DARK DOG ORGANIC - Anna Lepeley PhD · 2016-11-12 · performance (i.e. increased repetition volume) observed with acute caffeine intake. (Hudson, 2008, Green, 2007, Duncan, 2011)

1

3 DARK DOG ORGANIC

4 Caffeine & Energy Drinks

6 Effects on sport & exercise performance

9 Effects on brain function

10 Potentialbenefitsinmedicalresearch

10 Effectsonweightloss

11 Mursalski tea extract

11 Rosehip

12 B Vitamins

14 Vitamin C

15 Ginger

16 Organic cane sugar

18 Organic coconut sugar

19 Ingredientsofotherenergydrinks

23 DARK DOG ORGANICenergydrink

24 References

Index

3DARK DOG ORGANIC White Paper | 2014 DARK DOG. All rights reserved.

DARK DOG ORGANIC is thefirst energy drink that is certifiedorganic. That means no artificialcolors or flavors. DARK DOG ORGANIC contains natural ingredients,rightdowntothesugarand caffeine; free of synthetic,chemical processing.DARK DOG ORGANIC is a distinguishedenergydrink,providingyouwiththeenergyboostyou’relookingforwhileproviding top-quality ingredients,free of impurities and chemicals.DARK DOG ORGANIC contains a uniqueblendofnaturalingredientsincluding organic sugars, natural

Dark Dog Organicby ANNA LEPELEY PHD,CSCS,CISSN

caffeine,herbsandvitamins.Someenergydrinksarereportedtohavea“chemical” after-tastereflectingtheartificial nature of their ingredients.DARK DOG ORGANIC, on theotherhandcontainsrealingredients;exemplifyingtheauthenticationofits“USDA Certified Organic” stamp ofapproval.

Otherenergydrinksonthemarketcontain synthetic ingredientsthat lack efficacy. As you’ll readon, the chemically-processedingredients of other leadingenergydrinksarenotonlyheavilyprocessed, but also have aquestionable presence in thesebeverages, deceiving consumerswho believe slogans such thatthedrinkswill “give themwings”.Reading clinical research studiesof the ingredientsofotherenergydrinks may have you second-guessingwhy the ingredientsareeven there. On the other hand,

DARK DOG ORGANICdefiesthedubious nature of other energydrinks, standing out as the firstof its kind with an abundance ofclinical research data supportingthe efficacy of its ingredients.Furthermore, as aforementioned,theorganicnatureoftheingredientsin DARK DOG ORGANIC furtherseparates itself from the rest.DARK DOG ORGANIC is naturally sweetened in the company ofnatural, organic ingredients thatprovidepeopletheenergythey’relookingfromanenergydrink.

The ingredients of DARK DOG ORGANICwillnowbehighlightedwith supporting research datafollowedbyadisclosureoftruthonthe synthetic ingredients of otherenergydrinks.


DARK DOG ORGANIC’scaffeinesourceisextractedfrom natural coffee. Coffee is rich in antioxidants.(Natella, 2002) The antioxidant properties of coffeederivefromitshighcontentofpolyphenols,naturallyoccurringcompoundsfoundinplants.Researchhasshown coffee to exhibit antioxidant activity greaterthan teas (i.e. green, black, herbal) and cocoa.(Richelle,2001)

ThenaturalcaffeinecontentofDARK DOG ORGANIC is just one of its characteristics that makes it thebest of its class in energy drinks. An abundanceof clinical research has examined the safety andefficacyofpre-exercisecaffeineintakeintherangeof3-6milligramsperkilogramofbodyweight(e.g.120lb. individual – 163-327mg of caffeine), observingsignificant enhancements in various indices of

exerciseperformance(i.e.endurance,high-intensity)formenandwomenofvariouslevelsofathleticismorlackthereof.

Caffeine is widely consumed around the world inbeverages such as coffee, tea, cocoa beverages,soda and energy drinks. Caffeine is a naturallyoccurringchemicalfoundinavarietyofplantspecies(i.e. coffee bean, tea leaf, kola nut, cocoa bean).Caffeine has an extensive history of use, primarilyintheformoftea,datingbacktoancientChinaandmedievalEurope.

Upon consumption, the transport kinetics (the wayit is absorbed and used in the body) of caffeine(1,3,7trimethylxanthine)arerelativelyquickfollowingitsinitial,rapidabsorptioninthegastrointestinaltract.Caffeinetravelsquicklythroughoutthebodythrough

Caffeine & Energy DrinksDARK DOG ORGANIC contains 114 milligrams of natural caffeine per can, about the same as an average cup of coffee.


biologicalmembranes and crosses the blood-brainbarrier without accumulation in tissues or organs.(Curatolo, 1983) The liver extensively metabolizescaffeinebydemethylation (viaenzymaticprocesses)intothreemetabolites:paraxanthine,theophyllineandtheobromine.(Tang-liu,1983,Winston,2005) Serumcaffeinelevelspeak30to60minutespostconsumptionwithanaveragehalf-lifeof4to6hours(indicatingthetime it takesforcaffeinetobe[substantially]clearedoutofcirculation).(Curatolo,1983)

The primary action of caffeine targets the centralnervoussystem,particularlywith theantagonismofadenosinereceptors(AR)(i.e.A1,A2A,A3andA2B),providing different responses with each receptor.Caffeine is a central nervous stimulant. Caffeinehas a high affinity from adenosine receptors and,subsequently, binds with the receptors blockingadenosine, combating fatigue and increasingarousal. (Ribeiro, 2010) Adenosine is an inhibitoryneuromodulatorinvolvedinthemechanismsofsleep-wake regulation acting as a homeostatic regulatorofsleep. Inperiodsofsleepdeprivation/prolongedwakefulness,extracellularconcentrationofadenosineincreasesinthecortexandbasalforebrain.(Huang,2011)Brainfunctionisaffectedbycaffeine-inducedantagonism of adenosine receptors, influencingsleepandcognitivefunction(i.e.learning,memory).Hence, caffeine combats feelings of tire and the

consequent cognition delays affected by sleepdeprivationorgeneralfeelingsoflethargy.

CaffeineintakealsoelicitsadditionaleffectsbeyondAR antagonism. Caffeine promotes the release ofcalciumfromintracellularstoresbyactingdirectlyonryanodinereceptors–oneofthemechanismsthatmayexplainthesignificanteffectsonresistanceexerciseperformance (i.e. increased repetition volume)observedwithacutecaffeineintake.(Hudson,2008,Green, 2007, Duncan, 2011) Caffeine-containingenergydrinkshavealsobeenassessedfortheireffectonresistanceexercise. Duncanetal. (2011) foundthat consuming an energy drink (179mg caffeine)60minutesprior to resistanceexercise significantlyincreased repetition volume while also optimizingthe level of motivation when performing bouts tofailure.Additionalresearchhasdemonstratedsimilarbenefit from pre-resistance exercise energy drinkconsumption,reportingenhancementswithrepetitionvolume, maximal lifting power output and strengthwith no reporting of adverse effects. (Lockwood,2010, González, 2011, Forbes, 2007, Campbell,2010,DelCoso,2012,Goldstein,2010) Increasingrepetition volume is of great benefit for individualsseeking to enhance body composition, providingfavorableeffectsonbodyfat,leanmusclemassandmuscularendurance.


Research examining energy drink intake on repeated sprint performance has demonstrated a negligible effect. (Astorino, 2012, Gwacham, 2012) The same negligible impact has also been observed when caffeine was administered prior to performing one-repetition maximum lifts on bench- and leg press (Astorino, 2008), suggesting that caffeine may not benefit exercises that tend to be predominantly anaerobic (very high intensity/short duration). Del Coso et al. (2012), however, observed increased repeated-sprint ability and distances covered during soccer simulations of high intensity. The semiprofessional soccer players in this study also experienced increased jump height as a result of energy drink intake.

Effects on Sport & Exercise Performance


Sportslikesoccerconsistofintermittentboutsofhighintensitymovements(i.e.sprints,jumps)interspersedinlowerintensity/longdurationfieldtime(i.e.jogging).Rugbysharessimilarmetabolicdemandswithsoccerandhasalsodemonstratedsport-specificbeneficialeffectsfromenergydrinkconsumptionamongrugbyathletes.DelCosoetal.(2013)administeredenergydrinks or a placebo to elite female rugby players60minutespriortoa[15-second]maximaljumptestandconsecutivesprinttest,followedbythreegames.Subjects assigned to the energy drink exhibitedsignificantlygreaterpoweroutputinthejumpingtestand well as running and sprinting capacity on thefield/game-time.Althoughrecentresearchsupportssport-specific benefits from caffeinated beverages,furtherresearchiswarrantedtoexaminetheeffectsofenergydrinksonsportsperformance.

Caffeine intake (not in the form of energy drinks),however, has demonstrated performanceenhancements with sports such as swimming(MacIntosh, 1995) and rowing (Anderson, 2000).BasedonpreviousresearchDARK DOG ORGANIC mayprovidebenefittoathleteswhoplayhardonthe

field and require bursts of energy throughout longperiodsoftime.

Thebenefitsofconsumingcaffeinepriortoexercisealsoextendtoenduranceexercise.Researchsuggeststhat caffeine may shift substrate utilization duringenduranceexercise, increasing fatmobilizationanduse to fuel exercisewhile sparingglycogen stores.(Essig, 1980, Spriet, 1992) Fat is a preferred fuelfor prolonged/low-intensity exercise and glycogendepletionisasignificantcontributingfactortofatigueanddecrementsinenduranceperformance.

Anumberofstudieshaveobserved thenoteworthyadvantage from caffeine intake on aerobic indicesof varying intensities. (McLellan, 2004, Hogervorst,2008, Ivy, 1979, Pasman, 1995) Hodgson et al.(2013)administeredcaffeineconsumptionintheformofcaffeineorcoffee(bothequaling5mgofcaffeineper kilogram of subject bodyweight) 60 minutespriortotwoconsecutivecyclingbouts.Thetriathletecyclists in this study performed their timed cyclingtrials significantly faster andwith greater power forbothcoffeeandcaffeinetreatmentswhencomparedto placebo.


Caffeine-containing energy drinks have beenexamined in research, demonstrating significantimprovements in aerobic exercise performance.(Alford, 2001, Rahnama, 2010) Enhancements inendurancecapacityaccompaniedbyasurgeinbeta-endorphinlevelsofmaleandfemaletrainedcyclistswereobservedbyIvyetal.(2009)whenanalyzingtheeffectsofpre-exerciseenergydrinkintake.

Exercise (aerobic and anaerobic) of substantialintensity and duration has shown to increase beta-endorphinslevels.(Goldfarb,1997)Beta-endorphinsareneurohormonesthataresynthesizedintheanteriorpituitary gland and capable of reaching all tissuesin the body upon release. (Delayeun, 1993) Beta-endorphinreleaseinducedbyexerciseisassociatedwith decreases in pain perception and optimizedmood state (including exercise-induced euphoriaalso known as “runner’s high”). (Schwarz, 1992,Harber, 1984) Laurent et al. (2000) administeredcaffeine (6 mg per kg of bodyweight) to subjects90-minutespriortoatwo-hourcyclingbout.

Caffeine intake increased beta-endorphin releasetwo-fold whereas the placebo treatment had noeffect.Hence,thecaffeineinDARK DOG ORGANIC mayenhanceyour“runner’shigh”,makingexercisea

morepleasurableexperience.Withoutexercise,thecaffeine in DARK DOG ORGANICmaystillprovideaeuphoriccaffeine “buzz”.

Pain or perceived pain (discomfort) levels canlimitor impactexerciseability. This ismeasured inresearch by assessing overall rating of perceivedexertion (RPE). Pre-exercisecaffeine ingestionhasdemonstrated significant effects on RPE, makingphysical work feel easier, contributing to improvedperformance.(Astorino,2012,Walker,2007)

Furthermore, caffeine has also shown to enhancemoodstateduringexercise.(Astorino,2012,Duncan,2012)Gainoetal.(2011).alsoobservedananalgesiceffectofcaffeineintake,reducingmusclepainwhensubjects performed endurance exercise bouts in ahot climate. Exercise performance in hot climateshasalsobenefitedfromcarbohydratepluscaffeine-hydrationsources.(DelCoso,2008)Nutrient-timingcombining carbohydrate with caffeine has alsodemonstrated advantageous effects on RPE andimmunoendocrine responses to exercise. (Walker,2007)Theaforementionedsuggeststhatthecaffeinepluscarbohydrate-profileofDARK DOG ORGANIC may contribute tomultiple aspects associatedwithimprovingexerciseandphysicalactivity.


Effects on brain functionThenaturalcaffeinein DARK DOG ORGANICalsoaidsinbrainfunction,increasingyourmentalenergyinadditiontoyourphysicalenergy.Theaforementionedabilityofcaffeinetoblockadenosinereceptorsprovidesenhancementswithcognitivefunction that may extend benefit to athletes, students and military personnel.(Lieberman,2002)

Caffeineintakehasshowntosignificantlyimprovevariousparametersofcognitivetasks(i.e.reactiontimeassociatedwithsimplereaction,digitvigilance,andnumericworkingmemory)whilealsooptimizingalertnessandmoodforbothhabitualandnon-habitualusersofcaffeine.(Haskell,2005)Caffeine-inducedbenefitsonbrainfunction have also been observedwith energy drink consumption. Researchhas demonstrated significant enhancements in cognitive function parameters(i.e. memory, choice reaction time, concentration, alertness, attention, verbalreasoning,mood,informationprocessing)withenergydrinkintake.(Alford,2001,Warburton,2001)Bichleretal.(2006)soughttoinvestigatethetwokeyingredientsinRedBull,taurineandcaffeine,analyzingitsefficacyasastudyaid.Theresults,however,revealednoeffectonshort-termmemory.


Potential benefits in medical researchCaffeinehasalsogainedfurtherattentioninmedicalresearch for its ability to correct brain dysfunctionvia adenosine receptor antagonism, demonstratingpotential positive effects on Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease, pain, migraine, depression,and schizophrenia. (Kitigawa, 2007, Popoli, 2007,Fredholm, 1999, de Mendonça 1997, Fuxe, 2007,Eskelinen,2009).

Effects on weight lossAnincreaseinenergyisaccompaniedbygettingmoredone.It’sassimpleasthat.DARK DOG ORGANIC gives you a boost in your physical capacity. Thatmeansmoreworkdoneinthegym,withmoreenergyand,subsequent,enthusiasm.Youdon’thavetobeanathletetoreapthebenefitsofcaffeine.

Forindividualswhomaynotbeathleticallyinclined,yetseekoptimalaestheticswiththeirbodycomposition(decrease body fat, increase lean muscle mass),DARK DOG ORGANIC may also provide benefitson theappearanceofyourphysique. Caffeine isathermogenic,increasingcaloricexpenditure(calorieburning)beyondbasalmetabolicrate,whichprovidesfavorable effects on body fat levels with long-termuse. As aforementioned, caffeine induces lipolysis(breakingdownof fat) to fuel thebody forexerciseandgeneralphysicalactivity.

Caffeine increases epinephrine levels, acatecholaminethatisapotentstimulatoroflipolysis.(Stalknecht,1995)Otherproposedmechanismsforcaffeine-induced thermogenesis are the inhibitionof phosphodieterase-induced catabolism of camp,elicited by AR blockage. (Dulloo, 1993, Laurent,2000) and stimulation of metabolic systems (i.e.Cori cyle, beta oxidation) (Astrup, 1990, Acheson,2004).Hence,caffeineintakeresultsinanincreasedmetabolism during its circulation in the blood,promoting decreases in fat mass and weight losswhile also inhibiting weight gain and sparing leanmuscle mass. (Belza, 2007, Westerterp-Platenga,2005, Yoshida, 1994, Astrup, 1990) DARK DOG ORGANICmayserveasaconvenient,organicthirst-quencherthatnotonlyboostsenergylevelsbutalsorevsmetabolism.


DARK DOG ORGANICcontainsauniqueingredientthat you will not find in any other energy drink, letaloneanybeverageonstoreshelves.AplantnativetotheBalkanPeninsula(southeastEurope),mursalski(Sideritis scardica) has a long history of traditionaluse for treatment of gastrointestinal ailments,inflammationandrheumaticdisorders.Itiscommonlyconsumed in the formof tea incentralandeasternparts of Europe. The extracts of mursalski havedemonstrated gastroprotective activity comparableto that of ranitidine (the common active ingredientof acid reflux medications) while also exhibitingdecreases in inflammation just as effectively as ananti-inflammatory drug. (Tadic, 2012) Furthermore,recentresearchhasalsoobservedtheantimicrobialeffectsofmursalskiextracts.(Tadic,2012)

Mursalski is rich in antioxidants, optimizing defensestooxidativestress.(Danesi,2013)Knörleetal.(2012)investigated the pharmacological profile ofmursalski,demonstrating triple monoamine reuptake inhibitoryactivity. The monoamine-enhancement exhibited bymursalski suggests its consumption as an alternativetherapy for mental disorders with monoaminergicneurotransmission malfunction (i.e. anxiety disorders,majordepression,attention-deficithyperactivitydisorder,mental impairment, neurodegenerative disease).Overall,mursalskiteaextractmayhavepositiveeffects

ORGANIC Mursalski Tea Extract

on the brain, promoting feelings of well being. Theorganic mursalski tea extract in DARK DOG ORGANIC isyetanotheroneofitsexceptionalingredientswithanumberofbenefitsobservedinresearch.

Rosehip(rosacanina)issourcedfromtheroundportionoftheroseflowerandcontainsanti-inflammatoryandantioxidantproperties.Studieshaveshowntheanti-inflammatory and chondro-protective properties ofrosehip,attributed,inpart,byitsgalactolipidcontent(Schwager, 2011), to significantly alleviate thesymptomsof rheumatoid arthritis andosteoarthritis.Thus, rosehip intake improved physical function inindividuals affected by debilitating joint conditions.(Willich, 2010, Winther, 2005) Furthermore, recentresearch utilizing an animal model found an anti-diabeticeffect fromlong-termrosehipconsumption,preventing/reversing weight gain while improvingglucosecontrol inmicesubjectedtoahighfatdiet.(Andersson, 2011) Rosehip contains a very highconcentrationofvitaminC (Pyke,1942),apowerfulantioxidantwithamultitudeofhealthbenefits.

ORGANIC ROSEHIP


For those who are physically active and/or avidexercisers,themetabolicpathwaythatbreaksdownfoodforenergyworksharderthanthoseofsedentarypeople. Researchhas shown that themoreactiveaperson, themoreat risk theyareatexperiencingvitamin B deficiencies. Therefore, an increaseddemand of vitamin B consumption becomesessential to ensuring the propermetabolic function upon breaking downmacronutrients (i.e. fat,protein, carbohydrate)for ATP production.Restriction of calories in combination with exerciseincreases B vitaminrequirements even further.B vitamins, thiamine (B1),riboflavin (B2) and vitaminB6 have been highlighted fortheir vital role inmetabolismandincreased necessitation amongthosesusceptible toexercise-and/ordiet-induceddeficiency.(Manore,2000, Belko, 1983) DARK DOG ORGANIC contains 100% of therecommended daily allowance (RDA)of Vitamin B Complex, containingVitaminsB1,B2,B3,B5andB6.

THIAMINE (also known as Vitamin B1) is essentialforglucosemetabolism.Thiamineisfoundindietarysourcessuchasmeats(i.e.leanpork),organmeats,wheatgerm,poultry,eggs,fishandnuts.(Tanphaichitr,1999) Theoxidation of glucose for energy requires

thiaminediphosphate(TPP),thepyrophosphateesterof thiamine. TPP contributes to acetyl coenzymeA formation, which undergoes condensation withoxaloacetatetoformcitrateintheKrebscycle.TPPisalsoacofactorfordecarboxylationofbranched-chainaminoacidketoacids,contributingtobranched-chain

amino acid metabolism. Researchhasshown thatsupplementing

with100mgofthiamineperday may physiologicallyandsubjectivelysuppressexercise-induced fatigue.(Suzuki,1996)

RIBOFLAVIN (vitamin B2)canbeobtainedthroughthe

diet with consumptionof lean meats,dairy, legumes,eggs, fortified,nuts, greenleafyvegetablesand breads/

cereals.Riboflavinworks in conjunction

with other B vitamins tosupport growth and red blood cell

synthesis. Like thiamine, riboflavinalsocontributesto the oxidation of glucose for energy. (A.D.A.M.,2013) Riboflavin is required upon the productionof two coenzymes involved in glucose, fatty acid/glycerolandaminoacidmetabolismintoATP,flavinmononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD).(Belko,1983)FADplaysanimportantroleinoptimizingantioxidantstatus.Glutathionereductase,

DARK DOG ORGANIC contains B vitamins for optimal health promotion. B vitamins are water-soluble vitamins that consist of coenzyme components that catalyze an array of biological reactions. (Berg, 2002) Water-soluble vitamins (vitamins B and C) must be replenished on a daily basis for they are not stored like fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, K).

B Vitamins


anenzymedependentonFAD,regulatesglutathioneproduction.Glutathione(GSH),athiol-containingtri-peptide abundantly present in almost all plant andanimal cells, plays an essential role in maintainingtissueantioxidantdefensesandregulationofimmuneresponses. (Hayes, 1999) Another enzyme thatdepends on FAD is xanthine oxidase, an enzymeresponsible for producing uric acid. Plasma uricacid,achemicalproducedbythehumanbody,isoneof the primary antioxidants in humans, with similarefficacytovitaminsCandE.(Ames,1981,Bowman,2010)Adiet lacking in thiaminehasbeen reportedto increase riboflavinexcretion, suggestingadirectsynergybetweenthetwoBvitamins.(Tucker,1960)Furthermore, riboflavin plays a role in convertingvitaminB6intoitsfunctionalcoenzyme,pyroxidal-5’-phosphate.(Leklem,1996)

VITAMIN B6 (also known as pyridoxine) aids thebody in a variety of functions, suchas: producingantibodies, maintaining healthy nerve function,hemoglobin production, protein oxidation(breakdown)andglucosehomeostasis.Hemoglobinis a protein in redblood cells that carry oxygen totissues.Consequently,VitaminB6deficienciesmaycause anemia and induce oxidative stress. (Endo,2006)VitaminB6’sroleinproteinbreakdownisveryimportantforthosewhoconsumehighproteindiets(i.e. athletes, elder, individuals looking to optimizebodycomposition).FoodsourcesofVitaminB6are:avocado,banana,legumes,meat,nuts,poultryandwholegrains.(A.D.A.M,2013)

The risk for heart disease increases with elevatedplasma homocysteine levels. Homocysteine is asulfur amino acid that requires the coenzymes offolic acid, vitamin B12 and B6 for its metabolism,preventing accumulation. (Selhub, 2008) LowvitaminB6 intake iscorrelatedwithoxidative stressthat may exacerbate heart disease caused byexcessive homocysteine. (Endo, 2006) SupportingresearchhasshownthatdosesofvitaminB6abovetheRDA,inconjunctionwithfolate,contributestothepreventionofcoronaryheartdisease. (Rimm,1998)Elevated homocysteine levels are also associatedwithincreasedsusceptibilitytomyocardialinfarction,

stroke, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and bonefracture.(Selhub,2008)

VITAMIN B3 (morecommonlyreferredtoasniacin)is found inmeat,fish,nuts,poultry, fortifiedcerealsandbreads.LikeotherBvitamins,niacinisessentialin thebreakdownof allmacronutrients (fat,protein,carbohydrate) to energy, particularly when in theform of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADP). NAD accepts and donates electrons inthe electron transport chain (process in whichfood isconverted toenergy),avital step inenergymetabolism. Over a hundred enzymes depend oncoenzymesNADandNADP.Niacinintakehasbeenlinked with heart health benefits, increasing HDL(highdensitylipoprotein)cholesterol,alsoknownas“goodcholesterol”,alongwithloweringtriglyceridesand very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL). VLDLis potentially harmful cholesterol, contributing toatherosclerosis. (VanderHoorn,2008) Niacinalsoaids in the health and functionality of the digestivesystem, skin and nerves. (A.D.A.M, 2013) It isimportanttonotethattheniacindoseinDARK DOG ORGANICmaynotinducea“niacinflush”associatedwithhigher/mega-doses.

VITAMIN B5, also known as pantothenic acid, isfoundinavocado,cabbage-familyvegetables,eggs,milk,mushrooms,white/sweetpotatoesandpoultry.(A.D.A.M,2013)PantothenicacidisacomponentofcoenzymeA.CoenzymeAispresentinalllivingcellsand is necessary formetabolic reactions, includingtheproductionofATPfrommacronutrients.(Higdon,2003)Researchhasshownthatpantothenicacidmayprovide favorable effects on exercise performance,byincreasingtheefficiencyofoxygenutilizationandattenuatingincreasesinlacticacid.(Litoff,1985)


Oxidative stress poses a threat to our immunesystem, prompting people to consume vitamin Cto avoid the commoncold. Researchers suggeststhatvitaminC intakemaydecrease thepotentialofcatching the cold virus, particularly when exposedto cold environments or severe physical activity.(Douglas, 2007, Sasazuki, 2006) Physically activepeople(i.e.athletes,avidexercisers)areconstantlyexposedtoincreasedproductionofreactiveoxygenspecies(ROS)andsuppressedantioxidantdefenses(expressed by lowered glutathione levels). TheytendtohavelowervitaminCplasmaconcentrationscomparedtosedentarypersons.(Balakrishnan,1998,Teixera,2009)AdministrationofantioxidantboostingvitaminC,however,hasshown tobeefficacious incombatingtheoxidativestressresponse,preventingtheoxidationofbloodglutathionethatisincurredwithphysicalexercise.(Bryer,2006,Alessio,1997)

Bryer et al. (2006) administered vitaminCto subjects before and after performingeccentric exercise (which inducesa significant amount of damage tomuscle tissue). Vitamin C intakeprevented the significant decreasesin glutathione levels experiencedby those assigned to a placebo.Furthermore,vitaminC treatmentalsodecreased creatine kinase (a markerof muscle damage) muscle soreness.People are exposed to oxidative stress ondailybasis,withorwithoutexercise,Combatingoxidativestressonadailybasisisvitaltopromotingoverall health and longevity, contributing to chronicdiseaseprevention.

Oxidativestressposesathreattotheintegrityofourcellsand tissue;puttingour immunesystem,agingprocessandoverallhealthatstake,asaresultoffreeradicalformation.Excessiveandpersistentoxidativestress eventually leads to oxidativedamage if yourantioxidantcapacitycannotcombatthefreeradicalaccumulation. Most of our daily encounters withoxidative stressare simply inevitable (i.e. exposureto air pollutants) while others may be optimallycontrolled (i.e.stressmanagement,sufficientsleep,adequatediet,moderationofalcoholintake).Ourdietand supplement regimen, however, play a criticalrole on how efficiently we optimize our antioxidantdefenses. DARK DOG ORGANIC contains powerful sourcesofantioxidants:vitaminCandMursalskiteaextract,alongwithginger.

DARK DOG ORGANIC contains 100% Vitamin C. Vitamin C intake provides an abundance of health benefits including: gastroprotective effects (Sasazuki, 2003), anti-aging properties (Kim, 2012), treating hypertension (Nishikawa, 2003), decreasing chronic inflammation (Calder, 2011), treating endothelial dysfunction (Erbs, 2003). Vitamin C is most renowned for its powerful antioxidant capacity.

Vitamin C


Furthermore,thebiochemicalpathwaysactivatedbychronic inflammationmay bemodulated by gingerproviding further benefit. (Grzanna, 2005) Gingerconsumption has demonstrated decreases in painandswellinginpatientsaffectedrheumatoidarthritis,osteoarthritis and generalized muscular pain.(Srivastava, 1992, Terry, 2011) Painful menstrualcycles have also been successfully treated withginger supplementation, reducing the pain andintensity. (Rahnama, 2012) The benefits of gingeralsoextendtoavid-exercisers.Researchhasshownginger consumption to minimize muscular painfollowingaresistanceexerciseprotocolthatinduceddamagetomuscletissue(i.e.eccentriccontractions).(Black,2010,Black,2010)

Gingerhasalsodemonstratedsignificantantioxidantactivity, attributedby an abundanceof contributing

organic Ginger

agents located in the rhizome of ginger. (Masuda,2004)Bioactivecompoundsofginger,shogaholandgingerol, have been identified in research for theirpotent antioxidant andanti-inflammatoryproperties.(Dugasani,2010)Theantioxidantcapacityofgingermay be beneficial in the treatment of conditionsassociated with inflammation caused by oxidativestress;furthercomplementedbytheaforementionedspecificanti-inflammatorymechanisms.Inaddition,theantioxidantactivityofgingerhasalsobeenlinkedwithanticanceractivityexhibitedbyginger.

Theadministrationofgingerhasalsogainedattentionasapotentialadjunctivetreatmentofcardiovasculardisease, suggested by its anti-thrombotic,hypotensive andhypolipidemic activity observed invitroand inanimalmodels. (Nicoll,2009,Thomson,2002) The hypolipidemic effects of ginger extendto its potential as an antidiabetic agent, alongwithexhibiting hypoglycemic and hypercholesterolemiceffectsinratmodels.(Al-Amin,2006)

The antiemetic (anti-nausea) effect of ginger hasdemonstratedgreater efficacy thanapopular over-the-counter antiemetic/motion-sickness medication. Theantiemeticbenefitofgingerhasbeenobservedinsituationsofseasickness(Schmid,1994)andotherpopulations whosoughttreatmentfornausea.(Ernst,2000)

Ginger has an extensive history of cultivation and use in ancient medicinal practices, originating in Asia and, eventually, other parts of the world. A rhizome (or stem) of the Zingiber officinale plant, ginger is widely known for its treatment of pain and motion sickness. The benefits of ginger, however, are more elaborate. Ginger provides inhibitory effects on prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis, exemplifying anti-inflammatory properties superior to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with less potential for side effects.


Upon cooling, the mixture solidifies followed bygrounding.Thisprocessallows forminimal impurityelimination and lacks the chemical processing thatwould proceed in a sugar refinery. Refinement ofsugar takes place beyond the sugar mill (in sugarrefineries)andincludestheadditionofsulfurdioxidetolightenthecolorofthesugaraswellastheadditionof lime to coagulate the impurities. Sulfur dioxide,when consumedby sensitive individuals, has beenassociated with induced asthma. This chemical isalsoknowntoexacerbatetheasthmaofasthmatics.(Freedman,1980)Organicsugarnevermakesitswaytosugarrefineries.Thus,oncethesugaristransportedtosugarrefineriesfortheadditionofchemicals,itisnolongerraw,organicsugar.(Monclin,1995)

Unlike refined sugar, raw sugar containsmolasses,the main byproduct of sugar production. Sugarcane-derivedmolasseshasexhibitedahighphenolicconcentrationandantioxidantactivitycomparabletoα-tocopherol(alsoknownasvitaminE).(Valli,2012)Phillips et al. (2009) compared the antioxidant ofvarious natural sweeteners. Raw cane sugar hada higher antioxidant capacity when compared tosugars commonly included in other energy drinks(i.e.refinedsugar,cornsyrup,agavenectar).Furtherinvestigations have associated non-refined sugarstoanarrayof healthbenefits (i.e. anticarcinogenic,cytoprotective, immunological) that may be largelyattributedbyantioxidantcontent.(Jaffé,2012)

Organic cane sugar also contains amino acids,asparagineandasparticacid.(Yoko,2004)Aspartateandasparagineareprecursorstooxaloacetate,afour-carbonmoleculeandvitalprecursortocitrateformation

in theKrebscycle. TheKrebscycle is essential forthehumanbody,generatingenergyinourcells.TheKrebscyclebeginsandendswithoxaloacetate.TheKrebs cycle is a metabolic pathway, consisting ofeightchemicalreactionsthatgenerate2ATPfromaglucoseorglycogenmolecule.TheKrebscyclealsoproducesnicotinamideadeninedinucleotide(NADH)and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH), whichtransfer hydrogen atoms to the electron transportchain for additional ATP production. (Lehninger,1993) Oxaloacetate levels must be replenished inorder for the Krebs cycle to function efficiently. Itsreplenishmentinvolvesthecarboxylationofpyruvatevia pyruvate carboxylase, an enzyme essential togluconeogenesis. Oxaloacetate is also utilized ingluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis involves theformationofglucose fromnon-carbohydratecarbonsubstrates (i.e. lactate, amino acids) following theirinitial conversion topyruvate.Aminoacidsprimarilyenterthegluconeogenicpathway,followingconversiontopyruvate,orfurtherintothecycleasoxaloacetateinordertocontributetoATPproductionandmaintainbloodglucosehomeostasisduringexerciseorperiodsofstarvation.(Berg,2002,Brooks,1984)

Aspartate and asparagine consumption havedemonstrated significant contributions to oxidativemetabolism, sparing glycogen and increasingintramuscular free fatty acid utilization duringenduranceexercise.Therefore,thetwoaminoacidsmay increase time to exhaustion, increasing theamount of exercise while delaying fatigue, whenperforming a prolonged bout of exercise. (Lancha,1995,Marquezi,2003)

Organic sugar is solely extracted from raw sugar cane (not from beets) and lacks the chemical processing of refined sugar (i.e. additives, synthetic chemicals). In sugar mills, raw sugar is produced from the nearby harvested sugarcane. Whole, raw sugar is produced by extracting juice from sugarcane plants and then boiling it.

organic CANE SUGAR


Carbohydrate is a key substrate for exercisingmuscles. Carbohydrates are broken down intoglucose upon digestion before entering metabolicpathways. Carbohydrate is the only macronutrientthatcanbeutilizedinanaerobicenergyproduction,inthe[relative]absenceofoxygen.(Lehninger,1973)Thus,energyprovidedduringhigh-intensityexercise(lasting between 6 seconds and two minutes) isprimarily derived from carbohydrates especiallyas less oxygen is required, such as during ATPproduction fromanaerobicglycolysis. (MacDougall,1986)Carbohydratesmaybepresentforutilizationinthe blood (in the readily available form of glucose)or in themuscle and liver in the formof glycogen,stored carbohydrate that requires glycogenolysis(breakdown into glucose for use). (Dudley, 1982,Brooks,1984)

Studieshaveshownthatcarbohydrateintakepriorto-andduringexerciseenhanceperformance,allowingyou to work out at a higher intensity for a longerduration. (Lepeley, 2012, Lambert, 1991, Febbraio,2000, Temesi, 2011) Furthermore, incorporating asimplecarbohydratelikeorganicsugarintoyourpre-exercisenutrient timingallows forglycogen-sparing(contributing to fatigue-resistance) and decreasedperceived effort (physical work feels less difficult)(Burgess,1991,Kang,1996,Robertson,1990,Utter1997, Utter 1999, Utter, 2002). The aforementionedbenefitspertaintobothresistanceexercise(Lambert,1991, Lepeley, 2012, Lambert, 1991, Haff, 1999)

and endurance exercise (Febbraio, 2000, Temesi,2011, Currell, 2008) of high-volume/muscularendurance and/or prolonged nature. For example,Lepeley(2012) foundthat25gramsofpre-exercisecarbohydrate increased legpress repetition-volumeamongfemalesubjects.Temesietal.(2011)suggestthat30-80gramsofcarbohydrateingestionenhancesendurance exercise performance amongmale andfemale adults.DARK DOG ORGANIC contains 37grams(Originalflavor)and43grams(BloodOrange)of carbohydrate. Hence, both male and femaleathletesandavidexercisers,alike,gainanadvantagefromcarbohydratenutrienttiming.

Glucoseisalsovitalforproperbrainfunction,therefore,promotingbloodglucoseavailabilityviaconsumptionofsugarallowsforimmediateusebythebrain.Minordecreasesincirculatingglucosethatfallwithincloseproximity to the normal range (i.e. plasma glucosedecreasestoapproximately3-3.5mm)maymarkedlyaffectcentralnervoussystemfunction,subsequently,hindering cognitive task efficiency. (Stevens, 1989,Heller, 1987) Restoration of euglycemia (normalbloodglucoselevels)reversesthedetrimentaleffectsofmildhypoglycemia inhealthy individuals. (Jones,1990) Thus, in conjunction with a well-balanceddiet and physically active lifestyle, incorporatingsugar from organic sources, such as DARK DOG ORGANIC,intothedietpromotessubstrateutilizationfor energy metabolism, brain function and overallcellular function.


Dark Dog ORGANIC contains sugar derived from organic coconuts, creating a tastefully healthy blend when combines with organic cane sugar. Coconut sugar is low glycemic, which translates to less insulin release.

organic coconut SUGAR

Lower glycemic sugars, like coconut sugar, aresuperior tohighglycemicsugars for improvingandmaintaininghealth,withnoteworthyalleviatoryeffectson diabetes and pre-diabetes and prevention ofobesity.(Bae,2011,Bell,2003)

Whatmakescoconutsugarevenmoreuniqueis itsblood glucose lowering properties. Coconuts arerich in D-xylose, a monosaccharide that has beenidentifiedasapotentinhibitorofsucrase.(Seri,1996)Sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down sucroseinto fructose and glucose. By inhibiting sucrase,xyloseimpedesrisesinbloodglucosethatinevitablyaccompanysugarandsucroseintake.Thus,organiccoconut sugar is complementary to suppressing risesinbloodsugar.Italsosuppressessubsequentrisesininsulin,whichoccurwithorganiccanesugarintakealongwith thenaturallyoccurringsucrose in

coconut sugar. Research suggests that controllingglucose and insulin surges (i.e. suppressinghyperglycemia) followingmealsand/orsugar intakemay prevent metabolic abnormalities, preventingdiseasedevelopmentsuchasdiabetes.(Seri,1996)

Coconutsareaplentifulsourceofminerals,potassium,calcium and magnesium, accompanied by aminoacid, arginine. (Santoso, 1996) The combinationof thesemineralscontributes toanumberofhealthbenefits, includingheart andbonehealth. (Anurag,2003,Tucker,1999,Lloyd,1993,Dawnson-Hughes,1997)Coconutsalsocontainantioxidantproperties.(Fonseca,2009)Thesugarextractedfromcoconutsprovides a healthier, sweetening alternative withhealth benefits right at the source, which syntheticsugarsdonotprovide.


Furthermore, other energy drinks contain manyingredientsthatlackclinicalresearchtosupporttheirpurpose in the beverage. DARK DOG ORGANIC only contains natural ingredients backed by anabundance clinical research whereas other energydrinks contain artificial, synthetic ingredients thatlack scientific data to support their safety andefficacy. Most consumers would like to know whatthey’re drinking and eating. Therefore,DARK DOG ORGANICisasuperior,naturalbeverage;providingthefinestblendof ingredientsthathealth-consciousconsumerscanindulgein.

Other energy drink companies often highlight theirauxiliary ingredients as primary contributors of theirenergy-boosting effects. In other words, they wantconsumerstobelievethattheirproductissuperiortoother energy drinks or caffeine alone because their

proprietary blend is “better”. For example, 5-HourEnergy emphasizes the addition of B vitamins andtheir “energyblend” (consistingofglucuronolactone,taurineandtyrosine)assynergistswiththe215mgofincludedcaffeine.Arecentstudy,however,foundthatthe additional ingredients of 5-Hour Energy had nocomplementaryeffect;thecaffeinealonewassufficient.

Using electroencephalographic (EEG) equipment,Skogsberg and colleagues (2013) analyzed theeffects of 5-Hour Energy’s “energy blend” onbrainwaveactivity.Thirty-onecollegestudentswereassigned towater,waterwithcaffeineorwaterwith5-HourEnergyfollowedbycompletionofanattentiontask.Theresultsdemonstratedfasterbrainresponsesamong those assigned to caffeine and 5-HourEnergycomparedtowater.Therewasnodifference,however, between the two-caffeinated treatments.

Ingredients of Other Energy DrinksDARK DOG ORGANIC distinguishes itself from other energy drinks in that its ingredients are all natural and effective in their purpose; to give you energy. Unlike DARK DOG ORGANIC, other energy drinks contains synthetic ingredients that undergo chemical processing.


Theresearcherssuggestthat5-HourEnergyhadnoadditional effect on cognitive function, deeming its“energy blend”asinsignificant.

Other popular energy drinks promote similaringredientblendswithclaimsto“giveyouwings”whileothersclaimtobetwiceaseffectiveasotherenergydrinks.Thecommonauxiliary ingredientspurportedtoworkwith caffeine are inositol, glucuronolactone,tyrosineandtaurine.Theefficacyoftheseingredientsand their synergywith caffeine, however, remain inquestion.As further researchdevelops, studies likethatofSkogsbergetal.(2013)willcontinuetoevaluatewhetherornotthemarketingclaimsofenergydrinksholdtrue.

As you read on, you’ll see why these synthetic,auxiliary ingredients of other popular energy drinksarenot includedinDARK DOG ORGANIC.Overall,popular energydrinks contains artificial ingredientslackbenefitinenergydrinksand/orarequestionableinsafetyandefficacy.

InositolInositol, a natural isomer of glucose and a precursorin the phosphatidylinositol cycle, has shown to treatsymptomsofdepression,panicdisorderandobsessive-compulsive disorder when compared to a placebo.Inositolmaybeanattractivetherapeuticagentforpeoplewithpanicdisorder(Palatnik,2001),however,thedoseof inositol inenergydrinkshasnotdemonstratedanyeffectsorbenefits.(Campbell,2013)

Many cell types utilize inositol, a secondmessenger;to stimulate the release of intracellular calcium uponactivation of inositol-triphosphate-gated calciumchannels (Berridge, 1993, Bezprozvanny, 1993)Previousresearchhasdocumentedaninhibitoryeffectofcaffeineoninositolreceptorsandinositol-triphosphate-gatedcalciumchannels.(Bezprozvanny,1994)

Thismaysuggestanantagonistrelationshipbetweencaffeine and inositol when combined exogenouslyand/oronendogenous inositol activitywithcaffeineintake. Inotherwords, inositolmayblockor reducethebenefitsofcaffeine.

Becauseofitstextureandlackofcolor/flavor,inositolis,reportedly,acommonfillerandcuttingagentforillegaldrugs,cocaineandmethamphetamine.(USDepartmentofJustice,2013)Saidagain,theinositolinenergydrinkshasnotbenefitonhumanhealthorperformance.

GlucuronolactoneOrally ingested glucuronolactone has no knownpurpose or defined benefit in humans. (Higgins,2010) Glucuronolactone is a substance producedbythebodyinsmallamounts.Itsconsumptionmayhave detoxifying effects in the body. (Zoltaszek,2008) Glucuronolactone may also be metabolizedinto xylulose, a ketose monosaccharide that playsa role in carbohydrate metabolism. (Oka, 1976)Glucuronolactone consumption has not been wellexaminedforitseffectsonhumans,therefore,littleisknown.What’smore,themajorityofscientificliteratureexamining [isolated] glucuronolactone occurred in1960-1970.Thus,theshort-andlong-termsafetyandefficacyofitsconsumptionisnotknownatthistime.

TyrosineL-tryosine is another common ingredient in energydrinks and shots, purported to work synergisticallywith caffeine and other auxiliary ingredients toincrease alertness and energy. A non-essentialaminoacid,tyrosineisaprecursorofcatecholaminesand may influence dopamine and norepinephrinelevels in the brain. Misleading marketing claimstoutingtyrosineasrelieverofsideeffectsassociatedwith stress has created deception for its actualmechanism and observed benefits in research.(Young,2007)Short-termtyrosineadministrationhasdemonstrated acute protective effects on cognitivefunction (i.e. working memory, mood, psychomotortasks [marksmanship]) in the presence of physicalstress/stressors often times not encountered bygeneral populations (i.e. prolonged exposure tocold and hypoxia, military sustained operationswith sleepdeprivation). (Owasoyo, 1992,Banderet,1989,Mahoney,2007,O’Brien,2007)Inotherwords,


tyrosineintakemaynotprovideanybenefitunlessyouareunderextremephysicalstress(thatwhichisnotcommonlyencounteredbygeneralpopulations).Thelong-termsafetyoftyrosineadministration,however,hasnotbeen substantiated in clinical research. Inaddition,thedosescommonlyfoundinenergydrinksarenegligiblecomparedtothedosesadministeredinresearch(i.e.300mgperkilogramofbodyweight,2gramsperday).(O’Brien,2007,Campbell,2013)

Researchhasalsofailedtoconsistentlydemonstratean ergogenic value of tyrosine consumption onendurance exercise performance. Utilizing ninecompetitivecyclists,Chinevereetal.(2002)comparedtheconsumptionofplacebo,carbohydrate,tyrosine,andtyrosinepluscarbohydratepriorto-andduringa90-minutecyclingbout(at70%peakoxygenuptake).The results demonstrated a negligible effect fromtyrosine treatments on performance.

Furthermore,subjectsassignedtothecarbohydratetreatmentcompletedtheexercisetrialinsignificantlylesstimethanthoseassignedtothetyrosinetreatment.Tumiltyetal. (2011)didobserveapositiveeffectoftyrosine on endurance exercise capacity in heat,improving cycling bouts performed to exhaustion.The tyrosine dose in the study, however, wassignificantlygreater(150mgperkgofbodyweight)thanwhatisfoundinenergydrinksandenergyshotsthatcontaintyrosine.

Furthermore,utilizingthesamedosagescheme(150mgperkgofbodyweight),Watsonetal.(2012)foundthattyrosineintakedidnotimprovecyclingboutstoexhaustion in awarm environment nor provide anybenefitoncognitivefunction.

TaurineTaurine, a sulfur-containing beta-amino acidsynthesized by the human body, is obtainedlargely fromdiet. When combinedwith vitaminB6it is synthesized fromamino acids,methionine andcysteine. (Lourenço, 2002) Taurine has shown toexhibit antioxidant activity, influence intracellularcalciumconcentrations,glucoseuptake/homeostasis,

neuromodulation of the central nervous systemand alleviate hypertension. (Xu, 2008, Lourenço,2002, Collivichi, 2004) Individuals whomay be atrisk for taurine deficiency and, thus, benefit fromsupplementation are newborn infants (breast milk suppliestaurine)or individuals inflictedwithchronicfailureoftheliver,heartorkidneys.(Lourenço,2002)

Taurine has demonstrated a significant contributionin preventative medicine for a number of seriousconditions (i.e. congestive heart disease, acutehepatitis,cysticfibrosis,myotonia).(Kendler,1989)

The inclusion of taurine in energy drinks and itssubsequent benefits are difficult to detect whenexamining a multi-ingredient product. Zhang et al.(2004) observed a reduction in exercise-inducedDNAdamageattributedbytheantioxidantcapacityoftaurineinhumansubjects.

Animal models have also revealed the ability oftaurine to decrease exercise-induced fatigue andcellular injury/oxidative stress when examining ratsperformingrunningexercise.(Yatabe,2009,Dawson,2002,Silva,2011)

Furthermore, animal models suggest that taurinemayinfluenceskeletalmusclecontractileproperties(i.e. increased forceproduction) synergisticallywithcaffeine via increasedaccumulation and release ofintracellularcalcium.(Bakker,2002)

EnergydrinkslikeRedBullhighlighttaurineasoneoftheirkeyingredientsalongwithcaffeine.Whetherornottaurinecontributesto“givingyouwings”,however,remainsinquestion.

Researchexaminingtheeffectsoftaurine,alone,oncognitiveandphysicalperformance is inconsistent.(Bichler, 2006,Giles, 2012,Rutherford, 2010,Geib,1994)InarecentstudybyGilesetal.(2012)subjectswereassignedtocaffeinealone,caffeineplustaurine,taurine alone or a placebo.

Theresearchersfoundthatcaffeinedisplayedpositiveeffects on cognitive function while also increasingenergylevelsandvigor.Taurine,ontheotherhand,appeared to have a negligible impact on cognitive


function while reversing the caffeine-induced effectonvigor.

Theoverallresultsofthestudysuggestthatcaffeinealone may be the sole contributing ingredient ofenergydrinksthatincreasesparametersofcognitivefunction.Insupportofthis,researchexaminingenergydrink combinations (glucose plus caffeine) withoutthe inclusion of taurine have shown to successfullyprotectcognitivefunction(i.e.information-processingtasks)andmood(i.e.reducedanxiety,reducedstress)whenfirefightersweresubjectedtothestressfulandphysicallydemandingnatureoftheirwork.(Sünram-Lea,2012)

The plausibility of caffeine contributing to physicalworkcapacitytothesameextentwithorwithouttaurineis also supported by research. As aforementioned,caffeine affects the central nervous system andexcitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle,providing benefits for mental performance andmusclecontractility(i.e.exercise).

Inthe1990s,onestudysuggestedthattheinclusionoftaurineinRedBullenhancedenduranceexercisecapacity when compared to a version of Red Bullwithout taurine. (Gieb, 1994). On the other hand,Rutherfordetal.(2010)analyzedtheeffectsof1.66gramsoftaurinepriortoanendurancecyclingboutprecedingahigh-intensity time-trial.Taurinehadnoeffect on cycling performance.

Research examine the effects of taurine, alone, onhumansarelacking.Gallowayetal.(2008)assessedtheacute(oneday)andchronic(sevendays)effectsof taurine intake (∼3-5grams),observingatransient,yet resultantly negligible, alteration in skeletalmuscle-taurine content. In addition, chronic taurinesupplementationhadnoeffectonfatorcarbohydrateoxidationduringanenduranceexercisebout.Taurinedid, however, affect essential amino acid kinetics,possiblysuggestingdecreasedoxidation(utilizationforenergy).

Although energy drinks with taurine have beenreported to optimize brain function and exerciseperformance, the efficacy of taurine, alone, in

humansremainsinquestion.Furthermore,thelong-term safety of taurine consumption is also lacking in scientificresearch.

Collectively, the overall data suggesting caffeineas the key ingredient of energy drinks dismissesthe need for auxiliary ingredients (i.e. inositol,glucuronolactone, taurine) found in commerciallyavailableenergydrinks.Inthislighttheabove,makeway for the novel conglomeration of ingredients ofDARK DOG ORGANIC.

DARK DOG ORGANICistheonlyenergydrinkthatprovidesnaturalingredientsbackedbyanabundanceofclinicalresearchandscientificliteraturewithoutthefallacious claims commonly toutedby other energydrinkcompanies.


Is a line of organic energy drinks that caters to the needs of health-conscious consumers in search of tasty, nutritious products free of unnecessary ingredients.

DARK DOG organicENERGY DrINK

DARK D

OG O

RGANIC

O

RIG

INAL

DARK D

OG O

RGANIC

50 c

alo

rie

sDARK D

OG O

RGANIC

BLO

OD O

RANGE

Organic LEMON JUICE

Organic ELDERBERRY

JUICE

Organic BLOOD ORANGE

JUICE

Organic GINGER

Organic YERBA MATE

Organic BLACK CARROT

JUICE

Organic CANE SUGAR

Organic CANE SUGAR

Organic CANE SUGAR

Organic MURSALSKI TEA

Organic LEMON JUICE

100% DV VITAMIN C and

B VITAMINS

Organic COCONUT SUGAR




B VITAMINS

Organic GREEN TEA

natural CAFFEINE

Organic RoseHip

Organic ACEROLA FRUIT

Organic CRANBERRY

Natural CAFFEINE

Organic LEMON JUICE

Organic GUARANÁ


B VITAMINS


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streptozotocin-induceddiabeticrats.BrJNutr.96(4):660-6.

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DARK DOG ORGANIC - Anna Lepeley PhD · 2016-11-12 · performance (i.e. increased repetition volume) observed with acute caffeine intake. (Hudson, 2008, Green, 2007, Duncan, 2011)