HUMAN FACTORS & ORGANIZATIONAL HEALTH

PSYCHOLOGY

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HUMAN FACTORS Human factors is a specialty area of I/O

psychology concerned with designing tools, machines, work systems, and workplaces to fit workers.

Human factors also has a goal of training workers to use machines and systems and to protect worker safety and comfort.

The earliest roots of human factors lie with Frederick Taylor, but human factors focuses more on the worker than the work task.

HUMANFACTORS

OPERATOR-MACHINESYSTEMS

HUMANERROR

WORKSPCEDESIGN

OPERATOR-MACHINE SYSTEMS• Definition: the interaction of one or more

persons with one or more tools or devices to perform some task

• The human factors psychologist views the operator and the machine as engaged in a two-way interaction

To design an operator-machine system, a human factors psychologist often begins with a detailed job analysis

Psychologist take into account the respective strengths of both the human operator and the machine system

The next step is for the human factors psychologists to coordinate these activities (in terms of inputs and outputs of both parties, operator and machines)

Displays Machine communicate with human operator

through a variety of displays. Some of these displays are visual ,such as the

radar screen an air traffic controller uses or the light on your auto mobile dashboard.

Others are auditory : bells, buzzers and horn that are often used to attract the operator’s attention.

Type of displays: Tactile displays Olfactory displays

Regardless of the type of display, speed and accuracy are often of utmost importance when considering which to use in an efficient operator-machine system.

Of the various modes, visual and auditory displays are by far the most common.

Human factors psychologists are concerned with both the speed and accuracy of operators when reading visual displays and will consider such factors as the brightness of the display, its size and other qualities.

A common problem is giving operators too much information that can overload the operator or delay response time.

Auditory displays designed to get the operator’s attention and are typically used as warning systems because they usually communicate information faster and more efficiently than visual displays.

Operator Information Processing and Decision Making When a machine displays output information

about operating status, it is time for the human part of the system to go to work.

Human factors psychologists study the perceptual process of how operators take in information from machine displays and the factors that can improve accurate perception.

The operator takes this information, which must then be classified and interpreted.

Then, the operator must compare any information provided by a machine display to some cognitively stored information.

The sound of a bell may be classified as a warning signal and interpreted as indicating that it is time for the operator to change some machine operation.

To classify and interpret the incoming information, the operator relies on memory, calling on past experience with the machine system.

Through experience and training, the operator has learned the specific language that this particular system uses, which then serves as a reference for interpreting whatever messages the machine displays are outputting.

The next step is the decision making. A variety of decision-making situations can

arise in operator-machine interactions.

The most basic is whether or not an operator action is needed.

The operator might rely on memories of how this situation was handled in the past or try to recall what the “normal” procedure is in this instance.

Controls Controls are the various knobs, switches, buttons,

pedals, levers, and the like that are connected to the operation of a machine.

An on-off switch or a forward reverse lever cause very general changes in machine operations.

A volume dial or a channel/frequency selector on a radio, can be designed to make more precise changes.

Some of these controls are shape-coded to help the operator know immediately which control is being activated.

The operator needs to put a hand on the control to know what machine function is regulated by that control.

Advance Control System: Touch screen Control Tele-operator Voice Control

COMPARISON OF FIVE COMMON CONTROLS

Human ErrorDefinition (Reason, 1990) “The failure of a planned action to be completed

as intended”(error of execution) “The use of a wrong plan to achieve an

aim”(error of planning)

TypeActive errorLatent error

Incident occur due toPoor designSenior management decision makingProcedure Lack of trainingLimited resources

Example of incidentThree Mile IslandChernobyl

WORKSPACE DESIGN Definition: The design and arrangement of

equipment, space and machinery in a work environment.

Engineering Anthropometry is the measurement of physical characteristics of the body and development of equipment to fit those characteristics.

Workspaces should be designed not for functional efficiency, but for physical and psychological comfort of the worker.

Anthropometrics :Measurement of the dimensions of the

body and other physical characteristics.

There are two types of measurement: Static (Structural)Dynamic (Functional)

Static (Structural) Anthropometry

Distances are measured when the body in fixed position.

They consist of :Skeletal dimensions Contour dimensions.

Doesn't include clothing or packages.

Dynamic (Functional) Anthropometry

Distances are measured when the body is in motion or engaged in a physical activity.

They includes reach, clearance, volumetric data (kinetosphere).

Static anthropometric data exists more than dynamic anthropometric data even though dynamic data are more representative of actual human activities.

Sanders and McCormick offers a system of priorities for making choices about design elements:Primary visual tasks. Primary controls for interaction in the primary visual

task. Control-display relationships. Concerns the arrangement of elements that are used in

sequence. To locate conveniently those elements that are used

frequently.

REFERENCEBooks:

Jewell, L. N. (1998). Contemporary Industrial/Organizational Psychology Third Edition. Pacific Grove, CA :Brooks/Cole Publishing.

Ronald E. Riggio (2003). Introduction to Industrial/Organizational Psychology Fourth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ :Pearson Education/Pearson.

Website:

http://www.chfg.org/resource/human-factors-theory http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/alsaleh/.../Work-Space%20D

esign.ppt http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/studentdownloads/DE

A3250pdfs/AnthroDesign.pdf

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