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Gerund and infinitive forms

CAMELIA CHANDRA M.KOM MM

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www.mercubuana.ac.id

GERUND

• Gerunds may perform all the function that nouns do. A gerund is the –ing form of a verb that can be used as a noun. A gerund can function asa subject as well as an object.

• STRUCTUREA GERUND : the-ing form of a verb (e.g. talking, playing, understanding)Examples:

Playing tennis is funS V

• The form of the verb that ends in -ing is called a Gerund when used as a noun. Because their function is that of a noun, gerunds may be used as the subject of a sentence

ExampleRunning regularly will make you feel better.Studying requires most of my time during the day.

GERUND – Cont ….

• The -ing form can also be called a present participle; however, the function is that of a verb when used in the present or past progressive: Example: The teacher is speaking to her students.

Playing tennis is funS V

In this example, playing is a gerund. It is used as the subject of thesentence. Playing tennis is a gerund phrase.

We enjoy playing tennis.S V O

In this example, playing is used as the object of the verb enjoy

He’s excited about playing tennis.Prep O

In this example, playing is used as the object of the pre-position.

USING GERUNDS AS THE OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

A gerund is frequently used as the object of the preposition.

Example:We talked about going to Canada for our vacationSue is in charge of organizing the meetingI’m interested in learning more about your work.

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS• Enjoy appreciate• Quit finish• Avoid postpone• Keep consider• Suggest discuss• Mind stop• Delay mention•

GERUND

If a gerund is combined with a preposition, it is called a Gerund phrase.Example:

Our daughter's life ambition is studying to be a doctor.Possessive adjectives precede a gerund:Her working late is making her sick.I don’t mind him being here.

There are some verbs that must be followed by a gerund. Example:I enjoy studying. Would you mind being quiet?

The following verbs MUST be followed by a gerund:admit discuss finish miss quitgive up postpone stop (=quit) avoid resistconsider dislike keep on practice think aboutrecommend put off enjoy mindsuggest go + activities

GERUND

The choice of a gerund or an infinitive, in some instances, does not affect the meaning of a verb.

a) I prefer to go to the mall.b) I prefer going to the mall.

• Verbs that show emotion and the fulfillment of un fulfillment of anactivity may affect the meaning depending on the choice of aninfinitive or a gerund. Gerunds are used to describe actions that arefactual, whereas infinitives are used to describe actions that may takeplace in the time to come or that are possible.

Verbs of Emotion:Factual: Did you like dancing last night?Possible: Do you like to dance?

INFINITIVES

AN INFINITIVE : to + the simple form of a verb (e.g. to talk, to play, tounderstand)

However, if there is a second object complement, an infinitive is used.The doctor advised me to reduce my fat intake.He urged me to give up fried food.This has required me to change a lot of old habits.

These are some verbs that follow the preceding pattern:• advise force allow tell• persuade require permit remind• urge forbid invite warm• encourage command trust teach• convince oder cause hire

More examples: I trust my doctor to do the job right.They hired him to solve the problems here.

INFINITIVE

• Infinitives as subjects:To be on time is important in this culture.

• Infinitives as objects:The asked her to check the letter before it was sent.

• Infinitives used in passive construction:I was told to go very quickly and quietly.

The following verbs may be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive:attempt continue intend plan trybegin dread like prefer cant standhate love start stop

The following verbs are followed by infinitives:want need would like hope expect agree seem agree

appear learn mean try forget offer

COMMON VERBS (GERUND & INFINITIVES)

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES• Hope to intend to• Promise to offer to• Seem to pretend to• Expect to want to• Plan to decide to• Agree to refuse to• Appear to ask to• Would like to need to

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVES OR GERUNDSThe following are verbs which are followed by infinitive or gerund• Begin like hate• Start love• Continue preferExamples:It began to rain/it began raining

GERUND OR INFINITIVE – LITTLE DIFFERENCE IN MEANING

• After some verbs (begin, start, continue, like, love, hate,intend and prefer) you can usually use either a gerund oran infinitive. There is practically no difference in meaning.

• Exception: After would/should + like/love, only theinfinitive can be used.

a. I began to play the piano when I was six.

b. We must continue to look for new staff.

a. I began playing the piano when I was six.

b. W e must continue looking for new staff.

Gerund or infinitive - important difference in meaning

Stop • I've stopped smoking. The activity (smoking) stops.

• We stopped to smoke a cigarette. The activity is the reason for stopping.

rememberforget regret

• I remember playing with Lego.• I'll never forget driving into that brick wall.• I regret not learning Latin.

The activity or event has already happened.

• Remember to take back those library books.• She forgot to lock the door.• We regret to say that we are unable to help you.

The activity has not yet happened. It can or is/was supposed to be done.

Mean • I didn't mean to interrupt. to intend to

• A 7.45 lesson means getting up early. to have as a result/an effect

try • They tried giving him penicillin, but it had no effect.

to test something to see if it works

• I tried to lift the crate, but it was too heavy. to attempt something difficult

EXERCISE (GERUND VS INFINITIVE)

• Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct form (s) of theverbs in parentheses.

Example:I like (go)…..to the zoo.Answer: to go/going

1. The play wasn’t good. The audience started (leave)….before it wasover.

2. The children love (swim)…..in the ocean3. I hate (see)…..any living being suffer. I cant bear with it4. I always remember (turn)…off all the lights before I leave my house5. Did you remember (give)…..Jake my message?

Terima KasihCAMELIA CHANDRA M.KOM MM