Charlemagne: King of the Franks• Charlemagne’s armies reunite

western Europe, spread Christianity.

• In 800, Charlemagne travels to Rome to protect Pope Leo III.

• Pope crowns Charlemagne “Holy Roman Emperor”

• His empire broke up after his death. It was divided up among his 3 grandsons.

• European leaders begin to use primogeniture (eldest son inherits all) to protect against this happening in the future.

FeudalismA system of mutual obligations devised due to a lack of protection by a central government.

Weakened by…1-The Crusades (lords gone east to fight)2-The Plague (increased value of serfs)

The Power of the Medieval Church• Many popes decreed that all

monarchs had to obey the pope.

• Canon Law: religious guidelines rather than actual laws (marriage, divorce, wills)

• Excommunication- exclude from the church and its sacraments.

• Interdict- excommunicate an entire kingdom.

• Tithe: 10% tax• Heresy- speaking against Church

punishable by death.• Inquisition- root out heretics

Monks and Monasteries

• Scholasticism– Efforts of the monks to

reconcile the teachings of the church (assist the poor) with changing economics (capitalism).– St. Thomas Aquinas said,

you can make $, and charge interest, as long as you give some to charity.

Kings Consolidate Power

• Circuit courts: courts traveled from town to town to ensure consistency of justice and that the kings’s laws were being enforced.

• Domesday Book: records to improve efficiency of taxation.

• Common law: system where earlier court verdicts became the basis for future decisions.

• Strengthening military power

The Church Weakens• Lay investiture- kings naming of religious

leaders to control the church.• Simony- people making profit out of sacred

things and buying church offices.• Babylonian Captivity

– 7 consecutive popes reside in Avignon, France rather than in Rome.

• The Great Schism (1378-1417)– Both Roman and French cardinals elect

their own pope. Urban VI vs. Clement VII.

– Excommunicated each other.– Council of Constance

• Usury– Church doctrine outlaws interest charged

on loans– Church struggling to match the power

and wealth of the Kings.

Towns/Middle Class GrowFeudalism weakens, replaced by strong central government (divine right

monarchies) that protect property.

• Serfs escape from manors– Many lords were

away/never returned from Crusades

– Stay 1 year = freedom.– Sell produce & pay rent

w/ $ rather than labor.

• Townspeople support a strong king; protection.

• Vernacular languages spoken (English, Spanish, Italian, French, German)

• Domestic System is the beginning of the market economy/capitalism.– Manufacturing– Banking– Capital replaces barter

• Apprentice-Journeyman- Master worker

• Craft Guilds– Unions

• Merchant Guilds– Monopolies

Suleiman the Magnificent• His expansion into Europe had

given the Ottoman Turks a powerful presence in the European balance of power.

• The administrative and legal reforms which earned him the name Law Giver

• Suleiman also presided over the Golden Age of the Ottoman Empire, representing the pinnacle of the Ottoman Turks' cultural achievement in the realm of architecture, literature, art, theology and philosophy.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdWZvq4yvLU&list=PL09U128MbAED4kKCKVlyjTFu4cV22Qxat

Effects of the Crusades• Weakened feudalism- many lords

never returned• Increased power of the kings

(centralization of government) • Increased status of women (lords

left estates in their care)• Increased trade, technology &

cultural diffusion with the east• Encouraged growth of the middle class: craftsmen• Market economy: banks &

investments (usury ignored thanks to Aquinas) grow

• Weakened the power of the church as power of kings grow

Gothic Architecture• Symbolic of the power of God.• Stained glass windows (icons)

and the light of God’s presence.

• Most cathedrals shaped like a cross.

• Flying buttresses• Pointed arches• Vaulted ceilings• http

://video.pbs.org/video/1619317222/

• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/arch-physics.htm

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Growth of Democracy“demos” is people.

• Magna Carta – The king is not above the law– Kings power is chipped away by the

lords.– King cannot make new taxes w/o

approval of lords (Parliament)– King cannot take land w/o paying for

it– Trial by jury

• Mayflower Compact– Magna Carta travels to America and

evolves into a document that increases the freedom of the common man.

The Plague: Black Death