Gerund and Infinitive p.p

8/2/2019 Gerund and Infinitive p.p

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Infinitive and Gerund

as the subject of a clause:To know you is to love you.

Infinitive as the Subject of a Clause (followed bythe verbs below)

Example: To follow his advice seemed logical.be

seem

appear
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after certain expressions (without to)

Why notgo to the cinema?

Infinitive after certain Expressions (without 'to') Example: I would ratherstayat home.

had better

would rather

would sooner

why not

why should I/you/ [not]
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after the following expressions:

had better You had better clean up your room.

would ratherSusan would rather study for her examtomorrow.

would soonerI would sooner read a book than watchthis film.

why notWhy not ask your neighbour for help?

why should weWhy should we go by car?

why should we notWhy should we not go by car?


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after certain verbs (without to) I canswim. Infinitive after certain Verbs (without to) Example: We muststayat home. can dare (also with to) do

help (also with to) let may must need (also with to) shall should will


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The Infinitive without to

after auxiliaries/modals

can He can run very fast.could As a boy he could run very fast.

may I may fly to Africa this summer.

might I might fly to Africa this summer.

must I must go now.mustn't You mustn't smoke here.

needn't You needn't go.

shall We shall sing a song.

should We should sing a song.will She will cook a meal for his birthday.

would She would cook a meal for his birthday.


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after certain verbs (with to) He wantsto swim. afford agree aim appear arrange

attempt be determined beg care choose claim condescend consent


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dare (also without to)

decide

demand

deserve

determine

endeavour

expect

fail

guarantee

happen

have

help (also without to)

hesitate

hope


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learn long manage

mean need (also without to) neglect offer

ought plan prepare pretend proceed promise refuse resolve


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seem stop swear

tend threaten trouble undertake used volunteer vow want wish

would hate would like would love would prefer


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after certain verbs with interrogatives (infinitiveconstructions)

They dont know howto swim.

Infinitive after certain Verbs with Interrogative(how, if, what, where, whether)

Example: We didn't remember whereto meet.

ask

advise + Object consider

decide

explain find out

forget
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know

learn

remember see

show

teach

tell + object

understand

wonder


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after certain verbs with objects (without to)

He made herswim.

Infinitive after certain Verbs with an Object(without 'to')

Example: We heard himscream.

let

make


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after let + object:

Let Sandy let her child go out alone.

Mother let her daughter decide on her own.

let's Let's go for a walk through the park.


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after make + object:

Make She made Peggy and Samantha clean the room.


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after certain verbs with objects (with to)

Theywanted himto swim.

Infinitive after certain Verbs with an Object (with 'to')

Example: Shegot meto wash the dishes.

advise allow

ask

beg

cause

enable encourage

expect

forbid

force

get

help

invite

mean

order


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permit

persuade

recommend remind

teach

tell

want

warn

would hate

would like would love

would prefer


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after certain adjectives and their comparisons Its easierto swim downstream. Infinitive after certain Adjectives

Example: It was impossibleto go back. amazed amazing angry

astonished astonishing awkward brave careless clever cowardly crazy


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delighted

difficult

disappointed

disgusted easy

extraordinary

funny

generous

glad

happy

hard

honest

horrified

impossible


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kind nice odd

pointless relieved ridiculous rude sad selfish silly sorry strange

stupid surprised wicked wise


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after nouns deriving from the verbs mentioned above

We made apromiseto swim. (derived from the verb topromise)

Infinitive after certain Nouns Example: There was no needto get angry. effort agreement

aim appearance arrangement attempt choice claim decision determination


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expectation

failure

guarantee

hesitation

hope

longing

need neglect

offer

plan

preparation procedure

promise


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refusal

resolution

tendency threat

trouble

try


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The Infinitive with to

after: the first Gagarin was the first to fly in a spaceship.

the last Peter was the last to watch the film.the next He is the next to get his passport.

after: adjectives

I'm happy to be here.

It's better not to smoke.

after: certain verbs(agree, choose, forget, hope, learn, promise, regret,

want, ) I learn to drive a car.


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after: question words

I don't know what to say.

Can you tell me how to get to the bus stop?after: want/would like

I want you to help me.

verb + object + to-infinitiveI helped my dad to clean the car.

NOTE!!!

I want to help you. I want you to help me.

ft t d


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after to do

do I don't know.


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after verbs of perception + object (action hasfinished):

feel She feels the rain fall on her face.hear I heard Peter sing a song.

notice Mandy noticed the boy climb the tree.

see They saw him climb up the roof.

watch He watched the thieves steal a car


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Gerund

Use -ing form used as a noun

Form

infinitive + -ing

Examples

Going to parties is fun. Gerund is subject

I enjoy reading. Gerund is object


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as the subject of a clause

Cycling is good for your health.


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after certain adjectives

Hes afraid ofgoing by plane.

Adjectives (with Prepositions) followed by the Gerund

Example: I am interested invisiting the museum.

afraid of

angry about / at

bad at

busy

clever at

crazy about

disappointed about

excited about

famous for

fond of


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glad about

good at

impressed by

interested in

keen on

like

near proud of

sick of

sorry about

tired of worried about

worth

afraid of They are afraid of losing the match


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afraid of They are afraid of losing the match.

angry about/at Pat is angry about walking in the rain.

bad at

good atJohn is good at working in the garden.clever at He is clever at skateboarding.

crazy about The girl is crazy about playing tennis.

disappointed about/at He is disappointed about seeingsuch a bad report.

excited aboutWe are excited about making our own film.

famous forSandy is famous for singing songs.

fed up with I'm fed up with being treated as a child.fond of Hannah is fond of going to parties.

glad about She is glad about getting married again


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glad about She is glad about getting married again.

happy about/at The children are not happy aboutseeing a doctor.

interested inAre you interested in writing poems?keen onJoe is keen on drawing.

proud ofShe is proud of riding a snowboard.

sick ofWe're sick of sitting around like this.

sorry about/forHe's sorry for eating in the lesson.

tired ofI'm tired of waiting for you.

used to She is used to smoking.

worried about I'm worried about making mistakes.


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after certain prepositionsBefore going to bed he turned off the lights. Prepositions followed by the Gerund

Example: Insteadof studying for her exams, she went out everynight. about (in 'how/what about') after apart from

because of before by in in spite of

instead of on without

after After having a shower I waited for Steven


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afterAfter having a shower, I waited for Steven.

before The tablet must not be taken before getting upin the morning

by I manage it by working much longer than 40-hour weeks.

in spite of In spite of studying a lot he didn't pass theexams.

On She insisted on calling her sister.without He told the joke without laughing.


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after certain verbsI enjoycooking. Verbs followed by the Gerund Example: I enjoyenjoycooking. admit advise allow appreciate avoid can't help can't stand consider delay deny dislike enjoy escape


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fancy

finish

go (ingo swimming) imagine

involve

keep

mention

mind

miss


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permit

postpone

practise reject

resist

risk

stop

suggest

understand

waste time / money


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We use the Gerund after the following verbs:

Admit He admitted having driven too fast.

avoidThey avoid going on holiday on Saturdays.carry on If we carry on sleeping so badly, we may need

help.

considerRalph is considering buying a new house.

delay I delayed telling Max the news.deny She denies reading the book.

dislikeWe dislike reading poems.

can't help He couldn't help falling in love with her.enjoy I enjoy playing chess.


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Finish They finished working in the garden.

give up Susan gives up playing ice-hockey.

imagine He imagined driving a new car.include Your responsibility includes taking reservations

on the phone.

involve The project will involve growing plants.

justify I cannot justify paying $100 for this ticket.

keep (on) They keep on running.


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mention Did Alex ever mention playing baseball?

mindI don't mind sleeping on the couch.

miss They miss playing with their friends.practise She practised playing hockey.

regret Do you regret having mentioned it?

riskYou risk catching a cold.

suggest She suggested flying to Cairo.


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after certain verbs with prepositions

I am looking forward to seeing you again.

Verbs with Prepositions followed by the Gerund

Example: I'm looking forward toseeing you again soon.

accuse of adjust to

agree with

apologize for

approve of

ask about ask for

begin by

believe in

be used to

blame for


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care for carry on complain about

concentrate on congratulate on consist of cope with decide against decide for depend on die of dream about / of


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escape from feel like forgive for

give up insist on keep on look forward to object to pay for prevent sb. from protect from put off


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rely on spend money on spend time on

succeed in suspect of take part in talk about / of

thank for think of use for warn against worry about


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VERBS WITH PREPOSITINS

accuse of They were accused of breaking into a shop.

agree with I agree with playing darts.

apologize forThey apologize for being late.believe in She doesn't believe in getting lost in the wood.

blame forThe reporter is blamed for writing bad stories.

complain about She complains about bullying.

concentrate on Do you concentrate on reading or writing?congratulate sb. on I wanted to congratulate you on making such

a good speech.

cope with He is not sure how to cope with getting older.


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decide against They decided against stealing the car.

depend on Success may depend on becoming more patient.

dream about/ofSue dreams of being a pop star.

feel like They feel like going to bed.get used toYou must get used to working long hours.

insist on The girls insisted on going out with Mark.

look forward to I'm looking forward to seeing you soon.

prevent sb. from sth. How can I prevent Kate from working in thisshop?

rely on sth. He doesn't rely on winning in the casino.

succeed in How then can I succeed in learning chemistry?


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g yspecialize in The firm specialized in designing websites.

stop sb. from I stopped Andrew from smoking.

talk about/ofThey often talk about travelling to NewZealand.

think ofFrank thinks of playing chess.

warn sb. againstWe warned them against using thiscomputer.

worry about The patient worries about having the check-up.

f i


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after certain nouns

We had problems finding our way back home. Nouns / Nouns withPrepositions followed by the Gerund

Example: There's nopoint inwaiting any longer.

advantage of alternative of

chance of

choice between

danger of

difficulty in

doubt about experience in

fun

hope of

idea of

interest in

opportunity of


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opportunity of place for pleasure in point in possibility of problem reason for trouble

trouble in use way of waste of money waste of time

We use the Gerund after the following nouns:d f Wh i h d f f i h i ?


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advantage ofWhat is the advantage of farming over hunting?chance of There's a chance of catching a cold these days.choice between There's a choice between flying to London

Heathrow or Stansted.

danger of Peggy is in danger of making a mistake.difficulty in He has difficulty in sending SMS.doubt about He is in doubt about buying the correct software for

his computer system.hope of There's little hope of catching Schumacher's Ferrari.idea of I like the idea of setting up a new email account.


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interest in There's no interest in writing letters.

method of This is a simple method of finding solutions

opportunity ofThere's some opportunity of bringing her parents

together again.possibility ofThese new wheels offer the possibility of riding

tubeless.

problem of He has the problem of swimming too slow.

reason for There's a real reason for winning the contest.

risk ofThere's a risk of digging too deep.

trouble for He was in trouble for stealing.

way ofThis is a new way of building a wall.


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Words followed either by Infinitive or Ing-Form
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same meaning

I started to read. / I started reading

Words with the same meaning

Example: I started to read. / I started reading.

attempt begin

bother

cannot bear

cease

continue hate

intend

love

prefer

start


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NO DIFFERENCE IN MEANING

We use the Gerund or the Infinitive after the following verbs:

Begin He began talking.He began to talk.

continue They continue smoking.They continue to smoke.

hate Do you hate working on Saturdays?Do you hate to work on Saturdays?

like I like swimming.I like to swim

love She loves painting.She loves to paint.

prefer Pat prefers walking home.Pat prefers to walk home.

start They start singing.They start to sing.

We use the Gerund or the Infinitive after theF ll i b Th ibl


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Following verbs. There are two possiblestructures after these verbs.Gerund: verb + -ing

Infinitive: verb + person + to-infinitiveadvise They advise walking to town.

They advise us to walk to town.allow They do not allow smoking here

They do not allow us to smoke here.

encourage They encourage doing the test.They encourage us to do the test.

Permit They do not permit smoking here.They do not permit us to smoke here.


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We use the following structures with the wordrecommend:

recommendThey recommend walking to town.They recommend that we walk to town.

i b diff


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same meaning but different use

She forbids us to talk. / She forbids talking.

Words with the same meaning but different useWord Inf. -with an object Gerund -without an object

advise -I advise you to go by bus- I advise going by bus.

allow / permit He allowed her to take the car. He allowed

taking the carforbid She forbids us to smoke. She forbids smoking.

different meaning
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He stopped to smoke. / He stopped smoking

Word Inf. Meaning Gerund meaning

with regard to the fut./ with regard to the pastforget Remember to switch off the lights.

Remember Do you remember switching off the lights

He'll never forget spending so much money on his firstcomputer.

Don't forget to spend money on the tickets.


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go on

start something new

Go on to read

continue with the same action

Go on reading.


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regret

with regard to the future

I regret to say that.

with regard to the past

I regret saying that.

t


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stop

interrupt another action

I stopped to smoke.

terminate

I stopped smoking.

t


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try

do something complicated

Try to solve this riddle.

do it and see what happens

Try talking to him.


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Mean

You have forgotten your homework again. That means phoningyour mother.

I meant to phone your mother, but my mobile didn't work.

f l


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infinitive or present participle

I saw him go up the stairs. / I saw him going up the stairs.

Words Feel Hear See

Inf.meaning

Emphasises that the action is completed.

Example: I saw him go up the stairs.

Gerund meaning

Action can be completed, but not necessarilyExample: I saw him going up the stairs.


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Go

Come

Infinitive meaning

expresses a purpose

Example: She is coming to show us the pictures.

Gerund meaning

in connection with activities

Example: Lets go shopping / dancing.

Gerund after special phrases


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to be busy He is busy reading the paper.

couldn't help She couldn't help eating another apple.don't mindI don't mind telling them my opinion.

feel likeWe feel like having a cup of tea.

how about How about walking home instead of takingthe car?

it's (no) goodIt's no good talking to this girl.


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it's no use It's no use talking to the headmaster.

spend one's time They spend their time reading.

there's no There's no cheating anymore.there's no point There's no point in complaining

further.

what aboutWhat about going to the zoo?

worth The book is worth reading.

Documents

Gerund and Infinitive p.p