Exploring Issues in Energy Management Projects: …serialsjournals.com/serialjournalmanager/pdf/1327904477.pdfInternational Journal of Industrial Engineering Practice • January-June

International Journal of Industrial Engineering Practice • January-June 2011 • Volume 3 • Issue 1

Exploring Issues in Energy Management Projects: Case Studies 49

Exploring Issues in Energy ManagementProjects: Case Studies

L.S. BOTHRA1, G.T. THAMPI2, S.B. RANE3, V.V. CHINTA4, AND P.H. DALVI51Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Mumbai-400708, E-mail: [email protected] Patel College of Engineering, Mumbai-400708, E-mail: [email protected]

3Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Mumbai-400708, E-mail: [email protected] Engineer, L & T, HED, Powai, Mumbai. [email protected]

5Assistant Manager, L & T, EBG, Powai, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Energy is one of the most important drivers of industrial revolution. Saving of energy has becomethe need of today. It is necessary that our efforts must be directed towards saving energy and reduce thecarbon dioxide emission. Through such efforts industry can earn carbon credits and contribute positivelyin reduction in global warming.

This paper highlights the issues involved in Energy Management Projects in Indian Context. It also analysethe two case studies carried out. The paper covers introduction of case studies, project charters, selectionfactors for the said energy management projects, similarities, dissimilarities in case studies, PESTELanalysis, Cost Benefit analysis, photographs, list of barriers with their levels experienced based on interviewsconducted, process flow charts and conclusions. The paper is useful to explore the different dimensions ofenergy management projects in India. It also suggests the ways of reducing the energy consumption ofimprovements.

Keywords: Energy Management Project, Global warming, Carbon Credit

1. INTRODUCTION

Helen Walker, Lucio Di Sisto, Darian McBain (2008)state “Today as never before people are concernedwith the environment and climate change.

Global Warming is the buzz word in recenttimes. Environment scientists, relevant organiza-tions are working for conservation of naturalresources. They are trying hard to keep the societyaware about increase in global temperature and itseffects on the planet.

Global warming is the increase in the averagetemperature of Earth’s near-surface air and oceanssince the mid-20th century and its projectedcontinuation. Global surface temperatureincreased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) betweenthe start and the end of the 20th century.

Adam Taylor, Bruce Lippke, William Park (2009)state. ”The main driver of increasing atmosphericcarbon dioxide (CO2) levels, and the resultingclimate change, is the combustion of fossil fuels”.

To reduce combustion of fuels we have to userenewable energy sources and reduce energyconsumption.

A carbon footprint is a measure of the impactof our activities on the environment, and inparticular climate change. It relates to the amountof greenhouse gases produced in our day-to-daylives through burning fossil fuels for electricity,heating and transportation etc.

World leaders gathered in Kyoto, Japan, inDecember 1997 to consider a world treatyrestricting emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly

Fig. 1: Global Mean Surface Temperature DifferenceRelative to the 1961-1990 Average (Source: http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming)

mailto:[email protected]






50 L.S. Bothra, G.T. Thampi, S.B. Rane, V.V. Chinta and P.H. Dalvi

of carbon dioxide, that are thought to causeglobal warming.

John A. Mathews (2008) states, “The post-Kyotoglobal regime is likely to be focused on the overallgoal of achieving a low-carbon economy—througha variety of means. There will be emissions reduc-tions, to be sure”.

Based on Global Warming and Carbon FootprintThreats it is essential for all of us to protect theenvironment by reducing energy consumption. We

have conducted the case studies in the organiza-tions which helped to reduce energy consumption.

These case studies also helped us to explore thedifferent issues in energy management projects.

2. PROFILE OF CASE STUDIES

1. Case Study-I: Different options are exploredfor reduction of energy consumption in ProductionCenter 2 (PC-2) in Heavy Engineering Workshop

Table 1

Sr. No. Title Product Process Machine

1 Installation of AC Drive for Tank Rotators. Boiler, Heat Fabrication TankExchanger Rotator

2 Furnace modification for improvement of combustion Boiler, Heat Fabrication Furnaceefficiency Exchanger

3 200 W MHDE new generation lamps in place of 250W MH Boiler, Heat Fabrication Overheadlamps in Heavy Engineering Work Exchanger Lights

4 Use of Infrared for preheating by Single Throat Swirl Burner Boiler, Heat Fabrication Burnerin place of conventional gas burner. Exchanger

5 AC drives from crane cross trolley and long travel of crane Boiler, Heat Fabrication Cranemotor in place of resistance box for better control. Exchanger

6 Installation of new AMF panel with new Generator set for Boiler, Heat Fabrication Generator2 substation

7 Installation of 40 no 24V portable ovens with digital temp. Boiler, Heat Fabrication Ovencontroller with 24V Extn. box on Fronius machine

8 Occupancy sensors in PC2 shop supervisors cabin (Lights Boiler, Heat Fabrication Sensorremain on only when person in Cabin) Exchanger

9 Providing partial Acrylic roof in PC1 and PC2. To reduce Boiler, Heat Fabrication Roofenergy consumption.

10 Remote monitoring and control of cooling tower in building Boiler, Heat Fabrication AC(1 degree increase in plant setting using SCADA setting) Exchanger

Selected project

Title: - Installation of AC Drive for Tank Rotators.

Selection Factors:

1. Support from Top management

2. Support from shop floor

3. Machine availability

4. Time required for replacement is less (2days)

5. Energy saving opportunity

6. Reduce carbon emission considerably[53.82 ton]

7. Reduction in breakdown

Present Status:

Earlier all tank rotators were using DC motorswith blower (for cooling).

These DC motors needed continuous supply tofield winding and due to continuous supply getheated. So, for cooling additional blower isprovided. This blower is used to remaincontinuously switched ON.

At present 21 number of Tank rotators are beingused at a time, working 21 hrs out of which idle time15 hrs.

DC motor consumption in Idle condition:

0.46 KW × 300days × 15hrs × 21 nos = 43470units/year

Blower consumption:

0.18 KW × 21 hrs × 300 days × 21 nos = 23814units/year

Total consumption:

43470 + 23814 = 67284 units/year

In terms of carbon production:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming



67284× 0.8 = 53827.2 Kg of carbon

53.82 Tons of carbon

Proposed:

This unnecessary consumption can be elimina-ted by using AC motor and drive in place of DCmotor and its drive.

Advantages:

1. AC motor consumes power only duringworking, no power required in idealcondition.

2. No blower is required for cooling, as ACmotors are having fans at their rear end forcooling.

Total Investment cost: Rs. 21, 00,000/-

Electricity charges: 6.8 Rs per Unit

Saving in 1 year: 67284 units/year × 6.8 = Rs.4.57 L

Saving per year of Carbon: 53.82 Tons ofcarbon

It also gives following Advantages:

1. AC motors brush less, so no maintenanceof motor.

2. No winding burn or short problem for ACmotor

3. Achieved nearly zero breakdown of tankrotator.

Case Study-II: Different options are exploredfor reduction of energy consumption in Electricaland Electronics Division (EBG)

Table 2

Sr. No. Title Product Process Machine

1 Replacing CRT monitor with TFT Electrical Standard Manufacturing Computer[Thin Film Transistor] Products

2 Presence Detectors in Switchgear Electrical Manufcturing Overhead LightsFactory (Lights remain on only when Standardperson is in Cabin) Products

3 Installation of Economizer for Electrical Standard Manufacturing Overhead Lightslighting system Products

4 Installation of Variable frequency Electrical Standard Manufacturing Forced draftDrive Products ventilation system

5 Installation of Ambient light sensors Electrical Standard Manufacturing SensorProducts

6 Timers for Water coolers/ Window ACs Electrical Standard Manufacturing Water cooler andProducts Window AC

7 Reducing leakages in Compressed Air Electrical Standard Manufacturing Compressor

distribution system Products

8 Installation of Energy Efficient Motors Electrical Standard Manufacturing Fumes extractionProducts system motor

9 Retrofitting of CFL in place of Electrical Standard Manufacturing Bulbsconventional Light Fittings Products

10 Using Solar Energy for Water heating Electrical Standard Manufacturing Heaterin Canteen Products

Selected project

Title: Replacing CRT monitor with TFT

Selection Factors:

1. Support from Top management

2. Support from employees

3. Time required for replacement is less (0.5hr per monitor)

4. Reduction in Energy consumption

5. Reduce 46.92 tons of carbon

6. Less space required

7. Reduction in eye strain

8. Better control

Present Status:

CRT Daily Power Consumption consideringaverage 8.5 working hrs per day= 4.845 units

Annual consumption based on 300 workingdays/ year = 1453.5 Units



Proposed:

TFT Daily Power Consumption consideringaverage 8.5 working hrs per day = 2.89 units

Annual consumption based on 300 workingdays/ year = 867 Units

Units saved per annum per monitor = 1453.5 –867 = 586.5

If 100 CRTs are replaced by TFT, 586.5 × 100 =

58650 Units will be saved

In terms of Carbon, 58650 × 0.8 = 46920 Kg =46.92 Tons of Carbon

Electricity Charges = Rs. 7.8 per unit

Cost saving = 58650 × 7.8 = Rs.457470 perannum.

3. PROJECT CHARTER

Table 3

BUSINESS CASE OPPORTUNITY STATEMENT

Old systems are consuming extra energy, which finally resulted inincrease in carbon emission. Cost incurred is also more. Reduction in energy consumption also result in

cost saving.

To reduce energy consumption is management concern.Organisation will earn carbon credits based on that. Customer satisfaction by user friendly new

technology.

By doing these two energy management projects company can savemore than Rs.9 lacs per annum

These two projects will also contribute in protection of theenvironment by saving energy and reducing carbon emission.

GOAL SETTING PROJECT SCOPE

Case 1: To reduce energy consumption of Tank rotator [ by usingAC motor ] up to 67284 units/year in 3 months and achieve reductionin carbon emission of approx. 50 tons/annum Applicable to old system consuming more energy

than normal

Cases 2: To reduce energy consumption up to 58650 units/year byreplacing CRT monitors with TFT monitors (100 Nos.) in 3 monthsand achieve reduction in carbon emission approx. 45 tons/annum

PROJECT SCHEDULE Resources Needed

Step-1 Problem identification 01/01/2010 1. Funds

Step-2 Observation 15 / 01 / 2010 2. Material- monitors, motors

Step-3 Analysis 20 / 01 / 2010 3. Energy consumption data

Step-4 Solution Identification 25 / 01 / 2010 4. Time

Step-5 Solution Validation / Selection 30 / 01 / 2010

Step-6 Solution Implementation 01 / 02 /2010

Step-7 Conclusion / Tracking 27 / 03 /2010

Both the Energy Management Projects arecarried out successfully in the different units inIndian context. To explore the different issuesinvolved let us carry out the methodical analysis.

The following table shows the comparativeanalysis.

4. COMPARISON OF CASE STUDIESTable 4

Sr. No. Factor Case 1 Case 2

1. Cost Cost of Project is more & payback Cost of Project is low & payback period isperiod is 4.6 years. 1.64 years

2. Saving Energy savings are considerable 67284 Energy saving achieved 58650 Units perunits/year. Carbon emission reduction year. Reduction in carbon emission achieved53.82 Tons of carbon per year. 46.92 Tons of Carbon per year.

3. Quality Better control of drive result in good Quality is not affected in this case.welding quality.

Table Cont’d



5. SIMILARITIES IN CASE STUDIES

Table 4 Cont’d

4. Time Time required [for replacing DC motor Time required for changing 1 monitors waswith AC for one Rotator was 16 hrs.] very less [ half hour] as compared other case.was more than other case.

5. Effectiveness Effectiveness of working is increased. Effectiveness of working is increased asLess number of maintenance calls. strain on eyes is reduced

6. Customer Customer Requirement is fewer Customer Requirement was TFT monitor forRequirement breakdowns of Motor and Drive. less space, aesthetic looks, less eye strain.

7. Customer Customers are fully satisfied as Customers are satisfied because of betterSatisfaction breakdowns reduced considerably aesthetic looks, & eye strain is reduced

8. Decision making Due to different hierarchical levels, the Decision making levels are up to GMlevels roject was sanctioned at 2nd level (AGM) (4 stages), advantages & payback period was

explained to all Authorities.

9. Capital Budget Capital budget is used due to high cost As there was no provision kept at theof project beginning of the year, capital budget was not

available.

10. Revenue Budget Capital budget is required for this As the provision was not made in Capitalproject. Revenue budget can not Budget, the cost incurred was settled onbe used. revenue account.

11. Cost of Materials Cost of material affect project selection. As the team had taken prior approval, thiswas not a constraint.

12. Training Training on VFD drive required. No much training was required

13. Machine Efficiency Machine efficiency is increased greatly. Machine efficiency is not changed.

14. Subcontracting Only panel was subcontracted and Almost 80% implementation was donecommissioning was done in-house. through subcontracting.

Table 5

Sr. No. Similar Factor Case 1 Case 2

1. Company’s Vision Company's Vision emphasizes on Company's Vision emphasizes on deliveringdelivering eco-friendly products eco-friendly products

2. ISO 9001 As the company is certified for ISO 9001 the Project is carried out considering ISO 9001project is in favour of the clause for requirements.“Continual Improvement”

3. Environmental The implementation as GHG reduction is Project is carried out within criteria ofPolicy part of the Environmental Policy. environment policy.

4. Management Top management was in favour of the Top management positive support playedSupport project as the Company was any way important role in project activity.

planning for Corporate Sustainability Report.

5. Decision making Due to different hierarchical levels, the Decision making levels are up to GM (4 stages),levels Project was sanctioned at 2nd level (AGM) we have to convince it’s advantages and

payback period to all Authority.

6. Social Company is socially responsible for Company is socially responsible for reducingResponsibility reducing Carbon generation. Carbon generation.

7. Customer This project activity is resulted nearly zero Customers were found to be satisfied with thesatisfaction breakdown. Customer is fully satisfied. initiatives.

8. Carbon emission Due to this modification 53.82 tons of Carbon emission reduction achieved wascarbon emission is reduced. 46.92 Tons.

6. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS

6.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis Combined

Cost benefit analysis represented by cost incurredvs. Savings in terms of money/ return on investment



It is very clear from the graph that Case I hasmore initial cost and payback period is also more.For Case II initial cost is less and payback period isalso less.

6.2 Cost Benefit Analysis Case Study Wise

Case Study-I

Benefits:

1. Saving per year due to reduction in energyconsumption 457000 Rs.

2. AC motors brush less, so no maintenanceof motor.

3. No winding burn or short problem for ACmotor

4. Achieved nearly zero breakdown of tankrotator.

5. Energy conservation

CASE STUDY-II

Table 6

DESCRIPTION CASE-1 CASE-2

Cost of Project (Rs.) 2100000 800000

Units energy saved (kWh) 67284 58650

Cost per unit (Rs.) 6.8 7.8

Saving of Energy (Rs.) 457000 457470

Carbon saving (Tons) 53.82 46.92

Payback Period (Years) 4.6 1.64

Buyback price (Rs.) 0 50000

Quantity (Nos.) 21 100

Net cost of project 2100000 750000

Saving in 2010-11 457000 457470

Saving in 2010-12 914000 914940

Saving in 2010-13 1371000 1372410

Saving in 2010-14 1828000 1829880

Saving in 2010-15 2285000 2287350

Saving in 2010-16 2742000 2744820

Fig. 2: Cost Benefit Analysis of Both Case Studies

Table 7

Activity Cost of Project =Rs. 2100000

Ordering and Receiving of AC motor and 2000000/-timer belt –pulley, electrical panel, electri-cal connectors etc

Removing the existing old DC motor and 30000/-chain drive from the machine

Mounting the new AC motor and timer 40000/-belt -pulley on the machine

Checking / inspection for shaft alignment 10000/-and its relative motions after completionof assembly

Electrical connections as per circuit diagram 15000/-

Trial run for checking its functioning and output 5000/-

Fig. 3: Cost Benefit Analysis of Case Study 1

Table 8

Activity Net Cost of Project= Rs. 750000

Ordering Receiving of TFT monitor 778000/-

Removing of old CRT monitor 10000/-

Mounting & Connection of New TFT monitor 10000/-

Trial for checking its functioning and output 2000/-

Disposal of old CRT Monitor -50000/-

Fig. 4: Cost Benefit Analysis of Case Study 2

BENEFITS:

1. Saving per year due to reduction in energyconsumption Rs.457470/-

2. Reduction in eye strain.

3. Less space required.



4. Energy conservation.

5. Time required for replacement is less (0.5hr per monitor).

The process f low charts are preapred tounderstand the overall process in depth andidentifying whether there are any further possibility

of improvementby eliminating the non valueadded activity.

7. PROCESS FLOW CHARTS OF CASE STUDY IMPLEMENTATION

Case Study-I: Tank Rotator

CASE STUDY-II:

REPLACING CRT MONITORS WITH TFT



8. PHOTOGRAPHS: BEFORE AND AFTER

CASE STUDY-I TANK ROTATOR

Fig. 9: New TFT Monitor Being used Now

Fig. 5: Tank Rotator Being used for Shell RotationDuring Welding and Fabrication Process

Fig. 6: Old DC Motor with Chain Drive used forRotation of Shell

Fig. 7: New AC Motor with Timing-belt

Fig. 8: CRT Monitors Before Replacement

CASE STUDY-II: Replacement of CRT Monitorswith TFT

Table 11

1 Indicate weakest barrier, 10 indicates strongest barrier

Sr. No. FACTORS CASE STUDY-I CASE STUDY-II

1. Inadequate Support from Middle Management 7 2

2. Funds unavailability/ Financial constraints 6 5

3. Employee’s unawareness about the concept 3 2

4. Resistance from staff & trade union 1 1

5. Subordinate’s unwillingness 2 3

6. Inadequate Workforce Competency 4 1

7. Inadequate Technical Support 5 3

8. Energy consumption consciousness 3 3

9. Insufficient Time available 3 1

10. Lack of proper planning 2 1

11. Regulations and Statutes 2 2

12. Inadequate Resources 3 1

13. Slow decision making process 6 2

Table Cont’d



From the above list of barriers and their levelexperienced it is clear that Case I sufferedinadequate support from middle management.This also resulted in slow decision making process,more number of meetings and lengthy procure-ment cycle. Interestingly, not top management butmiddle management’s support is positively relatedto environmental purchasing (Carter et al., 1998).

Table 11 Cont’d

14. Lengthy Procurement Cycle 5 3

15. Insufficient Communication 4 3

16. Vendor/ dealer incompetency 5 2

17. High Level Safety Standards 3 3

18. Employee dissatisfaction 2 1

19. Uneconomical Technology 4 3

20. Infrastructure not suitable for implementation 2 2

21. Space constraints 1 1

22. Additional maintenance cost 1 1

23. Delays in Transportation 2 3

24. Requirement of Plant Shutdown 1 1

25. Non-feasible installation 4 5

26. Longer payback period 5 2

More project payback period was also one of thereasons why the management was little reluctantfor such improvement.

Case II was well accepted by management.There were financial constraints which weremanaged well during the project.

10. PESTEL ANALYSIS WITH EXPLANATION

Table 12

Sr. No. Political Description

1 Government Policies Govt. has been insisting on reduction of Carbon emission in Industries afterCopenhagen Summit.

2 Political interference No political interference for this cases

Sr. No. Economical Description

1. Savings Savings in terms of Carbon and Energy are considerable.

2. Fund Allocation for Project Fund allocation for projects was appropriate

3. Recurring benefits Savings in terms of Carbon and Energy are considerable.

4. Investment Investment on this project is high, but accepted by management, hence materialized

5. Payback period Payback period for Case I was 4.6 years.Payback period for case II was 1.64 years.

6. Overhead cost Taken care in total cost

7. Inventory Cost Reduction Due to standard parts Inventory was reduced drastically

8. Revenue Budget As the provision was not made in Capital Budget, the cost incurred was settled onrevenue account

9. Material Cost Material cost is important factor for selection.

10. Market Survey Cost Market survey was done to search best subassemblies/ material to suit ourrequirement.

11. Capital budget For case1 capital budget was available. And for second there was no provision keptat the beginning of the year, capital budget was not available.

12. Transportation Cost Transportation cost was borne by the Supplier

13. Disposal Cost Disposal cost for DC motor negligible.Disposal cost for old motor is not considerable. Whereas each old monitor in secondproject was sold out at Rs.500/-.

14. Consultancy Cost No Consultancy is required for this activity.Table Cont’d



Table 12 Cont’d

Sr. No. Social Description

1 Social Responsibility Company is Social responsible for reducing Carbon generation.

2 Stake Holder Satisfaction Stake Holder Satisfaction increased as energy saved resulted in saving of the cost.

3 Public Image As the projects can ultimately help in improving company's public image, the conceptwas supported by management.

4 Customer Orientation Comfort level of customer increased.

5 Customer satisfaction Customers were found to be satisfied with the initiatives.

In case I there were less breakdowns and customer satisfaction has been increasedup to 90% based on Customer Satisfaction Survey.

In the case study of monitor replacement end user satisfaction has been increasedup to 95% based on Customer Satisfaction Survey.

Sr. No. Technological Description

1. IT systems Lot of information was retrieved from internet. IT system played vital role at start upand during implementation.

2. Technical Requirements All technical requirements/ specifications were identified before implementation

3. Innovation Various innovative ideas were used by the contractors to save time & resources

4. Continual Improvement The projects were the part of continual improvement.

5. Technical Support Very good Technical support received from supplier

6. Trouble shooting Trouble shooting is simple by implementation of improvements.

7. Use Advance Technology Advance technology is used for both case studies.

Sr. no. Environment Description

1 Carbon emission The projects results in reduction in energy consumption and there by achieve

Reduction in Carbon emission.

2 Energy consumption Energy consumption has been reduced considerably.

Sr. no. Legal Description

1 Statutory Requirement The projects were not affected by this factor.

2 Regulatory requirements The projects were not affected by this factor.

11. CONCLUSIONS

The case studies conducted highlight the differentissues involved in Energy management project.

The paper is useful to explore the differentdimensions of energy management projects inIndia.

“Effective change management prgramme isone of critical success factor for projectmanagement” Cooke-Davies T. (2002). The globalwarming awareness programme was carried outin the organizations. People were asked to identifythe improvement areas. By doing so it has beenobserved that there is little resistance from thestaff and union. Keeping the people aware aboutthe carbon credit, global warming, latesttechnological advancements, can really make theproject successful.

“Top management support is the mostimportant critical success factor for project success

and is not simply one of many factors” RaymondYoung, Ernest Jordan (2008). It is observed that Topmanagement commitment played a vital role infetching the success of the projects.

It has been observed that barriers may havedifferent levels. These levels depend on the projectenvironment including internal and externalfactors. The barriers can be eliminated if the projectteam can convince the top management andmiddle management about the significance ofthe projects.

REFERENCES[1] Adam Taylor, Bruce Lippke, William Park (2009)

“Carbon Credit Schemes for Forest Landownersare Counterproductive”, Environmental Scienceand Policy, (2009) Article in Press.

[2] Carter C.R., Carter, J.R., 1998. “Inter-organiza-tional Determinants of Environmental Purcha-sing: Initial Evidence from the Consumer Productsindustries”. Decision Sciences, 29(3), 659-684.



[3] Cooke-Davies T., (2002). “The _real_ successFactors in Projects”. Int J. Project Manage, 2002;20(3), 185-90.

[4] Helen Walker, Lucio Di Sisto, Darian McBain,(2008). “Drivers and Barriers to EnvironmentalSupply Chain Management Practices: Lessonsfrom the Public and Private Sectors”. Journal ofPurchasing and Supply Management, 14 (2008),69-85.

[5] John A. Mathews (2008). ”How Carbon CreditsCould Drive the Emergence of RenewableEnergies”, Energy Policy, 36, 3633-3639.

[6] Larsen & Toubro, Mumbai: “Carbon FootprintReport of EBG Powai”, 2009.

[7] Raymond Young, Ernest Jordan (2008). “TopManagement Support: Mantra or Necessity”?

International Journal of Project Management, 26(2008), 713-725.

[8] Website: http://www.wikipedia.org/: OnlineEncyclopedia

[9] ISO 14064-1:2006, Greenhouse Gases - Part 1:“Specification with Guidance at the OrganizationLevel for Quantification and Reporting ofGreenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals”, 2006.

[10] World Business Council for SustainableDevelopment (WBCSD)/World Resources Institute(WRI): “Greenhouse Gas Protocol, CorporateAccounting and Reporting Standard”, April 2004.

[11] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:“Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for NationalGreenhouse Gas Inventories Reporting Instruc-tions”, 1997.

http://www.wikipedia.org/:

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Exploring Issues in Energy Management Projects: …serialsjournals.com/serialjournalmanager/pdf/1327904477.pdfInternational Journal of Industrial Engineering Practice • January-June