OB11_02st Foundations of Individual Behavior

8/10/2019 OB11_02st Foundations of Individual Behavior

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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S

E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N

W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.All rights reserved.

PowerPoint Presentationby Charlie Cook

Foundations ofIndividual Behavior

Chapter 2


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2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 22

Biographical Characteristics

Biographical Characteristics

Personal characteristicssuch as age, gender, andmarital statusthat are objective and easily obtainedfrom personnel records.


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Ability, Intellect, and Intelligence

AbilityAn individuals capacity to perform the various tasksin a job.

Intellectual Ability

The capacity to do mental activities.

Multiple IntelligencesIntelligence contains four subparts:cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.


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Physical Abilities

Physical Abilities

The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina,dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.


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Learning

Learning

Involves change

Is relatively permanent Is acquired through experience

LearningAny relatively permanent change in behaviorthat occurs as a result of experience.


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Theories of Learning

Key Concepts

Unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned response

Conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

Classical ConditioningA type of conditioning in which an individualresponds to some stimulus that would notordinarily produce such a response.


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Theories of Learning (contd)

Key Concepts

Reflexive (unlearned) behavior

Conditioned (learned) behavior

Reinforcement

Operant Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which desired voluntarybehavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.


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Key Concepts

Attentional processes

Retention processes

Motor reproduction processes

Reinforcement processes

Social-Learning TheoryPeople can learn through observation and directexperience.


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Key Concepts

Reinforcement is required to change behavior.

Some rewards are more effective than others.

The timing of reinforcement affects learningspeed and permanence.

Shaping BehaviorSystematically reinforcing each successive step thatmoves an individual closer to the desired response.


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Types of Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement Providing a reward for a desired behavior.

Negative reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant consequence when thedesired behavior occurs.

Punishment

Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate anundesirable behavior.

Extinction

Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause itscessation.


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Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforced each time it isdemonstrated.

Intermittent Reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to

make the behavior worth repeating but not everytime it is demonstrated.


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Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals.

Variable-Interval Schedule

Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constantnumber of responses.


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Behavior Modification

Five Step Problem-Solving Model

1. Identify critical behaviors

2. Develop baseline data

3. Identify behavioral consequences

4. Develop and apply intervention

5. Evaluate performance improvement

OB ModThe application of reinforcement conceptsto individuals in the work setting.


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OB MOD Organizational Applications

Well Pay versus Sick Pay Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not

absence.

Employee Discipline

The use of punishment can be counter-productive. Developing Training Programs

OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.

Self-management

Reduces the need for external management control.

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OB11_02st Foundations of Individual Behavior