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Foundations of Individual

Behavior

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Individual BehaviourIndividual Behaviour

• Biographical characteristics

• Types of ability

• Shape the behavior of others

• Examine four schedules of reinforcement

• Clarify the role of punishment in learning

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BiographicalBiographicalCharacteristicsCharacteristics

AgeAge

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BiographicalBiographicalCharacteristicsCharacteristics

GenderGender

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BiographicalBiographicalCharacteristicsCharacteristics

Marital StatusMarital Status

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BiographicalBiographicalCharacteristicsCharacteristics

TenureTenure

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Intellectual Abilities

• Number aptitude

• Verbal comprehension

• Perceptual speed

• Inductive reasoning

• Deductive reasoning

• Memory ability

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Flexibility

Factors

Flexibility

Factors

Strength

Factors

Strength

Factors

Basic Physical AbilitiesBasic Physical Abilities

Other

Factors

Other

Factors

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The Ability-Job FitThe Ability-Job Fit

• Abilities of the

employee

• Requirements of

the job

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Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

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Social Learning TheorySocial Learning TheoryLearn by observing others and through direct experiences

Models have influence when the following processes occur:

Get rewardedReinforcement

Motor Reproduction

Retention

Attentional Recognize

Remember

Do

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Methods ofMethods ofShaping BehaviorShaping Behavior

Methods ofMethods ofShaping BehaviorShaping Behavior

Negative Negative ReinforcementReinforcement

Negative Negative ReinforcementReinforcement

PositivePositiveReinforcementReinforcement

PositivePositiveReinforcementReinforcement

ExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionPunishmentPunishmentPunishmentPunishment

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Types of Reinforcement

Continuous Intermittent

Reinforces desired

behavior every time

Reinforces desired

behavior often

enough to make

behavior worth

repeating

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Horse walk…….

• Akbar’s Handicap horse

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Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed-Interval

Fixed-Ratio

Variable-Ratio

Variable-Interval

Interval Ratio

Vari

ab

leFix

ed

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Behavior Modification

• Critical behaviors

• Baseline data

• Behavioral consequences

• Intervention strategy

• Performance improvement

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Organizational Applications

• Lotteries to reduce absenteeism

• Well pay versus sick pay

• Training programs

• Mentoring programs

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Individual Behaviour

Perception

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FactorsFactorsThat CanThat CanInfluenceInfluence

PerceptionPerception

FactorsFactorsThat CanThat CanInfluenceInfluence

PerceptionPerception

TheSituation

TheSituation

ThePerceiver

ThePerceiver

TheTarget

TheTarget

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Old Lady

• December in Pune is always very cold.

• Old women need to wear Sweater.

• A little cute girl.

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PERCEPTUAL PROCESSESPERCEPTUAL PROCESSES

Our personal world has stability.

1. There is an enduring aspect to our experience.

2. We seek some consistency in our world.

3. Constancies - see the same person as the same even with changes in clothing, hair color, size, and circumstances.

4. The perceptual act is a complex form of problem solving the goal of which is to create stability.

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PERCEPTUAL PROCESSESPERCEPTUAL PROCESSES

Our perceptual world is meaningful

1. Meaningful in the sense that the structure and stable events are not isolated from one another but are related over time.

2. Thus experience is meaningful because it is structured and stable and we realize that events have implications for one another.

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PERCEPTUAL PROCESSESPERCEPTUAL PROCESSES:: Our perceptual world is meaningful 3. Perceptual set is the primary influence in the individual perception process

a) Cultural expectationsb) Motivationc) Mood d) Attitude

4. Other factors influencing perception meaningful are:

a) Past experienceb) Languagec) Goals for the future

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Person perceptionPerson perception, the process of perceiving other individuals and the self, differs from object in some ways, but is also similar in some ways.

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Special features of person perceptionThe two characteristics [causal & similar] lead us to perceive social interactions as dynamic interactions of ““caused” behaviorcaused” behavior.

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