European ExplorationEuropean Exploration

What did Europe want?What did Europe want?

spread Christianityspread Christianity gain territorygain territory get richget rich

A Map of the A Map of the Known World,Known World,

pre- 1492pre- 1492

Portugal’s EmpirePortugal’s Empire

Portuguese Exploration Portuguese Exploration begins...begins... Portugal was a good base for Portugal was a good base for

sailors.sailors. It has a long shoreline and many It has a long shoreline and many

harbors and rivers flowing westward harbors and rivers flowing westward to the Atlantic Ocean.to the Atlantic Ocean.

Portugal also participated in a Portugal also participated in a constant exchange of cultural idea constant exchange of cultural idea with Islamic kingdoms, making it a with Islamic kingdoms, making it a center of knowledge and center of knowledge and technological development.technological development.

Portugal’s reasonsPortugal’s reasons

Rather than fight across Spain to Rather than fight across Spain to trade with other European trade with other European countries, Portugal traded by sea.countries, Portugal traded by sea.

The Portuguese also struggled to The Portuguese also struggled to expel the Moors from the Iberian expel the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula.Peninsula. The Portuguese thought making war The Portuguese thought making war

on Islam was their Christian duty.on Islam was their Christian duty.

Prince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the Navigator

Prince Henry coordinated the Prince Henry coordinated the mathematical and navigational mathematical and navigational learning of Portugal, especially learning of Portugal, especially at the Institute of Sagres, and at the Institute of Sagres, and emphasized imperial expansion.emphasized imperial expansion.

In 1412, he ordered the first In 1412, he ordered the first Portuguese expeditions to the Portuguese expeditions to the Canary Islands and the African Canary Islands and the African coastcoast

Institute of SagresInstitute of Sagres

The Institute of Sagres was an The Institute of Sagres was an important research center in important research center in Portugal where several Portugal where several breakthrough discoveries in breakthrough discoveries in mathematics and naval mathematics and naval technology occurred.technology occurred.

Institute of SagresInstitute of Sagres

Technology Advances!Technology Advances!

the compassthe compass the astrolabethe astrolabe the cross-staff the cross-staff the caravelthe caravel

Results of Portuguese Results of Portuguese ExplorationExploration The PortugueseThe Portuguese

discovered an eastern route to India discovered an eastern route to India (around the Cape of Good Hope).(around the Cape of Good Hope).

discovered Brazil.discovered Brazil. established trade routes throughout established trade routes throughout

most of southern Asia.most of southern Asia. colonized selected areas of Africa.colonized selected areas of Africa. sent the first direct European sent the first direct European

maritime trade and diplomatic maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China.missions to China.

Portugal and the Slave TradePortugal and the Slave Trade

1443 – first group of slaves for sale 1443 – first group of slaves for sale arrived in Lisbonarrived in Lisbon

The Europeans did not begin the slave The Europeans did not begin the slave trade.trade.

The Portuguese were the first The Portuguese were the first Europeans to participate in the slave Europeans to participate in the slave tradetrade..

The Portuguese participated in the The Portuguese participated in the slave trade and created a huge market slave trade and created a huge market for slaves.for slaves.

European Slave TradeEuropean Slave Trade

By the time Europeans arrived in By the time Europeans arrived in Africa in the 15Africa in the 15thth and 16 and 16thth centuries, centuries, the slave trade was a well-established the slave trade was a well-established feature in Africa.feature in Africa.

It had been in place for over 500 It had been in place for over 500 years.years.

With the arrival of the Europeans and With the arrival of the Europeans and the demand for slaves in the Americas the demand for slaves in the Americas (specifically Brazil, the Caribbean, and (specifically Brazil, the Caribbean, and the Southern United States), the slave the Southern United States), the slave trade expanded dramatically.trade expanded dramatically.

Spanish EmpireSpanish Empire

Ferdinand and IsabellaFerdinand and Isabella

King Ferdinand of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile Isabella of Castile married to create a married to create a united Spain. united Spain.

In 1492, they seized In 1492, they seized the Moorish the Moorish (Islamic) Kingdom of (Islamic) Kingdom of Granada to make a Granada to make a wholly Catholic wholly Catholic country.country.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus

(1451 – 1506) was an (1451 – 1506) was an Italian navigator, Italian navigator, colonizer and explorer. colonizer and explorer.

He sailed for King He sailed for King Ferdinand and Queen Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.Isabella of Spain.

His voyages began a His voyages began a period marked by period marked by European empires.European empires.

Note: Note: He was NOT the first He was NOT the first European to reach the European to reach the Americas. He’s important Americas. He’s important because, after his trip, because, after his trip, moremore Europeans traveled to the Europeans traveled to the New World.New World.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus Columbus initiated Columbus initiated

contact between contact between Europeans and Europeans and indigenous indigenous Americans. Americans.

He called them He called them “Indians” since he “Indians” since he thought he was in thought he was in India. India.

Columbus thought the Earth Columbus thought the Earth was half its actual size.was half its actual size.

Four Voyages of ColumbusFour Voyages of Columbus

Worldwide Spanish EmpireWorldwide Spanish Empire

ConquistadorsConquistadors

After Columbus’ After Columbus’ expeditions, expeditions, Spanish Spanish Conquerors or Conquerors or ConquistadoresConquistadores increased Spanish increased Spanish landholdings by landholdings by conquering conquering American empires American empires like the Aztecs and like the Aztecs and Incas. Incas.

Francisco Pizarro conquered Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire in the the Incan Empire in the Andes of South AmericaAndes of South America

The Three G’sThe Three G’s

The Spanish reasons for Empire:The Spanish reasons for Empire: GodGod—The Spanish brought —The Spanish brought

Catholicism to America, forcing Catholicism to America, forcing

natives to convert.natives to convert. GloryGlory—Individuals like Cortez and Pizarro —Individuals like Cortez and Pizarro

became wealthy national heroes. became wealthy national heroes. GoldGold—Spain became the most powerful —Spain became the most powerful

nation in the world due to the gold of the nation in the world due to the gold of the Americas.Americas.

Splitting the WorldSplitting the World

with the power of the Roman with the power of the Roman Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Line of DemarcationLine of Demarcation The Treaty of The Treaty of

Tordesillas signed in Tordesillas signed in 1494, divided the 1494, divided the New World into New World into Spanish and the Spanish and the Portuguese territories Portuguese territories along the meridian 46 along the meridian 46 degrees West. degrees West.

The lands to the east The lands to the east would belong to would belong to Portugal and the Portugal and the lands to the west to lands to the west to Spain. Spain. Pope Alexander VI drew Pope Alexander VI drew

the line to avoid conflict.the line to avoid conflict.

Line(s) of DemarcationLine(s) of Demarcation