UNIT I

CULTURAL CHAMELEONS

Word list

competitive – abroad – gradutes – foreign country – to relocate – work placement – employer – straightforward – throughout – customary – degree subject – Wireless Network Systems – cover letter – approaches – to get shortlisted – ‘culture clash’ – withdraw – adapt – mirror – appearance –

UNIT I – Exercises

I Question forms. Work with a partner.1. ________________________________________________From a small village in south-west France called Marsac.2. ________________________________________________Usually at 9am but sometimes at about 8.45.3. ________________________________________________Languages? English and French quite fluently and also a bit of Chinese.4. ________________________________________________In a small apartment near the centre of town.5. ________________________________________________Usually by bus, but if the weather is really good Ii sometimes walk.6. ________________________________________________I usually go on holiday in June.7. ________________________________________________

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Sometimes in the company canteen, but more often I go to the café around the corner.

II Make expressions about working in a foreign country.1 spend ____ the career ladder2 climb ____ the culture of the country you wish to work in3 draw ____ an application for a job if you think the company is not serious4 respect ____ time abroad5 withdraw ____ trust by adapting to the local culture6 win ____ attention to relevant sections on your CV

III Work in groups to fill in the missing letters in these paragraphs about everyday problems when living abroad.

1 Your em_ _ _ _ er might help you to find an apartment, or you can use the Internet to find places to r _ _ t. View the apartment first before you s _ _ n a contract and give a dep_ _ _ t to the lan _ _ _ _ d. Check whether the b _ _ _ s are included in the rent, and also how much n_ _ ice you need to give when you want to m_ _ _ o_ _.

2 To open a bank a _ _ _ _ nt, you will need to show proof of ea _ _ _ _gs, and that this salary will be paid into this account. If you spend more than you earn, you may have to pay for the over _ _ _ _t on your account. You will get a credit card from your bank, but check the rules carefully before you s _ _ _ u _.

3 If you need medical t _ _ _ _ ment you will be treated by the national health s _ _ _ _ ce of the country where you live. Your employer might give you the chance to join an in _ _ _ _ _ce scheme that helps to pay for private treatment.

4 When buying a mobile phone, you choose the pr _ _ _ _er and then pay for a monthly contract. Alternatively, you can have a prepaid p_ _ _ _ge that allows you to make regular t_ p – u_s. These days, many providers also offer wireless internet access, so you won’t need a l_ _d_ _ne in your aparment.

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UNIT I – GRAMMAR

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

PREZENT

TO BE

Affirmative +(Short form)

Negative -(Short form)

Interrogative ?

I amYou areHe isShe isIt is

We areYou areThey are

I'mYou'reHe'sShe'sIt's

We'reYou'reThey're

I am notYou are notHe is notShe is notIt is not

We are notYou are notThey are not

I'm notYou aren'tHe isn'tShe isn'tIt isn't

We aren'tYou aren'tThey aren't

Am I?Are you?Is he?Is she?Is it?

Are we?Are you?Are they?

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TO DO

Affirmative + Negative - (short form) Interrogative ?

I doYou doHe doesShe doesIt does

We doYou doThey do

I do notYou do notHe does notShe does notIt does not

We do notYou do notThey do not

I don'tYou don'tHe doesn'tShe doesn'tIt doesn't

We don'tYou don'tThey don't

Do I?Do you?Does he?Does she?Does it?

Do we?Do you?Do they?

For example (na primer): to drive - voziti

Affirmative + Negative - (Short form) Interrogative ?

I driveYou driveHe drivesShe drivesIt drives

We driveYou driveThey drive

I do not driveYou do not driveHe does not driveShe does not driveIt does not drive

We do not driveYou do not driveThey do not drive

I don't driveYou don't driveHe doesn't driveShe doesn't driveIt doesn't drive

We don't driveYou don't driveThey don't drive

Do I drive?Do you drive?Does he drive?Does she drive?Does it drive?

Do we drive?Do you drive?Do they drive?

The Simple Present Tense is formed by the infinitive of the verb. For the third person singular, - s is added (eg. he talks).

– es is added for the third person singular for verbs that end in – s, - ss, -sh, -ch, -x, and – z. – es is also added to some verbs that end in – o (eg. go, do).

Verbs ending in – y preceded by a consonant change in the third person singular into – ie before the ending – s.

For example:

He always misses the television show because he falls asleep.

She brushes her teeth thoroughly three times a day.

Jerry catches the ball every time.

Sally quizzes her daughter before a test.

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She goes to Spain every year to visit different conferences.

She tries to win over and over again.

USE

The Present Simple Tense is used:

for things that happen regularly, ie. for repeated actions:

They often go for long walks in the evening.

for facts or generalizations:

The earth rotates around the sun.

Babies like milk.

for future scheduled events:

The bus leaves the station at 9 pm.

The following time adverbials are often used with The Present Simple:

always, often, sometimes, every day/month/year, rarely, ever, never, usually, occasionaly, frequently etc:

I always drink coffee first thing in the morning.

They frequently go to the gym.

She never goes to school unprepared.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

TRAJNI PREZENT

BE + V + ING

The present continuous tense is formed by the present simple tense of the verb – to be and – ing added to the verb infinitive.

For example: to talk - pričati

Affirmative + Negative - Interrogative ?

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I am talkingYou are talkingHe is talkingShe is talkingIt is talking

We are talkingYou are talkingThey are talking

I'm not talkingYou aren't talkingHe isn't talkingShe isn't talkingIt isn't talking

We aren't talkingYou aren't talkingThey aren't talking

Am I talking?Are you talking?Is he talking?Is she talking?Is it talking?

Are we talking?Are you talking?Are they talking?

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USE

The Present Continuous Tense is used:

for an action happening at the moment of speaking, ie. now:

She cannot talk to you right now. She is taking a shower.

for longer actions which are in progress now:

Are you doing any special projects at work?

They are preparing for the exams.

for future scheduled events:

They are getting married next spring.

I am seeing my dentist this Friday.

with 'always' for repeated actions, which are sometimes irritating:

sa 'always' za radnje koje se ponavljaju, koje su ponekad iritirajuće:

He is always complaining about his problems at the office.

Now, at the moment, currently, presently etc are some of the time advrbials that we often use with The Present Continuous Tense:

I'm presently working on a thesis.

She's washing the dishes now.

PRESENT SIMPLE VS PRESENT CONTINUOUS

I Make a negative and an interrogative sentence.

1. Michael is pretending to be someone else.a) ____________________________________________b) ____________________________________________2. Marcia sells many articles during the day.a) ____________________________________________b) ____________________________________________3. Students attend all the classes where Mr Jones gives lectures.

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a) ____________________________________________b) ____________________________________________4. They are studying biology at the university.a) ____________________________________________b) ____________________________________________5. Monkeys like bananas.a)____________________________________________b)____________________________________________6. She is leaving on Wednesday.a) ____________________________________________b) ____________________________________________7. He is always playing the piano at midnight! It's very annoying!a) ____________________________________________b) ____________________________________________8. The sun is shining.a) ____________________________________________b) ____________________________________________9. They live in Belgrade.a) ____________________________________________b) ____________________________________________10. Your English class begins at 10 am.a) ____________________________________________b) ____________________________________________

II Work in pairs to choose the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

Mark: _______________ (you/look) for someone?Alan: Yes, _______________ (I/need) to speak to Nei. He isn’t in his office.Mark: _______________ (he/talk) to the boss at the moment. _______________ (I/think) they _______________ (discuss) money.Alan: Oh, right. And what about you? _______________ (you/look) for someone too?Mark: Yes, Linda. _______________ (you/know) where she is?Alan: Oh, she isn’t here today. She only _______________ (work) four days a week. _______________ (she/not/work) on Fridays. She’ll be here on Monday.Mark: Thank you. _______________ (you/know) a lot about Linda.Alan: Well, most days _______________ (I/give) her a lift, or _______________ (she/give) me one. _______________ (she/live) quite close to me. _______________ (it/save) petrol.Mark: Yes, of course. Good idea. Yes, _______________ (I/agree). Well, _______________ (I/waste) my time here then. I’ll get back to my computer.

III Complete the sentences.

1. ______________________ (I/write) to my parents. ______________________ (I/write) to them every weekend.2. ______________________ (it/snow) outside. ______________________ (it/come) down quite hard, look.

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3. Normally ______________________ (I/start) work at 8 o’clock, but ______________________ (I/start) at seven this week. We’re very busy at the moment.4. The sun ______________________ (rise) in the east, remember. It’s behind us so ______________________ (we/travel) west.5. I’m afraid I have no time to help just now. ______________________ (I/write) a report. But ______________________ (I/promise) I’ll give you some help later.6. ______________________ (I/want) a new car. ______________________ (I/save) up to buy one.

IV Pay attention to the positive, negative and interrogative forms!

1. We always travel by bus. We ______________________ (own) a car.2. I don’t want to go out. Look, it ______________________ (rain).3. Rachel is in her jeans. She ______________________ (wear) her new dress.4. Matthew is good at badminton. He ______________________ (win) every game.5. No breakfast for Mark, thanks. He ______________________ (eat) breakfast.6. The earth ______________________ (slowly/get) warmer.7. Don’t try to ring the bell. It ______________________ (work).8. I’ve got four cats and two dogs. I ______________________ (animals).9. What ______________________ (you/do) at the moment?10. I must go back to the office. We ______________________ (work) on a new project.

V Permanent vs temporary situations

1. He joined the company 25 years ago and he still __________________ (work) for us.2. We __________________ (not/send) out any orders this week because we’re waiting for the new lists.3. I __________________ (deal) with Mr Matsumi’s clients this week because he is away.4. Go down this road, turn right, and the road __________________ (lead) straight to the industrial estate.5. Because of the Euro/Dollar exchange rate, EU exports __________________ (not/do) very well at the moment.6. The stock market is risky because the price of shares __________________ (vary) according to economic conditions.7. I __________________ (learn) French because I’m going to be based in the Paris office next year.8. Hello. I’m Heinrich Brandt, I’m German, and I __________________ (come) from a small town near Munich.

VI Stative verbs1. We are __________________ (interview) people from outside the company for the new post in the export department, but I __________________ (think) we ought to give the job to Mr Janousek.2. At the moment we __________________ (carry) out a survey to find out what sort of after-sales service our customers __________________ (want).

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3. We’ve got a competition on at work to find a name for our new range of cusmetics. The marketing people __________________ (try) to find a brand name that __________________ (sound) natural and sophisticated.4. __________________ (you/know) what Mrs Ericson __________________ (do)? She’s not in her office and nobody has seen her since lunch.5. Could you help me? I __________________ (try) to translate this letter from a Spanish client and I don’t know what this word __________________ (mean).6. I __________________ (apply) for a transfer to our London office, but I don’t know if I’ll be successful. It all __________________ (depend) on whether or not they have any vacancies.7. Their new “own brand” instant coffee __________________ (taste) very good, so it isn’t surprising that it __________________ (become) more and more popular.

VII General activities vs current projects

We set up the company in 2002 with a grant from the local government. We 1) __________________ (provide) IT backup and support for a number of small and medium-sized businesses in the area. We also 2) __________________ (design) web sites for local companies, and we 3) __________________ (look) after them by doing regular maintenance, and so on. When we 4) __________________ (get) a new customer, we always 5) __________________ (spend) a long time talking to them to find out their needs. At the moment we 6) __________________ (set up) a website for a large local travel agency, and in fact our chief programmer is in charge of the project. She 7) __________________ (have) discussions with them to find out what sort of features they 8) __________________ (require).

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

IN/ON/AT

In English, at is used as a time preposition in the following cases:

With exact points of time:

AT 6 o’clock 7.30 p.m. dawn noon midnight With ages:

AT fifteen (the age of fifteen) forty (the age of forty) With phrases that contain the words: beginning or end:

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AT the beginning of October the end of the book the beginning of the month the end of the year Pay attention (obratiti pažnju)!

However, this should not be confused with in the beginning/end which means at first and finally respectively. For example:

In the beginning I didn’t realise what he was talking about. (at first) (u početku)

In the end, she managed to learn the poem by heart. (finally) (konačno)

With the names of short holidays:

AT Christmas Easter New Year the weekend

In American English, as well as spoken British English now, we use ON the weekend

With mealtimes:

AT breakfast lunch dinner

With longer periods of time time such as: months, seasons, years, decades, centuries. For example:

IN the summer 1976 January the 1960s the 19th century

With parts of the day:

IN the morning the afternoon the eveningbut:

AT night

When we are talking about a time period that is going to pass before something happens:

IN a few minutes

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a week three months four years With phrases starting with the middle of:

IN the middle of the night February 2002

We use on to talk about a partcular day of the week or date:

ON Monday Thursday 3rd August 23 May

EXERCISES

I Work in groups to complete the paragraph using prepositions of time.

I came to London about 6 months ago. I started my job as a wine buyer at M&S 1) ________ February. To be exact, I started 2) ________ February 14 th. Before coming here, I worked at a winery in South Africa and before that, 3) ________ 2004, I was in New York State working as an au pair. No matter where I am 4) ________ the world, I always phone my parents 5) ________ the weekend. I try to call them 6) ________ Sundays 7) ________ 6 o’clock 8) ________ the evening. The other thing I try to do is go home for Christmas. I do like to spend time 9) ________ Christmas with my family. If you ever get the chance, you really should go to Germany 10) ________ December. The German Christmas markets are the best in the world.

II Fill in the gap with IN/AT/ON

________ Monday ________ August 24th ________ the evening ________ summer________the end of the week ________ 11 o’clock________ the weekend (UK) ________ January________ the weekend (US) ________ lunchtime________ Christmas ________ the 1990s________ Christmas Day ________ 2007________ ten o’clock ________ yesterday________ 28 July ________ last week________ winter ________ Saturday________ the end of the year ________ July________ the afternoon ________ night

III Fill the spaces with the appropriate preposition of time.

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1. We’re meeting our new business partner __________ Monday morning.2. George was born __________ January.3. The First World War ended __________ 1945.4. My father usually takes a nap __________ the afternoon.5. I really enjoy swimming in the sea __________ the morning, but I wouldn’t dare do it __________ night.6. The company was founded __________ 1st August 2002.7. Brittany fell asleep __________ the middle of the chemistry class.8. I suddenly fell sick __________ the meeeting.9. The train for Manchester leaves __________ noon.10. __________ the beginning I didn’t really like him, but __________ the end I realised how generous and warm-hearted he was.11. There is a preface __________ the beginning of the book.12. Go straight on and turn left __________ the end of the street.13. Let’s meet in that new fancy reastaurant __________ lunch.14. My grandfather was young __________ the 1950s.15. __________ the end of the year we usually make plans for the following year.16. Wait for me in the office. I’ll be there __________ a few seconds. 17. Ben moved to Italy __________ the age of seventeen.18. Natally is planning to stay with her grandparents __________ the summer.

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UNIT II

BREUNINGER – THE BEAUTIFUL THINGS IN LIFE

Word list

upmarket –deparment store – flagship – lingerie – accessories – leisurewear – household – top-of-the-range – commitment – customer service – comfort and convenience – forward-thinking – to enable – exceptional – facilities – live entertainment – consultant – fitting rooms – made-to-measure – tailoring – gift-wrapped –

UNIT II – Exercises

I Fill in the missing letters.

Facilities: cu_ _ _ _ _r parking; ch_ _ _ _ _re; private f _ _ _ _ _g rooms; beauty s _ _ _ _s; hair _ _ _ _ _ _ _’s; cosmetic wo_ _ _ _ _ps; café on each f _ _ _r; live en _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ntServices: alt _ _ _ _ _on services; made-to-m_ _ _ _ _e services; gift wr_ _ _ _ _g; home d _ _ _ _ _ _yFinancial services and benefits: money-off v _ _ _ _ _rs; s_ _ _e card; special o _ _ _ _s; r _ _ _ _ ds

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II Match the words with their definitions.

convenience escalator fitting flagship household lifestyle made-to-measure refund voucher wrapping

1. used in homes, or relating to homes ______________2. money that you get back if you return goods that you do not like ______________3. moving stairs that take people from one level of a building to the next ______________4. the way that someone lives, including their work, their activities and what they own ______________5. the paper or plastic that covers something that you buy ______________6. something that helps you to avoid wasting time and effort ______________7. used in the phrase ‘______________ room’ to mean a room in a shop where you can put on clothes before buying them8. made to a particular size (=tailor-made) ______________9. a piece of paper that you buy something with (instead of using money) ______________10. the biggest, most important, or best thing in a group (an idea that comes from the navy) ______________

III Make phrases used in customer care.

1. greet _____ with the problem, if you can2. find out _____ not to interrupt3. let _____ why the customer is calling4. deal _____ the customer in a warm manner5. try _____ the customer explain the problem6. stay _____ by thanking the customer for calling7. take _____ the solution after you have both agreed8. suggest _____ notes so you are clear about the details9. confirm _____ calm and don’t lose your temper10. end _____ a solution without blaming anyone

NUMBER OF NOUNS

BROJ IMENICA

In the English language nouns can be divided into:15

1. Countable Nouns (brojive imenice): pen, desk, chair, case, plate, bed, glass, apple, armchair, trousers etc. and:2. Uncountable Nouns (nebrojive imenice):water, salt, wine, juice, space, love, honour, furniture, advice, information, dirt, success,

money etc. *Uncountable nouns, as the very name denotes, do not form plural!

PLURAL OF NOUNS

Only Countable Nouns form plural in English. Some nouns form Regular Plural, while the other nouns form Irregular Plural.

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REGULAR PLURAL

PRAVILNA MNOŽINA

Most nouns in Eglish form plural by adding the ending –s, which can be pronounced as /s/ if the noun ends in a voiceless consonant, and as /z/ if a noun ends in a voiced consonant or a vowel. For example:

hat – hats /s/

fork – forks /s/

sofa – sofas /z/

window – windows /z/

With nouns ending in –ce, -ge, -dge, -se, -ze, where the final e is silent, the ending –es which is formed when –s is added to a noun, is pronounced as /iz/:

face – faces /iz/

page - pages /iz/

horse – horses /iz/

Nouns ending in: -s, -ss, -ch, -sh and –x form plural by adding the ending –es which is pronounced as /iz/:

bus – buses /iz/

glass – glasses /iz/

church – churches /iz/

bush – bushes /iz/

box – boxes /iz/

Nouns ending in –o preceded by a consonant, form plural by adding –es pronounced as /z/ to the noun:

tomato – tomatoes /z/

potato – potatoes /z/

echo – echoes /z/

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hero – heroes /z/

*However, if a noun ends in –o preceded by a vowel, only –s pronounced as /z/ is added:

studio – studios /z/

scenario – scenarios /z/

*Nouns of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in –o form plural by adding only –s pronounced as /z/:

piano – pianos /z/

photo – photos /z/

Nouns ending in –y preceded by a consonant, form plural by changing –y into –i and adding the ending –es pronounced as /iz/:

baby – babies /iz/

city – cities /iz/

However, nouns ending in –y which is preceded by a vowel, form plural by adding the ending –s pronounced as /z/:

boy – boys /z/

day – days /z/

The following nouns which end in –f or –fe, when forming plural change –f into –v and add –es pronounced as /z/:

knife – knives /z/

life – lives /z/

wife – wives /z/

half – halves /z/

leaf – leaves /z/

shelf – shelves /z/

loaf – loaves /z/

thief – thieves /z/

wolf – wolves /z/

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self – selves /z/

calf – calves /z/

sheaf – sheaves /z/

The nouns hoof, scarf and wharf have two different forms in plural:

hoof – hoofs /s / or (ili) hoof – hooves /z/

scarf – scarfs /s/ or (ili) scarf – scarves /z/

wharf – wharfs or (ili) wharf – wharves

All the other nouns ending in –f or –ff form plural by adding –s pronounced as /s/:

roof – roofs /s/

cliff – cliffs /s/

IRREGULAR PLURAL

NEPRAVILNA MNOŽINA

Certain number of nouns in English form irregular plural, which means that they possess a plural form which has to be memorised by heart. There are no rules to be applied when forming plural as there are for regular plural!

There are different cases of irregular plural in English:

1. The following nouns have kept the old forms of plural:

man - men

woman – women

child - children

mouse – mice

louse – lice

foot – feet

tooth – teeth

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goose – geese

ox – oxen

*The noun brother has two forms of plural: both the regular and irregular one with a difference in meaning:

brother – brothers (braća)

brother – brethren (bratstvo)

2. The following nouns have the same form both in singular and plural:

fish - fish

deer – deer

sheep – sheep

series – series

species – species

means – means

gas-works – gas-works

cross-roads – cross-roads

3. The following nouns do not have a plural form. They are always followed by a singular verb:

advice

information

furniture

business

luggage

strength

intelligence

music

4. The following nouns have only the plural form:

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goods

arms

weapons

thanks

teens

headquarters

premises

clothes

stairs etc.

5. Nouns denoting the names of objects consisting of two equal or similar parts are always used in plural only:

glasses

shorts

pants

pyjamas

scissors

compasses

binoculars etc.

6. A number of nouns taken from Greek and Latin have kept the original forms of plural:

datum – data

phenomenon - phenomena

nucleus – nuclei

appendix – appendices

index – indices

formula – formulae

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7. A number of words taken from French, Hebrew, Italian and some other lanuages have also kept the original forms of plural:

beau – beaux

seraph – seraphim

libretto – libretti

*However, most of the above mentioned nouns taken from different foreign languages also have the forms of regular plural made by adding the English ending –s or –es to the singular when used in everyday speech or non-scientific texts. For example:

index – indexes

formula – formulas

seraph – seraphs

8. A certain number of nouns of Greek and Latin origin which end in –is in singular, have the plural form which ends in –es, where this ending is pronounced as /i:z/:

analysis – analyses

axis – axes

basis – bases

9. Names of sciences and diseases which end in –ics or –s, although they have a plural form, take a verb in singular. For example:

Economics was my favourite subject at college.

He thinks phonetics is very interesting.

Mumps is a different disease from measles.

Also (takođe):

mathematics, physics, statistics, mechanics, electronics, optics

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PLURAL OF COMPOUND NOUNS

MNOŽINA SLOŽENIH IMENICA

Compund nouns usually form plural by adding –s or –es or irregular plural to the last word of the compound:

bedrooms, travel agents, boy-friends, grown-ups, writing tables, policewomen etc.

However, where man or woman is the first word in a compund, then both words are made plural:

men drivers, women friends, men doctors, women servants etc.

In compounds formed of nouns + preposition with a noun, adjective or adverb, the noun is made plural:

passers-by, lookers-on, sisters-in-law, men-of-war, editors-in-chief etc.

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EXERCISES

I Put the following nouns into the regular plural:

flower, window, fridge, computer, plate, bed, city, cliff, shelf, baby, blanket, scenario, potato, photo, church, bus, box, glass, boy, prize

II Put the following nouns into the irregular plural:

man, child, mouse, foot, tooth, ox, deer, sheep, species, means, datum, phenomenon, analysis, axis, radius, appendix, formula, seraph, crisis, bureau

III Transform the following sentences into the plural:

1. A daisy is a flower.2. They made a different analysis from this one.3. A table is made of wood.4. A city is bigger than a town.5. A school is a place where a pupil gets education.6. A cat likes fish.7. That is a strange phenomenon!8. A tooth is in your jaw.9. A teacher teaches a student.10. There is a goose in the pond.

QUANTIFIERS

PRIDEVI ZA KOLIČINU

Quantifiers are indefinite adjectives which denote either indefinite amount or indefinite number depending on the fact whether they stand in front of a countable noun or an uncountable one.

SOME / ANY / NO / NONEThe adjective some can be used either with countable or uncountable nouns. When used

with a singular countable noun, it means “certain“ and can be used both with nouns denoting people and things. For example:

Pridev some može stajati i uz brojive i uz nebrojive imenice. Kada stoji uz brojivu imenicu u jednini, ima značenje „izvestan“ i može se koristiti sa imenicama koje označavaju ljude i stvari. Na primer:

There’s some man in the backyard.For some reason he doesn’t like me.

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When used with a plural countable noun, it can mean either: 1) “certain“ or 2) “a few“:1) Some people prefer the seaside to the mountains.2) There are some colour pencils in the case.

In questions and negative statements instead of some we use any:U upitnim i odričnim rečenicama umesto some koristimo any:Are there any questions?There aren’t any clean glaasses in the cupboard.

When used with uncountable nouns, some means “a certain quantity of“. For example:Kada se upotrebljava sa nebrojivim imenicama, some ima značenje “izvesna količina nečega“ i na

srpski jezik se prevodi sa “nešto“ ili “malo“. Na primer:

There’s some rice in the bowl.There’s some juice in the glass.

In questions and negatives we use any again:U upitnim i odričnim rečenicama takođe koristimo any:

Is there any rice in the bowl?There isn’t any juice in the glass.

*However, if we expect a positive answer, then some is used in the question as well:Would you like some more coffee?

*Instead of any in negative sentences we can use no with both countable and uncountable nouns, provided that the verb is in a positive form, since in English there can be only one negation in a sentence:

There are no apples in the fridge.There is no jam in the jar.

If we use no, it has to be followed by a noun. However, if we want to use it without a noun, then none is used instead of no. For example:

- Are there any apples in the fridge?- There are none.- Is there any jam in the jar?- There is none.

MANY / MUCH / A LOT OF

The adjective many is used with plural countable nouns to denote an indefinite number, while much is used with uncountable nouns to denote indefinite quantity. Both many and much

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are preferred in English in questions and negative statements, while a lot of (lots of) is used in positive sentences (statements) for both countable and uncountable nouns:

There are a lot of books on the shelf. or (ili) There are lots of books on the shelf.

Are there many books on the shelf?

There aren’t many books on the shelf.

There is a lot of tea in the pot. or (ili) There is lots of tea in the pot.

Is there much tea in the pot?

There isn’t much tea in the pot?

FEW / A FEW / LITTLE / A LITTLE

The adjective few is an indefinite adjective which is used with countable nouns in plural and denotes an indefinite number. A few also stands with plural countable nouns. The difference between these two adjectives is that few has a negative connotation, while a few has a positive one. Few means “not enough“, while a few means “enough“.

Jason has few friends. (not enough!) (nedovoljno!)

Ann has a few friends. (enough!) (dovoljno!)

I have few eggs. I can’t make a cake. (not enough eggs to make a cake!) (nedovoljno jaja da

se napravi torta!)

There are a few eggs in the fridge. You don’t have to go to the market now. (enough for now!) (dovoljno za sada!)

The adjective little is an indefinite adjective which is used with uncountable nouns to denote indefinite quantity. A little is also used with uncountable nouns. The difference between these two adjectives is that little has a negative connotation, while a little has a positive one. Little means “not enough“, while a little means “enough“.

There’s little pie in the oven. You’ll have to add something to it. (not enough for a meal!) (nedovoljno za obrok!)

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There’s a little flour in the can. You can make some pancakes. (enough to make pancakes!) (dovoljno da se naprave palačinke!)

There’s little bread in the bag. You can’t make a sandwich. (not enough to make a sandwich!) (nedovoljno da se napravi sendvič!)

There’a a little bread in the bag. You can make yourself a sandwich. (enough to make a sandwich!) (dovoljno da se napravi sendvič)

EXERCISES

I Put some, any, no or none in the spaces.

1. There isn’t __________ butter left in the fridge.2. There is __________ sugar at all and I want to make a cake. I’ll have to go to the shop and buy __________.3. How many children does your new neighbour have? He has __________. He lives with his wife only. They’ve just got married.4. Are there __________ colour pencils in the drawer? Yes, there are __________.5. I can’t eat __________ more meat, but I’d like __________ salad, please.6. There are __________ roses in the garden, only __________ tulips.7. “I’ve had too many drinks already. What about you?“ “I had __________. I don’t drink alcohol.“8. Can I have __________ salt please? This meal isn’t salty enough!9. Is there __________ chocolate left. I would really want __________.10. I have __________ more letters to post today.

II Use many, much and a lot of to fill in the gaps.

1. Ann’s son has __________ toys. His room is full of them2. I can’t buy this shirt. It’s very expensive and I don’t have __________ money.3. How __________ brothers and sisters do you have?4. There is not __________ coffee left. Just a little.5. My sister has __________ friends. People simply love spending time with her.6. Our neighbour, who is very old, doesn’t have __________ friends. That is why she feels so lonely sometimes. 7. My nieces don’t make __________ noise while playing. They are such calm children.8. “How __________ crime stories have you read?“ “I’ve read __________ them.“9. I’m sorry. I don’t have __________ time and I have to hurry.10. I didn’t find __________ apples in the tree. Just two.

III Chose between few and a few, little and a little to complete the sentences:

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1. Tom has few / a few friends and he is not very happy.2. There’s little / a little coffee left. I can’t make us coffee. Would you like some tea? 3. “Can I have some sugar for my coffee, please?“ “Certainly. There’s little / a little in the bowl.4. I’ve just moved to the city and I’ve already met few / a few people.5. “Are there any oranges?“ “Yes, there are few / a few in the kitchen.“6. “Is there any milk left?“ “Yes, there is little / a little in the jug. You can have it.“7. “Can I have some juice?“ “There’s little / a little in the bottle. I’m afraid there isn’t enough.“8. There are few / a few people at the party. I don’t think it’ll be fun.9. I’ve just found few / a few toys under the bed. Take them to your room.10. There’s little / a little paper in the printer. I don’t think I’ll be able to print the document.

IV Circle the correct word in each pair in italics.

1. How much/many money/monies did we make last month?2. How much/many employee/employees work in their company?3. We didn’t get much/many order/orders at the trade fair.4. I didn’t get much/many help/helps from him.5. She gave me a lot/a lot of useful advice/advices.6. Do you have some/any information/informations about this project?7. We have some/any equipment that is/are very out-of-date.8. They didn’t do some/any research/researches before launching the product.

V a/an, some, any1. I’d like an/some advice about the government’s latest tax proposals.2. I’ve just received a/some very nice gift from one of my suppliers.3. Shall we carry on working, or would you like to go out for a/some meal?4. Do you have an/any information about conference facilities in Monaco?5. I just have to go to the bank to get a/some money.6. Henk wants you to phone him. He says he has a/some good news for you.7. Did you meet an/any interesting people at the trade fair?8. The engineers are having a/some problems with the new engine.

VI much, many, a lot of, a little, a few

A: How are things in Madrid?B: We’re nearly ready. We didn’t have 1) ____________ trouble finding a suitable office.There seem to be 2) ____________ empty places at the moment.A: How 3) ____________ work will you need to do on the building?B: Nothing really. We only need to do 4) ____________ painting and decorating, and it’ll be fine.A: How 5) ____________ people are going to be working there?B: About twenty. We’ve filled most of the jobs, so it’ll only take 6) ____________ weeks to find the other people we need. We haven’t appointed a sales manager yet, but there has been 7) ____________ interest in the job, so we’ll get someone soon.A: How 8) ____________ time do you think you’ll spend there?

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B: At the beginning, I’ll have to spend 9) ____________ time over there, so I’ve rented an apartment. But I’m hoping that it will only go on for 10) ____________ months, and then the office will be able to look after itself.

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UNIT III

TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Word list

car production – huge – demand – mass-produced – enourmous – vehicle – instead – customer’s needs – lean manufaturing – combine – craftwork – aim – defects – deal with – faulty – just-in-time system – warehouse – turnover – objective – improvement – identify with – lead time – working environment – implement – adjust – adapt –

Additional text

When Pan Am began the first passenger service across the Atlatic from New York to France in 1939, a one-way ticket cost $375. That’s about $4,000 in today’s money. These days a ticket on the same route can cost you as little as $250.In the past, if you wanted to fly commercially you had to book a seat on traditional, or national airlines such as British Airways, Lufthansa or Air France. There were strict rules and the airlines were often accused of ‘price-fixing’. In the 1950s, only the rich could afford the $70 return fare from England to Nice. It doesn’t sound much, but that’s equivalent to about $1,500 today. Now this has all changed. Today, easyJet will fly you to Nice for less than $15 each way.

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New budget airlines are appearing all the time, and most national airlines now have their own budget subsidiary. Fares are cheap, food and drinks are not included, there in no seat allocation and the planes are often second-hand. However, it seems that most passengers will put up with a bit of discomfort in order to fly cheaply. But what about the effects budget airlines have on their employees and the environment?

Exercises

I Match the words with their definitions.

1. resources a) a particular period of time during the development of something2. milestone b) a specific time or date by which you have to do something3. green light c) something such as money, workers, or equipment that can be used to

help an institution or business4. deadline d) the official approval to go ahead with something5. phase e) an event or achievement that marks an important stage in a project

II Fill in the missing letters.

1. The amount of a product that people want is called the d _______ for the product. In business, the word is strongly associated with the opposite idea of ‘supply’ (the amount available).2. Cars are mass-produced on an enormous s _______ (size, rate or level). This word is often used in the phrase ‘the s… of the problem’.3. A piece of equipment in a factory that does a particular job is called a m _______. We use the uncountable noun m ___________ to refer to lots of these all together.4. The term ‘lean m ____________’ is used to describe a poduction system that uses less labour, less machinery, less space, less time and less waste.5. A fault in the way that a product is made is called a d________.6. The just-in-time system makes stores or w________s (large buildings for storing goods) unnecessary because parts are only ordered when they are needed.7. Kaizen is the Japanese term for co_________ imp___________.8. The results of the Toyota Production System are superior products, short l____ t____ (how long it takes to make something) and low costs.

GRAMMAR

ADVERBS OF MANNER (PRILOSKE ODREDBE ZA NACIN) HOW?

- tell us how something happens- are used to modify verbs and usually come after the main verb

Shares in the company rose quickly.- to form an adverb from an adjective add –LY to the adejectivequick + ly = quickly

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slow +ly = slowly- when an adjective ends in –y, replace –y with –ilyhappy + ly = happilyangry +ly = angrily- there are some exceptions: good = well; hard = hard

I Complete the sentences using adverbs of manner.1. Tobacco sales are decreasing ________________. (slow)2. The organic foods market grew ________________ (quick) last month.3. I think the price of shares in Hussein Solar Power Plc will rise _______________ (sharp) very soon.4. Our production process is improving ___________________ (slight) every day.5. Our products are selling very __________________ (good) in Japan at the moment.6. The amount of waste we produce is falling __________________ (steady).

II Make adverbs from the adjectives.slow ___________ dramatic ___________hard ___________ happy ___________full ___________ fast ___________good ___________ bad ___________

III good vs well1. Did you have a _________ flight?2. I’ve been learning English for three years, so I speak it quite ___________.3. He’s on sick leave at the moment, but it won’t be long before he’s ___________ enough to return to work.4. The magazine gave their latest fridge-freezers a very ___________ review.5. I think it would be a ___________ idea to discuss this at next week’s meeting.6. Jane and I are old friends. We know each other very ___________.7. The new computer system seems to be working ___________.

THE PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice is used in English very often. It is formed by different forms of the verb to be (depending on the verb form in the active sentence) and the past participle. The passive voice is used when the subject is not performing an action, but rather the action is performed on the subject. We can only use transitive verbs (verbs which require an object) for the passive voice. What once was the object of an active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.

For example:Clint Eastwood directed ‘The Bridges of Madison County’.

‘The Bridges of Madison County’ was directed by Clint Eastwood.

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Active (aktiv) Passive (pasiv)

Simple Present(Prezent)

makeJohn makes breakfast every morning.

is madeBreakfast is made by John every morning.

Present Continuous(Trajni prezent)

is givingSarah is giving the award.

is being givenThe award is being given by Sarah.

Simple Past(Prosto prošlo vreme)

gaveThe professor gave the instructions.

were givenThe instructions were given by the professor.

Past Continuous(Trajno prošlo vreme)

was writingHe was writing the letter when she walked in.

was being writtenThe letter was being written by him when she walked in.

Present Perfect(Sadašnji perfekat)

has stolenA thief has stolen the famous painting.

has been stolenThe famous painting has been stolen.

Present Perfect Continuous(Sadašnji trajni perfekat)

have been cleaningJohn and Mary have been cleaning the house.

has been being cleanedThe house has been being cleaned by John and Mary.

Past Perfect(Pluskvamperfekat)

had doneThey had done the housework before they left.

had been doneThe housework had been done before they left.

Past Perfect Continuous(Trajni

pluskvamperfekat)

had been buyingMark had been buying groceries before he went home.

had been being boughtGroceries had been being bought by Mark before he went home.

Simple Future(Prosto buduće vreme)

will/is going toThey will/are going to finish their homework.

will be finished/is going to be finishedThe homework will be finished/is going to be finished by them.

Future Continuous(Trajno buduće vreme)

will be watching/is going to be watchingPeter will be watching/is going to be watching the news at 7 pm.

will be being watched/are going to be being watchedThe news will be being watched/are going to be being watched at 7 pm by Peter.

Future Perfect(Budući perfekat)

will/are going to have phonedThey will/are going

will/are going to have been phonedWe will/are going to

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to have phoned us by the time we get there.

have been phoned by the time we get there.

Future Perfect Continuous(Budući trajni perfekat)

will/is going to have been playingThe musician will/is going to have been playing the piano for 4 hours by the time the concert ends.

will/is going to have been being playedThe piano will/is going to have been being played for 4 hours by the time the concert ends.

Modal Verbs(Modalni glagoli)

must, can, should…buyThey should buy that car!

must/should/can.. be boughtThat car should be bought.

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USE OF THE PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice is used when the doer of an action is unknown.

For example (na primer):I was forced to leave the room.The bridge was being built for 2 years.He had been given the invitation before he went to the party.

by is used in the passive voice when we want to emphasise who the doer of the action is.

For example (na primer):The window was broken by the neighbors’ children.That book was written by Agatha Christie.The charity has been given money by Oprah.I was told the secret by my best friend.The house was bought by a young couple.

The passive voice is used when the doer of an action is unimportant or indefinite. This is the case with sentences beginning with: somebody, anybody, people, they, etc. ‘It’ can also replace these indefinite subjects.

For example (na primer):Mistakes are frequently being made.Citizens were invited to come to the summer festival.He was sent on assignment.I had been told that he was dangerous.You will be given your tasks tomorrow.It is believed that he will be arrested.

If there are two objects – the direct and the indirect object – the passive sentence can have either of the two as the subject.

For example (na primer):Active (aktiv) Passive (pasiv)

John gave Mary the ring. IO DO

The principal will send them a letter. IO DO

Mary was given the ring by John.The ring was given to Mary by John.

They will be sent a letter by the principal.A letter will be sent to them by the principal.

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EXERCISES

I Are the underlined verb forms in the active or the passive voice?1. I always listen to music when I go jogging. __________________2. Has Jane been given the gifts for her birthday? __________________3. Is it going to rain tonight? __________________4. They will be working on an important project this time next year. __________________5. The house has been broken into. __________________6. People say that he is a very dangerous man. __________________7. It is believed that a famous painter once lived in this attic. __________________8. They planted different flowers in their backyard. __________________9. Their car had been stolen before they bought a new one. __________________10. Hurry up! The tickets will have been sold by the time we arrive. __________________

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II Write the passive verb forms:1. is giving → _______________________

2. was cleaning → _______________________3. had done → _______________________4. will buy → _______________________5. must do → _______________________6. have finished → _______________________7. was going to paint → _______________________8. take → _______________________9. chose → _______________________10. will have written → _______________________

III Rewrite the following sentences into the passive voice: Did the teacher explain the lecture?______________________________________________________________?1. Someone stole her bag._______________________________________________________________.2. Ann washed the dishes when the guests left._______________________________________________________________.3. Many tourists have been visiting the Eiffel Tower._______________________________________________________________.4. Someone has broken the window!______________________________________________________________!

5. They had opened a new store there before we moved._______________________________________________________________.6. They had been moving the furniture before people came to the party._______________________________________________________________.7. The Committee will approve the new study program._______________________________________________________________.8. They are going to be watering the garden next week._______________________________________________________________.9. People gave me a lot of advice for my job interview._______________________________________________________________.10. They will renovate the living room by the time we move in the new flat._______________________________________________________________.11. Everyone raised enough money to give to charity._______________________________________________________________.

IV Put the passive sentences into the active: 1. Sports are played in leisure time._______________________________________________________________.2. All kinds of books are sold in this bookstore._______________________________________________________________.

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3. Do you think that I was noticed?______________________________________________________________?4. The telephone wasn’t invented by Nikola Tesla. It was invented by Alexander Bell.______________________________________________________________.5. We will have to be given some answers._______________________________________________________________.6. Had you been invited to come before they went on holiday?______________________________________________________________?7. Most clothes will have been sold by the end of the season._______________________________________________________________.8. You will be shown the way to the museum._______________________________________________________________.9. Visitors were being given directions._______________________________________________________________.10. Has the equipment been purchased?______________________________________________________________?11. Food won’t be brought to work anymore._______________________________________________________________.12. The clown was being watched by the children._______________________________________________________________.

V Put the verbs in brackets in the active or the passive voice: 1. Their car _________________________ (repair) by the mechanic last week.2. English _________________________ (speak) by many people in the world.3. The famous playwright _________________________ (write) the plays in the 19th

century.4. Someone _________________________ (just organise) the file cabinets in our office.5. The two countries _________________________ (sign) the mutual agreement soon.6. The Law _________________________ (pass) many years before it started being used.7. I _________________________ (help) by a complete stranger the whole night in the middle of nowhere.8. Beverages _________________________ (sell) near the entrance to every cinema.9. The laundry _________________________ (wash and dry) by our housemaid.10. _________________________ (they/prepare) lunch when we arrive?

VI Make questions from the given sentences: 1. The bag was bought in the newly-opened department store.Where?________________________________________________________?2. The kids will be picked up at 8 am for the field trip.When? ________________________________________________________?3. Penicillin had been discovered by Fleming long before it could actually be used on people.What? ________________________________________________________?4. The murderer has just been arrested by the police?

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Who? ________________________________________________________?5. The sculpture will be offered on a private auction tonight.When? ________________________________________________________?6. This house has been broken into 5 times.How many times ________________________________________________?

7. The roads were being cleaned by the citizens.What? ________________________________________________________?8. New buildings were being built everywhere in the city.Where? _______________________________________________________?

VII Translate the following sentences into English. Make sure that the sentences are in the passive voice! 1. Da li se ovde prodaju karte za muzej?_______________________________________________________________.2. Sva pisma su već poslata._______________________________________________________________.3. Domaći zadaci će biti završeni do sutra._______________________________________________________________.4. Ovo vežbanje se može uraditi za 15 minuta._______________________________________________________________.5. Osećale su da su posmatrane._______________________________________________________________.6. Vodili su me u obilazak grada._______________________________________________________________.7. Misliš li da su me slušali?_______________________________________________________________.8. Da li ćete dobiti poklone za useljenje?_______________________________________________________________.9. Kuće su srušene mnogo godina ranije nego što su na tom mestu napravili park._______________________________________________________________.10. Rečeno mi je da ga mogu pronaći ovde._______________________________________________________________.11. Mnogo grešaka će biti napravljeno pre nego što se slože._______________________________________________________________.12. Ubili su ga u ratu.

_______________________________________________________________.

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UNIT IV

THE SWEET SMELL OF SUCCESS

Word list

to make a sale – refuse – counter – spilt (spill) – fragrance – crowded – scent – waft through – lovely – attribute to – staff – hands-on approach – stylish – secrecy – reveal – ingredients – jar – eternally – effort – demonstrations – makeovers – to pioneer – purchase – lipstick – free samples – dedication – unsurpassed – custormer service –

Exercises

I Match the words with their definitions.1. to spill ___ beautiful and well-designed2. fragrance ___ a nice smell3. to demand ___ changing a person’s appearance so that they look better4. stylish ___ to accidentally pour a liquid out of its container5. makeover ___ to say that you want something very strongly6. to pioneer ___ better than everything else of its kind7. sample ___ completely new and different

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8. technique ___ a method of doing something9. revolutionary ___ a small amount of a product given to people for free10. unsurpassed ___ to be one of the first people to do something

II Put the following adjectives into the correct place in the table below.hard-working unhelpful generous hands-ondishonest disorganized ambitious uncooperative stressed

positive negativecalm

meanhonest

lazyhelpful

lacking in driveorganized

hands-offcooperative

III Use the adjectives above to complete the sentences.

1. I never get angry. I’m a very ______________ person.2. Junita can’t find the files she needs. She’s so ______________.3. I don’t really trust him. He seems to be a bit ______________.4. Robert is working his way up the career ladder. He’s very ______________.5. Angela is a very ______________ person. She gives 15% of her salary to charities.6. Craig just won’t lift a finger. He’s a very ______________ man.7. Dieter never leaves the office until his day’s work is finished. His colleagues all say he’s the most ______________ man incompany.8. Pat won’t do anything for other people. She’s the most ______________ woman I know.9. Olaf likes his employees to make their own decisions. His style of management is very ______________.10. Sandra has three small children and a full-time job. She’s quite ______________, although she doesn’t show it.

IV Make adjectives from the given nouns.1. adventure _________________________2. ambition _________________________3. decision _________________________4. flexibility _________________________5. luck _________________________6. finance _________________________7. organization _________________________8. pioneer _________________________9. success _________________________

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10. stress _________________________

V Make phrases by matching.

1. go a) hands-on approach2. use sales b) and effort into something3. have a c) techniques4. look d) on sale5. put time e) stylish6. quality speaks f) away free samples7. pioneer an g) into a global leader8. give h) in yourself9. have belief i) for itself10. turn a company j) idea

GRAMMAR

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

PROŠLO VREME

TO BE

Affirmative + Negative - (short form) Interrogative ?

I wasYou wereHe wasShe wasIt was

We wereYou wereThey were

I was notYou were notHe was notShe was notIt was not

We were notYou were notThey were not

I wasn'tYou weren'tHe wasn'tShe wasn'tIt wasn't

We weren'tYou weren'tThey weren't

Was I?Were you?Was he?Was she?Was it?

Were we?Were you?Were they?

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TO DOAffirmative + Negative - (short form) Interrogative ?

I didYou didHe didShe did It did

We didYou didThey did

I did notYou did notHe did notShe did notIt did not

We did notYou did notThey did not

I didn'tYou didn'tHe didn'tShe didn'tIt didn't

We didn'tYou didn'tThey didn't

Did I?Did you?Did he?Did she?Did it?

Did we?Did you?Did they?

For example (na primer): to walk – hodatiAffirmative + Negative - (short form) Interrogative ?

I walkedYou walkedHe walkedShe walkedIt walked

We walkedYou walkedThey walked

I did not walkYou did not walkHe did not walkShe did not walkIt did not walk

We did not walkYou did not walkThey did not walk

I didn't walkYou didn't walkHe didn't walkShe didn't walkIt didn't walk

We didn't walkYou didn't walkThey didn't walk

Did I walk?Did you walk?Did he walk?Did she walk?Did it walk?

Did we walk?Did you walk?Did they walk?

The Simple Past Tense is formed by adding – ed to the verb. In some cases, - ed is not added to the verb because the verbs have an irregular form. These verbs are called irregular verbs (see the end of the book for the list of the most common irregular verbs).

USE

The Simple Past Tense is used for:

facts about the past:

Albert Einstein was a scientist.

an action or situation in the past which is completed:

I phoned you last night.

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actions occuring at a certain time in the past:

The last time I saw him was in 2005.

a series of completed actions:

I finished my homework, got dressed and went out.

actions that lasted for a certain period in the past:

I lived in Belgrade for 2 years.

habits in the past:

He played basketball in elementary school.

- yesterday, last week, last month, last year, etc., ago, in 2000, in 1962, etc., in January, in March, etc., on Monday, Tuesady, etc:

We went to a concert two days ago.

I visited an old friend yesterday.

My favourite actor was born in 1960.

It was very cold in February.

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THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

PROŠLO TRAJNO VREME

The Past Continuous Tense is formed by the past simple tense of the verb to be and by adding – ing to the verb.

For example (na primer): to go – ići

Affirmative + Negative - (short form) Interrogative ?

I was goingYou were going

He was goingShe was goingIt was going

We were goingYou were going

They were going

I was not goingYou were not

goingHe was not goingShe was not goingIt was not going

We were not goingYou were not

goingThey were not

going

I wasn't goingYou weren't

goingHe wasn't goingShe wasn't goingIt wasn't going

We wern't goingYou weren't

goingThey weren't

going

Was I going?Were you going?

Was he going?Was she going?Was it going?

Were we going?Were you going?

Were they going?

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USE

The Past Continuous Tense is used:

for an action which was in progress at a specific time in the past:

He was reading the newspaper yesterday at 9 a.m.

for two actions occuring at the same time:

I was washing the dishes while my husband was vacuuming the house.

for an interrupted action in the past:

I was leaving the house when she called

with 'always' for an action in the past which was often irritating:

He was fired because he was always arriving to work late.

EXERCISES

I Make sentences from the given words by putting the verbs in the Past Simple or Past Continuous Tense:

1. They/arrive/while/I/talk/phone _________________________________________2. John/drink/friends/when/he/see/Jane _________________________________________3. I read/accident/when/bus/arrive _________________________________________4. John/meet/Ann/yesterday _________________________________________5. I/not know/answer/question _________________________________________6. They/ring/doorbell _________________________________________7. You/understand/what/I/say? _________________________________________8. You/not sleep/when/I/come _________________________________________

II Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or Past Continuous Tense:

1. What __________________ (you do) while I was talking to you?2. Mary __________________ (try) to pass the exam although she __________________ (not know) much.

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3. I __________________ (watch) an interesting show on television when you changed the channel.4. __________________ (you be) here when she was telling the story about the accident?5. They __________________ (manage) to rescue the man who __________________ (try) to put out the fire by himself.6. I couldn't believe he __________________ (make) such a fool of himself.7. He __________________ (not do) anything while I __________________ (study) hard.8. __________________ (you see) that man last week?9. The car __________________ (break) down so we __________________ (have to) take the bus.10. When she finished reading the book, she __________________ (go) to bed.

III Put the verbs in the Past Simple or Past Continuous Tense to fill in the blanks in the story:

Sally 1)__________________ (get up) at 6 am, 2)__________________ (get) ready, 3)__________________ (leave) the house and 4)__________________ (go) to work. As she 5)__________________ (drive), her phone 6)__________________ (ring). She soon 7)__________________ (find out) that it was her friend Alice whom she hadn't spoken to for a few months. Alice 8)__________________ (tell) Sally that she 9)__________________ (be) in town and that she 10)__________________ (start) her own business. Alice 11)__________________ (wonder) if Sally had time to go for a coffee and catch up. Sally 12)__________________ (agree) to meet her the following day. They 13)__________________ (meet) at 5 pm.

IV Write the irregular past simple forms of these verbs:

become _____________ leave _____________begin _____________ lose _____________bring _____________ make _____________buy _____________ meet _____________choose _____________ pay _____________cost _____________ see _____________fall _____________ sell _____________find _____________ set _____________forget _____________ speak _____________give _____________ spend _____________go _____________ take _____________grow _____________ tell _____________have _____________ think _____________keep _____________ understand _____________know _____________ write _____________

V Past simple vs Past continuous

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1. While I _____________ (check) the figures on the spreadsheet, I _____________ (notice) that the sales total for June was incorrect.2. When I _____________ (join) the company, they _____________ (expand) their activities in Central Europe.3. The negotiations _____________ (go) very well until their boss _____________ (arrive) on the scene.4. Incredible! Someone _____________ (take) my bag while I _____________ (sit) at the table outside the café.

V Past simple vs Past Continuous

1. I _____________ (lie) in the bath when the phone _____________. It _____________ (stop) after a few rings.2. It _____________ (be) cold when we _____________ (leave) the house that day, and a light snow _____________ (fall).3. Your friend who _____________ (come) here the other day _____________ (seem) very nice.4. When I _____________ (see) the man, he _____________ (stand) outside the bank. He _____________ (have) a black baseball cap on.5. When I _____________ (open) the cupboard door, a pile of books _____________ (fall) out.6. I _____________ (walk) along the street when I suddenly _____________ (feel) something hit me in the back. I _____________ (not/know) what it was.7. We _____________ (go) to London yesterday, but on the way we _____________ (hear) about a bomb scare in Oxford Street. So we _____________ (drive) back home straightaway.8. Something very strange _____________ (happen) to me on my way home from work yesterday afternoon. I _____________ (drive) along the bypass at the time. Suddenly I _____________ (see) my mother in the seat beside me. But she died three years ago.

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