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Are modified twigs adapted primarily for reproduction, which ultimately forms the fruit and the seed.
Flowers
Parts of a Complete Flower
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Pistil:Stamen:
Anther
Filament
Floral envelope or Perianth:
Sepal (calyx)Petal (corolla)Receptacle
(torus)
Peduncle
Floral stalk:
Stigma – slightly enlarged tip of the style on which pollen is deposited at pollination
Style – a long and thin filament that serves as a passageway for pollen grains to move from the stigma to the ovary
Ovary – a swollen basal part of a pistil which carries the ovule or eggs (yellow); where fertilized eggs develop
CARPEL (Gynoecium) The female reproductive part of a flower. It is collectively
known as the Pistil.
Types of Carpels (Gynoecium)
If a gynoecium has a single carpel, it is called Monocarpous or Unicarpellate Gynoecium
Avocado (Persea sp.)
Types of Carpels (Gynoecium)
If a gynoecium has multiple, distinct (free, unfused) carpels, it is apocarpous.
Unfused Carpels
Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)
Types of Carpels (Gynoecium)
If a gynoecium has multiple carpels fused (connate) into a single structure, it is syncarpous.
Fused Carpels
Tulip (Tulipa sp.)
Anther – where pollens are formed
Filament – a stalk holding the pollen at its tip
STAMEN (Androecium)The male reproductive
part of a flower
Sepal (calyx ) – usually a green leaf-like structure that forms the outermost floral whorl; it protects the inner parts of the flower before it opens.
Petal (corolla) – the innermost whorl surrounding the flowers reproductive parts. It is usually brightly colored to attract pollinators
FLORAL ENVELOPE or PERIANTH
Receptacle (torus) – thickened part of a stem from which the flower grows
Peduncle – a stalk supporting the flower
FLORAL STALK
Variable Features and
Structures of
Flowers
Color
Day-blooming flowers are generally brightly colored
Night-blooming flowers are usually white, creamy or yellowish
Gerbera daisies (Gerbera sp.) Dutchman's Pipe (Epiphyllum oxypetalum)
Odor
Ilang-ilang (Cananga odorata) Corpse flower (Amorphophallus titanum)
Flower with fragrant odor Flower with stinky odor
Complete Flowers flowers are said to be complete
when the four main parts (petal, sepal, stamen and carpel) are present
Incomplete Flower flowers are incomplete when one
or more of the main parts are not present
Parts Present
Sexuality Flowers with both stamen and carpel are
called Perfect Flowers. These flowers can also be called bisexual or hermaphroditicflowers.
Flowers that have only either stamen or carpel are called Imperfect Flowers. This flowers can also be called Unisexualflowers. An imperfect flower with only the carpel or pistil is called Pistillate flower. One with the stamen only is a Staminateflower.
Gumamela (Hibiscus sp.) Chichirica (Catharanthus roseus)
Perfect Flower
Corn (Zea mays)
Staminate flowerPistillate flower
Imperfect Flower - MonoeciousBoth male and female flowers are found on the same plant.
Papaya (Carica papaya)
Staminate flower Pistillate flower
Imperfect Flower - DioeciousImperfect flowers are borne on separate plants
Imperfect Flower - Polygamous
Perfect and imperfect flowers are found in a single plant.
Canadian Burnet (Sanguisorba sp.)
Nature of flowers
Bleeding heart (Dicentra Spectabilis)
Flowers are Regular when the members of each set of organs (sepals, petals, stamen and carpels) are of the same size and shape
Flowers are Irregular when some members of one or more sets of organs are different in size or shape or both.
Regular flower
Members of each set of organs are of the same size and shape
Cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus )Rose (Rosa sp.)
Irregular flower - Papilionaceous
Chicharo (Pisum sativum)
Keels or Carinae Two innermost and
smallest petal.
Standard petal or Banner Outermost and the
largest part of the flower
Wings or Alae Two lateral petals
Irregular flower - Caesalpinaceous
Caballero (Caesalpinia pulcherrima)
Banner Innermost and smallest
petal
Wings Two upper lateral petals
Keel Two lower lateral petals
Irregular flower - Bilabiate
Snap Dragon (Antirrhinum majus)
Upper Lip
Lower Lip
Sage (salvia officinalis)
Irregular flower - Orchidaceous
Sepals Three outermost whorl
Petals Two innermost whorl
Lip or Labellum Also a petal but with
different shape and size
Cattleya (Cattleya sp.)
Fusion of flowers
Morning Glory (Ipomea sp.) Blue eye grass (Sisyrinchium atlanticum)
Connation – when like parts are fused or united
Fused petals forming a cone Fused filaments
Angels trumpet (Datura wrightii) Crucifix Orchid (Epidendrum secundum)
Adnation – when unlike parts are fused
Stamen is adnate to petals
Lip is adnate to stamen
Number of flowers parts
Giant Spiderwort (Tradescantia gigantea)
Benguet Lily (Liliaceae sp.)
MonocotFlower parts are in 3’s or in multiple of 3’s
Monkey-flower (Mimulus lewisii) Rosal (Gardenia jasminoides)
DicotFlower parts are in 4’s or 5’s or in multiple of 4’s or 5’s
Symmetry
Actinomorphic radial symmetry flowers can be divided into 2
equal halves along any plane
Zygomorphic bilateral symmetry divided into 2 equal halves only
by a medial cut through the central axis
Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa)
Actinomorphic
Water Lily (Nymphaea sp.)
Dancing ladies (Oncidium altissimum)
Sword Lily (Gladiolus sp.)
Zygomorphic
Ovary Position
Kalamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)
The sepals and petals are attached
below the ovary
Superior or Hypogynous
ovary
Golasiman(Portulaca oleracea)
Half-Superior /Half-Inferior or Perigynous
The sepals and petals are attached at the side of the ovary
ovary
Ground Orchid (Spathoglottis plicata)
Squash (Cucurbita sp.)
Inferior or Epigynous
The sepals and petals are attached above the ovary
ovary
ovary
Placentation
The places where the ovules are attached in the ovary are known as placentae. The arrangement of the placentae inside the
ovary is called placentation
Axile
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
The placentae are found at the central axis of a compound ovary
ovaries with ovules
ParietalThe placentae are found on the
wall of a compound ovary .
ovaries with ovulesCucumber (Cucumis sativus)
MarginalThe placentae are located on the
wall of a single ovary. A single ovary has one chamber or locule.
ovary with ovules
String Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
BasalThe placentae with a single ovule is found more or less at the base
of the ovary
Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemums indicum)
ovaries with ovules
InflorescenceFlower clusters are
called inflorescence. These may differ in the
number of flowers borne, the sequence of flower maturation, the length of flower stalks,
the number and arrangement of the floral branches or
peduncles.
Bottle brush (Callistemon lanceolatus)
Pancit-pancita (Peperomia pellucida)
SpikeAn inflorescence has an
elongated axis with sessile (without pedicel) florets
Golden Shower (Laburnum anagyroides)
Raceme
The elongated axis is unbranched. The flowers are provided with stalks or pedicles of equal lengths and are called pedicellate flowers.
Aloe vera(Aloe vera)
Panicle
The elongated axis is branched. Flowers are
pedicellate, opening all at the same time
Rice(Oriza sativa)
Tigbi(Coix lachryma-jobi)
Yarrow(Achillea millefolium)
Corymb
It has a more or less flat convex top because of the pedicels bearing the outer, older flowers are longer than the younger flowers at the center.
Caballero(Caesalpinia pulcherrima)
Japanese bamboo (Dracaena surculosa)
Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota)
Umbel
Simple
Compound
The axis is short so that
all the pedicellate
flowers radiate from the apex of
the axis.
CymeThis inflorescence is similar to a corymb
except that the inner pedicelled flowers open first
Santan (Ixora sp.) Shanghai beauty (Jatropha pandurifolia)
Calla Lily (Zantedeschia sp.)Anthurium (Anthurium andreanum)
SpadixA fleshy spike (spadix) bearing both male and female flowers, surrounded by a petaloid bract
called the spathe.
spadix
spathe
Belembe Silvestre (Xanthosoma helleborifolium)
Syngonium(Syngonium schottianum)
male florets
female florets
Cat’s Tail (Acalypha hispida)
Copper plant (Acalypha wilkesiana)
Catkin/ Ament
This inflorescence is a special type of spike which is hanging or drooping . The flowers are usually unisexual.
Deerweed (Lotus scoparius)
Birds of Paradise (Strelitzia sp.)
The pedicelled or sessile flowers are crowded at
one side of the stem
Fascicle
Head/ Capitate
It is similar to umbel but the flowers are sessile. Usually the flowers are of two kinds: the disc flower at the center and the ray flowers at the margin
ray flowers
disc flowers
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii)
Head of Sunflower family