Exploring and Drilling for Oil and Gas - Drilling Training PPZ

7/29/2019 Exploring and Drilling for Oil and Gas - Drilling Training PPZ

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Exploring and Drillingfor

Oil and Gas


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What are Oil and Gas? Oil and Gas are substances found within the earths

crust.

They are thought to come from decomposed plant and

animal matter.

Scientists believe the plants and animals died long ago,

and were slowly buried by thick layers of sediments.Over a long period of time, and with pressure andtemperature, the organic materials were converted into

the oil and gas which are found today.


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What else do we know about oil and gas?

Oil in its natural state can bethick or thin, black or light

colored.

When oil is refined, many

products can be obtained:

Energy for power

Gasoline for cars

Diesel fuel for trucks andtrains

Hi-octane fuels for planes

Heating oil for houses

Many other materials alsocome from petroleum:

Plastics

Materials for clothes(example: polyester fabrics)

Chemicals for everyday use

Paints


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Did you know that oil has natural gas in it?

When oil is produced, some gas is produced

with the oil.

The natural gas is in solution, just like the

carbon dioxide which is put inside of pop togive it its fizz.

Abarrel of oil may contain anywhere from1 cubic ft of gas, to over 10,000 cubic ft,depending on the type of reservoir.

Thats enough gas in a single barrel of oil tofill your whole house!


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Where can we find Oil and

Gas?


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Some people think that oil is in big pools underground.

Actually, most oil is trapped in the tiny pore spaces betweengrains of rock or sand. Most of these pores are too small to

be seen with the naked eye.


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So, how do we find oil-bearing

rocks?

Oil and gas are found in natural traps within theearth.

These traps consist of domes or faults. Impermeablerock above the trap prevents the oil and gas frommigrating up to surface. An impermeablerock isone that fluid cannot pass through.

without traps, the oil and gas could migrate all theway to the surface and evaporate.


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Heres an example of a dome-shaped

Oil reservoir.

Oil

Note the layer of impermeable rock which prevents the oil from migrating upwards.

Also, note the layer of water below which prevents the oil from escaping down. Why?

Water


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Heres an example of a Gas reservoir.

Gas

Again, note the impermeable layer of rock preventing the gas from

escaping.

Water


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Heres an example of an Oil reservoir with a Gas cap

Gas

Oil

Why do you suppose the gas is on top?

Water


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How do we find the oil reservoirs?

Geophysicists find reservoirs by bouncing sound waves off them, andtiming how long it takes for the sound to come back

Computers process the data to construct pictures of what the earth lookslike underground.

GasOil

source

receivers

t = 1 sec

t = 1.2 sect = 1.42 sec


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The First Well Spring-Pole, 18m,

18Month, USA, Rafmer Brothers, Casing,Salt Water

The First Oil Well, By Dreck, 1859, USA


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Wild Cat Exploratory

Step-out, Proven, unproven Delineation Appraisal, Descriptive Confirmation

Test Observation Producing

Disposal Injection Relief

Others


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Brief History(Iran)As a result of the concession granted

to william knox D'arcy by mozaffaredin- shah of ghajar in 1901 for theextraction and production of oil in

Iran- excluding the 5 northernprovinces drilling bits rotated for the

first time in the middle east,registering Iran as the primerbirthplace of middle east oil industry.


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Chiah Sorkh 1902-1905,

Nafton, MIS


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Mapping operation by the Bri tish on Bakhtiary

mountains, between 1901 to 1910 Caring the crude oi l by animals, during the 1910s

Salary Payment day, 1910sDigging oil well, 1910s


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Digging oil well at south region of Iran

during 1931s

Members of the Anglo-Persian oil company's staff

being entertained at luncheon by the Kashguli khans

at their winter camp,C.1925

Caring oi l pipes to the top of the well in order to construct

the pipe line for transferring the oil, during 1910s


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Installing the board of

temporary governing body of

Iran National Oil Co. in

Kermanshah

Digging oil well and spring ofoil , during 1941s

End of the work hour at Abadan refinery, 1910

h d d f fi d


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What do we do after we find a

reservoir?

??

?

W D ill I I ! ! !


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We Drill Into It ! ! !


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What do we drill with ?


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Whats a drilling rig ?


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A Drilling Rig is:

A package of special equipment put together to enableus to drill into the earth.

A drilling rig has many different parts:a derrick, a substructure, hoisting equipment, enginesfor power, drill pipe, steel tanks, pumps, solids control

equipment, and many other pieces.

Did you know that some drilling rigs can drill as deep

as 6 miles? Thats as deep as Mt. Everest is tall!

G S


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RIG TYPES

Onshore Drilling Unit

Offshore Drilling Unit Fixed Bottom SupportedFixed Bottom Supported

Jacket StructuresJacket Structures

Tower Type PlatformTower Type Platform

Manmade IslandsManmade Islands

Gravity StructuresGravity Structures

Fixed FloatingFixed Floating

Tension Leg PlatformTension Leg Platform Gravity StructuresGravity Structures

SemiSemi--SubmersibleSubmersible

Mobile Bottom SupportedMobile Bottom Supported JackJack--upup

Swamp BargeSwamp Barge SubmersibleSubmersible

Mobile FloatingMobile Floating Dril l ShipDrill Ship

SemisubmersibleSemisubmersible


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A Drilling Rig !

Here are a few different types of drilling rigs available:Jackup Rig

Land Rig

For drilling on land.

For drilling in water

depths from 15 ft

to +/- 350 ft.

Drill Ship

Drill ships and semi-submersible rigs are for drilling inwater depths from 100 to 5000+ ft.

Semi-Submersible Rig

Inland Barge

For drilling in water depths

from 8 to 30 ft.


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RIG TYPES

Drill shipDrill ship SubmersibleSubmersibleJackupJackupSemisubmersibleSemisubmersible LandLand

rigrig


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RIG TYPESJACK UP RIGSJACK UP RIGSA self-contained combination

drilling rig and floating barge,fitted with long support legs that

can be raised or lowered

independently of each other.

The jackup, as it is known informally,

is towed onto location with its legs

up and the barge section floating on

the water. Upon arrival at the drillinglocation, the legs are jacked down onto the seafloor and the entire

barge and drilling structure are slowly raised above the water to a

predetermined height above the water, so that wave, tidal and curreloading acts only on the relatively small legs and not the bulky barg

and drillin acka e.


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RIG TYPESSUBMERSIBLE RIGSUBMERSIBLE RIG

A particular type of floating vessel, usually used as a mobile offshore

drilling unit (MODU), that is supported primarily on large pontoon

-like structures submerged below the seasurface. The operating decks

are elevated 100 or more feet [30 m] above the pontoons on large steelcolumns. Once on the desired location, this type of structure is slowly

flooded until it rests on the seafloor. After the well is completed, the

water is pumped out of the buoyancy tanks, the vessel refloated andtowed to the next location. Submersibles, as they are known informally,

operate in relatively shallow water, since they must actually rest on the

seafloor


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RIG TYPES

SEMISUBMERSIBLE RIGSSEMISUBMERSIBLE RIGS

A particular type of floating vessel

that is supported primarily on largepontoon-like structures submerged

below the sea surface. The operating

decks are elevated perhaps 100 or

more feet above the pontoons on

large steel columns. This design has

the advantage of submerging most

of the area of components in contactwith the sea and minimizing loading from waves and wind.

Semisubmersibles can operate in a wide range of water depths,

including deep water. They are usually anchored with six to twelveanchor chains, which are computer controlled to maintain station-

kee in


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RIG TYPESDRILL SHIPDRILL SHIP

Is a special ship modified to hosta drilling rig to drill wells in deep

water.

Drill ships are the most mobile of

all the mobile drilling units and

are used in remote waters.

They can drill wells in very deep

water but they are very susceptibleto wave motion and are not suitable

for use in heavy seas


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Pile-founded

steel jacketplatform

Cost increases

rapidly with depth

Bending moments

Natural Frequency

Mud Line


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AT THE WELL SITE


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Standard Derrick - Engines close to derrick - Mechanical Transmission


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700 hp ENGINE

COMPOUND700 hp ENGINE

700 hp ENGINE


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Drill string

Drill bit

The hoisting equipmentconsists of:

a crown block,

a traveling block,

drilling line,and a drawworks to

pull the drilling line up

or down.

substructure

derrick

This picture shows the hoisting equipment on a rig.This equipment is used to raise or lower the drillstring, which ispicked up in 30 foot long segments, or joints, of drill pipe.

spare drill pipe

This shows a 30 foot section

of drill pipe being added to

the drill pipe already in the

hole.


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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSSupporting SystemSupporting System

Power Supply SystemPower Supply SystemHoisting SystemHoisting System

Rotating SystemRotating System

Circulating SystemCirculating SystemDrilling Fluid Mixing and Conditioning SystemDrilling Fluid Mixing and Conditioning System

Control & Monitoring SystemControl & Monitoring System

Pressure Control SystemPressure Control System..................


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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSPOWER SYSTEMPOWER SYSTEM

The power system of a rig is usually diesel-electric. This

means that the engines on the rig are diesel. The diesel,in turn, drive generators to make electrical power .

Cables transmit electric power to motors to drive all

the rig components


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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSHOISTING SYSTEMHOISTING SYSTEM

It consists of the:

DERRICK

DRILLING CABLE

CROWN BLOCK

TRAVELLING BLOCK

HOOKDRAWORKS (OR HOIST)


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DERRICKDERRICK

The structure used to support the crown

blocks and the drillstring of a drilling rig.

Derricks are usually pyramidal in shape,and offer a good strength-to-weight ratio.

The derrick must be tall enough to allow

crew members to manipulate stands of drillpipe, which are about 28.5 m. A standard

derrick has four legs standing at the corners

of the rigs substructure. Crew members

have to build it piece by piece.


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DRILLING LINEDRILLING LINE

Wire rope used to support the drilling tools that we want to run

inside the well. The drilling cable passes through the sheaves

(or pulleys) of the traveling block and run upward to anotherset of sheaves calledcrown block.


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CROWN BLOCKCROWN BLOCK

The fixed set of pulleys (called sheaves)

located at the top of the derrick, over

which the drilling line is threaded.The drilling line passes several times

(8, 10 or 12) between the crown block

and the traveling block. In this wayis possible to use a single cable to

support heavy loads.


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TRAVELING BLOCKTRAVELING BLOCK

The set of sheaves that move up and down

in the derrick.

The wire rope threaded through them isthreaded (or "reeved") back to the stationary

crown blocks located on the top of the

derrick.

On the bottom of the traveling block is

attached the hook


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HOOK

A large and strong

HOOK supports the

weight of the drill

string and the Top

Drive.

The hook is attached to the bottom of the traveling block and

provides a way to pick up heavy loads with the traveling block.


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DRAWORKSDRAWORKS

The machine on the rig consistingof a large-diameter steel spool,

brakes, a power source and

assorted auxiliary devices.

The end of the drilling cable is run

downward from the crown block

and wrapped around the draworks

spool.

The primary function of the drawworks is to reel out and reel in the

drilling line.This reeling out and in of the drilling line causes the

traveling block, and whatever may be hanging underneath it, to belowered into or raised out of the wellbore.


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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSCIRCULATING SYSTEMCIRCULATING SYSTEM

MUD PITS

MUD PUMPS

MUD RETURN LINE (FLOW LINE)

SHALE SHAKERS


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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS

CIRCULATING SYSTEMCIRCULATING SYSTEMMUD PITS

Large tanks that hold drilling fluid on the rig. They are set in

series for the active mud system. Depending on their main purpose

they can be called:

SETTLING PIT:permit to separate the fine sediments from the

mudMIXING PIT: where is possible to prepare the new mud

SLUG PIT: where is stored mud with different characteristics

RESERVE PIT: where the mud is stored to be used in emergencysituations

SUCTION PIT: where the mud is temporarily stored before being

pumped back into the well

TRIP TANK: small tank used during a trip (pulling out of the hole

the drill string)


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MUD PITS


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TRIPTANK

MUD PITS


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MUD PUMPS

Large pumps used to circulate the mud on a drilling rig.

They pick up the mud from the suction pit and force the mud

into and down the drill string and to the bit. At the bit the mud jetout of the bit nozzles to move cuttings away from the bit. The

mud then moves back up the hole to the surface and reaches

again the suction pit.A typical mud pump is a piston pump whose pistons travel in

replaceable liners. In base of the diameter of these liners change

the number of liters pumped for each pump stroke.


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MUD PUMPS


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Since the mud picks up cutting made by the bit, it carries them

as it returns to the surface. The mud + cuttings return to the

surface in the space between the outside of the drill string and

the inside of the hole. This space is the ANNULUS.

At the surface, the mud + cuttings leave the well through a side

outlet with a pipe on it: this pipe is the MUD RETURN LINE.At the end of the flow line, mud + cutting fall onto a vibrating

screen (or sieve), the SHALE SHAKERS


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SHALE SHAKERSSHALE SHAKERSThe primary and probably

most important device on the

rig for removing drilled solidsfrom the mud. A wire-cloth

screen vibrates while the drilling

fluid flows on top of it. The

liquid phase of the mud and

solids smaller than the wire mesh pass through the screen (and go

back to the pits) while larger solids are retained on the screen and

eventually fall off the back of the device and are discarded.


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SHALE SHAKERSSHALE SHAKERS


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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSROTATING SYSTEMROTATING SYSTEM

TOP DRIVE

ROTARY TABLE AND KELLY SYSTEM

DOWNHOLE MUD MOTOR (IN CASE)


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TOP DRIVETOP DRIVE

A device that turns the drillstring.It consists of one or more motors (electric

or hydraulic) that rotate a drive shaft.

The drive shaft is attached to the top ofthe drill string. The topdrive is suspended

from the hook, so the rotary mechanism

is free to travel up and down the derrick.It enables drilling to be done with three

joint stands instead of single joint of pipe.

It also enables the driller to quickly engage

the pumps or the rotary while tripping pipe.



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ROTATING SYSTEMROTATING SYSTEM

ROTARY TABLE AND KELLY SYSTEMROTARY TABLE AND KELLY SYSTEM

A long square or hexagonal steelpipe with a hole drilled through

the middle for a fluid path. The

kelly is used to transmit rotary

motion from the rotary table or

kelly bushing to the drillstring,

while allowing the drillstring to

be lowered or raised duringrotation.The kelly goes through the kelly bushing, which is driven by

the rotary table. The kelly bushing has an inside profile matching the

kelly's outside profile (either square or hexagonal), but with slightlylarger dimensions so that the kelly can freely move up and down inside.


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DOWNHOLE MUD MOTORDOWNHOLE MUD MOTOR

It is used especially drillingdirectional wells.A downhole

motor is a strong lenght of pipe

inside of which there is a specialdevice that rotates the bit. The

motor is attached to the bottom

of the drill string and the bit is

attacched to the bottom of the

motor. The great hydraulic force of the mud turns the shaft or the

blades inside the motor, the shaft or blades then turn the attached

bit. In this way is possible to drill rotating only the bit, withoutrotating the entire drill string.


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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSSAFETY SYSTEMSAFETY SYSTEM

It consists of the:

BOP (blow out preventer) STACK

(Annular blow out preventer, Ram blow out preventer,

Shear Rams)

CHOKE MANIFOLD



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SAFETY SYSTEMSAFETY SYSTEM

BOP STACKBOP STACK

BOPs come in a variety of styles, sizes and pressure ratings. Somecan effectively close over an open wellbore, some are designed to

seal around tubular components in the well (drillpipe, casing or

tubing) and others are fitted with hardened steel shearing surfacesthat can actually cut through drillpipe. Since BOPs are critically

important to the safety of the crew, the rig and the wellbore itself,

BOPs are inspected, tested and refurbished at regular intervals

determined by a combination of risk assessment, local practice,

well type and legal requirements. BOP tests vary from daily function

testing on critical wells to monthly or less frequent testing on wells

thought to have low probability of well control problems.



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BOPBOP ((BlowBlow OutOutPreventerPreventer))

AA largelarge valve at the top of avalve at the top of a well that maywell that may

be closed ifbe closed ifthethe drilling crew losesdrilling crew loses controlcontrol

ofofformationformation fluidsfluids.. By closing thisBy closing this valvevalve((usually operated remotelyusually operated remotely viavia hydraulichydraulic

actuatorsactuators), the), the drilling crew usually regainsdrilling crew usually regains

control of thecontrol of the

reservoirreservoir

, and, and

proceduresprocedures

cancan

then be initiated to increasethen be initiated to increase thethe mudmuddensitydensity

until it is possible tountil it is possible to open theopen the BOPBOP andand

retain pressureretain pressure control of thecontrol of the formationformation

CAMERON D 11

10000 psi

PIPE RAMS

5 15000 psi

SHEAR RAMS

BLIND RAMS



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ANNULAR BLOW OUT PREVENTERANNULAR BLOW OUT PREVENTER

A large valve used to control

wellbore fluids. This type of

valve forms a seal in the

annular space between the

pipe and the wellbore or, if

no pipe is present, on thewellbore itself.



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RAM BLOW OUT PREVENTERRAM BLOW OUT PREVENTER

A ram blowout preventer (BOP)

consists of two halves of a coverfor the well that are split down

the middle. Large-diameter

hydraulic cylinders, normallyretracted, force the two halves

of the cover together in the middle

to seal the wellbore.

Blind rams , when closed, form a seal on a hole that has no drill pipes

in it; Pipe rams, when closed, seal around the pipe; Shear rams,

when closed, sut trhough drill pipe and then form a seal.



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RAM BLOW OUT PREVENTERRAM BLOW OUT PREVENTER



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SHEAR RAMS

A blowout preventer (BOP) closing element fitted with hardened

tool steel blades designed to cut the drillpipe when the BOP isclosed. A shear ram is normally used as a last resort to regain

pressure control of a well that is flowing. Once the drillpipe is cut

(or sheared) by the shear rams, it is usually left hanging in the

BOP stack, and kill operations become more difficult.


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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSSAFETY SYSTEMSAFETY SYSTEM

CHOKE MANIFOLD

An arrangement of piping or valves designed to control, distribute

and often monitor fluid flow. Manifolds are often configured forspecific functions, such as a choke manifold used in well-control

operations to reduce the pressure of a fluid from high pressure in the

closed wellbore to atmospheric pressure. It may be adjusted (openedor closed) to closely control the pressure drop.



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CHOKE MANIFOLD


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Exploring and Drilling for Oil and Gas - Drilling Training PPZ