Eight English teaching methods.

Grammar translationDirect AudiolingualCommunity language teachingSilent way SuggestopediaTotal physical responseNatural approach.

Before going to deep…what’s the difference between methodology and technique?

Methodology

The study of pedagogical practices in general (including related research).  Whatever considerations are involved in "how to teach" are methodological.

Technique

Any of a wide variety of exercises, activities, or devices used in the language classroom for realizing lesson objectives

Grammar translation method.

Where does it come from? This method has been used to teach dead

languages (latin or acient greek) because people who are learning them have no chance in developing the four skills, so they focus only on reading and grammar.

Key features   Classes are taught in the mother tongue, with little active use

of the target language. Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isolated

words.   Long elaborate explanations of grammar application.   Grammar provides the rules for putting words together, and

instruction often focuses on the form and inflection of words.

  Reading of difficult classical texts is begun early.

  Little attention is paid to the content of texts.

  Little or no attention is given to pronunciation.

Typical techniques.

Translation of a Literary Passage

Reading Comprehension Questions

Antonyms/Synonyms

Cognates

Deductive Application of Rule

Fill-in-the-blanks

Memorization

Use Words in Sentences

Composition

Direct method. Where does it come from?

Towards the end of the late 1800s, a revolution in language teaching philosophy took place that is seen by many as the beggining of modern foreign language teaching. 

Teachers, began to experiment with new ways of teaching language. 

Key features: Classroom instruction is conducted exclusively in the target language.

Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught.

Oral communication skills are built up in a carefully traded progression.

Grammar is taught inductively.

New teaching points are taught through modeling and practice.

Concrete vocabulary is taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures; abstract vocabulary is taught by association of ideas.

Both speech and listening comprehension are taught.

Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized

Typical techniques

  Reading Aloud

  Question and Answer Exercise

  Student Self-Correction

Conversation Practice

  Fill-in-the-blank Exercise

  Dictation

  Paragraph Writing

The audiolingual method. • Where does it come from?

It comes from the World War II. when America became aware that it needed people to learn foreign languages very quickly as part of its overall military operations. 

The "Army Method" was suddenly developed to build communicative competence in translators through very intensive language courses focusing on aural/oral skills.

Key fetures New material is presented in dialog form. There is dependence on mimicry, memorization of set

phrases, and overlearning. Structures are sequenced by means of contrastive analysis

and taught one at a time. Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills  There is little or no grammatical explanation.  Grammar is taught by inductive analogy rather than

deductive explanation. Vocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context. Great importance is attached to pronunciation. Very little use of the mother tongue by teachers is permitted. Successful responses are immediately reinforced.

Typical techniques  Dialog Memorization

Repitition Drill

Chain Drill

Multiple-slot Substitution Drill

 Transformation Drill

Question-and-answer Drill

Use of Minimal Pairs

Complete the Dialog

Grammar Games

Community language learning.

Where does it come from?

In the early seventies, Charles Curran developed a new education model he called “Counceling-Learning” drawing on Carl Rogers' view that learners were to be considered not as a class, but as a group, Curran's philosophy dictated that students were to be thought of as "clients"

Key features Students are to be considered as "learner-clients" and the teacher as a

"teacher-councelor".

A relationship of mutual trust and support is considered essential to the learning process.

Students are permitted to use their native language, and are provided with translations from the teacher which they then attempt to apply.

Grammar and vocabulary are taught inductively.

 "Chunks" of target language produced by the students are recorded and later listened to – they are also transcribed with native language equivalents to become texts the students work with.

Students apply the target language independently and without translation when they feel inclined/ confident enough to do so.

Typical techniques

Tape Recording Student Conversation

Transcription

Reflection on Experience

Reflective Listening

Human Computer

Small Group Tasks

The silent way. Where does it come from?In the sixties in the form of the Cognitive Code

and an educational trend known as "Discovery Learning."

Students have to be more responsable of own learning.

Learning wasnt all about mimic and good habit-formation.

Key features. Learning is facilitated if the learner discovers or

creates rather than remembers and repeats what is to be learned.

Learning is facilitated by accompanying (mediating) physical objects.

Learning is facilitated by problem-solving involving the material to be learned.

Typical techniques. Sound-Color Chart

Teacher's Silence

Peer Correction

Rods

Self-correction Gestures

Word Chart

Suggestopedia

Where does it come from?In the late 70s, a Bulgarian psychologist by the

name of Georgi Lozanov introduced the contention that students naturally set up psychological barriers to learning - based on fears that they will be unable to perform and are limited in terms of their ability to learn

Key features. Learning is facilitated in an environment that is as comfortable

as possible, featuring soft  cushioned seating and good lighting.

"Peripheral" learning is encouraged through the presence in the learning environment of posters and decorations featuring the target language and various grammatical information.

The teacher assumes a role of complete authority and control in the classroom.

Students are encouraged to be child-like, take "mental trips with the teacher" and assume new roles and names in the target language

Errors are tolerated.Grammar and vocabulary are presented and given treatment from the teacher.

Homework is limited to students

Typical techniques. Classroom Set-up

Peripheral Learning

Positive Suggestion

Visualization

Choose a New Identity

Role-play

Total physical response.

Where does it come from?Already in the late 1980s, a French teacher of

Latin (Francois Gouin) developed method of language teaching that capitalized on the way children naturally learn their first language, through the transformation of perceptions into conceptions and then the expression of those conceptions using language.

Key features. • The teacher directs and students "act" in response

• Listening and physical response skills are emphasized over oral production.

• The imperative mood is the most common language function employed, even well into advanced levels. Interrogatives are also heavily used.

• Whenever possible, humor is injected into the lessons to make them more enjoyable for learners.

• Students are not required to speak until they feel naturally ready or confident enough to do so.

• Grammar and vocabulary are emphasized over other language areas. Spoken language iszs<emphasized over written language.

Typical techniques

• Using Commands to Direct Behavior

• Role Reversal

• Action Sequence

Natural method.

Where does it come from?Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell developed

the Natural Approach in the early eighties (Krashen and Terrell, 1983), shared a lot in common with Asher's Total Physical Response method in terms of advocating the need for a silent phase, waiting for spoken production to "emerge.

Key features.

There are three generic stages identified in the approach:

• Preproduction developing listening skills; • Early Production students struggle with the

language • Extending Production promoting fluency

through a variety of more challenging activities.