n,uq'

uydjxi l;=jrhdf.a foaYmd,ksl oDIaáh

uydjxi l;=jrhdf.a foaYmd,ksl oDIaáh .ek úuiSfï§ ta .ek foia

úfoia W.;=ka lSmfofkl= olajd we;s woyia .ek uola úuid n,uq'

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5 lsß nuqfKa isßud" jdßl m%ldYk wxl 01" fld<U" udkjj¾. ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl wOHhk flakaøh" 1986" msgqj 8'

jxYl;dlrejdf.a oDIaáhg wkqj —tlai;a Y%S ,xld rdcHh O¾uoaùmhla úh"

úchf.a isg furg tlai;a rgla f.dvkexúk' tneúka rcl=f.a uQ,sl hq;=lu

jkqfha rdcHh yd nqoaO Ydikh w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh wdrlaId lrñka tu

tlai;a rdcHh wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hduh˜'hkak nj Wla; m%ia;=; ldrKdj 6ms<sn|j bkaølS¾;s isßùrhka m,l< woyihs' uq¿ Èjhsku foaYmd,k yd

ixialD;sl jYfhka tlu foayhla nj;a" wkqrdOmqrh flakaø fldg .ksñka uq¿

,xldju tl È.g md,kh jQ nj;a" fuu tlai;a Ndjh wdrlaId lsÍu rcqf.a

m%Odk;u wruqK úh hq;= nj;a" fuu Èjhsk Oïu§mh yeáhg l,a hjkakg

brKï ù ;sfnk nj;a" md,lhska nqoaOd.u iu. iqúfYaIS in|;djhla mj;sk

nj;a hk foaYmd,k u;hla uydjxilrejd bÈßm;a lrk nj f,ia,s 7.=Kj¾Okhkaf.a woyihs' B't*a'iS' ¨fvdajhsla kï Ydia;%hd mjikafka

uydjxilrejd ish foaYmd,k oDIaáh lreKq 3 la mokï lrf.k m%ldYl<

njhs' tkï rdcHh;a" wd.u;a hk ixia:d folu tlu ixia:djla jYfhka

f.kyer oelaùu;a" rfÜ ia:djrNdjh ta u; r|d mej;Su;a" oñ< úfrdaOh

mokï fldgf.k m%n, isxy, cd;sjdohla f.dvke.Su;a hk ;=ka ldrKd nj;a

hkakh' Wla; úoaj;=ka ;sfokdf.au újrKj, fmdÿ êjks;d¾:h fuf,i

ixlaIsma; l< yel' uydjxilrejdf.a foaYmd,k oDIaÀhk wkqj ,xldj

f;jrla nqoaOiam¾Yh ,o O¾uoaùmhla jYfhka mej;Sug brKï ù we;s nj;a"

tneúka ,xldfõ rdcHh;a ixia:dj;a tlla nj;a" rcflfkl=f.a hq;=lu jkafka

øúvd§kaf.a wdl%uK uev,ñka f:arjd§ nqÿ iiqk" rfÜ tlai;aNdjh wdrlaId

lsÍu nj ks.ukh l< yel' fï wkqj Wla; u; úpdrhg ,lalsÍfuka fmkS

hkafka uydkdu ysñhka iajlSh lD;sh ;=<ska u;=msáka O¾u Ydia;%Sh lreKq

we;=,;a .%ka:hla jYfhka fmkajd§ug W;aidy l<o fmr i|yka l<dla fuka

Tyq wkd.; ,dxlsl rcorejkag iqÿiq WmfoaYd;aul .Kfha lD;shla f,i

uydjxih t<soelaùfï há wruqKla ;snQ njh' tfy;a —yq§ ckhdf.a myka

ixfõ.h˜ hkqfjka iEu mßÉfþohla wjidkfha wd.ñl WmfoaYkhla olajd

;sîfuka fmfkkafka l;=jrhdf.a foaYmd,ksl oDIaáh ixlS¾K tlla njh'

ó<Õg tu oDIaáh idlaId;alr .ekSu i|yd l;=jrhd ,nd§ we;s woyia úuid

n,uq'

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6' isßùr bkaølS¾;s" fld<U" 2001" msgqj 46' 7' .=Kj¾Ok f,ia,s" fld<U" 2001" msgqj 46'

O¾uoaùm ixl,amh

,xldj nqÿrÿka f;jrla mdoiam¾Yh ,o O¾uoaùmhla nj md,lhkag

;rfha ta;a;= .ekaùu i|yd uydjxifha m%:u mßÉfþoh iïmQ¾Kfhka 8

fjkalrhs' tys nqÿrÿkaf.a m%:u ,xld.ukh fyj;a uyshx.Khg jevu lsÍu"

fojk ,xld.ukh fyj;a fonE kdrcjrekaf.a l,yh úi£u i|yd kd.§mhg

jevu lsÍu" f;jk ,xld.ukh fyj;a le<Kshg jevu lsÍu yd Y%S mdoh

msysgqùu hkdÈ mqj;a wvx.= lr we;' tfy;a fuys jeo.;a jkafka nqÿrÿka

m%:ud.ukhhs' uydjxi mqj;g wkqj nqÿrÿkaf.a wêudkqISh l%shdjkaf.a ìhg

m;ajk hlaIfhda nqÿrÿka uq¿ Èjhsk fokafkï hehs m%;sd fok w;r th iaÓr

lrkqjia nqÿrÿka ish m;alv úYd,lr .sks wjq¨jd ñ;HdoDIaál hl=ka Èjhsk

wka;hg m,jd yß;s' tfy;a miqj Tjqkag wkqlïmdlrk nqÿrÿka ish¨u hl=kaj

.sßÈjhskg hjd tu.ska ,xldj ñ;HdoDIaÀlhkaf.ka f;dr msßisÿ O¾uoaùmhla 9

njg mßj¾;kh lrhs' fuu lD;Su mqj; u.ska l;=jrhd md,lhkg ,xldj

nqoaOmdo¾Yh ,;a" tfiau fn!oaO rdcHhlg" rdc;ajhlg iqÿiq O¾uoaùmhla

f,i wkqu; lsÍula nqÿrÿka isÿl< njg ta;a;= .kajhs' úfYaIfhka fï .ek

;jÿrg;a woyia olajk ls;aisß u,,af.dv" t,a'tia' fmf¾rd fmkajd fokafka

rcjrekaf.a rdc;ajh i|yd jQ whs;sjdislu nqÿrÿka úiska Èjhskg tf,i uqød 10

;eîu u; mokï ù we;s njhs' ta wkqj iïnqoaOd.ukh u.ska ,laÈj

O¾uoaùmhla njg m;ajQ nj yeÕfõ' ó<Õg l;=jrhd nqÿoyu;a" ,xldfõ

rdc;ajh;a" rdcHhka w;r wúfhdackSh ne£ula we;s nj;a ke;fyd;a fï

ish,a,lau tlu foayhla nj fmkajd§ug W;aidy l< nj fmfka' fuu u;jdoh

uydjxilrejd ,laÈj m%:u rcqjk úchf.kau wrUhs' tkï nqÿiiqk wkd.;fha

,laÈj ;=< /flk nj;a tjeúka úch we;=¿ msßi wdrlaId lrk fuka nqÿrÿka

msßksjka uxplfha§ Yl%hdg mejÍu" Wmq,ajka foúhka úch we;=¿ msßig msß;a

kQ,a ne|Su" YdlH jxYsl NoaolÉpdhkd l=ußh yd mKavqjdiqfoaj w;r újdyh"

YdlH jxYsl mKavqldNh wkqrdOmqrh flakaø lrf.k rdcHh msysgqùu hk

m%jD;a;s ;=<ska l;=jrhd furg rdc;ajh" rdcHh nqÿrÿkaf.a iDcq wëlaIKh yd

wdrlaIdj hgf;a nqÿoyfï ÑriaÓ;sh Wfoid ìysjqk nj;a wkqrdOmqrh flakaø

lr.;a furg rdc mrïmrdjg nqÿkaf.a d;S;ajhla we; hk m%n, rdIa;%Sh

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8' jdõjf.a iqukisß" ÿÜG.dñKS wNh uyrc" uyr.u" l¾;D m%ldYkhls" 2004" msgqj 69' uydjxYh" yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., ysñ" ngqjka;=vdfõ foajrlaIs; m`ä;=ud" fld<U" cd;sl fl!;=ld.dr fomd¾;fïka;=j 1996" msgq 1 -5'10' uyskao ysñ" §.,af,a" nqÿiuh iy Y%S ,xldfõ ckjd¾.sl >Ügkh" Tiaf,da" fkd¾fõ' msgqj 33-34

u;jdohla fmkajd fok w;r úfYaIfhkau uydjxifha fojk mßÉfþofhka

w.a.[a[h iQ;%fha we;=<;ajk uyd iïu; jxYh nqqÿka Wmka jxYh yd

iei|ùu;a bkaÈhdfõ w.%.KH fn!oaO wêrcq fudaßh wfYdalf.a kshufhka

,xldfõ md,lhd foajdkïmsh;siai kñka fojkjrg rdcdNsfIalh ,eîu Bg

fmr mdG,Smq;%h ¥;.Kkhl fhÿkq wßÜG we;=¿ msßig fu!¾hh rcjdi,ska

fiakdm;s" mqfrdays;" oKavkdhl" fiaÜÀkd: hk ;k;=re m%odkh lsÍu"

foajdkïmsh;siai rcq yd m%N+ msßi we;=¿ w.kqjr ck;dj f;rejka irKhdu"

,laÈj nqÿoyu ;yjqre jkafka ,dxlsl l=, mq;%hl= meúÈ ùfuka wk;=rej hk

ñys÷ ysñf.a m%ldYfhka miqj rdcjxYsl wßÜG l=ure meúÈ ùu" wkq,d foaúh

we;=¿ rc mjqf,a l=udßldjka 500 ;a ix>ñ;a;d fufyKsh hgf;a meúÈ ùu"

fojk mE ;sia rcq úiska ch Y%S uyd fndaêhg ,xldj mQcdlsÍu hkdÈ uydjxi 11úia;rj,ska nqÿ oyu;a" rdcHh;a" rdc;ajh;a ne÷Kq wdldrh iúia;r lrhs'

tfiau uydjxilrejd fuu oDIáh iajlSh jxYl;dj mqrdjgu ;yjqre lsÍu

i|yd È.ska È.gu lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs' ksoiqka f,i ;ukag nqoaOddjg

wkql+,j Ôj;aúh yels mßÈ k.rh we;=¿ fldg iSud nkaOkh lrk f,i fojk

mE;sia rcq ñys÷ udysñhkaf.ka b,a,d isàu hk mqj; oelaúh yel' fï .ek

woyia olajk j,afmd, rdyq, ysñhka fmkajd fokafka fu;eka isg nqÿ oyu furg

rdcHd.u njg m;a jQ njhs' úfYaIfhka — wd.ulska u;=lrk wdpdr O¾u

úoHdkql+, miqìul ia:djr rdcHhla ìysùu flfrys bvla mdohs˜ hkqfjka ta'tï'

fydld¾Ü jeks wmrÈ. foaYmd,k Ñka;lhka miqld,fha bÈßm;a l< u;h 12 uydjxYlrejd Bg wjqreÿ 2000 lg fmr iajdëkj fmkajdÿka nj lsj yel'

ó<Õg uydjxilrejdf.a fn!oaO rdIa;%Sh oDIaáhg wkqj nqoaOiam¾Yh

,;a" nqÿrÿkaf.a d;sikqyrhg kElï we;s" tfiau wd.u yd rdcHh;a tlu

foayhla f,i ne÷Kd jQ furg md,lhd fn!oaOfhl=ùu wksjd¾h úh'

úfYaIfhkau fmr i|yka l< k.rh noaO lr iSud nkaOkh lrk f,i

fojdkusmsh;siai rcq ñys÷ ysñf.ka b,a,d isàu .ek ;jÿrg;a woyia olajk"

ta'tï't,a'î' wfífldaka" ux., b,x.isxy" j,afmd, rdyq, yssus hk

úoaj;=ka ksjerÈj fmkajd t;eka isg nqoaO kS;sh" ,xldfõ rdcH md,k kS;sfha

idrÓ 2016

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11' .=Kj¾Ok f,ia,s" hd;%d l,dm wxl 1" foysj," ,xld iudc .fõYk ix.uh" 1987" msgqj 33-3412' ërdkkao y`.=rkafl;" rdcH;ajfha rdcHh iy wd.u" jrldfmd<" wdßh m%ldYlfhda" 2004" msgqj 419

wkq,a,x>kSh fldgila jQ nj;a" tu ksid nqoaO kS;shg;a .re lrñka rdcHh

md,kh l< yelafla fn!oaOhl=g muKs' tneúka ,xldfõ rdcHh md,lhd úh

hq;af;a fn!oaOfhls' fyf;u nqÿrÿka foaYkdl< ;%smsglfha wvx.= fn!oaO

foaYmd,k kHdh O¾uhka ;=< we;=<;a mrudo¾Y wkq.ukh lrk" NslaIQka yd

uyck;djf.a iqrlaIs;Ndjh ;yjqre lrk nqÿ oyu;a rfÜ tlai;aNdjh;a

wdrlaIdlr .ksñka md,kh f.khk rcl= úh hq;= úh' md,lhd Pkao" oafõY"

Nh" fudyh hk i;r w.;sfhka f;drj úkhdkql+,j" O¾udkql+,j" fn!oaO

foaYmd,k O¾uhkag wkql+,j ck;djg WmfoaYd;aul pß;hla f,iska rdcHh

md,kh l< úg Tyqg fuf,dj yd mrf,dj foflysu Y+Nodhl m%;sM, ,efnk

njg ÿgq.euqKq" ioaOd;siai" Nd;sldNh""uyis¿ uy;sia" uydodGl uydkd."

fjdaydßl;siai" isßix>fnda hk wdo¾Yu;a pß;dY%fhka fmkajk l;=jrhd

fpdarkd." wkq,d" wdoSka wmlS¾;su;a md,kh ksid krldÈfhys bm§fuka tys

wkdila;Ndjh fmkajd fohs' ó<Õg furg fjfik nyq;r ck;djlf.a uy;a

ixfõ.h fyj;a ks¾jdK iïm;a;s <Õd lr.; yelsjk mßÈ fn!oaO foaYmd,k

O¾uhkag wkql%+,j" nqÿoyu m%Odk jYfhka wdrlaId l< hq;=h hk mrudo¾Yh

fmroeß fldg f.k ukd ixúOdkhlska hq;=j oeyeñka fiñka rg md,kh l<

hq;=h hk oDIaáh uydjxilrejd ÿgq.euqKq fojdkusmsh;siai" jiN hk rdc 13pß; ;=<ska úYo lrhs' fuys§ rfÜ foaYmd,k tlai;aNdjhg;a nqoaOYdikfha

ÑriaÓ;sh úkdY lrkakd f,i;a olskafka ñ;HdoDIaál øúvdl%uK kï iQr;siai

rcq l, we;sjQ fiak .=;a;sl wdl%uKh" t<drf.a wjq' 44 l md,kh" j<.ïnd rcq

l, isÿjqK mxp øúvdl%uKhhs' fï .ek ish u;h m%ldY lrk à'Ô' l=,;=x.

fmkajdfokafka uydjxih ,shQ uydkdu ysñ øúvhkaf.ka rg .,jd .ekSu i|yd

Od;=fiak rcq fufyhùu m%Odk wruqK lr.ksñka fuh rpkd lrkakg we;s 14njhs' ksoiqka f,i t<dr we;=¿ øúvdl%uKslhka ,xldfõ ia:Qm yd fn!oaO

isoaOia:dk u<uq;%dlrñka flf,iQ njg lrk m%ldYh" kkaosñ;a; fou¿ka w,a,d

mhska uev brd oeóu" t<drf.a fiakdm;shdf.a ysi isª lvqj fia¥ c,h fod<ÿlg

ms<shï f,i úydruydfoaúhg mdkh lsÍug isÿùu fus i|yd fmkajdosh yel'

uydjxifha mßÉfþo 37 ka mßÉfþo 11 wdjrKh lr we;s ÿÜG.dñKS l:d

idrÓ 2016

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13' b,x.isxy ux.," wkqfudaokd" ixia' tï' fidau;s,l" tÉ'tï'ã'wd¾' fyar;a" fld<U" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2004 msgqj 26714' l=,;=x. à'Ô'" uOHld,Sk ,xldfõ wdrlaIl ixúOdk" fld<U' tia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda' 1988" msgqj 29'

m%jD;a;sh mrudo¾Ys rdc pß;hla ^idal royal character& f,i yqjd olAjk

uydjxilrejd t<dr we;=¿j 32 oñ< krjre urdoud ,xldj tlafiai;a ÿgq

.euqKq rcq wjidkfha rejkaje,s iEh jeks uyd isoaOia:dk bÈlr nqÿ iiqk;a

wdrlaId lr u;= nqÿjk ffu;%S nqÿrÿkaf.a ol=K;a iõjk njg l< m%ldY m%n,

olaIsK Ndr;Sh øúv wdl%uKsl úfrdaë u;jdohla Wmojhs'

úfYaIfhkau ÿgq.euqKq wrnhd ñ;HdoDIaálhka uerùu iaj¾.

fudalaIhg wka;rdh fkdjk njg l< ry;=kaf.a m%ldYfha we;s rdIa;%Sh u;jdoh

;rï foia-úfoia úoaj;a úfõpk t,a, jqKq fjk;a mqj;la kï jxYl;dj, ke;'

fï .ek woyia olajk f,ia,s .=Kj¾Ok fmjkajdfokafka bvÈh yels

ieyeislï yd bvÈh fkdyels ieyeislï hhs m%fNaolrKhg wjia:djla i,ik 15kj YS, O¾u m%;sm;a;shla uydkdu ysñhka bÈßm;a lrk njhs' kuq;a fuh

uOHia:j úuish hq;=h' fuys§ ;%smsglfha wvx.= plalj;a;S iSykdo iQ;%h" uyd

iqoiaik iQ;%h hk nqoaONdIs; iQ;%j, lreKq úuish hq;=h' fuys§ meye¢<sj

plalj;a;S iSykdo iQ;%fha md,lhl= bgql, hq;= l¾;jHhkaj,g ish

wUqorejka /ln,d.ekSu" .ï yd ckmojdiSka /ln,d .ekSu" ;u rfÜ jerÈ

jev fkdlrk mßÈ kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu" ;u hqoaO yuqodj /ln,d.ekSu

hkdÈh we;=,;a lr we;' tfukau iqoiaik iQ;%fha md,lfhl= i;=úh hq;=

wksjd¾h jia;= yf;ka folla jkafka we;a yuqodj yd wYaj yuqodjh' tfiau tu

iQ;%hg wkqj iqoiaik kï l,ams; rcq ish rg tlafiai;a lrkafka isjqrÕ fiakdj

msßjrdf.k wjq;a i;=re rcjre yuqùfuks' túg i;=re rcjre Tyqg ñ;%YS,Sj

ish rdcHh ,ndfo;s'Wla; iQ;%j,g wkqj nqÿrÿka hïlsis rdcHh md,lfhl=

p;=rx.kS fiakdjla mj;ajd f.k rgjeishd wdrlaId l< hq;= nj jod< nj lsj

hq;=h' tu ldrKhu fjk;a iajrEmhlg uydjxilrejd fmr i|yka l<

ÿgq.euqKq ine¢ újdodmkak ldrKfha§ bÈßm;a lsÍug W;aidy .;anj wmg

ks.ukh l< yel' wjia:djka lsysmhl§ yer furg rcorejkao wju n,h

fmkajd rdcHh tlai;a lsÍug fjfyi.;a njg idOl udf.a fï jHdhduh yqfola

rciem msKsi fkdj nqÿoyfï ÑriaÓ;sh Wfoidhhs˜ mjiñka idOd;=l

chl=ka;h /f.k ix.%duj;sarK jQ ÿgq.euqKq rcqf.a hqoaO jHdmdrh i|yka

l:dfjka fmkajhs'

idrÓ 2016

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15 .=Kj¾Ok f,ia,s" hd;%d l,dm wxl 1" foysj," ,xld iudc .fõIK ix.uh" 1987'

msgqj 32

ienúkau Tyqg fn!oaO kHdhkag wkql+,j wju n,h mdúÉÑ lr"

Wml%uYS,Sj ix.%du lsÍu i|yd m%dfhda.sl WmfoaYkhla msh rcqjk

ldjka;siaihka úiska fmkajd § ;sìKs' tkï flaYOd;= mQfcdamydrhla olajd

fiare" fidau" f,daK kqjr md,ljre oeyeñj hg;a lr .ekSu yd úydr

uydfoaùh újdy lr.ekSfuka l,HdKs rfÜ mlaIm;S;ajh ,nd.ekSu hk uydjxi mqj;a fus i|yd fmkajd Èh yelsh' fuhdldrhg ñ;Hd,í§ka /.;a

øúvdl%uK" wNHka;r ler<s uev,Sug;a" iudc ùfrdaë ls%hd wju lrkq jia

Yla;su;a wdrlaIl yuqodjla ;nd.; hq;= njg rcorejkag ta;a;= .ekajQ

jxYl;dlre rg ;=< kS;sh idOdrKj uOHia:j l%shd;aul l< hq;= nj

WmfoaYhla isßiÕfnda rcq fidrekag wNhodkh §fuka yd jiN m%;smdlaIsl

,ïn¾KjdYSlhkag urKSh oKavKh §fuka je,lSu hk uydjxi mqj;a ;=<ska

fmkajd fohs' md,lhd O¾u jHjydr kS;sfhkao mKaä; úhhq;= nj

fjdaydßla;siai l:dfjka fmkajd fohs' ;jo rfÜ iqÿiq f,i mßmd,kuh ;k;=re

ixúOdkh l< hq;= njg l;=jrhd mKavqldNh" ÿgq.euqKq hk md,l pß;

wkqidrfhka isysle|jhs'

fuhdldrhg foaYmd,ksl Wmfoia /ila ,ndfok l;=jrhd nqÿrÿkag

d;S;ajhla iys;" nqoaO Ydikh yd fkdìÿKQ ne`§ula we;s rdcH;ajhla" rdcH

ixia:djlska iqie÷k furg md,lhd ,la nqÿ iiqfka wdrlaIlhd f,i 16fmkS isáñka nqoaO Ydikfha ÈhqKqj ie,ish hq;= njg u;hla f.kyer olajhs'

m%Odk f,i l;=ysñhka fmr oelajQ mßÈ nqÿiiqk úkdY lrkakka f,i

øúvdl%uKj,g wu;rj bkaÈhdfjka rg ;=,g ixl%uKh jqKq ffj;=,Hjdoh"

jdcßhjdoh jeks uydhdk ñ;Hd oDIaàka olshs' tneúka Wla; uydhdksl oDIaàka

úkdY lr f:rjd§ nqÿ oyu wdrlaId lrkq jia fjdydßl;siai" lKsrdcdkq;siai"

f.dAGdNh hk krjre úiska isÿl< ñ;Hd u;Odß NslaIQka yk.id ráka msgqjy,a

lsÍu" ffj;=,Hjd§ fmd;a .sksn;a lsÍu hkd§ l%shdjka wjOdrKYS,Sj rpkdlr

we;s w;r fjdaydßl;siai lms, weu;s ,jd ffj;=,Hjdoh uev,Su mdm

ks.%ylrjd iiqk nen< jQ nj j¾Kkd lrhs' tfiau fuu ñ;Hd ksldhkag iyh

m<l< uyfika rcqg úmlaIj fï>jkakdNh we;=¿ uyckhd ler,s .eish mqj;

u.ska jxil:dlre ,laÈj rcjrekag wk;=re yeÕùula lr we;s nj fmfka'

idrÓ 2016

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16' r;akmd, kkaofiak" fn!oaO m%cd;ka;%jdoh" r;au,dk" úYajf,aLd m%ldYk 1998" msgqj 20-51

;jo øúvdl%uKj,ska yd ñ;Hd o¾Ykj,ska f:rjd§ nqÿoyu /l.;

hq;= md,lhdf.a j.lSï w;r nqÿoyu yd ix>hd jykafia,d fmdaIKh lsÍuo

jeo.;a úh' ta i|yd Tyq fkduiqrej bgql< hq;= mqKH l%shd ms<sn|j

isysle|ùula l;=jrhd ÿgq.euqKq" fojkmE;sia" ioaOd;siai" Nd;sldNh"

wduKav.dñKS wNh jeks oeyeñ md,ljre úiska l< od.eí" msrsfjka" ix>drdu"

n;ay,a" f;drka" odf.j,a" we;a mjqre fmdfydf.j,a jeks wd.ñl bÈlsÍï .ek

uydjxY úia;r ;=<ska úYo lrhs' tfiau rcorejka úiska ix>hdg isÿl< l<

isjqre msßlr" le|n;a" jdßud¾." .sf;,a" Wla il=re" .s,kami" lsßn;a jeks

wfkalúO mß;Hd. ms<sn|jo iúia;r lr we;' rka lyjkq fldaá .Kkska

úhoï lr mj;ajk ,o uyd fndaê mQcd" myka mQcd" fjila mQcd fukau iqpß;j;a

iudchla we;slrùu i|yd úúO ia:dkj, O¾uYd,d msysgqjd O¾ulÓl

ysñjreka m;alsÍu m;alsÍu hkd§ uydjxi mqj;aj,ska l;=jrhd md,lfhl=

wd.ñl jYfhka bgql< hq;= .eUqre l¾;jHhla ixfla;d;aul bÈßm;alrk nj

lsj yel' fuf,i rcq nqÿoyu wdrlaId lrñka furg tlai;a foaYhla f,i

mj;ajd f.k hdu uydjxilrejdf.a wNsm%dh jQ njg lreKq iEfyk ÿrlg

mÍlaIdlsÍfuka fmkS .sho t;=ud md,lhdf.ka rgg iudc wd¾Ól fufyjrla o

bgqúh hq;= njg ta;a;= .ekaùu i|yd hus ÿrlg lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍug W;aiql jQ

nj lsj yel' l;=jrhdf.a fuu oDIaáh i|yd ;%smsglfha l+go;a;" mhdis" oaú

plaLq" isÕdf,dajdo hk fn!oaO wd¾Ól iQ;%j, wvx.= iudc ¥IKhg yd

.egqïj,g uQ,sl fya;=jla jkafka iodpdr mßydksh nj;a" iodpdr mßydkshg

oßø;dj n,mdk nj hk woyi n,mE nj fmfka'

tu ksid l;=jrhd rcjrekaf.a wkq.%yh ,eìh hq;= w¾:l%uh f,i

lDIsl¾udka;h yd ta yd ine¢ ù" ;," l=rlalka j.dj" Wla il=re" fmd,a" mY=

md,kh jeksoE" l=U,a" iaj¾KdNdrK frÈms,s l¾udka;h yd fj<|du ÿgqnj

fmfka' Wla; w¾:l%uj,ska iEfyk m%udKhla ÿñkaod.ukh iu. meñKs 18

l=,j,g wh;aùfuka Bgo l;=jrhd fn!oaO miqìula §ug W;aidy lrhs'

úfYaIfhkau neñKs;shdiEh" nq¨lEidh jeks ÿ¾NslaI iuhkaj, ck;dj ú¢ ÿla

.eyeg wkqidrfhka rg iajhxfmdaIs; úhhq;= njg is;k jxil;dlre rcq

uQ,slju lDIsl¾uhg wjOdkh fhduql< hq;= nj;a ta i|yd jeõ" we,j,a"

wuqKq jeks jdß lghq;= bÈlrñka rdcH wkq.%yh Èh hq;= njg wNh" jiN"

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l=glkak;siai" uyfika hkd§kaf.a jeõ ,ehsia;= bÈßm;a lsÍfuka fmkajd fohs'

óg wu;rj md,lhd idudÔh jYfhka uyck;djg bgql< hq;= fufyhka

ms<sn|j uydjxih úúO md,ljre wrNhd iúia;r lrhs' tkï frday,a"

iQ;sld.dr bÈlsÍu" fjÿka ñksiqkag fukau i;=ka fjkqfjkao m;alsÍu" .s,kqkag

.s,kan;a yd T!IO iemhSu jeks lghq;= o ÿ.S hdplhkag wdydr iemhSu" i,ams,a

ieKfl,s meje;aùu" yxihska msß Whka fmdl=Kq ;ekSu" ÿmam;=kag Okh §u"

lïlrejkag jegqma §u jeks iuiudÔh l¾;jHhka fmdÿ ck iem; i|yd

md,lhd bgql< hq;= nj uydjxih úYo lrhs' i;=kago lreKd oelaúh hq;= nj

l;=ysñhka ud>d; wddj wdY%fhka isysle|jhs'

ks.ukh

ls%'j'5 ishjfia§ §lai| fifkú msßfjfKays úiQ uydkdu ysñhka úiskA

rps; uydjxih nqÿrÿkaf.a ,xld.ukfha isg l%s'j' 3 uyfika rc iuh olajd jQ

ld,hg wh;a ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k b;sydih mßÉfþo 37 lg leá lr

bÈßm;a lrk jákd jxYl;djls' kuq;a fuys l;=jrhd ish lD;sh ,sùfï wruqK

wOHd;añl wruqKla nj fmkajd §ug —fmdfrdafKays lf;dafmfida˜ hk .d:dj

wkqidrfhka fmkajd §ug W;aidy l<o we;=<;ska m%n, foaYmd,k oDIaáhla

bÈßm;a lsÍug Tyq W;aidy l< nj fmfka' úfYaIfhkau fï i|yd l;=jrhd

Ôj;a jQ ld,iuhg wod< ,xldfõ yd olaIsK Ndr;fha foaYmd,ksl" ixialD;sl

iy iudc wd¾Ól p,H;d Wmia:ïNl jQ nj lsj yel' tkï l;=ysñ Ôj;ajQ

ld,h øúvdêm;Hhska ñ§ tlai;a rdcHhla f,i md,kh fjñka mej;s iuhla jQ

w;r tneúka Tyq rfÜ ia:djr tlai;a md,k rgdjlg" f:arjd§ nqÿ iiqkg

wk;=rla lrk n,fõ.hla f,i øúvdl%uK ÿgq nj fmfka' tafukau

w¾Ooaùmfhka ke.S wd rKldó yskaÿ n,fõ. fukau úáka úg ,laÈjg wd.ukh

jqKq uydhdksl ñ;H ,ísëka fya;=fjka m%Odk f,i md,l" md,s; mka;sh w;r yd

rdc;ajh" rdcHh w;r f:arjdÈ nqÿoyu ;=<ska we;s l< oDv iïnkaOh ì|hkq

we;s nj iel l< l;=ysñhka iïnqoaO Ydikfha;a" rfÜ tlai;aNdjh /l.;

yels m%n, fm!¾Ihla iys; md,l me<eka;shla ìys lsÍfï wruqKska uydjxih

;=<ska ish fn!oaO rdIa;S%h oDIaáhla bÈßm;a lf<ah' tu rdIa;%Sh oDIaáh fuf,i

Wml,amkh l< yel' f;jrla nqoaOiam¾Yh ,o furg O¾uoaùmhls' tneúka

ks¾u, nqoaONdIs; f:arjd§ nqÿoyu;a fuu rdcHh;a folla fkdj tlls' ta ksid

idrÓ 2016

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furg n,hg m;ajk iEu md,lfhl=u fn!oaOfhl= úh hq;= jk w;r nyq;r

ck;djlg ks¾jdK iem; ,nd.; yelsjk mßÈ ndOd rys; foaYmd,k"

ixialD;sl yd iudcd¾Ól mßirhla ieliSug md,lhd W;aidy .; hq;=jk

w;r tu b,lalhka ndOd muqKqjk olaIsK Ndr;Sh øúvdl%uK" uydhdksl

u;jdo we;=¿ fjk;a ñ;Hd ,í§ka" f:arjd§ nqÿiiqk;a /l.ksñka fi!Nd.Hu;a

tlai;a foaYhla f,i ,laÈj mj;ajdf.k hdu md,lhdf.a m%Odk hq;=lu úh hq;=

njhs'

wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh

1 b,x.isxy" ux.," ^2003&" uydjxYh yd ,xldfõ b;sydi iïm%odh"

l¾;D m%ldYkhls' uyr.u'

2 lsßnuqfKa" isßud" ^1986&" jdßl m%ldYk wxl 01" fld<U udkj¾.

ms<sn|j wka;¾cd;sl wOHhk flakaøh'

3 l=,;=x." à'Ô' ^1988& uOHld,Sk Y%S ,xldfõ wdrlaIl ixúOdk" tia

f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'

4 .=Kj¾Ok" f,ia,s ^1987& hd;%d l,dm wxl 01" ,xld iudc .fõIK

ix.uh" foysj,'

5 .=Kj¾Ok" f,ia,s ^2001& m%jdo wxl 18" iudc úoHdhkaf.a ix.uh"

fld<U'

6 ërdkkao" yÕ=rkafl;" ^2004&" rdcH;ajh" rdcHh iy wd.u" wdßh

m%ldYlfhda" jrldfmd<

7 uyskao" §.,af,a" ^2003& nqÿiuh yd Y%S ,xldfõ ck jd¾.sl >Ügkh"

fkda¾fõ fn!oaO iud.u" Tiaf,da'

8 uydjxYh" yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., ysñ" ngqj;a;=vdfõ foajrlaIs;

m`ä;=ud" 1996& fld<u cd;sl fl!;=ld.drh fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U'

9 fukaäia Ô'iS' 1966& ,xld b;sydifha .eg¿" wefmda;slßia iy iud.u"

fld<U'

10 r;akmd," kkaofiak 1998& fn!oaO m%cd;ka;%jdoh" lD¾;D m%ldYkhls'

uyr.u'

11 úfÊnKavdr" pkaÈu" kdkdhlaldr ik;a ^1995& fn!oaO YsIaGdpdrh yd

wd¾Ól o¾Ykh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj,'

idrÓ 2016

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idrÓ 2016

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12 jdõjf.a" iqukisß 2004&" ÿÜG.dñKS wNh uy rc" l¾;D m%ldYkhls'

uyr.u'

13 fifkúr;ak" wkqrdO ^2001& mqrdK isxy, jdß ixialD;sh" weia'

f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda fld<U'

isßùr" bkaølS¾;s ^2001& rcrg YsIaGdpdrh iy ksß; È. rdcOdks" ohdjxY

chfldä iy iud.u" fld<U'

oywg ikaksfha i;r wNskh Ndú;h

iydh lÓldpd¾h r;akmqf¾ idikOc ysñ"

m%fõYh

nqoaê f.dapr fkdjk iajNdj O¾ufha h:d¾: úIfhys woDYHudk

n,fõ.kays j.lSu wdfrdamKh lsÍu udkj b;sydifha iudrïNl wjêfha mgka

j¾;udkh olajd mefkk i¾j ld,Sk ñksis O¾u;djla f,i y÷kd .; yelalls'

úfYaIfhkau f,v frda. je<£u ms<sn| woDYHudk l%shdldÍ;ajhl ms<s.ekSu yd

tys ksjdrKh Wfoid úúO jQ wNspdruh l%shdldrlïys ksr; ùu f,dj iEu

YsIagdpdrhlgu mdfya idOdrK jQjla nj y÷kd.; yelalls' ,dxflah

ixialD;sl ikao¾Nfhys o u;= ù fmfkk tn÷ wNspdr /ils' ikaks hl=u fyj;a

oy wg ikaksh tjekakls' woDYHudk m%m[aphla jYfhka iudc iïu; hlaI

iuQyhla fj; isÿ lrk mQcd pdß;%uh we`oys,s úfYaIhl iajrEmh .kakd ikaks

hl=u wNspdr úêhla f,iska ,dxflah ck ú[aØKh iukh lsÍfuys Ndú; jQ

Ydka;s l¾uhla jYfhka m%p,s; jQjls' tys ,d mefkk úfYaI;djla jkqfha

wNspdrd¾:fha idOkh Wfoid kdgHuh ,laIKhkaf.a Ndú;hhs' ,dxflah kdgH

iïm%Þhl meje;au ms<sn| yuqjk ft;sydisl idOlhla jYfhka we.hsh yels

.eñ kdgl iïm%Þhla f,iska ikaks hl=u iïNdjkdjg md;% jkqfha tA lrK

fldg fõ' tneúka fuu rpkfha§ Ydka;s l¾uhla jYfhka ikaks hl=ug ysñ

ixialD;sl ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| ir, ú.%yhla fukau úfYaIfhkau th .eñ

kdglhl wdlD;sh yd ikao¾Nh fj; ióm lrjk ,laIK ms<sn| úu¾Ykh

lrkq ,efí' tys ,d i;r wNskh Ndú;fhys ;§h úfYaI;ajh iidOlj idlÉPd

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lsÍu m%Odk wruqK jYfhka idOkh lsÍug wfmalaId lrkq ,efí'

Ydka;s l¾u

Ydka;s l¾uhla hkq hCI N+;d§ka ksid we;s jk jia fodia ÿre lsÍu;a

fi;a Ydka;s meñKùu;a f,v frda. iqj lsÍug;a isxy, .eñ wd.u ;=< Ndú; 1jk mqo mQcd úêhls' isxy, .eñ wd.u fyj;a fn!oaO o¾Ykfhka mßndysr jQ

ixialD;sl miqìu ;=< fuu Ydka;s l¾u m%j¾Okh úh' m%d.a fn!oaO hq.fha

,xldj ;=< jQ weksñiaála .Kfha msoú,s fjfiia fuu Ydka;s l¾u wdYs%; mqo mQcd 2flfrys jeä uQ,dY%hla ,nd § we;' Ydka;s l¾u ;=< m%Odk md;% j¾.hd jkqfha

foúhka yd hCIhskah' .%yhka yd lsishï whqrlska iïnkaO jQ rdCIi j¾.hdo

we;eï Ydka;s l¾uj, mqo mQcd ,n;s' úfgl foúhka hlaIhka f,io hlaIhka

foúhka f,io we;eï ;ek msÿï ,nkq fmfka' hCIhska ms<ssn`o mQcd mj;ajkakka

lÜgdähd" hleÿrd fyj;a hlafoiaid kï jk w;r foújrekaf.a lghq;= 3lrkakd lmq rd<" foajd, mq,a,shd hehs ye`Èkafõ'

,dxflah iudc ikao¾Nfhys foúhka weoySu iïnkaO b;sydih m%d.a

fn!oaO wjêh f;la Èfjkakla nj fmfka' mKavqldNh rcq úiska jHdO foúhkag

k.rfha ngysr fÞrgqj wi, ;,a .il fjfikakg bv ie,eia jQ nj;a

mÉýurdðkS kï fojÕk Wfoid ngysr fÞrgqj wi, foajd,hla bÈ lr ÿka

njgo uydjxifha jk i|yk Bg ukd ksoiqkls' tfukau fikr;a

mrKú;dkhkag wkqj iuka foú njg m;a jQfha m%d.a fn!oaO foú flfkl= jQ hu

kï foúhka jk w;r W;aM,j¾K ^Wolmd, jreK hk kfï úm¾hdihls&

hkqfjka mqo mQcd isÿ lrk ,oafoa tiufhysu woykq ,enQ jreK foúhka fn!oaO

Ndjhg Ndjhg m;a fldg .ekSfuks' hlaI jkaokh ms<sn| b;sydiho foaj

jkaokh ;rugu fm!rdKsl jQjla nj b;sydifhka fmfka' nqÿrÿkaf.a m%:u

,xld.ukfhaÈ md;%hka njg m;ajQfha o hCIhkah' uydjxifha ±lafjk mßÈ

mKavqldNh rcq úiska ld,fõ, hCIhd Wfoid kqjßka kef.kysr È. fofjd,lao 4Ñ;%rdc hCIhd i`oyd wNh jefõ há fldfKa fofjd,lao msysg jk ,È' fï

idrÓ 2016

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1 tÈßùr irÉpkaø" .eñ kdglh" ^,xldKavqfõ uqo%Kd,h" 1968&" 39' 2 tu" 19'3 irÉpkaø" 31' 4 zld,fõ,x ksjdfiais - hCLx mqr mqrFÓfï hCLx;= Ñ;a; rdcx ;x -fyÜGd wNh jdmshxZ uydjxih' ^ixia'& yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñ wdÈyq ^fykaß pd¾,aia fldÜ,a m%ldYkhls' 1877&" 59'

hCIhska iïnkaOfhka wdpd¾h j,afmd, rdyq, ysñhka zzfuhska fmfkkafka Ñ;%

rdc yd ld<fõ, wdÈjdiSkaf.a fyda jeoaokaf.a fyda kdhlhka fofokfkl= j;a"

mKavqldNh ienúkau ishiska oel w÷kk m%dKSka j;a fkdj" wo ojfia mjd ñ:Hd

úYajdiSkaf.a uk( l,amfhys fjfik hCI N+;d§ka fuka tl, ñksiqkaf.a uk( 5l,amhg wrlaf.k isá fm%a;d;auhla njhsZZ hkqfjka olajhs' j,jduqÇ fyj;a

fÉ;shd hCIKsh weoySu o m%d.a fn!oaO hq.fha mej;s weoys,a,ls' tA yereKq úg

wßÜg mín;fha jdih l< chfiak kï hCIfhl= jQfhah' fn!oaO .%J:hkayS yd

yskaÿ foaj l;djkayS ks;r i|yka jk zffjY%jKZ ish¨u hCIhkaf.a rc;=udh'

Okhg wêm;shd f,i i,lk fudyqg ;j;a kuls l=fõr hkak' mKavqldNh

mqjf;a i|yka fkdjk tfy;a W;a;r úydrÜG l;dfõ tk zcq;skaorZ kñka ;j;a

hCIfhl= .ek uyd jxY àldfõ i|yka fjhs' fudyq jdih lf<a ,laÈj

kef`.kysr m%foaYfhys jQ uyje,s .`. wi, we;s ÿïu.a., fyj;a j¾;udk

ÈUq,d.,hs' mKavqldNh l< igka j,ska ch .ekSug fnfyúka WmldÍ jQ fÉ;shd

fyj;a j,jduqÇ cq;skaor hCIhdf.a ìß| jQjdh' fï yer wkqrmqr ol=Kq jdi,

fodr ;j;a hCIKshla mÈxÑ lrùh' wehf.a ku uydjxYfha i|yka fkdfõ'

tfy;a uydjxY àldlre wehf.a ku zz .=ïnN+;dZZ hehs i|yka lr we;' fï

yereKq úg rdlaI jkaokh ms<sn| ft;sydisl idOlo t;rï yuq fkdjk nj

fmfka'

fï wkaoug hlaIhka yd foúhka ms<sn| m%d.a fn!oaO hq.fha mgka mej;s

úYajdi moaO;sh yd we`oys,s úfYaI mYapd;ald,Sk Ydka;s l¾uhkays u;= ù

mefkk mQcd pdß;% úê flfrys n,mdkakg we;ehs is;sh yelsh'

isxy, .eñhd ;=< Ydka;sl¾u flfrys mj;skqfha wNspdrd¾:j;a

ixl,amhls' fm!oa.,sl jQ wruqKla idCId;a lrkq msKsi fyda iduQysl wruqKla

fjkqfjka mj;ajk Ydka;s l¾uh lsishï jQ wdldrhl Ydka;shla WÞ lr .ekSu

mrud¾: lr .;a;ls' ke;fyd;a ljrla fyda ljfrla úIfhys m%idoh m<

lrkakla f,i iY%Sl;ajh jgd ks¾udKh jQjla yelsh' fldfydUdhlalxldßh

jekakla iY%Sl;ajh lrK fldg isÿ lrkakla jk w;r ikaks hl=u jekakla f,v

frda. iE§u jeks fm!oa.,sl fya;=jla lreKq fldg isÿ lrkq ,nhs' .ïuvq Ydka;s

idrÓ 2016

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5 j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ" ,xldfõ nqÿ iufhys b;sydih ^fld<U( tï'ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" m%'uq' 1962&" 66'

l¾uh ;ÿNh ldrKdjkau fya;= fldg .kS' wdlD;suh yd wka;¾.;uh

jYfhka úúO jk Ydka;s l¾uhkays fndfydaúg mefkk idOdrK;dj jkqfha

iduQysl ck lKavdhula ish fm%alaIlhd njg m;a lr .ekSuhs' tneúka Tjqkaf.a

r|jd .ekSu Wfoid tla tla Ydka;sl¾ufha úúO Wml%u Ndú; lrkq fmfka'

krUkakkaf.a uki Ydka;s l¾uh yd wd;aóh;ajhg m;a lr .ekSu Ydka;s l¾u

Ys,amshdf.a j.lSuhs' tys ,d wkqrEmKh" iudfrdamh" ixjdoh jeks iÔùNdjh

fj; wduka;%s; rx. ,CIK fmdÿfõ iEu Ydka;s l¾uhlu mdfya Ndú; flfrk

w;r tuÕska Ydka;s l¾u fm%alaIlhdf.a úvdj ÿreù Ydka;s l¾uh yd il%Sh

iyNd.S;ajhla u;= lrkq ,nhs' f,v frda. uQ,sl lr .;a;la kï wd;=rhdf.ao

iY%Sl;ajh jeks fmdÿ wruqKla Wfoid jkakla kï fm%laIlhdf.ao fmdÿfõ

ri;dj Wfoid wduka;%Kh lsÍu Ydka;s l¾uhl idOdrK ,laIKhls' tla

tla Ydka;s l¾uh ;=< tlsfklg idfmalaI jYfhka isÿ jk ;;a ld¾hfhys ,d

i;r wNskhkaf.a Ndú;h m%uqL jYfhka isÿ jkakla neõ fmfka' Ydka;s

l¾uhlg wjYH jk iÔùNdjfha yd il%Sh krUkafkl=f.a ks¾udKh Wfoid

fukau tys úoHd;aul ;¾lkfha yd ri;dfõ idOkh Wfoid wNskh uÕska

iqúfYaIS ld¾hhla isÿ lrk nj fmfka'

zwNskhZ hkq ldjHfha w¾:h fyda rih fm%aCIlhka fj; f.k hk 6udOHhhs' wNskh p;=¾úOh' ta jdÑldNskh" wdx.sldNskh" id;aúldNskh yd

wdyd¾hdNskh jYfhks' jdÑldNskh hkq jpkh u`.ska we;s lrk ri

ixl,amhhs' .%Sisfha ä;s/ïNh fukau Ndr;fha iaf;da;% .dhkho jdÑldNskfha

uq,a wjia:dh' mr< ùu" wdfõYùu ke;fyd;a iudfrdamh ;=<ska fjk;a

N+ñldjlg msúi ;u il, YÍrdx.hka Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka lrk m%ldYkh

wdx.sldNskhhs' uqyqfKa uia ms`vq yl=,df.k vyÈh l`ÿ¨ j.=rejdf.k Ndj

m%ldYkh lsÍu id;aúldNskhhs' fjia uqyqKq me<`§u" fkdfhl=;a 7jia;%dNrKfhka ieriSu wdy¾hdNskhhs'

Ydka;s l¾uhl iÔú nj yd wdl¾IKSh Ndjfhys ixrlaIKh Wfoid

jk md;% j¾.hdf.a m%h;akfha fi!kao¾hh fm%alaIlhd fj; f.k hkqfha wNskh

idrÓ 2016

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6 irÉpkaø" 1'7 rxð;a O¾ulS¾;s" kdgH m%fõYh ^fld<U 10( f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 1964&" 12'

Ndú;h uÕsks' fuys ,d mefkk úfYaI;ajh jkqfha wNskh Ndú;h hkq m%uqL

jYfhka kdgHhl iaj ,laIKhla ùuhs' hï ld¾hhla fyj;a f,dal jD;a;hla

kdgHhla njg wdfrdamKh jkqfha wNskh Ndú;h kue;s ks¾Kdhlh lrK

fldg fõ' tneúka ,dxflah Ydka;s l¾u iïm%Þhh yqÿ wNspdrd¾:j;a msÿï

l%uhla jYfhka muKla fkdj wNskh Ndú;h lrK fldg kdgH iïm%Þhl

fõYh w;am;a lr .;a .eñ kdgl úfYaIhla jYfhka l,d;aul oDIaáhlska o

we.hsh yels nj meyeÈ,s fõ' fï wkqj foaYSh kdgH iïm%Þhhl meje;au ms<sn|

yuqjk idOldka;rfhys ,laÈj Ydka;sl¾u iïm%Þhhg iqúfYaIS wdia:dkhla ysñ

jk nj fmfka' tA w;=ßka zikaks hl=uZ Ydka;s l¾uh iqúfYaIS jkqfha wNskh

Ndú;h fyj;a kdgHuh;ajh iudY%h lsÍu úiska tys mefkk úfYaI;d lrK

fldgh' wd;=rhl= yd fm%alaIl iuQyhla fj; hlaI l%shdldÍ;ajhl iajNdjh

ms<sn| weÕjqï imhk Ydka;s l¾uhla jYfhka ikaks hl=ug wdlD;sl jYfhka

fukau wka;¾.;h jYfhkao wNskhkaf.a Ndú;h Wfoid jk iajdNdúl

wjirh tys kdglSh;ajfhys wdrlaIKhg fya;= ù we;s nj fmfka'

ikaks hl=u

,dxflah Ydka;s l¾u iïm%Þhh N+f.da,Sh msysàu wkqj Wvrg" my;rg

yd inr.uq jYfhka m%fNao;%hlg j¾. fõ' tA tA Ydka;s l¾ufha wka;¾.;h yd

wdlD;sh tA tA iïm%Þhfha iqúfYaI;dj wkqj ieliS we;' Bg wÞ<j jdok

iïm%Þhh" k¾;k iïm%Þhh" .dhk iïm%Þhh yd rx. jia;%dNrK fukau rx.

N+ñhlao ks¾udKh ù we;' ikaks hl=u my; rg k¾;k iïm%Þhg wh;a jqjls'

Bg wu;rj iQkshï hd.h fyj;a ueKslamd, ikaksh" uy fidfydka iuhu" rg

hl=u fyj;a ßoaÈ hd.h" l¨ l=udr iuhu" n,s hd.h yd fÞfjd,a uvq Ydka;s

l¾uh hkdÈho my; rg Ydka;s l¾u iïm%Þhhg wh;a jk w;r tA tl tlla

tlsfklg wkkH jQ fukau idOdrK jQ ,laIK m%lg lrkq ,nhs' foúhka" hl=ka

yd kj.%yhka fjkqfjka meje;afjk my; rg Ydka;s l¾u iïm%Þhh ngysr"

ksß; yd ol=Kq uqyqÿ nv m%foaYj, jHdma; jQjla jk w;r my;rg fnrh

m%uqL;u jdoH NdKavh f,i Ndú; lrhs' th fofjd,a fnrh" hla fnrh" f>daIl

fnrh" iuqøf>daI fnrh" È.a fnrh kño ye¢kafjk w;r inr.uq we;eï

m%foaYj, ls÷re fnrh kñkao ye¢kafõ'

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8 ikaksh hkafkka .uHudk jkqfha zf,vZ zfrda.Z zjHdêZ hk w¾:hhs'

jd;" ms;' Yaf,aYau hk ;=ka fodia lsmSfuka we;sjk frda. oy wgla ksjdrKh

lrkq i`oyd ikaks hl=u mj;ajhs' fuys§ wd;=rhdg udkisl úY%dka;sh ,nd §

ufkda úfYdaol m%;sM, f.k§u msKsi fjiauqyqKg ikaks hCIhskaf.a frda.

,CIK ldjoaojd Tyq yd wfkla krUkakka bÈßmsg wkqrEmKh flf¾' wem

kQ,a ne`§u" fnfy;a §u" hka;%" uka;%" fcHda;sIHh" fjolu yd jHjydßl

fn!oaOd.fï weoys,so tlg uqyq ù ;sîu oy wg ikaksfha ,CIKhls' oywg

md<sh hkqfjkao y`ÿkajk fuys ikaks oy wgls' ta tla tla ikakshg wod< jQ

frda.hkao tu`.ska m%o¾Ykh flf¾' ta N+; ikaksh ^Wu;= nj&" wuqlal= ikaksh

^jukh&" jd; ikaksh ykaÈm;a reodj&" ìysß ikaksh ìysß nj&" f.d¨ ikaksh

^f.d¨ nj&" lK ikaksh ^wkaO nj&" ms;a ikaksh ^ms; wdY%s; frda.&" T,audo

ikaksh ^kka fovùu&" fou< ikaksh ^fkdf;afrk NdIdjla l:d lsÍu&" kd.

ikaksh ^ySfkka khs fmkSu&" fldr ikaksh ^wjhj jl=gq ùu&" fjä ikaksh

^ySfkka fjä y`v weiSu&" .sksc,a ikaksh ^we`. WKqiqï ùu&" .=,au ikaksh

^mdpkh&" c, ikaksh ^fiu wdY%s; frda.&" foaj ikaksh ^;e;s .ekSu&" fjõ¨ï

ikaksh fjõ,Su&" ure ikaksh udrdka;sl ùu& jYfhks'

ikaks hl=fï§ frda. ms<sìUq jkafka fjia uqyqKq j, ixfla; u`.sks' hd.

uKavmh ikaks hl=ï ùÈud,dj kñ' fuh hla f;drK ;=klska yd foaj f;drK

y;rla jYfhka f;drK i;lska iukaú;h' u,a myka mqod yekaoE iuhu

keàfuka wk;=rej uy fidfydka hld" l¨ hld ÍÍ hld" yQkdhï hld hk

hCIhskaf.a N+ñld fjia uqyqKq me<`o .;a k¾;lhska úiska bÈßm;a lrhs'

wk;=rej meÿf¾ ±mú,a, fldg ta u;g ÍÍ hld meñK msgfjhs' wk;=rej ikaks

hl=ka tkakg mQ¾jdx.hla jeks jQ fod<y fm<md<s inhg ths' fm%aCIhska

wjÈfhka ;eîu" wd;=rhdf.a udkisl ;;a;ajh fjkia lsÍu mrud¾: fldg .;a

fm<md<sj,ska mkaoï md<sh" i¨ md<sh" flKaä md<sh" ;eô<s md<sh" o¨uqr

md<sh" l<ia md<sh" l=l=<a md<sh hkdÈh m%Odk fõ' hla md<sj,ska miqj ikaks

hl=ka oywg fokd meñfKa' fï tla tla ikakshg wod< jQ frda. ,CIK mj;S'

WÞyrKhla jYfhka lK ikaksh oEia fkdfmfkk irháh;a w;ska f.k tk

hlaIfhl=f.ka ksrEms;h' wkaO ikaksh jYfhka ffjoh .%ka:j, ±lafjk fuu

idrÓ 2016

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8 ud"fu;%Smd," kdgH l,d mqrdKh yd isxy, kdgH l,dfõ j.;=. ^fld<U( r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 2009&" 36'

ikaksfhys fjia uqyqK ;rula úia;D;j ks¾udKh lr we;s w;r wkaONdjfha

m%lg lsÍu Wfoid iqÿ bx.sßhdj m<,aj olajd ;sfí' fjia uqyqKq uqLfha o;a /ila

mj;sk w;r lka yd kdih úYd,h' fuu ikaksh ms<sn| lshefjk lúhg wkqj

jK" birÈh wdÈh we;s jkqfhao fuu ikaksh uÕska nj weÕfõ'

fï wkaoug tla tla frda.hg wod< frda. ,CIK iys; jQ fjia uqyqKla

me<`o" we`ÿï wdhs;a;ï j,ska ieriS .;a hCIhska meñfKk tla tla hlaIhd

lÜgdähd iuÕ jk ydiHuh ixjdohlska wk;=rej wd;=rhdg wdYs¾jdo fldg

msgj hhs' wjidkhg meñfKkqfha fuu ikaks hl=kaf.a kdhlhd jk uyd flda,

ikaks hldh' Tyqf.a ysfia f.dla fld<j,ska ie¥ Tgqkakls' tys khs fmK mylao

±lafõ' há lhg l¨ iqÿ uqiq fia,hlao ld, j¾K f,dauhkaf.ka hq;= yeÜghla

Wvq lhgo ye| bk jgd flfi,a yd f.dla m;ska iE¥ i;/ia ;Ügqjlao m<£'

kd:" iuka" m;a;sks foújreka úiska inhg meñKs ikaks hldf.a .uk j<lajk

w;r ysi u; ;nd .;a nqoaO ikaki Ndr § tys we;s jpk lsheùfuka" ukq f,dj

frda.Ska fjkqfjka fÞ< msfoaks f.k frda. ÿre lsÍug fok ,o nqÿkaf.a wK lshjd

ms<sf.k lv fÞßka t<shg hdug wjir ,nd .kS' wk;=rej wd;=rhd fj;g f.dia

;udg lem lr fok fÞ< msfoaks f.k wd;=rhdg fi;a m;d kslau hhs' ikaks hl=u

thska ksud jk w;r weÿfrda wdisß lú .dhkh tys wjidk wx.hhs'

oy wg ikaksfha i;r wNskh Ndú;h

jdÑldNskh

k¿ ks<shka úiska lefrk ixjdo" .efhk .S; ta ta ye`.Sï èjks; jk 9whqßkau jqjfyd;a tys jdÑldNskhla we;ehs lsj yelsh' jpk u`.ska rih

wdjykh lsÍu fuys§ isÿ fõ' oy wg ikaksfha§ hCIhskag flfrk wdrdOkd lú

fukau ixjdoo tys jdÑldNskhg idCIHh orhs' i¨ md,s ind.; lsÍfï§

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zzjk ms<sld biro lls hkafka

;ek ;ek f.dia ìu weo fmr<kafka

wkqyifhka fidaì; uqks ÿkafka

lK ikaksh mqo b,a,d tkafkaZZ

9 ;siai ldßhjiï" Ydka;s l¾u iy isxy, iudch ^fld<U 10( tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 1998&" 42'

.=rekakdkafia iu`. udrefjka udrejg lú mdo lshùfï§ jrojd mjiñka

jdúldNskh uÕska ydiH rih Wmojk wdldrh is;a .kakd iq¨h'

.=re- i;a yg fi;a fok

md<sh- wlalg fudlj;a ke;sÆ

.=re- i;a yg fi;a fok10md<sh- whshg uqx weg k¨

c, ikaksh fjkqfjka wdrdOkd lrkq i`oyd .hk lú j,ska Bg wod< jQ frda.fha

,CIK fukau ikaks hl=fï .S;j;a njo m%lg lrjhs'

nv fyda .dñka jeá fmr,kafka - recdj .ksñka lEu fkdlkafka11msá uqiq meKs riuhs b,a,kafka - c, ikaksh mqo b,a,d tkafka

ÍÍ hldf.a wd.ukfha§ ;ukaj ì,a,g .kakd f,i whÈñka weÿrd lrk

m%ldYh Nhdkl fukau îN;ai riho krUkakd ;=< cks; lsÍug iu¾: jkakls'

tys ,d Ndú; joka ;;a rihka flfrys lrk wduka;%Kh jdÑldNskfha ri

jdyl;ajh ukdj wÕjkq ,efí'

wfmdhs fohshfka ug bkakg nerejd -ikaê l=,,a kyro weof.k lkjd12 ÿlhs bkak neß uf.a mK uerejd - b;ska j,dfï u<l`o f.kshkjd

;ukaf.a frda. ;;a;ajh m%lg jk mßÈ hCIhdg wduka;%Kh lsÍu uÕska wd;=rhd

;=< iajlSh frda.h ÿrejk njg úYajdih f.dvkef`.a' tfukau msfoaks ;nd zwo

fufjf,a mgka wg wkQjla frda. kj wkQjla jHdê foish ;=kla wka;rd fldaáhla

fodai ksjdrKhs ;SkaÿhsZhkqfjka isÿlrk m%ldYh ;=< wd;=rhd yd fm%aCIlhdf.a

ukfiys oDV jQ Nla;shla cks; lrjhs' ikaks hl=kaf.a wd.ukfhka miq isÿjk

ixjdo" lÓld yd lú .dhkh krUkakd yd md;% j¾.hd w;r fi!kao¾hd;aul

ikaksfõokhlg u. mdok w;r ikaksfha iÔúNdjh yd wdl¾IKSh njo

wdrlaId lrkq ,nhs'

idrÓ 2016

10 kkaÈl neoafoa.u" wfma Ydka;s l¾u ^fld<U 10( tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2008&" 49' 11 ldßhjiï ;siai" Ydka;s l¾u yd isxy, iudch ^fld<U 10( tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 1976&" 29'12 ud' ffu;%Smd," kdgH l,d mqrdKh yd isxy, kdgH l,dfõ j.;=. ^fld<U( r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 2009&" 36'

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wdx.sldNskh

k¿ ks<shka ish YÍrdx.h ta ta wjia:djg WÑ; mßoafoka p,kh 13lsÍfuka wdx.sldNskh we;s fjhs' tys id¾:l;ajh u;= jkqfha wjia:dfjdaÑ; jQ

wx. p,kh u; bßhõ u;=fldg ±laùfuks' ikaks hl=u ;=< wdx.sldNskh yryd

fm%aCIl uki tald;añl lrk whqre m%lg jk wjia:d nyq,h'

ikaks hl=kaf.a wd.ukhg fmr isÿjk fm<md<sj,§ wdx.sl wNskh

nyq, fldg fhdod.kqfha fm%aCIlhskaf.a uki ;=< w<dul njla we;s lrkq

i`oydh' mkaoï md<sfha§ ud;%d ;=fkka ;=kg mdo ;nñka isÿ lrk rx.kh

o¾Ykldókaf.a uki mskjkakls' je,s.ï iïm%odhfha tk ÿkafka md<sfha weÿrd 14mdo ;nkqfha is.aie.a l%uhgh' lvq md<sfha fõ.j;a ßoaudkaú; fnr ;d,hlg

wkqj .uka lrhs'iEu md<shla wjidkfha§u wd;=rhd wìhig meñK ysi jgd

w;a lrljñka msfoaks ;nñka lrk wd jeãu u`.ska wd;=rhd iekiùu isÿ

lrhs'iQkshï hCIKsh <`o fnd<`o ;reKshl f,iska uq,a jrg ind .; ùfï§

f,akaiqjlska uqyqK msi ouñka u,a .iñka meñKSu ;=< wehf.a ;dreKHh u;=

lsÍug W;aidy orhs' fofjks jdrfha§ uy;a jQ Worhlska hqla;j fl`Èß .dñka

meñKSu uÕska ;ukaf.a .eínr njo ;=ka jk jdrfha§ orejl= k<jñka meñK

;u wdx.sl wNskh uÕska ;ukaf.a ud;D;ajh ms<sn`o ixdjla fm%aCIlhdg ,nd

fohs'

ikaks hl=ka meñK fm%aCIlhskag fmfkkd f,i lE .eiSu" w;a fmdf<dfõ

.eiSu" fidgq iSÍu" fl< .eiSu" w;mh reod fmkaùu" ìu jdä ùu" y;r

.d;fhkau Èùu" lf`oa fldgia fome;a;g jekSu" o;a ñá lEu jeks

wdx.sldNskhka uÕska Ydka;s l¾ufha iÔú nj u;= lrhs' ure ikaksfha§ ñksiqka

Nh lrñka ùÈhg ke. th Wäka lE .iñka lrk rx.kh ;=< tys we;s

Nhxldr;ajh fm%aCIlhdg wjfndaO lrjhs' ury`v ;<d' w;amqä .id' w;a jkd"

hleÿrdf.a we`. u; ke. i;=gq ù jO § meÿr;a iu`. ;=ka ;eklska hleÿrd we`.

jgd ne`o lrmsg ;nd hk ÍÍ hldf.a rx.kh ;;a hCIdfõYfha udrdka;sl nj 15ms<sn`o ye`.Sula krUkakd ;=< we;s lrhs'

idrÓ 2016

13 ud' ffu;%Smd," kdgH l,d mqrdKh yd isxy, kdgH l,dfõ j.;=. ^fld<U( r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 2009&" 36'14 ;siai ldßhjiï" oy wg ikaks ú.%yh ^fld<U( tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2000&" 213'15 ldßhjiï" Ydka;s l¾u yd isxy, iudch" 41'

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hd.h wjidkfha uyd flda, ikaks hld úiska nqÿkaf.a ixfoaYh mdofhka

w,a,d hleÿrdg fok w;r Tyq th fkdms<s.kS' miqj bfkyso nfvyso ;nd f.k

tk ixfoaYho fkdms<s.kakd w;r wjik ysi u; ;nd f.k tk whqre ±lSfuka

fm%aCIlhd ;=< nqoaO f.!rjh ;Sj% jk w;r Ydka;s l¾uh flfrys wd.ñl jQ

kuH;djlao we;s lrhs' tys§ hCIhd Ndú; lrk wdx.sl jQ wNskh ta i`oyd ukd

msájy,la fõ'

id;aúldNskh

Ndjhka biau;= l< hq;= wjia:djkaj,os WÑ; f,i ye`.Sï m%ldY lsÍug 16uqyqfKka ms<sìUq lrk úúO ú,dYhka id;a;aúl wNskh kñ' ta ta wjia:dj,g

WÑ; mßÈ Ndjhka Woa§mkh lr olaùu ;=< fm%aCIlhdf.a ukfiyso Ndj

W;al¾IKhla isÿ fõ' iudfrdamh uÕska hCI iajNdjh ;ukag wdfrdamKh

lrf.k isák we`ÿrka ;;a ,CIKhka fjia uqyqKq u`.ska m%ldY lrhs' tys§

id;a;aúl wNskhkaf.a ,CIK iajdNdúl fkdjqKq lD;su jQ uqyqKlska ukdj

úoHudk lsÍug fuu Ydka;s l¾u Ys,amSka iu;a fõ'

fldr ikakshg wod< fjia uqyqfKys ;;a frda.hg WÑ; fia uqyqKo

weoh' tys tla kdia mqvqjla wkslg jvd Wia fõ' lg jlh' th olsk ´kEu

flfkl=g fï fldr ikaksh hehs ixcdkkh lr .ekSug ;rï m%dudKslh' f.d¨

ikaksfha uqLh È.EÍ we;' lK ikaksfha weia mshù we;' wuqlal= ikaksfha lïuq,

bÈó we;' ìysÍ ikaksfha khs fmKhlska lK jid we;'foaj ikaksfha iqÿ fyda ly

meye;s uqyqKla fõ'.sksc,a ikaksfha uqyqK jdkr uqLhl iajrEmh .kS'jeÈ

ikaksfha uqyqK yhd f.k isà'Yaf,aYau ikaksfha ´cia iys; isúh ;=<ska fiï

fidgq fíf¾' fï wkaoug ta ta Ndjhkays lïms; jk iajdNdúl uqyqKl rEmhla

fkdjqKo frda.hg wod< jQ ,CIKhkaf.ka úmÍ; jQ fjia uqyqKq fuys Ndú;

fldg we;'

óg wu;rj iQkshï hCIKshf.a wd.ukh ;=< id;a;aúl wNskh

m%o¾Ykh jk wjia:d lsysmhls' .eínr ldka;djla f,iska tk .ufka§ wehf.a

idrÓ 2016

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16 ffu;%Smd," 36'

uqyqK ;=< Èiajkqfha fõokdnr" .ïNSr jQ iajNdjhls' tfy;a ;reK <`olf.a

ú,dYfha§ Bg yd;amiskau fjkiah' wd;=r ikaksfha È.á jQ uqyqK ksid th

ldka;djlf.a iajrEmh .kS' uy fidfydka iuhï wjia:dfõ§ hla foiaidf.a uq¨

uqyqKu l¨ j¾Kfhka wdf,am fldg we;' myka ±,s Ndú; fldg fmd,af;,a yd

ñY% fldg .;a mdmam uqyqfKa ;jrhs' weia jgd iqÿ mdáka f¾Ldjla we`o hldf.a

weia W¨mamjd fmkajhs' l¨ j¾K miqìfuys lyj¾K fof;d,g ueÈka we;s r;= 17j¾Kh hldf.a uqyqKg ±ä fr!ø njla wdrEV lrhs' fï wkaoug wjia:dfjdaÑ;

mßÈ ye`.Sï ±kùfuys ,d ikaks hl=ï Ys,amSka fþlhka jQ nj;a fjia uqyqK

Tjqkag ndOdjla fkdjqKq nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ'

wdy¾hdNskh

fjia .ekaùu i`oyd jk we`ÿï me<`ÿï yd fõÈld ieris,s wdÈh 18wdy¾hdNskh f,i ye`Èkafõ' ta ta pß;hg wkql+, jk fia fjia .ekaùu yd

we`ÿï me<`ÿï Ndú;h yryd tu pß;j, iÔù nj /l .; yelsh'

fm%aCIlhd ;=< ri Ndj ckkfhys ,d ikaks hl=fï rx.khka fukau ;;a

mßirho Wolau n,mdkq ,nhs' l;a;sßlal" ú,lal=" u,a myka" msfoaks wdÈfhka

ierfik ;;a jgmsgdj ;=< fm%aCIlhd ;%dickl wjia:djkag m;a lsÍug wjYH

miqìu ilia flfrkafka hla fnrh yd jia o`vq u`.ska uefjk kdofhks'

ikakshl=u mj;ajk m%Odk ùÈho lKq isgqjd Yla;su;aj w,xldrj ksu fõ'

fkam:Hd.drh yd ikaks l+vqj ùÈfha mfilska ks¾udKh ùu ikaksfha l,d;aul

njg fukau fm%aCIl oDIaáfha úia;D; njg o n,mdhs'

wdy¾hdNskh yryd fm%aCIl ri;djhg weu;Su i|yd Ndú; lrk

m%Odku WmlrKh kï fjia uQKhs' ikaksj, fukau fm<md,sj,o fhdod.kakd

fjia uqyqKq u`.ska fm%aCIlhdg úfgl NS;sho úfgl ydiHdÈ Ndjhkao cks;

lrjhs' tla tla frda.hg wh;a ,CIK ;jrd.;a fjia uqyqKq ks¾udKfhaÈ l¨"

r;=" iqÿ" fld< hk j¾K m%uqLj fhdod.kS' md,s i|yd jk fjia uqyqKq jvd;a

il%Sh fõ' ikaks fjiauqyqKqj,ska iuyrl kdifhka my< fldgi tjeks

l%shdldÍ iajrEmhla .kS' ,xldfõ muKla fkdj f,dj iEu iudchlu Ydka;s

idrÓ 2016

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17 ldßhjiï" oy wg ikaks ú.%yh" 209'18 ffu;%Smd," 36'

l¾u úIfhys,d fjia uqyqKq Ndú; jQ wdldrh cmdkfha fi;aiqnqka kdgHdÈh 19úuiSfuka fmfka'

md<s ind.; ùfï§ WÑ; we÷ulska yd kdudkq.; ixfla;hlao /f.k

meñfKa' ;eô,s md<sh wf;a ;eô,s f.ähls' i¨ md<sh meñfKkafka i¨jla lf¾

oudf.kh' flKaä md<sh wf;a l=vd flKaähls' Tjqkaf.a we÷ï t;rï msßisÿ

fkdjk w;r bk yev.kajkqfha j¾Kj;a úh<s m;% j,sks'

ikakshl=fï § tla tla hCIhd ieriSu i|yd Ndú; lrk we÷ï

úúOdldrh' iEu Ys,amsfhlau fjia uqyqKg wu;rj hgg w¢k l¨ l,siu yd

l`M fyda ÿUqre mdg à yevfha lóiho ieriSu i|yd fhdod.kS' iQkshï hCIKsh

iqÿ fia,hla we| iqÿ froaola fmdrjd f.k fõÈldjg meñfKa' flda, ikaks hld

iNd.; jkqfha bfia o bf`.a o w;aj,o msfoaks /f.kh' fldr ikaksh nqre,a,

fld, .eiq hIaáhla /f.k iNd.; fõ' f.d`M ikaksh ;,mamdjlska yd l¨

jia;%hlska ierfia' lK ikaksh fld, w;= .eiq ,Shla /f.k ths' /,s ±uq

irulska ieriqKq wuqlal= ikaksh fomdj, f.Êðj,ska iukaú;h' fou< ikaksh

lKaj, lvqlalï oud we;' foaj ikaksfha fk¨ï u,a fudai;rh iys; f;davq m;a

folls' .sks c,a ikaksh fld<j,ska fyda f.dla fld<j,ska ;ekq YS¾I m<|kdjlska

iukaú;h' fjä ikaksh wf;a ;=jlal=jls' we;eï hCIhska wf;a o`vq uq.=re lvq

wdÈh fõ' fï wka|ug ;u ieriSï yryd fm%aCIlhdf.a uki ;=< kjH;djla yd

o¾Ykldu;djla we;s lrjk fuu Ys,amSka wdy¾h jQ wx. u`.ska fm%aCIlhdf.a

ufkda Ndjhkays úúO ia:dk iam¾Y lsÍug iu;a fjhs'

ikaks hl=u Ydka;s l¾ufha mrud¾:h f,v frda. ÿr yer Ydka;sh Wod

lr §uhs' kuqÿ ;;a l%shdj,sh fm%aCIl uki ;=< úY%dka;shla we;s fkdjk mßÈ

isÿ lrkq i`oyd wNspdrd¾:h blaujd .sh rijykSh njla óg wdfrdamKh l<

Ydka;sl¾u Ys,amshd tu`.ska wukqIH ixl,amh yd fm%aCIlhd w;r wLKav jQ

wka;¾iïnkaOhla f.dv k.kq ,nhs' tys§ YDx.dr ydiHd§ riNdj W;af;ackh

i`oyd i;r wNskhka wdl¾IKSh f,i Ndú; lrk wdldrh fuu Ydka;s l¾ufha

iudÔh wdl¾IKh yd iÔùNdjh iqrlaIs; lrk w;ru .eñ kdglhla jYfhka

l,d;aul fi!kao¾hhla iudfrdamKh lr .ekSugo fya;= jk nj fmfka'

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19 .=K;s,l" 31'

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flál;dfõ pß; f.dv ke.Suuydpd¾h mshiS,s úfÊudkak

mdGlhl= kQ;k flá l;djla lshjkafka l;kaorh oek .ekSug muKla

u kï th ,shQ f,aLlhdf.a jEhu wmf;a hduls' flál;dj hkq kjl;dfõ

ixlaIsma; iajrEmhla fkdfõ' wo iuyr flál;djl zisoaêhZ tl jelshlska

yl=<d oelaúh yelsh' flál;dfõ pß; ksrEmKh jeo.;a ;ekla .kshs' flfia

fyda mqoa., p¾hd oelaùu flál;djl tlu wruqK fkdfõ' th

flál;dlrejdf.a wruqK idlaId;a fldg .ekSfï tla Wml%uhla muKs'

flál;djl l,d;aulNdjh we;s jkafka f;audj" l;d úkHdih ^Plot&" pß;

ksrEmKh" .egqu" oDIaá fldaKh" ixfla;d¾: wd§ ish,af,ys talñ;slNdjh yd

ukd ixl,kh u; h' flál;d rplhd fndfydaúg m<uqfjkau fufyhjkq

,nkafka f;audj úiska h' Tyq ;ukaf.a" tfia;a ke;akï ;uka wjg isákafkl=f.a

w;aoelSula fyda ;ud wik olsk fohla wdY%fhka fyda ukqIH Ôú;hg w¾:j;a jQ

lsishï O¾u;djla jgyd .kshs' Tyq ta O¾u;dj fy<s jk fia l;djla f.d;hs'

fuys § Tyqg ta O¾u;dj mila fldg ÿka uq,a isÿùu wvq jeä fldg ielish yels

h' tfia;aaa ke;skï ta O¾u;dj Woa§mkh jk fia fjk;a isÿùula jia;= úkHdih

fia .; yels h' mdGlhd l;dfõ f;audj y÷kd .kafka l;dj uq¿ukska u

lshùfuka miqj h' lsishï l;djl f;audj ms<sn| bÕshla iuyr úg l;dfõ uq,a

fldgfia§ ,efnkq we;' tfia kuqÿ ta bÕsh meyeÈ,s jkafka o l;dj wjidk jQ

miq h' tu ksid flá l;djl kshu rih ú¢h yelafla th tl yqiaug lshjd ksu

lsÍfuks' flá l;djla ie,iqï flfrkafka tfia tl yqiaug lshùu wruqKq fldg

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idrÓ 2016

f.k h' flfia jqj o flál;dfõ m%Odk ,laIKh flá nj fkdfõ' 1zflál;djZ hk kduh u fkdu. hjk iq¨ hhs *Ekala ´fldk¾ mjid we;'

rduq.; Ñ;%hl fuka tys iEu w;ska u iSudùula fyj;a pß;" isoaê" jpk wdÈfha 2 wk;sßla;Ndjhla we;'

mdGlhd uq,skau flál;dfõ pß; y÷kd.; hq;=h' pß; lSmhla fõ kï

jeämqr lshùug fmr m%Odk pß;h yuq fõ' l;dj f.dvkef.kafka fï m%Odk

pß;h flakaø fldg f.k h' lsisu w;aoelSula pß; folla flfrys idl,Hfhka

u iudk n,mEula we;s fkdlrhs' lsishï w;aoelSulg md;% jQ tl pß;hl

l%shdldrlï ;=<ska ukqIH;ajhg fmdÿ O¾u;djla lSug flál;dlrejd jEhï

lrhs' idïm%odhsl l;d l,djg wkqj kï rplhd isÿ jQ foh" pß;h l< lS is;+ oE

Rcqj mdGlhdg úia;r lrhs' hul= lf<a l=ula o@ tfia lf<a ljr fyhskao@

Tyqf.a l%shdfõ m%;sM,h l=ulao@ wdÈh l;dlrejd meyeÈ,sj m%ldY lrhs' tfy;a

kQ;k flál;dfõ flfrkafka pß;hl l%shdldß;ajh rEmKh lsßuh' pß;h

lrk lshk oE Ñ;%Kh lrkq" yÕjkq ñi th lf<a B¾IHdj" ìh" ySkudkh ksidh

wd§ jYfhka Rcqj fkdlshfõ' th lf<a wehs hkak wkdjrKh fldg .ekSu

mdGlhdg Ndrh' id¾:l flál;dfõ § fufia mdGlhd pß;j,g iómùula yd

mdGlhd l;djg l%shdYS,S iyNd.Sùu;a olakg ,efí' mqoa.,hd fufyhjk

ffp;isl ;;a;ajhka fyj;a ^mqoa.,p¾hdjg háka we;s& ufkdajD;a;Sh

flál;dlrejd jl% l%uhlg mdGlhdg wkdjrKh lrhs'

ð'î' fiakdkdhlf.a zìß|Z l;dfõ mshodi ;u ìß| jQ isßudg myr

fokafka weh .ek me;sr .sh md¥m wid fkdikaiqka .;hlska isá wjia:djl §

mshodif.a is; isßudf.a .reire ke;slu ksid fldamfhka .sks .;a neúks'

iajNdjfhka fudf<dla .;s we;s mshodi ;udg myr fo;ehs isßud n,dfmdfrd;a;=

fkdjQjd h' mshodif.ka myr lE wE jeiafia u f.hska msgj Èõjdh' túg

mshodif.a isf;ys lk.dgqjla Wmka yeá l;=jrhd Ñ;%Kh fldg we;af;a fufia

h'

zzmshodi biaf;damamqfõ ilauka lrkakg úh' jeiai fkdkej;S uy;a

yçka jishs' fldfyafoda j;a;l n¢k ,o yrll= jeiaig f;fukq bjish

fkdyelald fia jßka jr lE .ik Yíoh jeiafia y~ uevf.k 3

me;sfrhs'ZZ

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.=Kodi wurfialrf.a zwdmiq .ukZ l;dfõ úYajúoHd, YsIHhdguj

;uka úY%du hdug fmr b.ekajQ mdie, msysá .ug .syska taug hk .uk f;areï

.; fkdyels h' Tyq ;¾lh fmroeß fldg f.k ðj;a jkafkls' kQ;k

wOHdmkfhka ieliqKq Tyqf.a nqoaêhg ujf.a l%shdj z´kE ke;s ú.vkaZ .ukls'

wlue;af;ka jqj o Tyqg ta .uk hdug isÿ úh'

zmiqjod Wfoa wm f.oßka msg jQfha t<sùug m<uq jqjo ðma r:h wdfõ

y;g muK h' wïudf.a wf;ys md¾i,a lSmhla jQ kuqÿ bka tlla fyda 4 .ekSug ug fkdis;=fKa isf;ys jQ wukdmh ksidh'Z

ujf.a .uk ms<sn|j l:lhdf.a wm%idoh l;dfõ uq,a fldgiska wjYH

muKg m%ldY ù we;' tu ksid l:lhd uj w; we;s md¾i,a j,ska tlla fyda

fkd.;af;a wehs hkak mdGlhdg meyeÈ,s h' zfkdis;=fKa isf;ys jQ wukdmh ksid

hZ hs meyeÈ,s lsÍu we;a;g u wjYH ke;' fun÷ meyeÈ,s lsÍï f,aLlhd w;ska

isÿ jkafka fndfyda úg Tyq ;=< mdGlhdf.a ri;dj .ek úYajdih uo lu

ksid h'

pß;hka fkdis;du lrk lsishï fohla fyda pß;h lshk oehla"

ke;skï lsisjla lSu wfmalaIs; wjia:djl ksy~ ùu' pß;fha oDIaáhg yiqjk

mßir ,laIK" j¾K" wdf,dalh" w÷r jeksoE ud¾.fhka tu pß;fha

Ñ;a;dNHka;rh ishqï f,i mdGlhdg oek .ekSug ie,eiaùu jvd;a WÑ; h'

fï l%uh kdgHuh Ys,amúêhla f,i o ye¢kafõ' iuyr úgl pß;hla hula

lf<a wehs" hula lSfõ wehs@ hkdÈhg mdGlhka fofofkl= ;u ixl,amkdfjka

imhk f;dr;=re oaúúO ùug bv we;' th tfia jQjdg lula ke;'

w¾kiaÜ fyñxfõf.a Killers (ñksurefjda& l;dfõ ñksiaiq ;sfofkla

l=vd fNdackd.drhl § /ia ù ,a wekavika keue;a;l= urKhg m;a lsÍug l;d

lr;s' fNdackd.drfha jev lrk ksla keue;a;d ´,a wekavika yuq ù fï .ek

lshhs' ,a wekavika l,n, fkdfjhs' l;=jrhd fmkajkafka kslaf.a isf;a pls;h

h' fuys oS ,a wekavika fydag,fha fiajlhd fudavfhl= f,i i,lkakg we;ehs

flfkl=g is;sh yels h' ke;skï ,a wekavika lshkakdla fuka m,d hdfuka

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jevla ke;ehs hkak ;j;a flfkl=g l,amkd úh yels h'

zzksla fodr wer f.k ldurh ;=<g .sfha h' ,a wekavika we÷ï msáka u

wef|a je;sr f.k isáfha h' Tyq uqo,a i|yd ;r.j,g iyNd.S jQ fyúfõÜ

fndlaisx l%svlhl=j isáfhka je;sr f.k isg we| Tyqg bvlv uÈ tlla úh' Tyq

fldÜg folla u; ysi ;ndf.k isáfha h' Tyq ksla foi ne¨fõ ke;'

zfudl o@Z hs Tyq weiSh'

zux fykaßf.a lfâ ysáhdZhs ksla lSh' b;ska ñksiaiq fokafkla wdjd'

weú,a,d udjhs fldalshdjhs nekaod' ne|,d lsõjd WUj urkakhs Wka wdfõ lsh,dZ

Tyq th lshk úg fudav l;djla fia" Tyqgu yeÕsK' ,a wekavika lsisu

fohla fkdlSfõh'

zWka wmj l=iaishg ;,a¨ lr,d oeïudZhs ksla È.g u lshd f.k .sfha h'

zWU lEug wdjdu fjä ;sh,d urkakhs Wka ,eia;s fj,d ysáfha'Z

ì;a;sh foi n,d f.k isá ,a wekavika lsis u fohla lSfõ ke;'

zfcda¾Ê l,amkd flrejd" ux weú,a,d fïl WUg lsjqfjd;a fyd|hs

lsh,d'Z

zug fïlg lrkak lsis u fohla kEZhs ,a wekavika lSfõ h'

zux lshkak o Wka fldhs úÈfh Wkao lsh,d@Z

zWka fldhs úÈfh Wkao lsh,d ug oek .kak ´klula kEZhs ´,a

wekavika lSfõ h' Tyq ì;a;sh foi ne,S h' zfïl ug lshkakg wdmq tlg uu

WUg ia;=;s lrkjd'Z

zwd tal fudlla o@Z

wef|ys je;sr f.k isá oejeka; ñksid foi ksla ne,aula fy¿fõ h'

zux fïl .ek fmd,sishg fyau oekqï fokak fkhs lsh,d WU ys;kjd o@Z

zkE" fk kEZhs ,a wekavika lSh' ztaflka m,la fjkafka kE'Z

zug lrkak mq¿jka fudlla yß fohla keoao@Z

zkE" lrkak lsis u fohla kEZ

zgjqfuka msg fjkak neßo@Z

znEZhs ´,a wekavika lSfõ h' zmek mek bo,d ug oeka we;s fj,d'Z Tyq

ì;a;sh foi ne¨fõ h'zoeka lrkak lsis u fohla kE'Z

zfudlla yß cd;shla keoao fïlg odkak@Z

idrÓ 2016

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zlrkak lsis u fohla kE' ;j állska uu t<shg hkak n,kjd'Z

ztfyukï b;ska uu;a hkakï' .sys,a,d fcda¾Ê yïnq fj,d n,kakï'Z

zfyd|hsZhs ´,a wekavika lSh' Tyq ksla foi ne¨fõ ke;' zwdmq tlg

ia;=;shs'Z

ksla msg;g wdfõ h' fodr ji;a u Tyq ,a wekavika we÷ï msáka wef|ys 5je;sr .;a .uka ì;a;sh foi n,d isákq ÿgqfõ h' l;dj wjika jkafka isÿjkakg

hk foh oelSug wleue;s jQ ksla k.rfhka msgùu olajñks'

mdGlhd l;dj flfrys weo-ne| ;nd .ekSfuys ,d pß; ksrEmKfha

úYajikSh;ajh jeo.;a h' flál;dfõ pß;hl yeisÍu mdGlhdg i;H

f,dalfha yuq jk ukqIHhkaf.a yeisßug iudk úh hq;= h' pß;hla f,aLlhd

uq,ska oelajQ wdldrhg fjkia f,ilska yeisfrk úg ta fjkig ;=vq ÿka fya;=

mdGlhdg ta;a;= hk whqßka l;dfjka rEmKh úh hq;= h' wïud úY%du hEug

fmr b.ekajQ mdi,g .syska tkakg hEu ú.vula f,i ie,l+ úYajúoHd, YsIHhd

tys f.dia ;ud l=vd l, yeÿKq jevqKq mßirh olsk úg fjkia fjhs' Tyqf.a 6 nqoaêfhka ilia jQ woyia mfilg ;,a¨ ù Tyq Ñ;a;dfõ.hlska we,,S hhs'

idl,Hfhka u hym;a fyda idl,Hfhka u whym;a f,i olajd we;s pß;

mdGlhdf.a is;a fkd.kafka tn÷ mqoa.,hka Tyqg ienE ðú;fha yuq fkdjk

fyhsks' wmg pß;hl l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| mQ¾j ks.uk we;s fldg .;

fkdyels h'wms ienE ðú;fha fudfyd;la mdid w¨;a wjia:djlg uqyqK fouq'

fuhska iuyr wjia:djla wfklajdg jvd wfma yeisÍu flfrys ;o n,mEula

we;s lrhs' flál;dlrejdg jeo.;a jkqfha fun÷ ;SrKd;aul wjia:d h'

pß;hla ;SrKd;aul wjia:djlg uqyqK §u z.egquZ ^conflict& f,i oelafõ'

kQ;k flál;dfõ § jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka l;d úkHdih fkdj .egqu h'

flál;dfõ isoaê úldikhla fyj;a jia;= ú.%yhla oelafjkafka pß;hla

lsishï ndysr fyda wNHka;r fyda ye,yemamSulg ,la jQ úg ta pß;fha m%;sl%shd

ksrEmKh i|yd h'

kQ;k flál;dfõ § l;d úkHdihg ke;s jeo.;alula .egqug ysñfõ'

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.egqu we;a; jYfhka u l;dfõ fld÷ kdráhhs' l;dfõ ie,eiau imhkqfha;a

.uka u. ilia lrkqfha;a l;dj ia:dms; fohla fkdj bÈßhg wefokaklah hk

yeÕSu mdGlhd ;=< we;s lrkqfha;a .egqu úisks' flfia fyda mdGlhdg ta;a;= hk

wdldrhg .egqu ksrEmKh úh hq;= h'.egqu w¾:dkaú; úh hq;=h' wm idudkH

ðú;fha § jeo.;a f,i fkdolakd fohla ;=< jeo.;alula" ðú;hg" ukqIH

O¾u;djg wod< njla fmkaùug flál;dlrejdg mq¿jk' ñksid urKh"

nv.skak" ksÈu;" f,v ÿla" úfhdaj" .xj;=r jeks jHik wd§ iajNdj n,fõ.

iu.o ñksid úiska u we;s fldg .kakd ,o iïuq;s" idrO¾u" ixia:d jeks

n,fõ. iu. o wdorh" B¾IHdj" fl%daOh" udkh" l=yllu" urK ìh wdÈ

;udf.a ika;dkfhka u mek k.sk n,fõ. iu. o .efgk wdldrh flál;dj,

h:drEms f,i ksrEmKh fõ' fldáka u flál;dlrejdf.a jEhu h:d¾:h

m%;sks¾udKh lsÍu h' .egqu ;SrKd;aul wjia:d ^crisis situations& hkqfjka

ye¢kaúh yels h' fuhska woyia lrkafka .egqul m%;sM,h yeáhg wjia:djg

iïnkaO pß; ta wjia:dfjka miq uq,ska isáhg jvd fjkia jk njhs'

z.eàfï tla ,laIKhla kï l;dfõ m%Odk pß;h ;=< lsishï

úm¾hdihla we;s lsÍuhs' .egqug ,lajk m%;súreoaO n,fõ.oajh tkï pß;h

yd tu pß;h uqyqK mdk wjia:dj& iEfyk ÿrlg iudk Yla;shlska hqla; úh

hq;= h' mdmkaÿ ;rÕhla krUkafkla yegg ìkaÿj hk bksulska wjika jk

;r.hlska úfkdaohla fkd,nhs' Èkkafka fldhs lKavdhu o@ m%;sM, fln÷ úh

yelso@ hkq wjika fudfyd; olajd wúksYaÑ; jQ ;r.h jeä úfkdaohla imhhs'

tfiau olaI f,aLlhd ;u tlsfklg m%;súreoaO n,fõ. fol yiqrejkafka

m%;sM,h fln÷ fõ oehs wjidkh olajd wvudkj ;sfnk f,i h' id¾:l 7 l;djl .egqu ksis fia yiqrejk ,oaols'

pß;fha w;aoelSï mdGlhd uekeúka .%yKh fldg .kafka th Tyqg

weoysh yelallaa kï muKs' l;dfõ m%Odk ^.egqï& wjia:dj ñksia ðú;hg

wod<" w¾:j;a tlla úh hq;= h' iuyr úgl ndysr l%shdoduh woaN+; fia olakd

l;djl o ñksia ðú;hg iïnkaO i;H O¾u;djla ;sìh yels h' wefußldkq

flál;dldßhl jk iQika fidkage.af.a zvñhZ Dummy& fujekakls' ;u ðjk

rgdj .ek úuis,su;a jk l:lhd kQ;k ;dlaIKfha n,fhka ;udg iudk

idrÓ 2016

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vñhla idod l%shd;aul fldg ieÕù n,d isáhs' Tjqkaf.a ðú; fld;rï

l,n,ldr o" hdka;%sl o lsfjd;a Wfoa lEu fïifha § ìß| o orefjda o th vñhla

nj y÷kd fkd.ks;s' Wfoa lEu fïifha § Èkm;d u mdfya l:lhdg mjik foa

Tjqyq vñhg o mji;s'

zuf.a <uhs ta jk úg o lEu fïihg jdä ù isáhy' nd, fl,a,g Bfha ?

f.or jev fmd; fydhd .kakg neß úh' ta ksid weh f.or jev lr ke;' uf.a

ìß| thg ksis fya;=jla olajñka .=rejßhg ,shqula ,shhs' f,dl= fl,a, ta jk

úg iS;, j ;snQ lr l< mdka lñka Wcdre f,i jdä ù isáhs' z.=â fudakSka

;d;a;dZ Tõyq vñ ñksydg lSy' vñ ñksyd ms<s;=re jYfhka Tjqkaf.a lïuq,a

fiñka ñßl=fõ h' Wfoa lEu ksulr <uhs mdi,g msg;a jQy' Tjqkag vñ ñksyd

.ek iel is;=K njla fmfkkakg ke;' uu iekiqï iqiqula fy¿fjñ' vñ

ñksyd o ksõfhda¾la ghsïia m;%h Wäka-m,af,ka n,d kud ;nhs' ud lrkakdla

fuka u vñ ñksyd o úfoaYSh m%jD;a;s lshùug jeä fõ,djla .; lrhs' vñh o 8 l%svd msgqj Wkkaÿfjka lshjhs'

vñh l%shd;aul lr l:lhd ieÕù isàu weoysh fkdyelalla jqj o ta

l;djg háka we;s i;Hh ksid l;dj mdGlhdf.a is;a .ks'

w¾f:doa§mkh i|yd f,aLlhd ld,h" ia:dkh mßirh wdÈh ms<sn| j

wod< lreKq wjYH m%udKhg iqÿiq fia Wmfhda.S fldg .kshs' .egqfï m%ÓM,h

ms<sn| mQ¾jcdhd ^foreshadows& o¾Ykh o l;d rih ;shqKq lrk tla

Ys,amúêhls' flál;d l,dfõ j¾Okh;a iuÕ ;j;a fkdfhl=;a rpfkdaml%u

t<s olskq we;' fïjd iïnkaO kS;shla iïu;hla fyda iSudjla fkdue;'

kshñ; ld,hl" ksYaÑ; mßirhl isÿjkakla fia l;dj úldYkh fldg

pß;hla fyda pß; ;SrKd;aul wjia:djlg fyj;a .egqulg md;%jk whqre;a

tys§ pß;j, m%;sl%shd;a wjika m%ÓM,;a ksrEmKfhka f,alLhd ðú;fhka ì|la

wkdjrKh lrhs' mdGlhd ðú;h iïnkaO i;Hhla jgyd .kshs' f;audj

hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka fï jgyd .kakd fohhs' wms tÈfkod fkdfhla oE

w;aolskafkuq' fndfyda úg tu w;aoelSï wm ii, lrjhs' tfy;a wms wfma

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ixfõok ú.%y lsÍug Wkkaÿ jkafkda fkdfjuq' tfy;a ta ixfõokdj,ska

fufyhjkq ,en wms l%shdldß fjuq' wmf.a l%shdldrlï ;=<ska wm yoj;a úksúo

oelSfï yelshdjla flál;dlrejdg we;' Tyq ;shqKq ksÍlaIK Yla;shlska hqla;

h' Tyq ;u w;aoelSïj,ska fuka Tyq wik olsk foaj,ska ;u mßl,amkh

fufyhjd ðú; iajNdjh ms<sn| woyila we;s fldg .kshs' Tyq ta woyig

yevhla fyj;a rEmhla fohs' ienE f,dalfha wdl+, jHdl+, jQ fohlg m%nkaO

rplhd ksrdl+,;ajhla fohs' ienE f,dalfha rEm úrys; fohlg yevhla fohs' 9ienE f,dalfha l%shdldrlï" l,ne.eks wdY%fhka ðú; i;Hhla u;= lrhs'

lsishï ksYaÑ; mqoa.,hl= ksYaÑ; mßirhl § tla;rd ksYaÑ;

wjia:djlg uqyqK fok iajrEmh ;=<ska Wlyd .kakd woyi fïhhs olaI

f,aLlhd Rcqj fkdlshhs' th weÕfjkakg i,iajhs' Ô' ì' fiakdkdhlf.a

zfjila mykZ l;dfõ f;audj jkdys n,j;a jQ yeÕSula úiska ÿ¾j, yeÕSu

hgm;a fldg .; yels nj h'fjila myk .sks .ekSu ksid ,;a ms,siaiqï

;=jd,j,ska whshd ñh h;ehs <ud l:lhd ìh fjhs' ta ìh ksid Tyqg fjk lsis;a

is;d .; fkdyels h' whshd tu ;=jd,j,ska fkduefrk nj oek .;a ú.i

<uhdf.a is;g fjk;a woyia m%fõY fõ'

zTyq ñh h;ehs ud ;=< jQ ìh o fYdalh o whshd ;u wf;ys fõokdjla

.ek fyda ;ud hk njla fyda fkdlshd fjila myk .ek l;d lsÍu

ksidfoda my úh'

ñÿf,a fo,a .fiys n¢k ,o f.dkd ;u lfrys ne¢ f.Êð fid,jd ysi

i,kq ug weisK' zálla ysgqZhs lsrd f.dkdg weu;=fõ h' ta yd u fnf,la

mksÜgqjla lsisjl yems fmr¿fKa h' uyd ud¾.fhys n,af,la nqrdf.k

Èõfõ h'

oeú hdfuka miq b;sß jQ l=vqfõ l¿ jq WK len,s lsis úYd, i;l=f.a weg

iels,a,la fuka uyd ud¾.fhys mil ;sfnk ieá uf.a is;g ke.sK' 10 o,ajkakg fmr fjila myk ms<siais .sfhahhs ud ;=< fYdalhla we;s úh'

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ienE f,dalfha wh o iudk wjia:djlg uqyqK ÿka úg ta iudk f,ilg

yeisfrk ksid mdGlhdg fujka w;aoelSula .%yKh fldg .ekSu myiq h' i;H

f,dalfha mqoa.,fhda úúOh' ta wkqj flál;dj, ksrEms; pß; o úúO fõ' l;dj

;=< ixjdoj, NdIdj ta ta pß;j, jhig" wOHdmkhg" iudc uÜgug wkql+,

úh hq;= h' mdGlhdg ta ta pß;fha wkqN+;sh yd iyjH;djg m;a úh yelafla

túg h'

igyka

1' Frank O'Connor, 1963, The Lonely Voice, a study of the Short Story, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., London, P. 27.

2' William Peden, 1971,Short Fiction, Shape and Substance, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, pp. 5-10.

3' Ô' î' fiakdkdhl" 1959" ÿmam;=ka ke;s f,dalh" iSudiys; weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" 85 msgqj'

4' .=Kodi wurfialr" 1959" Ôjk iqj|" iuka uqøKd,h" uyr.u" 176 msgqj'

5' mß' fla' Ô' lreKd;s,l" 1975" oKavk l|jqr" ks¾udKs uqøK Ys,amSyq iy m%ldYlfhda" kqf.af.dv" 187-189 msgq'

6' .=Kodi wurfialr" 1959" -tu-" 183 msgqj'

7' Jaffe and Scott, 1960, Studies in the Short Story, Holt Rinehart and Winston, United States, pp. 2-6.

8' Susan Sontag, 1979, I, etcetera, Random House, United States, pp. 87,88.

9' Jaffe and Scott, 1971-op. cit.- pp. 9-14.

10' Ô' î' fiakdkdhl" 1959" -tu-" 64 msgqj'

-146-

idrÓ 2016

osúhu l÷,la jq isrs,l wjika w./csKsh fodak l;srskd'

l,dN+IK .,f.or úu,r;ak ySkd.u

th yrshgu woska jir 402 lg fmr l%s'j 1613 cq,s ui 20 jk osk jQ w;r"

,la b;sydifha fkd,shjqkq tla;rd ixõf.S isÿúula inr.uq m<df;a msysá

yqol,d m%N+ ukaosrhla ;=, isÿfjñka meje;sks'

,la b;sydifha .uka u. kj;u osYdjlg yrjkq iu;a jq tla m%;dmj;a

ldka;djla tys ish .s,ka hykl ÿn,j je;sr isáfha th ;u cSú;fha wjika

fydardjhhs oek isá fiah' fkdÿfrys isrefjka isá ish ysff;IS wdrCIlhka

fom<g iñmhg tk f,i w;ska ika fldg" ;u hyk oef,a úCIsma;j n,dyqka ish

mK jeks orejka miafokd ;=re,g f.k—uf.au wdorKSh f,a æ uia æ '''''˜ hs

uquqkñka ;rfha ism.;a weh —uf.a orejks kqU,dg fmfkkjd fkao kqU,d

fuf,djg ìysl< uEKshkag ;j we;af;a iq¿ fudfyd;hs'˜ isyska yçka fldÿrñka

hglS wdrCIlhka fofokd wu;d —fï ;ud ud b;srs fldg we;s tlu jia;=j'

kqU,df.a iajdñka yd iajdñ ÿjreka kqU,df.a oEia fuka Tjqka /l.; hq;=hs' ud

kqU,dg mE lreKdjg kqU,df.a lD;.=Kh ta f,i Tmamq lrkjd fkao@ fï

fmdfrdkaÿj flfrys kqU,d i;Hjdos jkjd fkao@''''''˜ hs Tjqka .súiaid .;a;dh'

wk;=rej tf;la fõ,d mfilg ù fï ish,a, foi oEia o,ajd n,d isá ish ieñhd 1'

o jq rcq fj; weÕs,a, os.= fldg" ''' —uf.a urKhg fya;=j Tnh'˜ hs ì÷kq yçka

f;d,a ue;ssrE weh ish wjika yqiau jd;,hg uqiq l<dh'

-147-1' DESCRIPTION OF CEYLON – PHILLIPUS BALDAES (P. BROHIER'S TRANSLATION – 1960 – PAGE 67

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2'osúuf.ys jir 32 la jeks fh!jkfhaoSu tjka fYdals wjidkhla

Wreulr.;a fï m%;dmj;a ldka;dj tfia fufia wfhl= fkdjqjdh' '''' 16$17

ishjia jk úg furgg ksn| t,a, fjñka meje;s fkdfhl=;a úfoia wdl%uKhka

w;f¾u rdcH n,h Wfoid úúO mrïmrd n, l|jqre j,g fnÿkq foaYSh m%OdkSka

w;frys o tlsfkld mrhd igka weúf,ñka ;snq miqìul furg iajdêkFjh

w;sYh wjodkulg ,laj ;snq fudfyd;l th uÕ yrjd,ñka b;sydifha .uka

uÕ kj;u osYdjlg fhduq lrùug iu;a jqfha wehh' we;eï b;sydihka

úiska fmardfoks rc fm/,m;hZhso y÷kajkq ,nk Wvrg kj rc fm<m;la

ìyslrñka ;%s isxyf,a lsre< Wvrgg f.k wdfõ wehh' b;sydifha we;eï ;ekl

uy —nKaäf.a ìij˜ kñka o ye|skafjk weh wkalsisfjl= fkdj isrs,l wjika

w. /csK f,i lsre< oerE —l=iqudik ìij˜ fkdfyd;a —fodak l;srskd˜ w. ìiõ

f;dfudah'

rc l=ursl f,i Wm; ,enqj o" w. /csKhl f,i lsre¿ me<ekaoo

wef.a osú .uk lsisúfgl;a u,a udj;la Tiafia fkdjegqkq w;r" ny f;darkakg;a

fmr isgu wehg fomh tiùug isÿjqfha lgqfldfyd,ska .yK iev-r¿ udj;la

Tiafiah' tfy;a ta lsisjlskq;a weh fkdie¨kdh' ;u rdc Wreuh w;alr .kakd

f;lau ta ish¨ wNsfhda.hkag weh tä;rj uqyqKq ÿkakdh' th tfia jqjo bka

wehg i;=gla fyda iekiqula ,nkakg ffojh wehg bvla ,ndfkdÿka nj wef.a

osúmj; wmg mjihs'

tfyhska fï fm%!V yd wNsudkj;a osrsh ldka;djf.a cSjk jD;a;dka;h ieflúka

fyda b;sydih ;=<ska úuid ne,su ldf,daÑ;hs yefÕa'

lkao Wvrg o iS;djl rdcOdkshg wEod .eksfï wNs,dIfhka uvkd ,ÿj

l,la ;sfia iS;djl rdcOdksfhka Wvrg md,l lr,a,shoafoa nKavdr fkdfyd;a

¸¸¸ jk chùr rcq 1551-1582& fj; t,a, flfrñka meje;s m%ydrhka iS;djl jk

rdcisxyhkaf.a 1580-1592& rdfcHdaoh;a iu.u jvd;a ;Sj% jkakg úh fï mSvkh

fld;rï W.%ùoh;a thg uqyqKoS.; fkdyS lr,a,shoafoa nKavdrhka yg

wd;audrCIdj m;d Wvrg w;yer hkq úkd .; yels fjk;a úl,am mshjrla

fkdúh' ta wkqj fyf;u ;u ìrs| o" jirla jhie;s ì<s÷ oshKsh o" ;ud fj;

idrÓ 2016

2' ne,aosfhia jir 35 hs mejeiqj o ^ms' 68& lr,a,shoafoa rcq 1582 oS ukakdrug m,dhk úg weh jirl ì<s|shl ù kï (Portuguese Era P.E Pieris – 1913 vol i - page 219) 1613 oS weh ñh hk úg jhi wjq' 32 úh hq;=h'

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úiq <ud úfhys jq d;s mq;%fhl= o iuÕ 1582 oS ukakdrfï isá mD;=.Siska fj;

m,d .sfhah' tysos jiqrsh frda.hg f.dÿre jq fï uõmsh fom< ì<s÷ oshKsh

fuf,dj ;kslr oud mrf,da m%dma; jq w;r" kqyqre" kqmqreÿ mrsirhl tfia

wirKj .sh ì<s|sh mD;=.Siska úiska —f.aí%fh,a ldf,daia˜ iy —lksrskd wdfn%õ˜

hk ls;=kq hqj,lf.a Ndrhg m;afldg ldka;djf.a kñkau weho fodak l;srskd

kñka fn!;siau lrkq ,en" mD;=.Siska úiska weh lkHdrduhlg we;=,afldg

rcl=udrshlg wejeis weje;=ï-meje;=ï" j;a ms<sfj;a iuÕ fkdfhla NdId

Ydia;% yd úúO Ys,am Ydia;%hkays ukd wOHdmkhla wehg ,ndoSug l%shd l<y'

ny f;darkakg;a fmr tfia ud msh fifkyi yd /ljrKh wysñj

f.dia tjka mrsirhl tfia yqol,d jq fï isÕs;s oersh jq l,s wkalsisfjl= fkdj 1b;sydifha we;eï ;ekl —uy ìfida nKavdr˜ f,iska fyda —uy nKaäf.a

2wodiska˜ f,iskao oelafjk wm l;dkdhsld" l=iqudik ìij fkdfyd;a fodak

l;srskd w.ìiõ f;dfudah' wm%lg b;sydifha we;eï ;ekl oshmsg jdäfha uy 3 4wodiska fyda —lr,a,shoafoa l=udr nKavdr˜ kñka oelafjk hglS lr,a,shoafoa

nKavdr fkdfyd;a ¸¸ jk chùr rcq wef.a mshdKka jq w;r" Tyqf.a ìij —.,.u 5wodiska˜ wef.a uEKshka jqjdh'

lr,shoafoa rcqg Wvrg w;yer m,dhdug ie,eiajq iS;djl rdcisxy

l,la Wvrg md,lfhlaj isá ;=khu rcqf.a ^1497-1514& fojk mq;%hdhhs

ie,flk iqkaor nKavdr fkdfyd;a ùriqkaor nKavdrg Wvrg md,k Ndrh

mejersh' ^1582-1585& tfy;a Tyq ;udg tfrysj l=uka;%Kfhys fhfo;shs miqj

wkdjrKh lr.;a rcq j,.u jÜgdru ^kskao.ula& oSughZhs m%fhda.fhka Tyq

iS;djlg le|jd" w;ruÕ oS lE.,a,g fkdÿre mrkl+re fldar<hg wh;a 6welsrsh., kï ia:dkfha oS Tyq fndre j,lg fy,d jO oS >d;kh lr oud ;u

oshKsh jq uekslaìfida nKavdrf.a mq;a kslmsáfha nKavdr fkdfyd;a rdciq¾h

l=ure fj; Wvrg md,kh mejrefõh' ^1585-1591& fuysos hglS ùriqkaor

nKavdrf.a mq;a fldkmamq nKavdr o wd;audrCIdj m;d mD;=.siska fj;

ukakdrug m,d.sfhah' tlS isoaêoduh fl<jr wkdjrKh flfrk wm%lg

ft;sydisl f;dr;=rla o úoHd¾Ókaf.a m%fhdackh msKsi fuys,d i|yka lrkq

jà'

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1. P.E PIERIS, CEYLON THE PORTUGUESE ERA, VOL I – 1914,P4162. DESCRRIPTION OF CEYLON – PHILLIPUS BALDAEUS – P 383. JOURNAL OF ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY –C/B, 1952,VOL ii, P 254. rdcj,sh ta'ù iqr0·r ixialrKh 1997'08'23 ¸ 5. J.R.A.S C/B 1952 VOL ii, P 256. -DO-, P 20

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1. JOURNAL OF ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY-C/B, 1952 VIL ii, P 252. fuh ñh hdula fkdj i;=re md¾Yajhla úiska iqlaIau f,i lrk ,o >d;khls' uydpd¾h rsisula wurisxy - is;djl rdcOdksfha Wka;ksh yd wjk;sh" ms' 147

tkï" fldkmamq nKavdr ukakdrug m,d .sh 1585 jir jk úg o lr,a,shoafoarcq

cSj;aj isá njh' ukaoh;a tysos lr,a,shoafoa rcq ;udf.a rka meka fld;,h

fldkmamq nKavdrhka yg msrskeñhhs ,xfoaYS wdKavqldr rhslaf,d*a jEka 1f.dfjkaiaf.a lksIaG& jd¾;djl oelafjk neúks'

ld,h flfuka f.ú .sfhah' fï jkúg ukd wOHdmkhla ,enq fodak

l;srskd l=ursh fh!jkhg tìlï lrñka isá w;r mD;=.Siskaf.a wNs,dIh jqfha

Wvrg rdcHfha ienE Wreulaldrsh jq wef.a uqjdfjka Wvrg rdcOdksfha n,h

w;am;a lr .eksuh' lr,a,shoafoa rcq m,d toaos Tyq yd meñKs nEkd jq huisxy

nKavdr o fodka ms,sma kñka fn!;siau o ,nd fï jk úg fhdjqka úfha miq jq w;r"

hglS fldkmamq nKavdr o lsishï fpdaokdjlg mD;=.Siska úiska f.daj rgg hjkq

,en isg miqj tráka mD;=.d,hg o hjkq ,en tysos fkdfhla wú Ys,am yd hqO

Ys,am iuÕ rdcH md,k lghq;= ms<sn|j ,enq úYsIaG ksmqK;djhla o iu.ska

wdmiq ish rg meñK isáfhah'

fukhska" Wvrg rdcOksh wdl%uKh lsrsfuys,d wejeis m%n, idOl /ila

w;afldg f.k isá mD;=.SiSyq fldkmamq nKavdr iy huisxy nKavdr m%uqL

mD;=.sis yuqodjla 1592 os Wvrg n,d msg;a lr yershy' tysos wka; mrdchla w;ajq

is;djl rdcisxyhkayg miqnei m,dhk w;rjdrfhaoS mdofha ;=jd,hla 2isÿúfuka fLsockl f,i cSú;fhka o iuq.eksug isÿjqfha h' tysos mD;=.siska

úiska huisxy nKavdr l=ure Wvrg md,lhd f,i m;alrkq ,enqj o yosisfha ji

Yrsr .;úulska Tyq o ure je<|.;a w;r" Wv/áhkaf.a o wdYs¾jdofhka

fldkmamq nKavdr Wvrg isyiqkg m;ajqfhah'

fï wkafmaIs; isÿúfuka fnfyúka fldamdúIag mD;=.siSka kej;;a Wvrg

wdl%uKhla i|yd jy jyd mshjr .;a w;r" Wvrg oskd .eksfuys,d ;=uq w;

meje;s m%n,u idOlh tkï tys iene Wreulaldrsh jq fodak lksrskd l=ursh

m%uqL yuqodjla tjr tys heúug mshjr .;ay' fï hqOm%hdKfha wdrïNh

isgu Tjqkg oel .eksug ,enqfKa wiqN fmr ksñ;sh'

-150-

l=ursh m%uqL fiakdxlh f.dvìu Tiafia msg;a jkq iu.u uqyqÿ u.ska heúu

i|yd fin`Mka 150 la o jy¨ka msrsila iuÕ fndfyda ñ, uqo,a iy jia;=j wvx.=

fmÜá 02 la iys;j kdúl hd;%djla o iqodkï lr ;snqK o yosisfha yud wd ie`v

l=Kdgqjlska kej id.rfha .s,s.sh w;r" bka osú .,jd.; yels jqfha tla mD;=.SiS

cd;slfhl=g iy iajfoaYslhka fofofkl=g muKs' wk;=rej hqOm%hdKh weròu

i|yd wm l:d kdhsld fodak l;srskd l=udrsh /.;a foda,dj Tij;au th Wiq,d

hk WK ,Sh ì|s .sfhah' —''' fuh uyd úm;l fmr ksñ;a;la ñka tydg tl 3wähla fyda uu fkdhkafkñ'˜ weh lE .eiqjdh' flfia jqjo foda,dj

w¿;ajeähd lsrsfuka wk;=rej 1594 cqks ui 13 jk osk .uka werUq mD;=.sis

yuqodj bka osk 08 lg miq Wvrg foaYisudjg <.d úh' fï jkúg fld<U isg 4bosrs ne¨ mD;=.sis fikam;s fmafv%da f,dafmaia o iqidf.a iy chùr nKavdrf.a

fiakdxl fol o Tjqkg tlaù isá w;r" Tjqka Wvrgg <.djk úg fldkmamq

nKavdr rcq uykqjr w;yer m,df.dia isáfha h'

uy;a yrirska fodak l;srskd l=udrsh fmrgq fldg .;a mD;=.sis yuqodj

W;al¾Ij;a rdclSh fmryerlska l=ursh hk uÕ os.g rkarsos ldis úiqrejñka

weh uykqjrg le|jdf.k .sh w;r" uÕ fomi ckhd fmdr ne|sñka tajd

wyq,kakg ùu losu oiqkla úh'

tfia uykqjr olajd fmr yer uÕ os.g úisrjq rkaldis m%udKh fld;rï o h;a"

th nfrka fgdka 09 1$2 la úh' bka f;osklg miq uy;a W;aijY%sfhka wm

l;dkdhsld fodak l;srskd l=udrsh isrs,l w. /csKsh f,iska rdcNsfIal

,enqjdh'

w. /cskl f,i lsre< oerej o wehg bka m%s;s m%fudaohla ,eîug ;rï hym;a

jd;djrKhla tys fkdúh' uq, mgkau fikam;s f,dafmaia o iqidf.a wNsm%dh jqfha

l;srskd l=ursh ish ìrs| lr .eksu jq w;r" th wjfndaO lr.;a weh th

ldreKslj m%;sCIam l<dh' fï w;r jdrfha wef.a w;m;d ;fjflla bosrsm;aj

isáfhah' ta iqidf.a iydhl yuqod m%Odks chùr nKavdr fkdfyd;a wrsÜG

lSfjkavq fmreud,a h' fï is;, hqoaOfha wjika m%;sm,h jqfha chùrhkaf.au

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3. DESCRIPTION OF CEYLON, P. BALDAEUR. P 184. fudyq uq,ska is;djl rdcisxyhkaf.a WmfoaYl f,i l%shdl< wrsÜg lSfjkavq fmreud,ah'

ySK/os isrsh weo iqid úiska chùrhka >d;kh lrkq ,eîuhs' fï

idyisll%shdfjka /csK n,j;a fia lïmd jqjdh' —'''

lskï fya;=jla u; jqj Tyq fodaysfhl= jqfha ù kuqÿ isr.; fldg fyda

idOdrK úksYaphlg n÷kafldg hqla;sh mis|,kq úkd fujka idyisl l%shdjla

fkdl< hq;=j ;sìKs' '' hs fckrd,af.a l%shdj ;rfha fy<d ÿgqjdh' —ud lshk foa

wikq' kqU fï l< l%shdj wkd.;fha oS kqUf.au úkdYh msKsi fya;= jkjd we;'

kqU kqUf.a ud¾.fhka i;=rd bj;a lr .;af;a ù kuqÿ ljod fyda i;Hh fy,sorõ

jq úg kqU ckhdf.a ms<sl=,g ,lajkjd we;' kqU ud fld;rï kï my;a wählg

fy,d we;s o @ kqfò l%shdj úiska kqU kqU,df.au rcqf.a kduhg fld;rï

ydkshlka isÿfldg we;s o @ kqUgu fiajh iemhq ñksidg kqU fï l< ks¾,Êcs;

l%shdfjka kqU kqUgu fld;rï ydkshla isÿlrf.k we;s o @ ''˜ hs ta jkúg o 13

yeúrsos úfha miqjq fodak lksrskd ìij ish mrsK; Ndjh úYo lrñka ;u

wm%idoh tfia m<lr isáhdh' ;u md,kh wdrïNfha oSu isÿjq fï wjikdjka;

isÿúfuka weh uy;afia lïmdjg m;aj isáhdh'

rc jdi, fï w¾nqoldrs j;djrKh wdYs¾jdolhla lr.;a ;jflla o

úh' ta uykqjrska m,df.dia l,ah,a n,ñka isá fldkmamq nKavdrhkah' uy;a n,

fik.la /iafldg .;a fyf;u uykqjr n,d bosrs n,ñka isá w;r" fodak

l;srskd /csK iy iqid we;=¿ mD;=.siska ud<s.h yeroud m,dhkakg úh' 1594

Tla' ui 06 jk osk lvq.kakdj wi, oka;=f¾ oS fofik. uqK.eiqkq w;r" tysos

we;s jq ìysiqKq igfkaoS f,dafmaia o iqid ure je<| .;af;ah' fldkmamq nKavdrf.a

wdOdrlrejka msrsila úiska n,fka oS m,dhñka isá fodak l;srskd ìij w,a,d

.kakd ,ÿj fldkmamq nKavdrhka yuqjg muqKqjkq ,eîh'

ffojh ish,a, ;Skaÿ fldg ;sìK' tysos weh ish w.fufyish njg m;alr .;a

fldkmamq nKavdr tkhska Wvrg lsre< flfrys ish ffk;sl Wreuh o ;yjqre

lr.ksñka Wvrg rc fm<m;l wdrïNh o b;sydifha iksgqyka lrñka ¸ jk

úu,O¾uiqrsh kñka 1594-1604& Wvrg isyiqkg m;ajqfhha'

ta jk úg o 14 jk úfha miq jq fodk l;srskd ìijf.a cSú;fha m%s;su;a

ld,mrsÉfPaohla ú kï ta úu,O¾uiqrsh rcq yd f.jq iuh úh' tfy;a th jqjo

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jir 10 la ;rï flá ld,hlg isud jqfhah' ukaoh;a 1604 os rcqf.a yosis

wNdjh isÿjq fyhsks' th o wjidkjka; isÿúul w;=re zM,hlafodaZ hs iel

isf;k ;rïh'

lsishï rdcH;dka;%sl lreKla ms<sn|j 1603'06'01 osk uvl,mqfõ oS rcq

yd isfnda,aä o úh¾Ü kï ,xfoais woañrd,ajrhd w;r yuqjla meje;s w;r" wêl

f,i îu;aj isá woañrd,ajrhd tysos wiNH f,i yeisfrñka rc ìij wrNhd l< fkdirema m%ldYhlska fldamdúIag jq rcq —fï n,a,d ne|ouõ˜ hs l< ksfhda.h

l%shd;aul lsrsug hdfï oS we;s jq .egqfuys wjika M,h jqfha úh¾Ü iy Tyqf.a

msrsjr Nghka 50 fofkl= rcqf.a wdrCIlhka w;ska ureuqjg m;aùuhs' fï

isÿúfuka rcq uy;a lïmdjg m;a jq w;r" '''' —úiqref.a mEk myrg jvd wjos jq

yDoh idCIsfhka ,efnkd ovqju nrm;,h'˜ hk ikd;k i;Hh wkqjfoda iaj,am

oskla h;au yosiaisfhau je<oS je<eos" iefkka ÿiaidOH ;;a;ajhla olajd j¾Okh

ù .sh y÷kdfkd.;a frda.hlska rcq T;am< jqfhah' ish YdrsrdNHka;rh

.skaklska oefjkq fia Tyqg oekqks' thg ms<shula f,i ks;r isis,a c,fhys isrer

.s,ajd ;ndf.k isáh o bka w,am fyda iykhla fkdùh' Tyqg mdkh i|yd isis,a

c,h f.k wdfõ W!j yd u;=rg w;rska .,d niskd y,a.%ka Tfhks' hful=g uqjg

.eksug mjd wisre ;rï isis,a jq ta c,fhka fyda Tyq ;=, jq oeú,a, iukh

fkdúh' úh¾Ü we;=¿ wysixl ,kao cd;slhka 50 fokd uqyqK ÿka l=rsre brKu

.ek rcq ksn| miq;ejqfkah' rdcH md,kh flfrys fyda wjOdkh fhduq l<

fkdyels ;rï ÿiaidOH ;;a;ajhl miqjQ rcq 1604 wf.daia;= udifha oS fuf,dfjka

iuq.;af;ah'

rcqf.a wl,a urKh isÿjk úg fodak l;srskd ìij ms<sfj,ska rÊcqre uy

woyiska fyj;a uyd wia;dkd l=udrisxy wia;dk Wvquyf,a woyiska iy álsrs

woyiska hk mq;ka fofofkl=f.a iy oshKshka fofofkl=f.a ujl fiau rcqf.a

wNdjfhka uilgmuK miq Wm; ,enq úchmd, l=udrhd ìyslsrsug iqodkïj isá 1

wguia .eìkshl o jqjdh'

ish m%sh iajdñhdf.a wl,a úfhdafjka wmuK lïmdjg m;ajqjo rg

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1. J.H.O PAULUSZ, SOME SINHLESE RAOYAL FAMILIES, JOURNAL OF ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY – 1952, VIL ii P 29

wrdcsl jkq fkdos rdcH md,kh ish;g .ksñka w. /csKsh f,i weh

h<s;a isyiqkg m;ajquq;a os.gu tys /|sisáug fodak l;srskd ìijf.a wfmaCIdj

fkdjqfhah' wef.a wruqK jqfha ñh.sh ieñhdf.a o wNsu;h jq ish fodgq mq;a uyd

wia;dk l=ure ksisúh imqrk f;la iqÿiafil= fj; rdcH md,k Ndrh mjrdoSuh'

ta wkqj ish woyi rdciNdj yuqfõ ;enq weh ta i|yd iqÿiaikag bosrsm;a úh

yels neõ oekqï ÿkakdh'

tysos ms<sfj,ska fiakdr;ak fkdfyd;a fikr;a" W!fõ l=udrhd fkdfyd;a

W!fõ úosfha nKavdr iy fojkl uhdÿkafka hkqfjka wfmaCIlhka ;sfoklau

bosrsm;a jqy' fikr;a kï jq l,s ud;f,a wia.srs fldar<fha w¿;a.u .%dufha

fykr;a ydñ kï .urd< flfkl=g odj úu,O¾uiqrsh rcqf.a iq¿ujlg Wmka

mq;%fhl= jq w;r" Tyq fmr rcqf.a fiakdêkdhl yd fld;auf,a m%;srdc ;k;=frka

msÿï ,en isáfhah' W!fõ úosfha nKavdr jq l,s fodak lks;rskd ìijf.a

uq;a;Kqjka jq ¸ jk chùr rcqf.a fojk újdyfha mq;%fhl=f.a uqkqnqfrl= jq w;r"

Tyq W!fõ m%;srdc ;k;=r oersh' fokjl udhdÿkafka jq l,s imqu,a l=ure

fkdfyd;a fldaÜfÜ ¹¸ jk nqjfkl=ndyq rcqf.a uqkqnqfrl= fiau d;s;ajfhka

fodak l;srskd ìijf.a wejeiai uiaiskd flfkla o jq w;r" fmr rcqf.a

rdcdNsfIalfha oS w. fikam;s f,i m;alr .ekqfka Tyqh'

/csK yuqfõ ;u iqÿiqlï bosrsm;a l< ;sfok msgù hñka isák w;r

jdrfha Tjqka w;rska wvqu iqÿiqlï,dNShd jq fikr;a ;ud miqlr hñka isá W!fõ

úosfha nKavdrhkag yosisfhau lsKsis myrla t,a, fldg Tyq urdoeñh' bka

ìhm;a jq uhdÿkafka l=urd Wvráka o m,d.sfhah' W!fõ l=uref.a ìysiqKq

>d;kfhka fldamdúIag jq ckhd fikr;af.ka m<s.kakd njg osjqrñka

úos nei Woaf>daIKh lrkakg jqy' Tjqka ikaiqka lr.; yels jqfha /csKu

bosrsm;a ù fikr;ag ;rfha ;rjgq lr isoaêh fy<doel j.lsjhq;a;dg ksis

ovqjï muqKqjk njg m%;sdoSfuka miqh'

tfy;a iajNdjfhkau fflrdál mqoa.,fhl= jq fikr;a" ;ud ta l%shdj

lsrsug fm<UqfKa /csKf.a iy orejkaf.a u;= wdrCIdj msKsih h' pdgqfjka weh

wiajdid,sug muKla fkdj" weh ish w.fufyish fldg f.k fikr;a kñka

^1604-1635& isyiqkg m;aùug o iu;a jqfhah' bka jir 07 lg miq l%s'j 1611 oS

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fodak l;srskd ìijg fikr;a rcqg odj miq lf,l ¸¸ rdcisxy kñka

isyiqkg m;a jq foajrdcisxy l=urd ìys jq w;r" wef.a cSú;fha wjdikdjka;u

l,oidj Wodjkafka thska miqjh'

t;eka mgka fikr;a rcqf.a tlu wfmaCIdj jqfha ;udf.ka miq iajlSh

;scmq;% foajrdcisxy l=urdg isyiqkg f.dvùug flá udj;la ;kd oSuh' tfia

kï ta jk úg o fh!jkhg tìlï lrñka isá" lsref<ys iene Wreulrejka jq

uyd wdia;dk" l=udrisxy wdia;dk iy úchmd, wia;dkd hk fmr

rcqf.a orejka ;sfokd bosrs udjf;ka bj;a l< hq;=h fikr;a yuqfõ jq

úYd,;u .eg¿j th úh'

Wv/áhka lïmdjg m;alrjq ta ìysiqKq fÄojdplh isÿjqfha

1612'08'22 oskh' tosk fikr;a rcq ta jk úg fh!jkfhlaj isá fmr

rcqf.a fogqmq;a uyd wdia;dk l=ure o legqj uyje,s .fÕa c, l%svd msKsi

msg;aj .sh w;r" iaj,am fõ,djlg miq ie,jqfha uyd wdia;dk l=ure

osfha.s,s ñh.sh njh' ckdorhg md;% ù isá uyd wdia;dk l=uref.a yosis

úfhdaj wid l=ms; jq ckhd tjros úos nisñka —;u wdorKSh l=uref.a

urKhg j.lsj hq;a;df.a ui brd lEug b,a,ñka˜ flda,y, lrkakg

jqy' tjro Tjqka md,kh lr.; yels jqfha ;u mK jeks mq;=g w;a jq

l=rsre brKfuka wmuK lïmdjg m;aj isáh o l=uref.a ueKShkau

bosrsm;a ù Tyqf.a urKh isÿj we;af;a Êjr frda.hla ÿiaiOH úu

fya;=fjkah hs' ckhd wiajid,Sug iu;a úfuks' ck;d úfrdaOh tfia

hgm;a lr oeñug fikr;a iu;a jqjo l=uref.a urKh isÿjqfha Êjr

frda.hlska fkdj" osfha .s,aúulska nj ck;djf.ka jika lsrsug Tyq

wiu;a jqfhah'

fï w;r ck;dj ;=< rcq flfrys jq wm%idoho l%ufhka j¾Okh

fjñka meje;s w;r" th le/,a,l fjiska mqmqrdhdug jeä oskla

fkd.sfhah' kef.kysr m<df;a mdku m%foaYdêm;s mdku rcq mD;=.Siskaf.a

o iydh f.k rcqg tfrysj le/,s .ik nj ie,jqfha uyd wdia;dk

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l=uref.a >d;kfhka foi;shla blau .sh tu iema;eïn¾ ui wdrïNfha

oSh' tysos fikr;a rcq úYd, n, fik.la mdkug hjd le/,a, uev"

mdku rcq we;=¿ úuqla;sldñka 62 l= uykqjr w,ajdf.kjq;a Tjqka l=rsre

jOysxidjkag ,lafldg we;=ka ,jd md.jd urd oeñh' mq;=f.a úfhdafjka

lïmdfjñka isá fodak l;srskd ìijg ish ysff;Is m%dka; md,lfhl= jq

mdku rcqg w;ajq fYdals brKu o jEúh yelalla fkdjqfhah'

;ud fikr;af.a wd.ukfha oS Tyqg o fjfiiska wjOdrKh l<

mrsos" fodak l;srskd ìijf.a tlu m%d¾:kh jqfha m%sh iajdñhd jq

úuO¾uiQßh rcq urK uxplfha isg l< b,a,Su wkqj kqÿre oskloSu ;u fogq

mq;a uyd wdia;dk l=uref.a rdcdNsfIalh isÿlsrsuh' tfy;a oeka ta isyskh imqrd

fnd|j f.dia yudrh' ;j;a lksgq mq;=ka fofokl= we;;a Tjqka ;ju;a <ud

úfhah' wer;a meyeos,s j¾;udkh fufia ú kï wmeyeos,s ÿr wkd.;h flfia

úh yels o @ ieneúkau" wef.a cSú;hu foford f.dia ;sìKs'

'''' fodak l;srskd ìijf.a orejka w;rska úu,O¾uiqrsh rcqg odj Wmka

orejka ms<sn| meyeos,s yd ksYaÑ; woyila fï olajd;a b;sydifha oelaù

fkdue;s neõ i|yka l< hq;=h' weh úu,O¾uiqrsh rcqg odj l=udrhka

;=kafofkl= yd tla l=urshl je÷ nj;a Tjqka kï uyd wdia;dk fkdfyd;a

rdciqrsh wdia;dk " Wvquf,a wdia;dk " l=udrisxy wdia;dk iy úchmd, wdia;dk 1nj;a rdcj,sh olajhs' fï w;r fuu ,smsh wdrïNfha oela jq mrsos fodak l;srskd

2ìijf.a urK uxplh wi, orejka mia fofkla isá neõ ne,aosfhia i|yka

lrhs' tfiau Tyq úu,O¾uiqrsh rcq ñh hk úg Tyqg uyd wdia;dk woyiska iy

iq¾hd uy woyiska yd yka;dk woyiska hqkfjka mqf;l= iy oshKshka fofofkl=

isá nj;a" fodak l;srskd ìijf.a wNdjfhka wk;=rej fikr;a rcq bka tla 3oshKshl irKmdjd .;a nj;a" i|yka lrhs' tfiau Tyq l=udrisxy wdia;dk

fikr;af.a mqf;lehs o mjihs' fï w;r" wo;a fndfyda b;sydihskaf.a

mjd wjOdkhg yiqfkdjq jákd úYajdikSh wm%lg ft;sydisl uq,Y%hla

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1' rdcj,sh - ta'ù iqrùr ixialrKh" 1997" ms' 1012 . DESCRIPTION OF CEYLON – P. BALDAEUS, P 38 3. DESCRIPTION OF CEYLON – P. BALDAEUS, P 38

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úu,O¾uiqrsh rcqf.a orejka ms<sn| meyeos,s úia;rhla fmkajd fohs' ta 4,xfoais wdKavqldr jekaf.djkaia lksIag& úiska 1676 os ,shd ;nk ,o jd¾;djls'

thg wkqj úu,O¾uiqrsh rcq ñh hk úg isá orejka ms<sfj,ska rÊcqre uy

wodiska ^uy wdia;dk &" l=udrisxy wdia;dk " hk fol=ureka iy álsrs woyiska

yd Wvqudf,a wodiska hk l=urshka fofokdh' tfiau ìij B,`. ore m%iq;sh i|yd

iqodkïj isá wguia .eìkshla o ú isáhdh' rcqf.a wNdjfhka miq ìys jq ta l=urd

úchmd, wia;dkh' fï w;r we;eï b;sydihka by; lS Wvqudf,a wdia;dk o

mq;%fhlehs o miq l,ays Tyqf.a ku fld;ekl fyda i|yka fkdjk nj o i|yka 5 lr we;;a th ÿrjfndaOlehs lsj hq;=h' ukaoh;a fikr;a rcqfiau miqlf,l

úu,O¾uiqrsh rcqf.a f,a Wreu lrejka ovhfuys fhÿkq" Tyq mq;a ¸ rdcisxy rcq

o úchmd, rcqf.a wm%lg mq;% l=udr wdia;dk l=urd >d;kh lsrsug ie,iqï lr

;sìhoS ryfiau Tyqf.a osú fírd m,dhdug i,iajkafka Tyqf.a kekaoKsh jq 6 Wvqudf,a wodiskah'

;u fmïnr iajdñhd jq úu,O¾uiqrsh rcqf.a wl,a úfhdafjka miq ;udg

b;srsj ;snq tlu wfmaCIdj jq fogqmq;=g w;a jq wjdikdjka; fÄojdplh;a

iuÕu fodak l;srskd ìijf.a cSú;hu brs;,d .sfhah' t;eka mgka weh fk;g

kskaola fkd,enqjdh' l=ig wyrla fkd.;a;dh' ks;r mq;= isyslrñka je,mqkdh'

iqiqï,ñka l,amkdfõ ksu.ak jqjdh' ;u is; ;e¨ fm¨jkaf.ka m<s.kafkñhs

osjq,dh' thskau weh oeä fia .s,ka jqjdh' wjik tla;rd ;SrKhlg t<òweh

;u orejka mia fokd o /f.k ud<s.fhka msg ù inr.uqfõ mrKl=re

fldar<hg wh;a lE.,a,g fkdÿre je,sukakdf;dg yqol,d mrsirhl msysá ;u

ksjig meñKshdh' ta jk úg wef.a frda.s ;;a;ajh ÿiaidOH w;g yers ;snq w;r"

tysos weh T;am< jqjdh'

''' ta jk úg o jir 32 la jeks osú .ufkys fh!jkfha miq jq wm l;d

kdhsld l=iqudik foaù fkdfyd;a fodak l;srskd ìij ;u orejkaf.a /ljrKh

;udf.a úYajdij;a m%OdkSka fom<la jq W!fõ l=udrhd fkdfyd;a l=reúg rd< iy

ñ.uqfõ l=udrhd kñka m%lgj isá ,kao cd;sl udis,ia fndial=j¾ hk fofokd

fj; mjrd fuu ,smsh wdrïNfha i|yka l< mrsos weh wi, /os isá fikr;a rcq

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4. J.H.O PAULUSZ-SOME SINHALESE ROYAL FAMILIES, JOURNAL OF ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, 1952,VOL ii, p 21

5. lr.ïmsáf.dv iqukidr iaÓúr - fy<osj rdcj¾I úu¾I" ms' 142

6. J.R.A.S. (C/B), 1952,VOL ii, P 32

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fj; weÕs,a, os.= fldg —''''' udf.a urKhg fya;=j Tnh ''˜ hs f;d,a u;=rd

yrshgu woska jir 402 lg fmr l%sj' 1613 cq,s ui 20 jk osk fuf,dfjka

iuq.;a;dh'

tjka ffojfha l=rsre brKulg ,la jq isrs,l wjika w. /csKsh jq

l=iqudik foaú fkdfyd;a fodak l;srskd /csK wjika iqiqï fy¨ ueÿfrys

kIagdjfYaIhka iy wE fjkqfjka bosl< fidfydka fld; mjd uE; ld,hla

olajd je,sukakdf;dg k.rdikakfha oel.; yelsj meje;s nj;a" fï jk úg ta

ish¨ ft;sydisl isysjgkhka ixj¾Okh fjiska meñKs fldkal%SÜ ixialD;sh

úiska jid.kq ,en we;s nj m%isoaO ryils' th tfia jqjo wju jYfhka

u;=mrïmrdfõ oek .eksu i|yd fyda tlS ia:dkh wkdjrKh fldg ixrCIKh

lr;eìu n,Odrskaf.a j.lSu nj fufia igyka lr ;nuq'

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