Elektrik Makinaları 1 - Eemdersnotlari.com - Mustafa Turan Ders Notu (Tüm Konular)

8/10/2019 Elektrik Makinalar 1 - Eemdersnotlari.com - Mustafa Turan Ders Notu (Tm Konular)

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YFDFH _M\MHMS PF EVSMHHMS

Dmbyftoe mhmb bmsh djifhhfbor:Yfe eutup vmr dir:

biehfdf bmsh jhur: Euvvft bmsh obiehfbor:

Cmsot cor dmeobfbob nmbko ybf nmrfeft fiflfobo cfhorhfyfcohor dosoboz:

Dmbyftoe fiffr ifvrfyo fhif fifcohor dosoboz: Dmhzfdfhfrob debmtshmbdm

emrmetfrostoehfro nmeebim bfhfr syhfyfcohorsoboz: Fbietmbs bfior:

Mdm1

Yd fhfetroe dmeobfhfro dmbyftoe mhmbhmr smyfsobif fbfrao ibd ympmr. Cu

esdim dmbyftoe mhmbhmrb jhuudubu, cu ejbuimeo bfdho cohkohfro vf euvvft

jhuudubu oblfhfyflfoz.


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Fhfetroe Dmeobfhfro

Ir.Dustm`m Yurmb - \rd FFD7.3=

3

Dmbyftoe Mhmbhmr vf Euvvfthfr

Yd fhfetroe dmeobfhfro fhfetrjdmbyftoe fbfrao ibd ymptehmrbimb, fhfetroe

dmeobfhfrobob mbhmhmcohdfso oob dmbyftoe mhmb prfbsophfrobob cohobdfso kfrfeor.

=>37if Nmbs Lnrostomb rstfi, fhfetroe med ohf pusuhmbb smpdmsb `mre fifrfe fhfetroe

ohf dmbyftozdm mrmsbimeo cmhmbty jrtmym ejydutur. Cubimb cor yh sjbrm, fhfetroe

med ohf dmbyftoe mhmb ohoeosobo osf Mbir-Dmrof Mdprf dmtfdmtoesfh jhmrme o`mif

ftdotor. Cyhfhoehf fhfetrjdmbyftozdm mhdmhmr nz emzmbdtr.

Fhfetroe med dmbyftoe mhmb jhuturur

UT

N1 Dmbyftoe mhmb oiifto UM/d5 Mt/d1 Mdpfr x smrd/dftrfT

C1 Dmbyftoe me yjubhuu U T

Cu eurmh5 dmbyftozdm vf dmbyftoe

euvvfthfro mehmymb oeo sm fh eurmhbimb oheoior.

\m fh torcujb eurmh jhmrme cohobor.

Nmbs Lnrostomb

Jfrstfi

(=;;;-=>6=)


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Yfdfh _msmhmr vf Eurmhhmr


_bhfbdfdo iopjhhfr | _bhfbdo iopjhhfr

Emhl debmts mseimeo ifdorob iopjhhfrobo fteohfrvf debmtsb me ozkohfro ybbif nozmym sjemr.

Ifdorifeo ybhfbfb iopjhhfrob smys, emhl debmtsb

C me yjubhuubub cyehbf cmhir.

Wusuhmim,

yfrerfbob dmbyftoe \

eutcu (afjhjaoe B eutcu5

euzfy), pusuhm obfsobocfbzfr feohif ybhfioror

vf pusuhm obfsobob

dmbyftoe B eutcu

yfrerfbob dmbyftoe \

eutcubu kstfror.

Wusuhm obfsobob kfrfetf

emhl debmtstmb ymphd

jhiuubu nmtrhmybz.

Med Kffb hftefbhfr Mrmsbimeo Euvvft

Medhmrb myb ybif jhdms nmhobif, ohftefbhfr corcorobo fefr. Qthenmhobif otdf vmrir.

Cu iurud yehfr mrms feodf tfrstor1 myb lobsyehfr corcorobo otfr, zt lobshfr corcorobo

fefr (+ yehfr, - yehfro fefr koco).

blf ohftefbhfrifb corobf sm fh torcujb eurmhb uykuhmymrme medb jhuturmlm

eutuphmdmy cfhorhfyop, imnm sjbrm iofr ohftefbf mybeurmh uykuhmymrme jhumlme

eutuphmdmhmrb otdf ymim fedf ybbif fteohfyflfobo kstfrop, yuemrimeo iurudu

ospmthmybz.

Med fvrodhfro Corcorobo tfr ymim fefr


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?

Med fvrodhfro dmbyftoe iopjh (oeoho)

jhuturuyjr.

Med fvrodhfrobf ohoeob Bvf \ eutuphmrb

cfhorhfyoboz.

Fhfetrjdebmts vf Fhfetrjdmbyftoe Emp Qoho

Fhfetroe medbb jhuturiuu

dmbyftoe me cjcob ofrosobifeo (me

yjhu zfrobif) ifdorob dmbyftoe

iopjhhfrobo kh cor feohif

ybhfbioror. Cu iurud emrsbim

ifdor, fhfetroe med fteoso ohf

debmtshmbd jhur. Cu jhuudm

fhfetrjdebmts ifbor.

Dmbyftoe Emyt


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Fhfetroe Dmeobfhfro


=7

tdf vf fedfbob Cfhorhfbdfso

Med kffb smrdhmrb

jhuturiuu dmbyftoe mhmb,ifdor ofrosobifeo dmbyftoe

iopjhhfro ybhfbiorfrfe

fhfetrjdebmts jhuturur.


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==

Med Kffb hftefbf Fteoyfb Dmbyftoe Euvvft

Hjrfbtz euvvfto jhmrme cohobfb cu

euvvft1

ior.

@1 hftefbf fteoyfb dmbyftoe euvvft

UB1 BfwtjbT

C1 Dmbyftoe me yjubhuu U TDmbyftoe mhmb ofrosobif, obifb med

kffb cor ohftefbf fteoyfb dmbyftoe

euvvftob yb iofr cor sm fh eurmh ohf

cuhubur.

Emrtrdmybz1

blfifb cmnsfiohfb sm fh torcujb

eurmh ohf Cbob yb (dmbyftoe

fbiesoyjb) cfhorhfbor.

Euvvft jhuudubim, ohftefbf ioe

jhmrme fteoyfb me fsmstr. Cu yzifb

sob mrpmb kfhdfetfior.

Curmimb im mbhmhmlm zfrf

ohftefbob meym ioe cohffbo bfdhoior.

\jhimeo rbff sm fh < pmrdme

eurmhb uykuhmymrme ohftefbif

fbiehfbfb nmrfeftob ybbcuhubuz1


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Fhfetroe Dmeobfhfro


=3

\m Fh < Wmrdme Eurmh ohf Euvvftob _bbb Cfhorhfbdfso

Dmbyftoe Mhmb obif Cuhubmb Med fvrodobf Fteoyfb Djdfbt


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Fhfetroe Dmeobfhfro


=9

o - N cmbts

blfhoehf, cor smrkimb memb med ohf cu medb jhuturiuu dmbyftoe

mhmb oiifto(N) ohf jhmb ohoeosobo oblfhfdfe kfrfeor. Ffr cor ohftefbifb cor

med meyjrsm, ftrm`bim cor dmbyftoe mhmb dfyimbm kfhor (feoh =.=.)

Mdpfr _msms

Mbirf Dmrof Mdpfrf

Empmh cor fvrf cjyubim N dmbyftoe

mhmbbb obtfkrmho, fvrf ofrosobifeo tjphmd

(Bft) med vfror.

Mdpfr _msmsbb Iz Cor hftefbf Vykuhmbdms

o medb tmymb cor ohftefbifb r

emimr uzmetmeo dmbyftoe mhmb

oiifto (N) bfior:

Corodo UM/dT ior.


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=6

\jru

r4 7.79 d dfsm`fifeo N o soz nfsmphmybz

C-N hoeoso

Bfrfif jhuturuhdu jhursm jhsub,dmbyftoe mhmb oiifto N UM/d5 Mt/dT5 cor dmbyftoe me

U[c1 [fcfrT vf dmbyftoe me yjubhuu C U[c/d31 Y1 YfshmT jhuturur.Cu oeo emvrmd

mrmsbimeo cmbt osf mmimeo feohifior1

Curmim pfrdfmcohotf jhup (dmbyftoe kforkfbhoe) corodo UN/dT ior (N1 Nfbry).

4Cjhuub pfrdfmcohotfso jhup UT5 osf jrtmdb cjhum krf rhmto` pfrdfmcohotfsoior vf corodsozior. @frrjdmbyftoedmhzfdfhfrifeo ijydm zfhhoobifb ijhmy ifoefb zfhhoe kstfror. Fhfetroedmeobfhfro C-N frosobob hobffr esdbim (pfrdfmcohotfbob esdfb smcot emhi mrmhetm)

mhmlme feohif tmsmrhmbr.


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Fhfetroe Dmeobfhfro


=0

Debmtshmbdm vf Dmbyftoe Dmhzfdfhfr

Debmtshmbdm, dmhzfdfhfrob uykuhmbmb dmbyftoe mhmbm (N) lfvmp vfrdf zfhhooior.

\mcot debmtshmr, `frrjdmbyftozdmimb emybmehmbmb emhl dmbyftoe me jhutururhmr. Cu

nmhe mrmsbim ymykb cohobfb fb kh debmtshmbdm trir. Mshbim, nfr dmhzfdf

dmbyftoe mhmbimb `mreh cor feohif fteohfbor. Nmttm cmz dmhzfdfhfr dmbyftoe mhmb

tmrm`bimb feohorefb(`frrjdmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfr), cmz dmhzfdfhfr if otohor (iomdmbyftoedmhzfdfhfr). Dmbyftoe mhmbimb ondmh fiohor hif fteohfbfb dmhzfdfhfr dmbyftoe

jhdmymb dmhzfdfhfr jhmrme mihmbirhr. Dmhzfdfhfrob dmbyftoe iurudu5 slmehe, cmsb

(dmiifbob nmhhfro) vf uykuhmbmb dmbyftoe mhmbb oiifto ohf ifofcohdfetfior.

Iomdmbyftoe zfhhoe td dmhzfdfhfrif uykub mrthmr jhutuubim i cordmbyftoe mhmb

mhtbim kzer vf sfyrfetor. Bjrdmh mrthmrim zmy` fteoso vmrir. Cozdut (Co) vf Mbtodjb

(\c) iomdmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfrf rbfetor.Iomdmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfrob rhmto` pfrdfmcohotfso

=ifb eetr. \pfrohftefbhfr oifmh iomdmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfrior ( ).

Wmrmdmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfr yobf cu imvrmbb i dmbyftoe mhmb mhtbim kstfror.

zfrhfrobif emhl debmtshmbdm jhudmz. @memt i dmbyftoe mhmb mhtbim nm`o`f

feohorhfr. Djhocifb (Dj), Hotyud (Ho) vf Ymbtmh (Ym) pmrmdmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfrf rbfe

jhmrme vfrohfcohor. Wmrmdmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfrob rhmto` pfrdfmcohotfso = ifb cormz cyetr

( ).

Dmbyftoe dmhzfdf jhmrme cohobfb dmhzfdfhfr `frrjdmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfrior. Cu

dmhzfdfhfrif pfrdfmcohotf = ifb je cyetr ( ). Cohobfb `frrjdmbyftoedmhzfdfhfrif rhmto` pfrdfmcohotf =77 (fhoe) ohf =777777 (Dftkhms) mrmsbimir. Fhfetroedmeobfhfrobif ymykb euhhmbhmb dmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfrif pfrdfmcohotf 777

mrmsbimir. @frrjdmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfr ijyudhuiur.

Mmimeo feohif `mreh emrmetfrho dmhzfdfhfrob dmbyftoe mhmbm lfvmphmr kzedfetfior.


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Fhfetroe Dmeobfhfro


=>

Dmbyftoe Fiffr Ifvrf

_mbim nmhem fehobifdmbyftoe feorifo jhmb

cmsot cor dmbyftoe ifvrf krhdfetfior. Cu

ymp tjrjoi feorife jhmrme mihmbirhr.

Yjrjoi feorife zfrobf B smrdh cor cjcob

smrhd jhup, cjcobifb o med kfdfetfior.

Yjrjoi ympim cjcobob rfttoo dmbyftoe

mebb nfdfb nfdfb tmdmd feorife

ofrosobif emhr, tjrjoiob ibimeo emme me

ondmh fiohfcohor izfyifior. r ymrmp

(jrtmhmdm me yjhu) zfrobifeo dmbyftoe mhmb

oiifto N osf, Mdpfr ymsmsbimb nmrfeft

fifrfe,

Jhur. Curmim cyehbf dmbyftjdjtjr euvvft (DDE) ifbor5 corodo UMt/dT(Mdpfrx\mrd/dftrf) jhup ohf kstfrohor. osf jrtmhmdm dmbyftoe yjhiur.

U T

UTfhif fiohor. Yjrjoiob emmbb jhdmib emcuh fifrsfe,tjrjoiob efsotobifeo dmbyftoe me

(Kmuss _msmsbimb)5

C bob efsot zfrobif njdjafb imhi vmrsmyhrsm5

UTcuhubur. Curmim M dmbyftoe meym ioe efsottor Ud3T.

fhif fiohor.


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=?

Curmim dmbyftoe yjhub rfhetmbsir. Sfhetmbsb tfrsobf if pfrdfmbs ifbor1

\jb o`mifhfr ofrosobif dmbyftoe ifvrfhfr oob Jnd _msmsb krdfe ddebir1

Cohobioo zfrf fhfetroe ifvrfhfrobif oo ympmb fy fhfetrjbhmr5 fhfetroe medir. bf

fhfetroe ifvrfsobifb med medmsb smhmymb fy5 rftohdo cor kfrohodior (FDE). Iofr

tmrm`tmb fhfetroe medbm emr kstfrohfb khe osf iorfbtor.

Cfbzfrhoe eurdmym mhrsme5 dmbyftoe ifvrfhfrif if oo ympmb fy dmbyftoe meir.

Cfbzfrhoehfrob ifvmd oob mmimeo tmchjyu oblfhfyoboz.

Wmrmdftrf Fhfetroe Ifvrfso Dmbyftoe Ifvrf

\rl euvvft

(u ifoefb)FDE (F) UPT DDE () U T

Jhumb cyehe

(o ifoefb)Med (O) UMT Me () U[cT

\brhmyl fteo Iorfb (S) UT Sfhetmbs () UTJnd _msms

\brhmyl fteobob jhuudu

uzubhuubimeo cor tfhobiorfblo

uzubhuubimeo cor dmbyftoeyjhub rfhetmbs

Jrtmdb zfhhoozkh ohftefbhoe

UT

Wfrdfmcohotf UN/dT

Jrtmdb efsoio q UT M UT

meym ioe efsot

Curmym emimr fhif fiohfb cfbzfrhoehfr ohf, yuemrimeo tjrjoi ymph dmbyftoe ifvrf

mmimeo fhfetroe ifvrfsobf cfbzftohfcohor. Curmim cor fot ifoefb ibd

ymphdtr. Cu smyfif mrte, dmbyftoe ifvrfhfrob zdbif, fhfetroe ifvrfhfroejbusubimeo cohko coroeododozo euhhmbmcohor nmhf kfhoroz.

feoh1 Cfbzfrhoehfr (m) Dmbyftoe ifvrf (c) Fhfetroe ifvrfso


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Fhfetroe Dmeobfhfro


37

Nmvm Mrmheh Dmbyftoe Ifvrf

Nmrfeftho fhfetroe dmeobfhfrobif stmtjr (iurmb esd) ohf rjtjr (ibfr nmrfeft ympmb

esd) mrmsbim nmvm cjhuu vmrir. Cu

nmrfeft sfrcfstoso oob kfrfehoior. Cohobioo

zfrf nmvm cjhuubim pfrdfmcohotf 7 ir

vf ifdor feoriff krf =77-=76emt et cor

kforkfbhof smnoptor. Nmvm mrmhbb

dmbyftoe kforkfbhoo et jhdmehm cfrmcfr

ijyudhu ifohior, jysm ifdor feorife

ijyudhuiur. Cu iurud, nfhf nfhf emrdme

kfjdftroe ymphmrb cuhubdms nmhobif,

ejdpjzot jhmrme vmrsmymcohflfodoz cu nmvm

mrmheh ympim ifdor feorifob `mreh

bjetmhmrbim `mreh C iffrhfrobob vfym ijydmhmrb jhmcohflfo sjbulubu kftoror.

_uemrimeo dmbyftoe ifvrfyo

djifhhfdfyf mhmhd. Eutuptmb

kffb me, cmh cuhubiuu oeo

cjyubiurue pmrmsbimb f jhmrme

kfhor. Ejhmyhe msbimb oeo

cjyubiuu st stf ejyiuuduzu

vmrsmymrsme ymbimeo ympy fhif

fifroz.

Mdmldz ejhmy-tfdsoho cor fiffr

ifvrf fhif ftdfe jhiuubimb,

jrtmhmdm me yjhubu ejruyup

ymehmehehmr ympmrme feohif ymp vf

fiffr ifvrfyo fhif fifcohor.

Cu smifhftordf emrdzm tjphmd

ifdor yjh vf tjphmd nmvm cjhuu

jhmrme oeo `mreh jrtmd kftoror. odio

ohkoho pmrmdftrfhfro nfsmphmymrme

dmbyftoe fiffr ifvrfyo fhif fifcohoroz1

Curmim, sjhimeo fothoe Jnd _msms, smimeobob if Eorlnnj``'ub Kfrohodhfr _msms jhiuubm

ioeemt fioboz.


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3=

feoh1 Ejdpjzot ymp. (m) Nmvm mrmheh dmbyftoe feorife. (c) Dmbyftoe fiffr ifvrf.

Curmim5 ifdorob jrtmhmdm me yjhu, nmvm mrmhbb uzubhuuiur.Cu ifvrfif me yjubhuehmr5

Nmvm mrmhbimb mehmr yzfyf ioe emr. Cu iurud cmz

smmehmbdmhmrm bfifb jhur. Cubm u fteoso ifbor. V fteoso

nmvm mrmh efsoiobob mrtdms ohf mrtmr. Ee nmvm

mrmhehmrbim osf cu fteo ondmh fiohfcohor izfyifior.

Ifrsodoz empsmdbim u fteosobo ondmh fiflfoz. Cyhf cor

iurudim1

fhif fiohor.

rbfe1feohif cmsot cor rhfbob dmbyftoe ifvrfso krhdfetfior. Cjcobif B4677 smrd jhup,jrtmhmdm feorife uzubhuu ior. Nmvm mrmhbb nfr coro =.6 dd ior. Shfyometovf ftdfe oob 7.> Yfshmhe me yjubhuubm ontoym vmrir. feorife osf iedfhoetor.

(m)Cjcob med: (c)feorifob pfrdfmcohotfso vf rhmto` pfrdfmcohotfso bfior:(l)Nmvm mrmh 4 7 osf, cjcob med 7,> Y me yjubhuu oob bf jhur:


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Fhfetroe Dmeobfhfro


33

zd1

(m) \my`m =>ifeo C-N frosobifb ied fhoe oob 7.> Y y smhmymlme Nl iffrojeubur5

U T

Nmvm mrmh oob5

\ostfdo cu mhdm bjetmsbim srfcohdfe oob kfrfeho tjphmd dde5

kfrfeho med5

Nfsmphmdmhmrimb krhflfo zfrf5 dmbyftoe feorife me yjhu tjphmdnmvm mrmh jhmb ymbbim je imnm uzub jhdmsbm rmdfb, ddebbjunmvmy debmtshmdmim euhhmbhr.

(c)feorifob pfrdfmcohotfso5

feorifob rhmto` pfrdfmcohotfso5

(l)

Ioeemt fiohorsf, nmvm mrmhbb jhdmi iurudim, dmbyftoe feorifetf myb meyjubhuubu fhif ftdfe oob je imnm ee uymrdm medbm ontoym iuyuhdmetmir.


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3) Mhttmeo ifvrfif h mhftobob cmhmbi cjcob 1

Esm ymbt1 obiehfbfb fde smrd smys ohf ijru jrmbthir. \jruim eobloh cjcobifeo =77 smrd

yfrobf


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FHFEYSE DMEBFHFS N< Ymrtdm \jruhmr \M | Nmzrhmymb Ir.Dustm`m Yurmb

Dmbyftoe Dmhzfdfhfr vf Dmbyftoe Ifvrfhfr

=) Dmbyftoe mey fb oyo ohftfb dmhzfdf mohfso bfior: Nmvm (cjhue) oob bfhfr syhfbohfcohor:

_mbt =1

Dmbyftoe mey fb oyo ohftfb dmhzfdf mohfso5 @frrjdmbyftoe Dmhzfdfhfrior. Cubhmrb cmh dmbyftoekforkfbhoo (pfrdfmcootfso) cjhum krf je yesfetor (kfbfhhoehf 377->7777 emt | cu fesob ned

ifohior, kfhofb tfebjhjaoyhf yfbo-imnm oyo dmhzfdfhfr rftohfcohdfetfior).

Cu dmhzfdfhfr dmbyftoe mhmbh cor jrtmdm ejbuhiuehmrbim, cjhum krf imnm oyo dmbyftoe ohftefb

jhiuehmrbimb mey ohfrobf fefrhfr. Mmimeo fehf cmebz1

Iofr dmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfrob dmbyftoe kforkfbhoehfro (pfrdfmcohotf), cjhum krf tmro`

fiohioehfrobifb, cjhuu cor sb`m inoh ftdoyjruz.

3) Fhfetroe dmeobfloso kz ohf pfrdfmcohotfso cye dmhzfdf do oyoior yjesm ee jhmb d:

_mbt 31

( =. _mbtb ifvmd jhmrme) Cu yzifb fhfetroe dmeobfhfrobob dmbyftoe ifvrfhfrobif, dmbyftoe mey oyo

ohftfb5 pfrdfmcohotfso cye jhmb `frrjdmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfr euhhmbhr.


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9) N dmbyftoe mhmb oiifto mrtmr osf, cmem bfhfr mrtmr:

_mbt 91

blf dmbyftoe mhmb (N) bfhfr mrttrr sjrusubub ymbtbm cmemhd1

(pmyimimeo hdmbyftoe yjhub uzubhuuiur, B cjcobob smrd smys, N dmbyftoe mhmb oiifto) odio N'

mrttrmlme fyhfr, \mrd smysbb ym im medb mrttrhdms ym im dmbyftoe yjhub esmhthdms jhmlmb

ohoeoifb yjrudhmrz.

( 5 d ioyf jeubur5 pfrdfmcohotf, C5 dmbyftoe me yjubhuu ym im dmbyftoe obiesoyjb).

Ijhmys ohf N mrtmr osf C mrtmr.

( 5 `o ioyf jeubur5 dmbyftoe me, M5 dmbyftoe meym ioe efsot)

C mrtmr osf dmbyftoe me ( 5 `o) im mrtmr.

Mmimeo mehmdmhmr osf5 cor fhfetroe dmeobfso ofrosobifeo Nb mrtdms iurudubim jhmlme zoblorhfdf

fyhfro rbfehoyjr1

(f5 fde5 cjcobif obiehfbfb kfrohod, v5 cjcob ohf dmbyftoe mhmb mrmsbimeo rfhmto` nz)

Me yjubhuubub mrtdms obiehfbfb fde (f) bob mrtdmsbm bfifb jhur.

(@5 euvvft, o5 med) C me yjubhuu mrtmr osf, cu me yjubhuu ofrosobif o medb tmymb cor ohftefbf

fteoyfb otdf-fedf euvvfto mrtmr. @ mrtmr osf djtjrhmrim obiehfbflfe ibirdf djdfbto (Y) if

mrtmr.

Esmlms Nbob cye jhdms tfrlon fiohflfe cor fyior, nfr ifrif ifvmir, obsmb smh nmro1) obsmb

smhb cfhorho cor ijzimb sjbrm et fteohfr (lfp tfhf`jbu rbfo).


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Myrlm, Nb mrtdms myft eumthmb cor cjcob vmrsm, j cjcobob H sobob (fbietmbs) mrtdmsbm im yjh

mmr.

6) B smrd smys mrttrhrsm, cmem bfhfr mrtmr:_mbt 61B mehm kfhoblf, mehm kfhfb ympe pmrmdftrfhfr (dde) vf N tr.

Bob mrttrhd jhdms5 rftohfb ddey mrttrr. Qorm ior. Iofr tmrm`tmb

jhiuubimb N mrtmr.

Nb mrtdms cozo (9). sjrubub ymbtbm ktrr vf zoblorhfdf cor iozo ifooehoe jhuur.

Dmeobfhfr msbimb cu oeosobob mrtdms oyoior ifbohfcohdfehf cfrmcfr, B ob cfhorho cor iffrobifb sjbrm

rftohflfe dmeobfbob vfrodo vf pfr`jrdmbs imnm et vf dmhoyfto yesfe jhdmetmir. _mbo Mhhmn bf

vfrioysf smrd smysb mrttrdme oyo jhdmz.

Bbob mrttrhdms

`mifso kfrfo emrfsfh jhmrme smrkhmrb fbietmbsb mrttrr. myft dmeobf cor ijru med dmeobfso osfdmeobfbob iobmdoe imvrmbbim ethfdf cmhmr. myft dmeobf mhtfrbmto` med dmeobfso osf

fbieto` rfmetmbs jhiuubimb (fdpfimbsb cohffbo), mrtmb fbietmbs (H) ohf cfrmcfr dmeobfbob

fdpfimbs mrtmr, med ohftdf emcohoyfto mzmhr, rftohfb fde, euvvft vf djdfbthfrif mzmhdmhmr jhur,

vfrod ethfor, dmeobf nmbtmhhmr. Cubub uykub iffro vmrir, ohfro cor ejbuiur. Qorm tmsmrd ejbuhmr

je ybifb cmedmy kfrfetorfb zjr ejbuhmrir. Cu sjb mehmdmhmr bhosmbs izfyo msbimb smiflf

euhme ijhkubhuu oobior.

0) Ijydmym korfb cor dmbyftoe feorifetf, med mrttrhibim dmbyftoe me mrtmr d:_mbt 01

Mrtdmz. Debmtshmbdm (Nostfrfzos) froso nmtrhmbr osf mrtmb N ohf C mrtdmdmym cmhmr, cfhorho

cor N iffrobifb sjbrm osf dmbyftoe ifvrf ijyudm korfrf vf C if mrte mrt jhdmz. Cubu ubm

cfbzftfcohoroz1 Cor dmhzfdfbob corod yzfyobif cfhorho smyim smbimhyf (ybhfbfb dmbyftoe djhfeh)

vmrir. Yd smbimhyfhfr ijhiuubim yfbo mehmrb jturmlm yfr emhdmz (td dmbyftoe djhfehhfr

ybhfbioobif ybhfbflfe yfbo djhfeh emhdmibimb, corod yzfyif me yjubhuu mrtdmz, ijhmys

ohf dmbyftoe me mrtdmz).


54/286


\jruim mrttrhibim ioyf sjruhdu, ymbthmr osf N mrttrhibim ioyf vfrohio. Qorm ejbu, med ifoh

medb dmbyftoe fteoso ohf ymbthmbmcohdfetf. jhiuubu vf med ohf jrmbth jhiuubm ioeemt

fioboz.

sttfeo feoh oblfhfbioobif, erdz ohf omrfthfbdoL bjetmsbim dmbyftoe jrtmd ijydmym kordfyfcmhmr. Cubimb sjbrm, rbfob N5 ifb

yf yesfhtohsf cohf C me yjubhuu smturmsyjb

(ijydm) iffrobif emhr, mrte mrtdmz.

;) Sfhetmbs (fhfetroe ifvrfsobif iorfblf cfbzfr)mrttrmb sfcfphfr bfhfrior:_mbt ;1

( d ioyf jeubur5 pfrdfmcohotf, M5 dmbyftoe meym ioe efsot (mhmb), h osf dmbyftoe yjhub

uzubhuu)

Cu tmeiorif, pfrdfmcohotf ( ) ym im bvf (dmbyftoe feorife) efsoto ( ) mzmhrsm _MIM dmbyftoe

yjh ( ) mrtmr osf dmbyftoe meym kstfrohfb iorfb ioyfcohflfodoz dmbyftoe rfhetmbs MSYMS.

Sfhetmbsb mrtdms ohf jrtmd, dmbyftoe me kfoobf imnm je khe jhuturmlmetr. Sfhetmbsb

cye jhdms kfbfhif je sfvohdfz, cubub mhtbim dmbyftoe mebb jhmcohiooblf cye jhdms mrzusu

ymtmr. Nmvmbb pfrdfmcohotfso ifdorf krf je ee jhiuubimb, nmvmbb dmbyftoe rfhetmbs je

cye jhur, otf nmvm mrmh cu yzifb ee jhsub ostfbor.

>) Dmbyftoe ifvrfhfrif Jnd vf Eorlnj`` _msmhmrbb emrhehmrb mbhmie d:_mbt >1

Jnd embubu1

Fhfetroe ifvrfhfrobif1

dmbyftoe ifvrfhfrif osf

jhur.


55/286


Eorlnj`` ub medhmr _msms1

Fhfetroe ifvrfhfrobif kfhfb medhmrb tjphmd koifb mehmrb

tjphmdbm fottor1

Dmbyftoe ifvrfhfrif osf, kfhfb dmbyftoe mehmrb

tjphmd koifb dmbyftoe mehmrb tjphmdbm fottor1

Eorlnj`` ub Kfrohodhfr _msms1

Fhfetroe ifvrfsobf uykuhmbmb kfrohod5 fvrf ofrosobifeo iofr

ifvrf fhfdmbhmr zfrhfrobf ifb kfrohodhfrob tjphmdbm fottor.

Dmbyftoe ifvrfhfrif osf, dmbyftoe ifvrfyf uykuhmbmb dde5 fvrf

ofrosobifeo iofr ifvrf fhfdmbhmr zfrhfrobf ifb ddehfrob

tjphmdbm fottor.

Curmim ubm ioeemt ftdfhosoboz. F (fde) emybmbim med + imb emr ifvrfyo ijhmr5 (dde)

emybmbim osf dmbyftoe me B (dmbyftoe euzfy) eutcubimb emrme dmbyftoe ifvrf ofrosobif ijhmr.

tf curmim curmim cjcobob rftflfo dde bob, dmbtyftoe fiffrobif + ulubub cfhorhfbdfso ioeemt

ostfr5 sm fh torcujb eurmh ohf B eutcubu cfhorhfdfifb dde emybmbb + ulu cfhorhfbfdfz. Cu ohe

ifrstfb cu ymbm ohfbdfetf vf ifrs ofrosobif ejbu ohf rbfe dfvlut. _obf ifrs ofrosobifeo zfh cor

rbfetf (mmimeo feoh) dde emybmehmrbb corcorobf tfrs ejbudhmbd jhiuubm ioeemt fioboz (ifrs

bjthmrbm cmebz)1


56/286


?) Nostfrfzos fvrodo bfifb jhuur:_mbt ?1

Emsft tfycob dmbyftoe froiobo ibb. Cohko cmbim ymzhr vf dmbyftoe nm`zmim emhr (cmbttmeodmbyftoe djhfehhfr ymzdm em`ms tmrm`bimb ybhfbdo vf yhf emhd5 ybhfbdfbob nm`zmim

emhdms dmbyftoe dmhzfdf ohf ohkoho cor ejbuiur). Cu cohkobob ymzhdms oob cor ymzdm em`msbimeo

cjcobf + ybif med vfrohioo ibhsb. Wfeo cu cohkobob sohobor do: Bjrdmh mrthmrim nmyr! Cu cohkoyo

sohdfe oob tfrs ybif dmbyftoe mhmb uykuhmbmrme ymzhd cohko optmh fiohdfhoior, iofr cor ifyohf tfrs

ybif med methdmhir cjcobifb. Eohot ejbu osf u1 sohdfe oob vfrohdfso kfrfefb fbfrao, ymzdme oob

vfrohfb fbfraoifb cyetr.

Curmimb tdf vmrrsme, `frrjdmbyftoe dmhzfdfhfrif mz ym im je duthmem nm`zm fteoso vmrir.

Vykuhmbmb dmbyftoe mhmb ifdor feorifetf emhl debmtsoyft jhuturur. odio cor cjcobf ifoefb

dmbyftoe me uykuhmbi vmrsmyhr osf5 cu cor ulub blf B eutcu sjbrm \ eutcu... fehobif pfroyjioeifvobodobo kfrfetoror.

@memt jhuturuhdu B eutcubimb sjbrm \ eutcubu jhuturdme oob blf B eutcubub emhl fteosobo

(nm`zm) sohdfe kfrfeor.

Ijhmys ohf debmtshmbdm frohfro nocor zmdmb kottoo yjhimb ibdfz, ibi yjhimb im kotdfz. Cu

koio ib yrbkfhfro Nstfrfzos fvrodobo jhuturur.

Cu fvrod ofrosobifeo mhmb cye jhursm, coroedo mey sohdfe oob imnm `mzhm dmbyftoe mhmb kfrfetoo

(N) mbhmhr. Mhmbb cye jhdms emyp fbfraobob cye jhmlmb syhfr, cu emycm im nostfrfzos emyc

ifbor. Nostfrfzos emyc ifdor emyphmrbb (ifdor dmbyftoe feorife zfrobif jhumb fbfrao emyc)

cohffbhfrobifb cor tmbfsoior.

myft


57/286


\jhimeo koco cor nostfrozos fvrodo vmr osf (cu zf

rbfetf ohfro vf kfro ybif debmtshmbdm myb ozko

zfrobifb koioyjr)

Curmim nostfrfzos fteosobifb vf emycbimb sz fiohdfz, yjetur.

Cu dmhzfdfif emhl debmtshe no jhudmdmetmir.

1 Sfdfbmbs (emhl) me yjubhuu ym im mrte debmtsoyft

1 Ljfrsovf (ejfrso`) mhmb1 emhl debmtsoyfto ( yo) sohdfe oob kfrfeho tfrs dmbyftoe mhmb jhdme

zfrf1

myft

\jhimeo koco cor nostfrozos fvrodo vmr osf, dmhzfdf O. Chkfif

debmtshmbietmb sjbrm, N mhmb efsohorsf (s`r ymphrsm)

Dmhzfdf zfrobif Cr ohf omrfthfdo doetmrim mrte

debmtsoyft emhr. Iofr cor ifyohf, mhb dmhzfdfyo koiob,

nmhfb debmts koco imvrmbr.

odio myb dmhzfdfyf mhtfrbmto` debmtshmbdm uykuhmdme

oob mhtfrbmto` med ohf uymrdm ympmhd. Debmtshmbdmy

+Cdmx ohf Cdmx mrmsbim debmtshmbirdmym

boyfthfbdosoboz ifdfetor.

Dmhzfdfyo cuhubiuu iurudimb (Cr), blf s`r me yjubhuubm mribimb im, -Cdmx m emimr

debmtshmdme kfrfeor. @memt blf, coroedo Cr yo sohdfe oob Nl emimr tfrs ybif mhmb vfrdfe

kfrfeor.

Cu srf ifvmd fttoo srflf, iz ymim tfrs ybif coroedo me yjubhuehmrb sohdfe oob srfeho ohmvf

fbfrao kfrfeor. Nostfrfzos fvrodo bf emimr oej osf cu fbfrao j emimr cyetr5 ijhmys ohf nostfrfzos

emyc im j emimr cyetr. Jysm, ohe feohif nostfrosoz fvrodo je oblf (fvrod yje) oio.

Curmimb nmrfefthf5

Mhtfrbmto` debmtshmbdmym tmco tutuhmlme ym im mhtfrbmto` mhmb ofrosobif emhmlme dmbyftoe

dmhzfdfhfrob nostfrfzos fvrodhfrobob oej jhdmdms tfrlon fiohor eo nostfrfzos emyphmr ee jhsub.

Yfrs jhmrme5

smcot debmtshmrim nfd Cr bob vf nfd if Nl bob je cye jhdms ostfbor. Cubub sfcfco Cr cye

jhursm5 euvvftho emhl cor debmts fhif ftdo jhursubuz5 -Nl cye jhursm im, cu debmts i dmbyftoe

fteohfr ohf ejhmy ejhmy sohobdfz (debmtshb emycftdfz). Cu yzifb smcot debmtshmrb nostfrfzos

fvrodhfro je oejiur. \mcot debmtshmrim CN fvrodobob smiflf OO ymrs ohf ohkohfbohor. Cor emtmhjk

froso mmimeo kocoior1


58/286


nttp1//www.dmkifv.lj.ue/dmtfromhZmhudoboudZbolefhZljcmhtZmhhjys.mspx

=7) Cor ifdor feorifetf, me yjhubm mhmlme cor nmvm mrmh bmsh cor fteo ympmr: Bfhfro fteohfr:_mbt =71

feohifeo koco, ifdor feorife zfrobif cor nmvm cjhuu mhibim,

nmvm cjhuubu im debmtshmdme kfrfeflfetor. Nmvm cjhuu jhdmymb

iurudm krf @3 emimr ohmvf cor dde kfrfeor. Cu im ohmvf smrd smys ym

im imnm `mzhm med vfrohdfso mbhmdbm kfhor.

Cubub sfcfco, cjhuub pfrdfmcohotfsobob (dmbyftoe kforkfbhoobob)

ifdorf krf je imnm ee jhdmsir (377 ohf >7777 emt eetr).

Cu im nmvm cjhuubim imnm cye rfhetmbs (dmbyftoe iorfb) jhuudubm bfifb jhur, tjphmd

rfhetmbs mrtmr, dmbyftoe mey zmy`hmtr, dmbyftoe mey fseo iffrobf (nmvm mrmh jhdmymb iurudm

krf) kfro kftordfe oob imnm `mzhm smrd vf/vfym imnm `mzhm med kfrfeflfetor.

==) Dmbyftoe ifvrfhfrif DDE, fhfetroe ifvrfhfrobifeo nmbko pmrmdftrfyf cfbzfrior:_mbt ==1 >. \jru mbhmhibim5 dmbyftoe ifvrfhfrifeo ddebob, fhfetroe ifvrfhfrobifeo fdeyf

cfbzfr jhiuu mbhmhmlmetr. Nfr oeoso if ohkoho jrtmdim srl ftefbhfrior. _mbo, dmbyftoe ifvrfif

dde jhdmimb dmbyftoe me medmz5 fhfetroe ifvrfsobif if fde jhdmimb fhfetroe med medmz.
http://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspxhttp://www.magdev.co.uk/material_aluminium_nickel_cobalt_alloys.aspx


59/286

Jrbfe

=.61

F4 =77 P vf rfembsh 07 Nz mhmb cor emrf imhkm k f ~ o O o . d o i f d o r , . ~ f ~ o r : f e h o c.or.

cjcobf uykuhmdyjr . Cjcobif

677

smbd

vmrihr. Efsht Osf

7 77=

d ihr. Cjchbhb

ok iorfblo osf ondmh fiohor.

m) Mehbhb dmesodud ifkfrobo cuhubuz vfzmdmbm cmkhh .jhmrme kfrohod vf

mehbhb imhim feohhfrobo yozoboz.

c) Meh yjkubhukububdmesodud ifkfro =.3 Y _O kfkdfyflfe feohif F bob

dmxodud ifkfrobo cuhub1

L0zud1

m)

f t)

4

B^i8W

it

B ~ l ` 2 4 ~ t

Meh-smbd i f k o ~ o d o

4

kfrohod-zmdmb 5mrphdh

=.9= )

=.93)

\Jrfeho rfaodif, pjzoto` ymb pfryjttm O pjzoto` kfrohod-zmdmb mhmb) O meh_O

bfkmto`

dmesodud meh ifkfrobifb -8=2dmx)

O

~ o t o ` dmesodud ifkfrf

+8O2dmx)

kftorflfetor. Mehim tjphmd ifkood

38t2dmx

mhmlmkhbimb

O

ymbd pfryjt sJrf o?ob

=.93) ifbehfdobo euhhmbmrme ,

fkfr

F smcot osf , meh zmdmbm kjrf ..

ifkoflfetor.

=.93) ifb

~ i l p

4 f,it f 677,(38h2dmx) 4 F =

=/=37)

8Wdmx4 =77

[c)

4 J,>


60/286

FAfetroe FAfetrjboe

C0hoodu

Imhkm feohhfro feoh F=.\ if kjstfrohioko kocoior1

U -11

=&7

P

t a ~

Z


61/286

\MEMS_M VBovFS\OYF\O

Dunfbioshhe Dodmr`he @m/i.ohhfso

Fhfhltroe Fhfetrjboe >6OIdHo

Ijl5.Ir.Vkur ?FHYFEHhKoH

FHFEYSOE DMEOBMHMSO =

.-

`

.

1 5 5 5 OY O`

~ ~ - - - - : - - -

- - - Z

Z - - .

- -

-- ' ---

- - - - - - -

Z .

tj

$feoh =.=> Nostfrozos jhdmymb iurudim uymrdm mehdh

(m) 8W o emrmetfrostokovf uymrdm mehdh

(c)

~ i f k f r

ifvrf

(l) @mzjr ioymkrmdh

{

~

0

Myd zmdmbim f kfrohodo otf if sodftroetor. Vymrdm meu`ubOb tfdfh cohffbo nO2=

kfrohodf kjrf ?7 mz `mrehhihr. Cu bfifbhf kuk emyc/ yjetur . No stfrozos

kfvrodo kjz

jbJbf

mhddmihkhbimb zmtfb cu cfehfbdfho oio. Cu bfifbhf

uymrdm mehdh ?7 fb

iJ

eto`tor, vf uymrdm smrkhsh ' oifmh fbiJetmbs koco

i J ~ J b J h f c o h o r

.

0 )

t


62/286

CJHVD 3

YSMB\@JSDMYJSHFS

Yrmbs`jrdmt0rhfr stmtoe cor dmeobmihr. >msothoko jrtme cor dmkbftoe mhmbim oeo

ym

im imnm `mzhm fhfetroe ifvrfso jhdmshihr.

b h m ~ h h d m s h

fhfetoroe dmeobmhmb ohf

yme cfbzfr jhiukubimb fhfetroe dmeobmhmb ohf cfrmcfr oblfhfbor.

_Jesfe meh yjkubhuku fhif ftdfe okob cu lonmzhmrim im `frrjdmkbftoe

dmhzfdf euhhmdhhr. Ifdor kfeorifeho trmbs`jrdmt0rhfr.

yJesfe kJyhfrif

euhhmbhhhr. Cu top trj`mhmbb dmkbftoe O8uphmahmb

im

yme 0bfdhoior.

Kfbfhif oeo top yfeorife ejbstrJesoyjbu euhhmdhhr ~ f e o h 3.=). Lfeorife topo

(feoh3.=m) im smrkhhmr, dmkbftoe yfeorifkob

o 8o

mymkdm

y f r h f ~ t o r o h d o t o r .

=

. . .

L A

t4 h

44

O

t

H

O

t4

H

O

- '-

=------------------------------

7..

IJ

feoh 3 = Lfeorife ejbstrJesoyjbu

m) Lfeorife topo

c) Emcue (snfhh) hopo-dmbtfh

l) H-efsodho hmdobmsyjb

i) F-efsodho hmdobmsyjb

=3 ?;


63/286

Y.f

. \memrym Jbovfrsotfso

DLAnfbioshoe

@meuhtfso, Fhfetroe Dmh8obmhmb O

Dmbtfh ym im emcue topo ~ e o r f e t f osf, smrkhhmr ,Jk cmlmehh dmkbftoe

kfeorifkob jrtm cmlmkhbm smbhhrhmr.85feorife em_hphmbd mzmhtdme or5ob, oblf

/mdobmsyjbhmr sfr5ohor.

Coremk yuz Nz `rfembsm emimr , sohoejb yfhoe vf emhAbhhehmb 7,7=9

obln(7.7u smrkh cor mhtfrbmto` kfrohod emybmkdm cmkhmdr.Cu smrkhym prodfr

smrkh ifbor.Iokfr smrkh, fhfetroesfh

yJef

cmkhmbhr.Cu smrkhym osf,sfejbifr

smrk ifbor.

\mbd sm_hsh yJesfe jhmb smrkhim imnm yJesfe cor kfrohod jhiukubimb, cu

smrkhym myd zmdmbim yJesfe kfrohod smrkhsh

im ifbor. Iokfr smrkh, mhyme

kfrohod smrkhsh midh mhhr. Dmkbftoe euphmaAb sheh jhdmshJh tfdob ftdfe

mdmlh_hm, smrkhhmr cjcobhfr fehobif ympohhp5 iokfrobob Jzfrobf vfym ymdbm

ejbuhur.Kfbfhif mhyme kfrohod smrkhhmb, l5feorifkf

i ~ n m

ymehb ,ejbur.

Yrm`jhmbb coroblo kjrfvo, kfrohodob sfvoyfsobo ifkotordfetor (-feoh 31< .

3

l ~ P

37 = 8

P

~ j P

0


64/286

Y.f.

\memrym Jbovfrsotfso

Dunfbioshoe @meuhtfso, Fhfetroe Dmeobmhmb O

ii

t

3.3)

3.=) vf 3.3) ifbehfdhfrobo euhhmbmrme

BO

-

Bz

3.


65/286

Y.f. \memrym Jbovfrsotfso

DLAnfbioshoe @meLAhtfso, Fhfetroe Dmeobmhmb O

Yrm`j/mbb iokfr euhhmbhd mhmb

,

kJk vf ejbtrjh ifvrfhfrobif

cor

ifvrfyo

iokfrobifb km/vmboe jhmrme ymhhtdme o ~ o b i o r . Pfym cor emybmkhb fdpfimbshbh

dmesodud

k ~

trmbs`fro smkhmdme okob

yJeJyhf

corhoetf, yobf trm`j euhhmbhhAr.

Yrm`jhmr myblm,kfroAod vf mehd jhkdfe okob euhhmdhhr fbstrudmb trm`jhmb).

3.= oIFMH YSMB\@JSDMYJS

oeo smrkhn cor trm`j kjz jbJbf m/mhhd. Wrodfr smrkhshbim B= smbd, sfejbifrif

B3 smbd j/sub

~ f e o h

3.9 ).Yrm`jhmbb s m b n ~

~ f e o " f r o

ymprmehh jhdmshbm

rmkdfb, sfdcjhozf

155feho

ohf kjstfrohorhfr.

r

7 -----

1t5H

~ f e o h

3.9 oifmh trmbs`jrdmtmr

oifm/ trm`jbub 0zfhhoeAfrobif ~ u emcuhhfro ympmnd1

=. \mrkh iorfbk/fro ondmh fiohdfetfior.

3. Emkme meA yjetur. Lfeorife emyAphmb ondmh fiohdfetfior.

...

.


66/286


DJnfbioshoh8 @mh8uhtfso.

Fhfetroh8

Dmeobmhmb O

A.5`

B;

4

4

-

(3.?)

(3.=7)

k o r o ~

kJlJ

(P.M) 4 =eh

kJlJ

(P.M)

3.=.=.

Fdpfimbs Yrmbs`fro

~ f e o h

3.6

m imeo. trm`jym uykuhmbmb sJbozjoimh kfrohod vf sfejbifr

yJe

fdpfimbsh Qz. yo k0z

0bJbf

mhm

d1

j

2

=/=

=,3.

==-=

{

3

~ 11 L` Q

Y

$feo O3.6. oifmh trmbs`jrdmt0rif fdpfimbs trmbs`fro

03 4 A t ~

Y

z

o r o ~

fdpfimbsh

Z P.,

m Pz

~ 3

.

Ph

= 3

z

4

-

- Z z...

Oz /l

=z

O=

3=

=

3 ..

.1z.3.

\or trmbs`jrdmt0rJb sfejbifrobf cmkhmbmb Q3 fdpfimbsh prodfr

tmrm`tmb cmkhmbihkhbim Q3 jhmrme k0rJOJr.Cu bfifbhf feoh

3.6

m ,

3.6

c yf ifbetor. \fejbifr fdpfimbsh, prodfr fdpfimbsm, smbd

sm_hhmb jrmd emrfso kmrphdh ohf i0butJruhfcohor . Wrodfr fdpfimbsh

im. cfbzfr

~ f e o h i f

sfejbifrf i0bJtjrJhfcohor1


67/286

Y.L. \memrym Jbovfrsotfso

DJnfbioshoe @meJhtfso Fhfetroe Dmeobmhmb O

3

`

L ij

fhM-.-` f , i ~ s .

44

-

-

r..

M

- ~ )

A =

P`

-Qz.

l15

5

-

l11t

U

..=- =

mz...

{3

~ 1 )

P

~ ~ )

1Q=

-

- 1Q= /

-

==

Jrbfe3.=

?

b mdoe fdpfimbsh mhmb cor njpmrhjr

=7 P

hue vf o? iorfblo (jdoe)

=

bjhmb

emybmkm cmkhmbdmetmihr

~ f e o h

F 3.= m)

(m) Njpmrhjrjb ?>etoko

kJlJ

nfsmphmydhz. '.

(c) Njpmrh0rf trmbs`fr

fioAfb

kJlJ dmesodozf ftdfe mdmlhyhm

= <

smbd sm_hhmb mrmd mhmb cor trm`j e u h h m d h d m e t m i h r . ~ f e o h

F

.3 = .c).

Njpmrh0rJb ?>etoko kJLJ cuhub.

.----Ac)

o

= ~ ~ / 1 ' 5 5 ' o 5 ~

~

O

H Z - 1 X

kfeoh

F

3 =

85jzjd1

0

O

...

... . O 1 .

a

O

. . . r O

. .. . - - - Z.1,

.

,

.

.

.

,.

'

' Z.Z

- '

-- '

(Wrodfrf

i j b j ~ t J r J h d ] ~

njpmrh0r iorfblo )

7) ...

=3=?;


68/286


DJnfbioshoe @meJhtfso, Fhfetroe Dmeobmhmb O

fehobf

ijbuJr

.

3.=.3. WJHMSoYF

O

=7

3 =3

Z

\ M

W

- 6 )3 .

=st...

4

6

[

Yrmbs`jrdmtjrhfrob smrkhhmb, pjhmrotfhfroyhf o`mif fiohor.

~ f e o h

3.0 (m) imeo oeo

smrkhyh oblfhfyfhod.

(=)

vf (


69/286

Y.

L


Dunfbioshoe @meuhtfso, Fhfetroe Dmh8obmhmb O

feoh 3.; \or mzhr trmbs`jrdmt0rJb pmrmhfh cmkombtosh

3.3. Wrmtoetf trmbs`jrdmt0r

Wrmtoetf, cor trmbs`jrdmt0rif

- smrkhhmbb iorfbyhfro dfvluttur5

- nfr smrkh myd meh_O j h u ~ t u r d z

- kfeorife dmhzfdfsobob pfsdfmcftfbo ifkohior.

- yfeorife em_hphmb dfvluVur.

Wrmtoetf, kfryfe trm`jbub mbmhozobif, yuembimeo 0zfhhoehfrob k z jbJbf

mOAbdmsh kfrfeor .

Wrmtoe trm`jbub mbmhozobif oifmh trm`jimb nmrfefthf oeo dftjh euhhmdhhr1

=. @ozoesfh ymphimb nmrfefthf cor

f ~ i f k f r

ifvrf dmifho

3.

E=msoe

tfjroifb nmrfefthf dmkbftoe euphmahh ifvrfhfrob dmtfdmtoesfh djifAo

Curmim kfbfhhoehf

=

dftmt imnm

m b h m ~ h h h r

jhmrme euhhmdhAr1

Wrmtoetf cor smrkhbhb iorfblo dfvluttur. Cu

i o r f b ~ ,

prmtoetf smrkhym sfro mhmrme

kjstfrohor.

~ f e o h

3.>.m )

~ A ~ 3

J ~ `

f

(m)

=3=?;


70/286

Y.f.


DJnfbioshoe @meJhtfso, Fhfetroe Dmeobmhmb O

-

t ~ M / v v f

f O ~ ` H

AQ

ST,

O

O

O

O

-B=ZZ ZB3A

(c)

~ f e o O 3 >

Yrm`jbub

f ~ i f k f r

ifvrfso tfdfho

Yrmbs`jrdmtCrhfrif vf iokfr `frrjdmkbftoe dmhzfdfhfrif , jrtme meh 92 ===

ob

i h ~ h b i m

92

=

jhmrme

~ f e o h

3.> m im kjstfrohioko koco ) emyme mehhmr im

j h u ~ u r .

Cu mehhmr, cor smrkhim memr vf dmkbftoe ifvrfyo fteohfdfz.

Eml5me

yjh

kfbfhhoehf nmvmihr vf memb mehdm kjrf i f k o ~ o r (hobffr). Emyme meh kfbfhhoehf

cor

fbiJetmbs ohf sfdcjhozf fiohor1

Hf

=

4

B

=

92,p

4

=.smrktbhb emyme fbiLAetmbsh

9

H

- B

3

- lW0 3 e e i et

b

- =

4

.smrktbhb

m85m

fb u mbsO

~ H

\mrkh iorfb85hfro vf

em85me

mehhmrrb jhuturiuku fbiJetmbshmr

^ U

( 11.

3/Y

`

H

f

1Of,

prod-sr vf sfejbifr cmkhmbthhmrr tmbrdhmbdh jhur.

"Wrmtoe jhmrme dmkbftoe cor 85feorifetf sjbhu kf85orkfbhoe ohf ,85feorifetf cor

dhebmthshmbdm_O jhuturdme

Jzfrf OO 'X

dhebmthshmbdm mehdh memr .

Cu

jhmy,

dhebmthshmbdm fbiJetmbsh Hd ohf sfdcjhozf fiohor. Mybh ~ f e o h i f , 85feorife

em_hphmrr im dmkbftoe dmhzfdf

o ~ b

Sl iorfblo ohf o`mif fiohor . >0yhflf

, ~ f e o h

3.> (m) vf (c) if vfrohfb

f ~ i f k f r

ifvrfhfr, ymbo sfdcjhhfr Nf k f b o ~ h f t o h f c o h o r

(feoh 31=7.l) Z

t{= O /z Sl485feorife e m _ h p h ~ d

- - '- - ^d4dhetmbrshmbdm fbiJetmbsh

"/

O

O

U 1

=

( O

= '=1

/.

O

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - ~ Y ~ ~ ~ J

. - =

L)'

$feoh 3.>. Oifmh trmbs`jrdmtLor

?

=3 ?;


71/286

Y.

L.

\memrym Vbovfrsotfso .

Dunfbioshoe @meuhtfso Fhfetroe Dmehbmhmb O

t=

11 t 5..h

11.

Lt tH

P3'

51 t11t P3

O

..

Y

~ 1 1 . - 5

3

, ,

x ~ h 1l/ ^ fz.

So 11 =3. =8=

(i)

feoh (3.

>)

oifmh trm`jbub smkm

e m y i h b h d h ~ f ~ i f k f r

ifvrfso

Cu

bfifbhfrhf, prmtoe trmbs`jrdmtjr oifmh trmbs`jbbmt0rf ohmvf jhmrme, nmrolo

fdpfimbshmr, yfeorife em_hphmb (Sl) vf dhebmthshmdm fbiJetmbsh (^d) ohf

k f b o ~ h f t o h f c o h o r

3.3.=

F ~ i f k f r

ifvrfhfr

feoh 3.> l ifeo oifmh

f ~ i f k f r

ifvrf, cu

f ~ i f k f r

ifvrfifeo cJyuehJehfro smkm

vf sjhm emyihrmrme, (ymbo prodfr vfym sfejbifr tmrm`m ) oblfhfbfcohor.

oifmh trmbs`jrrbmt0rJb ~ f e o h 3.> l ifeo

f ~ i f k f r

ifvrfbob smkm

e m y i h r h h d h ~

iurudu

~ f e o h

3.> i if

v f r o h d o ~ t o r .

\JtJb

mehd, kfrohod vf fdpfimbshmb cor tmrm`m kfyorfrfe,

f ~ i f k f r

ifvrf,

~ f e o h

3.> f 'yf

ijbuJr1 f

r r t - ~ - h - - A ~ - = A - * A - 0 O ~ O O - t ~ - ~

O

12

Ot

Att

=

O

1 3

P3.

r - --O

P=

==

= ` 4 th o` ' O (

O

Sl= ~ - - . . a ^hl(= yue

O

3 O

HZ=ZA

] ~

~ - --.-=

=

=3/?;

(f)

feoO3.>

oifmh trm`jbub kcstfrohdfioko f ~ i f k f r ifvrf


72/286

Y.f. \memrym Vbovfrsotfso

Dunfbioshoe @mh8uhtfso, Fhfetroe Dmeobmhmb O

feoh 3.> f ifeo tVd ifkfrhfr, k o r o ~ ehsdhbm rf`frf

f i o h d o ~ t o r .

\mbd jrmbhbhb

cfhobdfso nmhobif tVd mbmhozhfr ymphhmcohor.

m e h m ~ h e

f ~ i f k f r

ifvrf 1

feoh 3.> f if kjruhfb A

=

-

=8= vf

=

^f kfrohod i u ~ u d h f r o , bjrdmhif rfhmto`

jhmrme euX4uetVr vf curmimb nmrfefthf

O

F=`zhP==

emcu/u ympo/mcohor. Wmrm/fh fdpfimbs (Sl= vf ^d=)

k o r o ~

t m ~ h b m c o h o r ~ f e o o

3.=7 .

tfrdobmhobf

A./

h

ZZZ

Z

8Z---. . .=

(=) f

o b i o r k f b d o ~

3

yf

a b i a r k f b d o ~

ifkfrhfr

Sf`3-111

;8.k =

q 3.

^f O

=

-

= 3.

8= ~ f

^ ~ h O

X

. . . . . , - - ~ )

P

h8fq-= ^fq =

~ ~ ~

3fq=

(m)

j ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

(3)

yf

a b i a r k f b d a ~

~ f e o h 3.?)

m e h m ~ h e

f ~ i f k f r ifvrfAfr

==

=3 ?;


73/286

Y.f. \memrym Jbovfrs

ot

fs o

Dunfbioshoe @m h8uhtfso, Fh

fe

troe Dmeobm hmb O

C

O e O n c ejhmyhm l hr Iorf

brhfr

vf fbiJetmbshmr corhf : tor ohfcoho r.

jy flf m =d mbb fsm O

y . y t

= O' .

Cu f ~ i f k f r ifvrf (}feoh 3.?m) prmtoe cor trmbs`jrdm jrub . mbm OQhbif

euhhmbhhmcohor. O

'S

=

+

S3=

-4

~

-=- m 3 ~ S H

~ Sf1t

P

=

11]OP Q.

^f= t

^'`3.

4

^`

+

Lot., ^.fz. 55. )8'.Lt==

A ~

11

Y H/

q

Cor trmbs`jrdmt0rif, r q, uymrdm bjdobmh mehdhbd cor yJzifsoior (%6 ifb

eJ85Je). Cmzo iurudhmrim, uymrdm mehdh ondmh f i o h o r ~ f e o O 3 . = = c)

=3?=

-4- S =

-/-7, 3.

'

S.

3-

^

q = 4- xfN- L/. ^f3.

~ f q

= o f t h

+

)(fq

`

\fejbifr tmrm`m o b i o r k f b d o ~ nmho ohf ~ f e o h 3.? l fhif fiohor1

Sfa

4 S,3..

+S./

q

O

Z ^ ~ O

11

^fh

+

^f

q:.

A ~

A

3.

1111

Lo A=

O

O

3.3.3 . Yrmbs`jrdmt0rJb f ~ i f k f r ifvrf pmrmdftrfhfrobob cfhorhfbdfso

$feoh 3.> f ifeo

f ~ i f k f r

ifvrf, trmbs`jrdmt0rJb i m v r m b ~ d d cfhorhfbdfso o85ob

euhhmbh hr. Wmrmdftrfhfr S ^ ;' SL.= o ^ = 5 S.

3

a ^.`z....

vf

i

. i . e

t lt 4hB c

h

B t z...)

c

O

. e'

jhup,

f ~

fkfr fvrfbhb uru dmsh =85hb ub bb f Obdf\O kfrf Or.

Yrmbs`jrdmt0rJb odmhmt ifkfrhfro cohoboyjr osf, cu pmrmdftrfhfr cfhhoior. S= vf

S3 ifkfrtfro, smtkhhmbb iorfbk ifkfrhfroior.

Hd fbiJetmbsh, smbd sm_hsh, dmkbftoe yjhub rfhuetmbstbimb nfsmphmbmcohor.HH

fbiJetmbshb=b nfsmch osf ejdphoefior. Mblme nfpsobob nfsmch .h.kob y m e h m ~ h e

`jrdJhhfr dfvluttur. - .

Cu pmrmdftrfhfr, trmbs`jrdmtjrf uykuhmbmb cmzo pfr`jrdmbs tfstfro ohf

cfhorhfbfcohor. Oeo tfst 5 c j ~ t m 8 5 m h h ~ d m emrmetfrostoko vf ehsm ifvrf tfsto cu

pmrmdftrfhfrob cfhorhfbdfsobf ymriodlo jhur

. Yrm`jbub phmem ifkfrhfro

Yrm`jbub kJlu eohjvjht -mdpfr (ePM) jhmrme phmemshbim cfhorhfbor. Jdfkob cor

trm`jim

ifkfro cmshnihr.

=3

=7 ePM, ==77/==7 Pjht


74/286

Y.f .

\mh8

mrym Jbovfrsotfs o

Dunfbioshoh8

@m h8uht

f

so, Fh

fh8oroe Dmeobmhmb

O

Kfroh od jrmbt mybh zmdmbim m yr cfhorhfr. Cu jrbfetf m4 ==77/==JP4=Jiur.

=7 ePM bhb mbhmdr , prodfr vf sfejbifr smrkhhmbbrb kJlu =7 ePM ifdfetor.

_mbo prodfr mehdh .

1=

=

5115 =

4

j`:,

.9

/{=jj

A

H

1 . =7 (6 'JI ..1111

9

' ,=77

cuhubur.

Wrodfr mehdh, myrrlm ohmvf cor coAffbo imnm

tm,dmetmi,r O` .

Cjtm ymhhdm1 (vfym m ~ h e ifvrf tfsto)

kfeorife em_hphmbbh 0 = ~ f b wmttdftrf

O---`5

(m)

(c)

~ f e o h

3.=7 Yrm`jbub cjtm y m h r ~ d m s r

m c j ~ t m y m h r ~ d m djbtmah, c-Fifkfr ifvrf

> j ~ t m

k m h r ~ d m

ifbfyo oyob

S

vf ^.`. ondmh fiohfcohor. [mttdftrf ifkfrobifb

Sf cfhorhfbor. Pjhtdftrf, wmttdftrf vf mdpfrdftrf ifkfrhfro ohf

Nf

vf ^d

cfhorhfbfcohor.

Lfeorife emych, yfeorifeifeo mehbrb dmesodud ifkfrobf cmkhrihr.

Frds4 9.99= B)(` rtX2r..-.j.y.

EO\k ilvrf.. h . 8 ~ h f r 5

2T5,5k, 1

Eosm ifvrf emrmetfrostoko,trm`jbub

y h e h ~ =

ehsm ifvrf fiohfrfe fhif fiohor.

Wrodfrifb trm`jym eJyue cor kfrohod uykuhmbhr.

= r ~ d m s h

kfrfeor.

Mblme oL5 fdpfimbs y J ~ L A b i f b l5feohfb mehd mrttheym. 8 5 e r ~ kfrohodo iudf

k0stfror ( afeoh 3.=3).

r - -

- ~

W `.

Pvr-----=0]X

7

/ -

=;

=3=?;

O O v{

7

, 5 ~

~ ~ Z

Z

o. O

P

=.

(m)

Yrm`j

Z

P=

ob y0rJbkfso

cor imorfior

.--

X

~ h j ~ =

(c) @ m ~ . 0 r ioymkrmdh

~ f e o O 3 . = 3 .

Kfrohod mymb


79/286

Y.f. \memrym

Jbovfrsotfso .

Dunfbioshoe @meuhtfso, Fhfetroe Dmehbmhmb

O

Yrm`jym kfrohod uykuhmbhp,

yJe-I

osf

m]he

ifvrf iurudu o]ob

- : -9 P ~

P

=

c I ~

4-

P . BH 11115 m

kfkfrhoior.

_ue trm`jym cmkhmdrsm, yuetfeo kfrohod

Po yo1{h -4- P5 H - P ~

BH o

,0

Pc

L h e h ~

kfrohodo,

yueJb

iurudubm kjrf mzmhAr vfym Z mrtmr. Cu

i f k o o ~ .

of5

fdpfimbstmb ( A . ~ emybmehmdr. Ifkooe yJehfr kjz jbubf mhhbhrsm, cu ifkhhd

cJyue

cjyuthmr mhmcohor. Z

..

.

CJyJe i f k o ~ o d h f r o

jbhfdfe

o]ob

Qfq fdpfimbshbhb e

V

?

ue

jodmsh kfrfehr.

Kfrohod mymr dftjiu ohf,

i f k o ~ o e

yue mhtdim trm`jbub imvrmbhhT= nfsmphmbhr.

Kfrohod mymb

ohf,

sfejbifr kfrohodob, yue yje vf bjdobmh oefb eo ifkoodo

m b h m ~ ` h r .

(P3=

j ~ - O A.. (:1je

Kfrohod mymb4

O

v

,./

~

`

Duthme

ifkfrAfr

, yue pfr`jrdmbsh

o]ob

cubhmbb euAhmbih]hbO kjstfror.

_uem1,imeo i f b e h f ~ h f r i f e o kfrohodhfr, prodfr ym im sfejbifrf o b i o r k f b d o ~

f ~ ~ k f r i f v r ~ h f r hof nfsmphmdr. Wrodfrf

o b i o r k f b d o ~

f ~ i f k f r ifvrf ohf ~ u

f ~ ' t e

ymzhhmchh,r1

`P

=/

/

P ' /

.. /.

Kfrohod mymb4 . 3

cj55 - h. _, ,O{

Ov

3

/

y11h8

_Je kfrohodo bjrdmhif bjdobmh (mbdm) kfrohodo j/mrme mhdhr, ymbo

. O i

O v 1 5 ~

111 O vo /m. t v-q

Wrhdfrf

d i r k f b d o ~

f ~ i f k f r

ifvrf djifh b ifb

O

=/

P

+ -

O

; = =- O v

y

=111.

3. ..A.3....

=8?

-= r 7

.

.. O`. fq =

ymzhhOr. Fkfr

Y t

O

z

=

47 osf .

P= 111

P e'

85Jbeu O

O O

jhmrme cfhoror.

P:.

c I ~ - 4 - O P = = O

Kfrohod mymb4

h

Po

O

-

H =..= lth,. ,

( jhmrme) `

P Hh

O

l1j .j....q

^ =77

Kfrohod.

~ y m b ,

yueub

kJf5

`metjr]bf

c m ~ h h i h r

.

i ~ ~ r f . O f5d ymzhhmb

~ f v r f

ifbehfdobo

kj

1. ~ b d f r f O b i o r k f b d o ~ fhTifkfr

L 5 O Q O = ~ c h r . P=

kfrohodobob y

mb

?

m

pO

h3.'

..

.15 . 1

Q j b u b ~ mhmrme

`mzjr

ioymkrmdh

hof

P'3.

mybh `mzim osf, dmxodud jhur >

~

jhmb

chr

imorfior. POO

. .H 11A

. u Osf .

;...fL`5`

ifdfetor.

f

.

t Gf== -4

7

f

z

1

~ e

f r h } p f i ~ d s h b b `mz

m ~ h s h

f f ~

O

t 1 ~

O

Ob

`mz

ml5rsh

=>

=3/?;


80/286


81/286


Dunfbios

ho

e @meJhtfso, Fhfetroe Dmeobm/mb O

H

B -5

'` = t

\

3, =< 5)

M

P

N

11 P ~ + ~ . o ~ N

1115

33IJ HF..=) ` 1toro hor.

3.0.=.

7? mift

cor

`mzhh trm`j

7?

mift cor `mzhh trm`j euhhmbmrme

u5 `mzo r cf`j f if fi

fcoho

Wrod

fr

vf

sfejbifr

r k h h ~ r i f k o ~ o e ~ f e o h h f r i f c8


89/286

Y.

L.\memrym

Jb

ovfrsotf

so

Dunfbioshoe @meuhtfso

Fh

fetr oe Dmeobmhmb O

O

m, )

_ 0

(= )

y 0

mr

-

O

r

b

.

v

2

~ ` = .

{aP

7-

`

~

P

9

L.)

tA-y

i)

t= H=

o

O

P

.

{

P

-

.

1A

A

1

--

f.

y- (

$feoh 3.=6 7? `mzhh trm`j cmkhmbtthmb

=3=?;

v

P m

mY

)

P

]


90/286

. ,

Y.L.\m

em

rym Vb ovfrsotfs5

Dunfbioshoe @meKhtfso Fhfetroe Dmh8obmhm

rr

O

y - _

4

Vymrdm mehdh vf fbiKehfbfb kfrohodhfr

yKzJbifb

cu cmkhmbtt f5je mz

eu hh

md

hhH '

3.0 = @mz emyidbm

Cmzh uf5 `mzhh trmrjhmr,`mz mrmsh kfrohodhfrif,`mz emydmsdm bfifb jhurhmr.$feoh

3.=0 imeo `mzjr kfrohodhfrobo k0z jbubf mhorsme,_-

cmkhmbthsdim PMtAvf P 7

kfrohodhfro myd `mzimihr.Mblme `mzmrmsh kfrohorbo P9\ ,prodfr kfrohodo jhmrme, P

m

c

kfrohodobf kjrf (sfejbifr)


91/286

Y ~ \memrym Jbovfrs otfso

Duh= sbi os hoe @meuhtfs o Fhfetroe Dm 8 obmhmb O

3.0.3.

\or `m51 o

f ~ i f k f r

ifv.f

~ k f r 7 `m

1 == sor

sostfdif,Jf51

trm`j im

f ~ i k f r

vf nfd emybfe, nfd

if yJe

mfbkfho osf.prodfr vm sf ej bifr kfro hod vf mehdhmr im

if

bkfhoior. Cor `mzimeo

mehhYh vf kfoo hodhfr.ifbkf

cjw

hdmeshzhb iokmr `mzhmrhm =37 `mz `mrehbh

hhmo11i orhfr. >u cmehdimb,cor

`m3=b

mbmhozo.iokmr oeo `mzhb mbmhozo ol5 ob yftmrtoior.\

or

`m11=o

jhmrme ftif fiohfb m55ifkfr ifvrf,tud emybme kfrohodh

fro

sodftroe.t rm`j

smrkh

hmb mybh vf

yJe

fdpfimbsh if sodftroe vm

ul51kf

b ( I ) o

sf kfl51fr

hoior.

v

4

H X

44

H

~

~

. O ~

1lH

r

L

..)

c )

7

oH

, -

Q/

smrdhcor cjcobcuhubdmetmir. Wrodfr smrdsmysb cuhubuz

Cu rbfetf, 337P'hue mhtfrbmto` kfrohodo =3 P'm obiorfb cor trmbs`jrdmtrb smrdsmyhmr mrmsbimeo ohoeo oblfhfbdotor.

rbfe 31

=77PM klbif cor trmbs`jrdmtrb kfrohodhfro P=4 337 P, P34 =3 Pjhiuubm krf, O=vf O3medhmr bfior:

Khfr5

ior. Cu o`mif euhhmbhmrme


115/286

DFW==3-N9-=

=?

Cu rbfetf, smrk medhmr mrmsbimeo ohoeo oblfhfbdotor. Mhme kfrohodho sfejbifrmedbb, bospftfb imnm yesfe kfrohod iffrobf smnop prodfrif je imnm ee jhmrmemetb krie. Fhfetroe smbtrmhmr ohf fnorhfrodoz mrmsbim yesfe kfrohod ohf k bmehoymphdmsbb sfcfco, nmttmb ee med metmrme nmt emyphmrb (O3.Snmt ) mzmhtdmetr.Mhtfrbmto` kfrohodo yesfhtdf vf mhmhtdmim nfp trmbs`jrdmtrhfr euhhmbhr.

rbfe


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DFW==3-N9-=

37

Yrmbs`jrdmtrb fdpfimbs uyiurdm zfhhoo5 njpmrhr ifvrfhfrobif, mbtfbyesfhtfhfrobif, `mreh fhfetrjboe ifvrfhfr mrmsbim vc uykuhmdmhmrim yjub jhmrmeeuhhmbhr.


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CHD ?

@mzh Yrmbs`jrdmtrhfr


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=. Dmbyftoe Bvf


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Yrmbs`jrdmtrhfrifdmbyftoe bvf(kvif),`uej vf nostfrfsoz emyphmrb mzmhtdme oob7,


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Yrmbs`jrdmtrhfrif dmbyftoe bvf (kvif), `uej vfnostfrfsoz emyphmrb mzmhtdme oob 7,


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123/286



124/286


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feorife topo bvf Dmbtfh (snfhh) topo bvf

Imhd topo bvf


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3. Yrmbs`jrdmtr smrkhmr


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Cmsot cor trmbs`jrdmtrif

oeo smrk vmrir. Corcoroyhfohftefb cmhmbts jhdmymbcu smrkhmrimbcoroso prodfr(coroblo ifvrf) smrks,iofro osf sfejbifr (oeoblo

ifvrf) smrksir.


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Cmsot cor trmbs`jrdmtrif oeo smrkvmrir. Corcoroyhf ohftefb cmhmbtsjhdmymb cu smrkhmrimb corosoprodfr(coroblo ifvrf) smrks, iofro osfsfejbifr (oeoblo ifvrf) smrksir.


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@mzh Yrmbs`jrdmtrhfrob _mps


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@mzh Yrmbs`jrdmtrhfrob _mpsCorcorobf cmh tfe `mz trmbs`jrdmtrifb

jhuurhmr mift ifdor feorife ejhimb jhuurhmr


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`mzh trmbs`jrdmtrb mhhmkfhdo cmhmbtfeohhfro5


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`mzh trmbs`jrdmtrb mhhmkfhdo cmhmbtfeohhfro5 yhiz/ yhizbmiorfb euhhmbhr, ifbkfsozior vf


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M C L

m c l

BP

MB P

CB P

LB

Plm

Pcl

Pmc


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M C L

m c l

BPMB

Pmc

PC B

Pcl Plm

PL B


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M C L

m c l

BPMB

Pmc

PC B

Pcl Plm

PL B

Nfr cor cmlmeprodfr vf

sfejbifruhmrm myr myrsmrhr


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M C L

m c l

BPMB

Pmc

PC B

Pcl Plm

PL BWrodfr utm

myr vjhtma,sfejbifr

utm myrvjhtma jhuur.

Nfr cor cmlmeprodfr vf

sfejbifruhmrm myr myrsmrhr


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_hiz kfb cmhmdmim medhmrbkstfrodo


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_hiz kfb cmhmdmim medhmrbkstfrodo

OM

OL

OC

B

OMB

OCBOLB

Oml

Olc

Ocm

Ol

Om

Oc

M

L

C

m

c

l


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_hiz kfb cmhmdmim kfrohodhfrobkstfrodo


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_hiz kfb cmhmdmim kfrohodhfrobkstfrodo

PM C

PL M

B

PM B

PC B

PL B

Plm

Pcl

Pmc

Plm

Pmc

M

C

L

m

c

l

PC L P

cl


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_hiz-kfb cmhtrmbs`jrdmtrb mhdm feho


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Pjhtma vfetr ioymkrmd

_hiz-kfb cmhtrmbs`jrdmtrb mhdm feho


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Pjhtma vfetr ioymkrmd

PMC

PLM

PCL

PMB

PLB

PCB


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Pjhtma vfetr ioymkrmd mhdmsb kstfrdfe oobvfetr ioymkrmdbimb corrbfe

PMC

PLM

PCL

PMB

PLB

PCB


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Pjhtma vfetr ioymkrmd mhdmsb kstfrdfe oobvfetr ioymkrmdbimb corrbfe

PMC

PLM

PCL

PMB

PLB

PCB


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[

P

V

w

v

u

[

P

V

w

v

u

[

P

V

w

v

u

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PV

z

yx

[P

V

zy

x

[

PV

z

yx

[

PV

z

yx

[

PV

z

yx

[

PV

z

yx

[

P

V

w

v

u

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P

V

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v

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V

w

v

u

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P

V w

v

u

[

P

V w

v

u

[

P

V w

v

u

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P

Vz

y

x

[

P

Vz

y

x[

P

V

zy

x

[

P

V

z

y

x

[

P

V

z

y

x[

P

V

z

y

x

[

P

V

w

v

u

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P

V

w

v

u

[

P

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w

v

u

Iy==

_i==

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==

0

Ii0

_y0

Iz0

6

Iy6

_i6

_z6

7

Ii7

_y7

Iz7

Ymbdmsmys

Cmhmdmkrucu

st kfrohod Mht kfrohod st kfrohod Mht kfrohod

Ifotordfjrmb

69

Cmhmdm [email protected] ioymkrmd

Jndhue njpmrhr sostfdf =3> jnd kstfrflfe cor fdpfimbs

uyiurdm trm`jsubm ontoym vmrir. Cu trm`j osf fvordf jrmb m49 jhmb cor trm`j jhmlmetr. Pfrohfbrbff cmemrme cu bmsh 9 jhiu cuhubuz.


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=


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3

Cu ifrs dmhzfdfso

Kb

(\r

Ynos ijludfbt

nfbz tmdmdhmbdmd cor ejpy

fhhfdfhfr ymphmlmetr.

d 7.3) - 3< Jlme 377?

ms bjt cffb ljdphftfi yft (P. 7.

Cmz nmehmr smehir.

\jdf roknts rfsfrvfi.

ir.

)


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37-=>36 yhbim Mdpfr embubu vf =>?7 hmrimb blf

ymphmdmdtr. Msfberjb djtjrub tfdfh ohefhfrobo empsmymb ohe pmtfbt =>>> if

Boejhm Yfshm tmrm`bimb mhbdtr. =>>> if ohe odmh fiohfb 6 np hoe djtjrub

ymehme mrh 960 ek. oefb, cukb myb ktfeo djtjrub mrh ymehme 97-67 ek

ir.

Msfberjb dmeobfhfr, mhtfrbmto` med dmeobfhfroior 5 kfbfhhoehf smcot iurmb stmtjr vf

ibfb rjtjrimb jhuur. \tmtjrhmrbim cor, oeo, ymim je `mzh smrkhmr cuhubur. \tmtjr

smrkhmr mi vfrohfb cu smrkhmrm, mhtfrbmto` kfrohodhfr uykuhmbr. Nzhmr ye ohf je mz

ifofb djtjrhmrir. Ibfb rjtjrim cor, oeo, ymim je `mzh smrkhmr cuhubur. Sjtjr

smrkhmr mi vfrohfb cu smrkhmrim kfrohod vf medhmr, stmtjr smrkhmr mhmbbimb

fbiesoyjb yjhu ohf fbiehfbor. zfh mdmh euhhmbdhmr ibim, rjtjr smrksbm i

cor emybmetmb kfrohod uykuhmbdmz. \tmtjr vf rjtjr mrmsbim emhmb nmvm mrmhbb

rmiymh ijruhtuimeo cjyu smcottor. Ibfb rjtjr, iurmb stmtjrub oobif jhiuubm krf

stmtjrub o fvrfso ymrmp vf rjtjrub im i fvrfso ymrmp smcottor. Cyhf cor ymp


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0

zfhhoo cuhubmb dmeobfbob, rjtjr vf stmtjr smrkhmrbb z fbietmbshmr rjtjrub

ejbudubm ymim ibdf msbm cmdhh ondmh fiohfcohflfe emimr mzir.

=.3. Sjtjr _mpsbm Krf Msfberjb Djtjrhmr

Msfberjb dmeobfhfr5 cor, oeo, ymim je `mzh jhdme zfrf cor em wmtt klbifb

=6777 e[ klbf emimr odmh fiohfcohdfetfior. Cu djtjrhmrb stmtjr smrk kfrohodhfro

osf ==7-007 Pjht vf nmttm cye kh dmeobfhfrif =6777 Pjht jhmcohdfetfior.

Dmeobfhfr rjtjr vf rjtjr smrkhmrbb ymphbm krf oeo krucm myrhr1

Sjtjru \oblmp Em`fsho jhmb djtjrhmr

Sjtjru Cohfzoeho vf \mrkh jhmb djtjrhmr

Msfberjb djtjrhmr ostfr cohfzoeho ostfr soblmp em`fsho jhsub stmtjrhmr ohf cubub tmi

stmtjr smrkhmr kfbfhhoehf myb zfhhoetf ymphr. \oblmp em`fsho djtjrhmrb rjtjr smrks

ucuehmrimb jhumb soblmp em`fso coodobif cor smrkir. I ifvrfyf nocor u

emrhdmdtr. Cohfzoeho djtjrhmrim osf rjtjrim, ymhthd je `mzh cor smrk vmrir

vf cu smrkbb uhmr cohfzoe-`rm sostfdo ohf i ifvrfyf mhbdtr.

=.


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;

Nmvm mrmhbm krf if stmtjr smlbb o mp vf rjtjr smlhmr fhif fiohor.

\tmtjr vf rjtjr smlhmr cor mrmym kftorohfrfe ;-=7 ek./ld hoe cor euvvfthf

setrhrhmr. \tmtjr smlhmrbb dfyimbm kftorioo sml pmefto fesfbfh ybif sjudmy

ejhmyhmtrdme oob 7-?7 jhmb djtjrhmrim stmtjr kvifso ju efz

mhdobyudimb ymphr. Kvifyo tmymb mymehmr fhoetfb ymphr.


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>

\tmtjr kvifso mymesz jhmb, smcot cor zfdobf cmhmbdme oob, `hmbh ymphmb

djtjrhmrm esmlm @hmbh Djtjrhmr ifbor.

=.9. \oblmp Em`fsho Msfberjb Djtjrhmr

Cu djtjrhmrb stmtjrhmrbim bjrdmh mhtfrbmto` med smrkhmr cuhubur vf (feoh =.=)

Sjtjr smrks, rjtjrm mhmb jhuehmrm yfrhftorohor. Sjtjr jhuehmr, jtjdmtoe tfzkmnhmrim

efsohfrfe mhr. Sjtjr smrks, jhuehmrm yfrhftorohfb phme ucuehmr vf cu ucuehmr

nfr oeo utmb esm ifvrf fifb esm ifvrf nmhemhmrbimb jhuur (cez. empme rfsdo).

\oblmp em`fsho djtjr ifyodo, rjtjr smrkhmrbb cu coodif ymph bfifboyhf

euhhmbhdmetmir. Bjrdmh mhdm ejuhhmr mhtbim, rjtjr ucuehmrbim fbiehfbfbkfrohod =7 vjhtub mhtbimir. Cu bfifbhf, rjtjr ucuehmr rjtjr sml pmeftobifb

ymhthdmz. Sjtjr sml pmefto if, stmtjrim jhiuu koco 7.6dd hoe yzfyhfro ymhthd

sohosyudhu smlhmrimb ymphr. Sjtjr sml pmefto stmtjrimb nmvm mrmhbm kffb mebb

dmbyftoe yjhubu jhuturur. \ml pmefto, rjtjr smrkhmrb tmr vf dmbyftoe yjhimb

fbiehfbfb djdfbto dohf ohftor.

feoh =.= \tmtjr - rjtjr smrkhmrbb krb (\tmtjrim oeo emth smrk euhhmbhdtr)


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?

Sjtjr ucuehmrbb Coodhfro1

m) _mr me, yuvmrhme rjtjr jhuehmrbm yfrhftorohdo bjrdmh ucuehmrimb jhudu

rjtjr 5 jhuehmrm phme jhmrme yfrhftorohfb ucuehmr cmer ymim cmsbhm iehd

mhdobyudimbir. ucuehmrb nfr oeo ymb esm ifvrf nmhemhmr ohf esm ifvrf

fiohdotor. Cmer ucuehmr nmhobif, esm ifvrf nmhems ucuehmrm nfr oeo cmhmrbimb

hfnodhfborefb, ucuehmrb mhdobyud jhdms nmhobif osf esm ifvrf nmhemhmr

ied fsbmsbim, cu ucuehmr ohf corhoetf iehr.

c) Ifrob jhuehmr jhmb rjtjr 5 cu jhuehmrm kfbohoo mz, yesfehoo cye jhmb cmer

ymim mhdobyud ucuehmr yfrhftorohor. Ifrob jhuehu djtjrhmrim, yjh mhdm

djdfbto cye vf yjh mhdm med eetr.l) o`t soblmp em`fsho rjtjrhmr 5 rjtjr smlhmrbim oeo tr jhue mhdtr. Bjrdmh vf

ifrob jhuehmr. Cu jhuehmrimb rjtjr yzfyobf uzme jhmb jhuehmrm djtjrub bjrdmh

mhdm rjtjr em`fso yfrhftorohor. Bjrdmh vf rjtjr yzfyobf ymeb jhmb jhuehmrm osf

yjh mhdm em`fso yfrhftorohor.

Djtjrhmr ifooe eutup smysbim, rbfob 3p43, 9, 0, oob ymphr. _mphmb

nfsmphmrimb, rjtjr sml pmeftobob dfemboe imymbehh cmedbimb, 3p43 eutuphu

djtjrhmrb sbr kl jhmrme =3777 e[ vf 3p49 eutuphu djtjrhmrb sbr kl oob

ymehme 37777 e[ cuhubdmetmir.

=.6. Cohfzoeho _mim Sjtjru \mrkh Msfberjb Djtjrhmr

Cohfzoeho msfberjb djtjrhmrb rjtjrhmrbim kfbfhhoehf `mzh smrkhmr cuhubur.

\mrkhmr ymhthmrme rjtjr jhuehmrbm yfrhftorohor. `mzh rjtjr smrks yhiz jhmrme

cmhmbr vf yhiz bjetms imrym emrhdmz. Doh zfrobf cmh vf dohifb ymhthd

cohfzoe, rjtjr ohf corhoetf ibfr. Sjtjrub `mzh smrksbb koro uhmr cu

cohfzoehfrf cmhmbr. Cohfzoehfr zfrobif smcot iurmb `rmhmr ymridyhm rjtjr smrk

sostfdobf, i emybmetmb kfbhoo ymim `rfembs ifotorohfcohfb kfrohod uykuhmbmcohor.

Myrlm smrkhmrm imrimb fdpfimbs im cmhmbmcohor. Sjtjr smrkhmr tfe tmcmemh vfym

oeo tmcmemh mhtfrbmto` med smrkhmr topobif jhmcohor. Cu smrkhmr, stmtjr smrkhmrbim

jhiuu koco ym bjrdmh ohftefbhfrifb ymim ucue smrkhmrimb jhuur.


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=7

Sjtjr cohfzoehfrobf yjh mhdm i

djdfbto cythr. Myrlm rj

`rfembs vf kfbhoo mymrhmbm

ymphmcohor. @rmhmr cohfzoehfr

Cmz djtjrhmrim `rm vf cohfz

emhirhr vf zfh cor izfb o

rjtjru esm ifvrf fiohdo msfb

feoh =.3 Cohfzoe - `rm izfbobob k

@rmhmrb cohfzoe zfrobif

bfifboyhf dfyimbm kfhfb tjzh

oob, cohfzoehfrob cuhubiuu

myrhdtr (feoh =.3).

rfblo cmhmbmrme, yjh mhdm med sbrhmbr v

jrm, trostrhfr vfym iofr uykub izfbfehfr

cohfb cor kfrohod uykuhmbmrme nz vf k

zfrobif jubhuehm srfeho jhmrme tfdms

e mbdmsb bhfdfe oob `rmhmr cohfzoehfr

f rjtjr cohfzoehfro esm ifvrf fiohor. Cu nm

rjb djtjr koco mhr.

rb

fvmdh jhmrme mhdms nmhobif `rmhmr

r dmeobf oobf korfcohor. Djtjru cu tjzhmrim

esd ju zmdmb djtjrub kfro emhmb

f yjh mhdm

mridyhm

ejbtrjh

mhobifior.

zfrobifb

hif djtjr

mbdms

ejrudme

esdbimb


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==

3. IFS MHM

3.=. obifb Ijru Med Memb Cor mp \mrkbb DDE'o

\tmtjrim x fvrfso cjyublm imthd cjcobhfrifb B(x) zmdmbm krf ifodfyfb cor

medb metb ibrsfe, cjcobob rftflfo dde5

@(x) 4 OB(x) (3.=)

jhmrme ymzhmcohor. Cu iurudim stmtjr fvrfsobif x ybbifeo @ feoh 3.


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=3

( )o t O Ljs t4 3 (3.


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=;% [Wsv 077

m)

=

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c)svd

WWW 3

;ior. \tmtjr iorfblobo nfsmphmybz.

76;,7?7,=?

,=?9>777=07763,967=7

63,967=776,7=

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[email protected]\

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he jhmrme

eoblo jhmrme

bl jhmrme

Msfberjb DmeobfhfrYmrtdm \jruhmr =

Ir.Dustm`m Yurmb - \memrym bovfrsotfso


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=) Msfberjb dmeobfhfr rjtjr ympsbm krf emm myrhr: Cubhmrbfhfrior:

Msfberjb dmeobfhfr rjtjr ympsbm krf oeoyf myrhr1

m) \oblmp Em`fsho Sjtjr (Esm ifvrf rjtjr ym im esm ifvrf em`fsho rjtjrioyf if mbhdmetmir)

c) Sjtjru smrkh (Cohfzoeho msfberjb djtjr ioyf if mbhr)


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Sjtjru smrkh dmeobfbob rjtjrubim cjcob tfhhfro ohf smrhd < `mzh cor smrkcuhubur, cu yb ohf smrk ymps vf krb iofrobifb jhiuem`mrehir. \mrk efbio oobif yhiz ym im kfb cmhmbr vf kfro emhmb osf cohfzoehfrf cmhmbr. Cohfzoehfr vf `rmhmrimb jhumb izfbfe ohfnmrfeftho jrtmdimeo fhfetroesfh bjetmhmr iurmb jrtmdm emrthr.Cohfzoehfrf cmsmb `rmhmr cu fhfetroo dmeobf ibm emrtr. Cu uhmrmkfbfhhoehf yjh vfrdf rfjstmhmr / iorfbhfro cmhmbr. Cu iorfbhfrdjtjrub sbrhmbd med vf yesfe djdfbt ohf yjh mhdmsb smhmr.

Sjtjrimeo ympsmh `mrehhe, rjtjrub krhdfso nmhobif je ejhmylmmyrt fiohfcohor.


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\oblmp em`fs rbfehfro (=/3)


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\mrkh Sjtjr rbfehfro (=/3)

Sjtjru smrkh ymp osf5 cmroz `mrehir. \oblmp em`fs smrks yfrobf cjcobtfhhfro ohf smrhd < `mzh mhtfrbmto` med smrks ofror. Cu smrk efbio oobifyhiz cmhmbd jhup yhiz bjetms imr emrthdmz, `memt iofr < ucohfzoe-`rm izfbo ohf e-h-d tfrdobmhhfrobf emrthr. Mmimeo feohif

cohfzoehfrf ioeemt fioboz.


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\mrkh Sjtjr rbfehfro (3/3)


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\oblmp em`fsho vf rjtjru smrkh tophfrob, kvif vf tfrdobmh eutuhmrbim im`mrehmr vmrir1

blmp Em`fsho Msfberjb Djtjr

Cohfzoeho/Sjtjru smrkh Msfberjb Djtjr


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Sjtjrm cmemrme pfe je tr myrt ftdfe ddebir, myft yftfrho cohkoijbmbdbz vmrsm.

nttp1//fwn.offf.jrk/sjl/fs/Bjv=??;/7?/OBIF^.NYD

u cor msfberjb dmeobfso rjtjru ifoh, ijru med dmeobfso rjtjruiur (fbivo). Ejhhfetrfoeemt fioboz.
http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/es/Nov1997/09/INDEX.HTMhttp://ewh.ieee.org/soc/es/Nov1997/09/INDEX.HTMhttp://ewh.ieee.org/soc/es/Nov1997/09/INDEX.HTM


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9) Msfberjb dmeobfbob stmtjr vf rjtjrubim uykuhmbmb smrkhmrnmeebim bfhfr cohoyjrsubuz:

_mbt 91

\tmtjrim euhhmbhmb mhtfrbmto` med smrkhmr kfbfh jhmrme 3 toptor1

m) Fh smrks (Emhp smrk im ifbor)


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nttp1//rfrfsjurlf.jrk/Vsfr%37W

mkfs/Qucchy/Obiultojb%37ljbvf

rtojb%37


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c) Qoblor smrk(Kmcmro vfym Mdfroemb smrd im ifbor)

nttp1//rfslufdjtjrs.ljd/djtjr%37wobiobks.ntdh
http://rescuemotors.com/motor%20windings.htmlhttp://rescuemotors.com/motor%20windings.html


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6) zfrobif msfberjb dmeobf ymzdmymb cor msfberjb dmeobfbob(cmzfb ymzdmz) smiflf tfrdobmh eutusu/eutuhmrbm (ym imcmhmbt eutusu, ehfdfbshfrf) cmemrme, cu dmeobfbob msfberjbdmeobf jhup jhdmib mbhmymcohor doyoz: _m im cubu myrtftdfbob cor ybtfdo / ymehmd vmr dir:

_mbt 61


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\oblmp Em`fsho Msfberjb Djtjr

Cohfzoeho/Sjtjru smrkh Msfberjb Djtjr


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0) Cor msfberjb dmeobfbob tfrdobmh eutusubu mtbzim smrkuhmrbm mbhmd vfrfcohor dosoboz: _mbo cor `mz smrksbb e ulucuiur, ubm uifrsfe cu xtor koco.

_mbt 01


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;) Msfberjb dmeobfyo eod olmt ftdotor: Cu dmeobfbob ibymimymykb jhmrme euhhmbhmb obkohozlf mi bfior: (msyblnrjbjusdmlnobf if euhhmbhr mdm ibym fbistrosobif cmem cor osodhfmbhr)

_mbt ;1

Msfberjb Dmeobfbf Boejhm Yfshm tmrm`bimb olmt fiohdo, jhup =>>>ifpmtfbthfbdotor.

bkohozlfif ymykb jhmrme Obiultojb Dmlnobfvfym Obiultojb Djtjrioyfmihmbirhr. Cu ybif Yrefyf ymphmb fseo fvorohfrif fbiesoyjbdjtjru vfym obiesoyjb djtjru im ifbohdotor.


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FHFEYSE DMEBFHFS N> \jru-Lfvmp\M | Nmzrhmymb Ir.Dustm`m Yurmb

Msfberjb Dmeobfhfr (3/. Nm`tm wfc smy`ms ohe mbodmsyjbu ioeemthf oblfhfyoboz)

\tmtjrm =37 ifrflfhoe mrmhehmrhm ejbuhmbirhd < `mz smrkhmrbm, < `mzh mhtfrbmto` uykuhmbibim,stmtjrim ibfr mhmb jhuur.

Ibfr mhmb, ibdf fsbmsbim rjtjrimeo ohftefbhfro efsfr vf jbhmrim kfrohod obiehfr. biehfbfbkfrohodob iffro

@mrmimy _msms (nmrfeft kfrohodo) kfrfo stmtjrimeo ibfr mhmb nz ohf rjtjr nz mrmsbimeo `mre ohfjrmbthir. Djtjr mhdmimb fb cye rjtjr kfrohodo yjhvfrdf mbbim (b47) mbbim obiehfbor.\tmtjrimeo Sjtjr ohftefbhfro esm ifvrf fiohdo jhiuubimb ofrobifb med memr.

\tmtjr tmrm`bimb rftohdo ibfr dmbyftoe mhmb ofrosobif cuhup im ofrosobifb med kffbohftefbhfrif

`mifso kfrfo euvvft obiehfbor. hftefbhfrif obiehfbfb euvvft doh fesfbobf krf djdfbt rftor( ). Cu djdfbt rjtjr im ibdf jhuturur. Jhumb djdfbt stmtjrimeo ibfr mhmb yb ohfmyb ybifior.

Djtjr, stmtjrimeo ibfr mhmb nzbm ymeb cor iffrf emimr nzhmbr. @memt rjtjr pmso` dfemboeyehfbdf iurudhmrbim(kfbfh iurud) nocor zmdmb ibfr mhmb nzbm frofdfz. Qorm frodo jhsm,

stmtjrimeo ibfr mhmb nz ohf rjtjr nz mrmsbim v `mre nz emhdmz, cyhf cor iurudim rjtjrohftefbhfrobif kfrohod obiehfbdfz, med medmz, euvvft vf djdfbt obiehfbdfz. Cubub sjbulubimrjtjr ymvmhmdmym cmhmr5 tfermrimb v `mre nz jhuur, fde obiehfbor, med memr, euvvft vf djdfbtobiehfbor. Sjtjr nz yef cmh jhmrme cor iffrif ifbkfyo cuhur vf srfeho mhr.

3) Ibfr mhmbb nz bfior: Bfhfrf cmhir:

_mbt 31Ibfr mhmbb nz5

1 sfberjb nz (ibfr mhmb nz)5 corodo 1 fcfef `rfembs (stmtjrimeo medb `rfembs)5 corodo 1 o`t eutup smys (Dmeobf stmtjru 9 eutuphu osf, o`t eutup smys p43 ior5 ymbo 3 o`t eutup vmrir)

Ibfr mhmb nz fcfef `rfembs ohf ijru, o`t eutup smys ohf if tfrs jrmbthir.3 eutuphu (p4=) cor msfberjb djtjrub 67NzHoe fcfefif ibfr mhmb nz

hefdozob 07Nz rfembsh fcfefsobif osf5


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jhur.

p ohf ibfr mhmb nzbb ifoodo osf mmimeo tmchj ohf vfrohdotor1

o`t eutup smys

67Nz oob ibfr mhmb nz

=


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9) Msfberjb djtjrub ifvrohdfso bf mbhmdm kfhor:

_mbt 91

mhmb cor djtjrub kotkoif yehfbfrfe, djtjrub rftfcohflfo dmesodud djdfbt jhmb ifvrohdf

djdfbto iffrobf uhmdms nmhobif djtjr bonmo erotoe mhdm bjetmsbm kfhor, fb u`me ye mrtbimdjtjr mrte ye srfdfz vf nz s`rm ifr. Msfberjb djtjrub ifvrohdf djdfbtobf emimryehfbdfso sjbulubim jhumb cu iurudm5 msfberjb djtjrub ifvrohdfso ifbor. Djtjr fbfrao mhtbimemhdmym ifvmd fifrsf bjdobmh medb =7 emtbm emimr med fefr vf mr sbr. Ifvrfifb myrhdmzosf ymbmr.

Cmzfb cu iurud ohf fcfef kfrohodobob idfso sjbulubim im emrhmhmcohor. Qorm djtjrub rfttoodjdfbt uykuhmbmb kfrohodob emrfso ohf jrmbthir5 kfrohod ymr iffrobf ifrsf djdfbt bf ifr,cyhf cor iurudim yeb iffrobf if cmph jhmrme ifvrohdf ymmbmcohor.

6) Cor msfberjb djtjrub fetoo med bfyf / nmbko iurudhmrm cmhir: Cu djtjr bjdobmh yeohfohftohioo ibhibif bf zmdmb cye med fefr:

_mbt 61

Msfberjb djtjrub fetoo med rfttoo yebf cmhir. @memt imnm oyo syhfrsfe5

\mcot cor kfrohodhf cfshfbdo msfberjb djtjrub fetoo med s emydmsbm krf ifoor.

Djtjr mhdmim fb cye med, yjhmhdm mbbim feohor. _jhmhdm med, bjdobmh medb 9 ohm =7 emt

mrmsbim cor iffrif jhmcohor. =7 emt med cmer emyphmrbb =77 emtbm edmsbm bfifb jhur (cmeremyphmr medb emrfso ohf jrmbthir). Cu bfifbhf efsoeho mhmb se se iur-emhe ympmb djtjrhmr je

sbr. Cubub oob uykub sjutdm sostfdo ohf ijbmthdmhirhmr ymim sjudms oob cor srf yesz

cfehftohdfhoiorhfr.

0) _jhvfrdf ybtfdhfro vf cubhmrm ohoeob cmhmbt feohhfrobo rfbop rfbdfioobozo efbiobozsjrkuhmybz. Curmim vfrdfyoboz. \miflf sjrubuz vmrsm sjrmcohorsoboz.

_mbt 01

-----(ifrs bjthmrbm cmebz)-----


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;) _jhvfrdf srflobob cfhorho mmdmhmrbim djtjrub rfttoo djdfbttf jhumb mrehhehmrb sfcfcobfior:

_mbt ;1

Msfberjb djtjrub cmer smrkhmrbb iorfblo vmrir. \mrkhmrim emme mehmr im jhuur. Cu osf,dmeobfbob cor o fdpfimbsbb jhiuu mbhmdbm kfhor. Msfberjb dmeobf fcfefifb mhi fhfetroeklb dfemboe klf ibtrfrfe dohifb vfror. Cyhf cor sostfd yehfbdfyf cmh med fefr. yhfcor erotoe yehfbdf iffro vmrir eo, cu iffrif djtjrub rfttoo k dmesodud jhur. Cu iuruddmesodud k trmbs`fro kfrfoior. Cfbzfr feohif smiflf cor bjetmim vfrod fb cye iffrobf uhmr.

Metmrhmb dfemboe k ifooyjrsm5

djdfbt if

jhur vf rftohfb djdfbt oeo ifofb pmrmdftrfbob `jbesoyjbu jhur.

Cu bfifbhf djtjrub rfttoo djdfbttf nzm cmh jhmrme ifoor1

_jhvfrdf srflo5 djtjrub iurdm mbbimb mhdm nzbm frodfsobfemimr ymmbmb srf

jhiuubimb, djtjr nzhmbrefb djtjrub rfttoo djdfbt if nzm cmh jhmrme ifoor.

>) Cor msfberjb djtjrm _hiz / kfb yjhvfrdf ybtfdo uykuhmbibim, djtjrub ohe yjhmhdmmbbim rftflfo djdfbthfrob jrmb bf jhur: _mboYyjhvfrdf (yhiz) / Yyjhvfrdf (kfb) jrmb

bfior:

_mbt >1

kfb cmhmbtim () vf yhiz cmhmbtim () cor `mz smrks zfrobf ifb kfrohodhfrob jrmb(?._mbttmeo fehf cmebz)5

rftohfb djdfbt kfrohodob emrfso ohf jrmbth jhiuubimb5


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?) Cor msfberjb djtjrm _hiz / kfb yjhvfrdf ybtfdo uykuhmbibim, djtjrub oheyjhmhdmmbbim feflfo nmt medhmrbb jrmb bf jhur: _mbo Oyjhvfrdf (yhiz) / Oyjhvfrdf (kfb) jrmb

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