Dams in Pakistan History and Details

8/22/2019 Dams in Pakistan History and Details

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Salamat datang kePakistan


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DAMS IN PAKISTAN


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What is a dam?

A barrier, either natural or artificially

constructed, that impounds or diverts theflow of water, especially in a water

course. Also, the body of water confined

by a dam.


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Purpose of

dams

Dams are built to provide water for: Irrigated agriculture

Domestic or industrial use

To generate hydropower

Help control flood

Recharge of ground water


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In last century over45,000 times

people took decision to built adam.

Today around 3,800 km3 offreshwater is withdrawnannually from worlds lakes,

rivers and aquifers. This is twicethe volume extracted 50 yearsago


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Brief history of dams

River basin are renowned as cradles of civilization and culturalheritage

The earliest evidence of river engineering is ruins of irrigationcanals overeight thosand years old in Mesopotamia

Remains of water storage dams found in Jordan, Egypt, Yemenand other parts of the Middle-east date back 3000 B.C.

First use of dams for hydropower generation was around 1890

By 1949 about 5,000 large dams were constructed (out of which75% were in industrialized countries)

By end of 20th century there were over45,000 large dams over140 countries


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CONSTRUCTION OF WORLD DAMS

BY DECADE (1900-20000)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Before

1900

1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s after 1990

Numberofdams

Excluding over 90% of large dams in China for which chronological information is not available


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Regional distribution of world large

dams at the end of the 20th century

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

China Asia North and

Central

America

Western

Europe

Africa Eastern

Europe

South

America

Austral Asia

Numberofdams


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PARTIAL LIST OF SELECTED PROJECTS CARRIEDOUT/ BEING CARRIED OUT BY REGIONAL OFFICE(NORTH) IN RECENT YEARS


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Major Dams/Barrages and Hydropower Projects

Undertaken by ACE RO(N)

Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project

Kalabagh Dam Project

Mangla Raising Project

Chashma Hydropower Project

Basha Diamer Project Mirani Dam Project

Greater Thal Canal Project

Gulpur Hydrpower Project

Rawal Dam Project

Khan Pur Dam Project

Kurram Tangi Multipurpose Dam Project Warsak Dam Project

Jinnah & Rasul Barrage Project

Very recently ACE has been awarded Punjab Barrages

Rehabilitation Project Phase-I (Jinnah & Islam & Balloki Package)


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Irrigation, Drainage, Groundwater, Flood Control and River

Basin Projects

Sector Policy Studies Project NDP

Pakistan Water Sector Investment Planning Study

Assessment of Water Resources and Development of Irrigation

Potential in entire AJK under NRMP

Irrigation System Management I & II

Pakistan Command Water Management Project

Siren River Basin Development Project Pakistan

Dajal Branch Extension Project


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Power Projects

Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project


Kalabagh Dam Project

Basha Dam Hydroelectric Project

Pehur Hydropower Project

Matiltan Hydropower

Muzaffargarh Thermal Power Station Extension Project

Natural Gas fired Combine Cycle Thermal Power Plant, Que

Chashma Nuclear Power Project

500 KV Tarbela Lahore Transmission Line

220 KV Transmission Line Project between Multan and Vehari, Vehari

and Sahiwal, Kala Shah Kaku and Ravi (Lahore)


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Kalabagh Dam Lay Out Plan


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1450 MW Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project

View of Tail of the Power Channel. Static loading of the Channel has been Completed.


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ACE in association with other consultants successfully completed Chashma

Hydropower Project of 184 MW capacity.


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Basha Diamer Dam, Pakistan

ACE is a part of the consortium for preparation of an upgraded Feasibility Study of the

proposed dam envisaged to conserve 9 BCM (7.3 MAF) of water having power production

potential of 3,360 MW.


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Mangla Dam Raising Project

Detailed engineering and tender documentation for raising of Mangla dam by about 10 m is

currently in progress. There will be augmentation of water and hydropower benefits from the

project. At a cost of about 62 billion rupees, the raising project is planned to be completed

by mid 2007. ACE in association with other local and expatriate firms, is providingconsultancy services for the project.


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Mirani DamProject - 43 km South-West of Turbat on Dasht River in Baluchistan. The main

objective of the project is to irrigate about 34,000 acres of land through an irrigation canal

system based on a 410 mile network, including main canals, minor canals and water courses.ACE is a part of the consortium carrying out the project.


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Greater Thal Canal Project

The project comprises a Feasibility Study, Detailed Design Works, Construction Supervision andpreparation of Tender Documents. ACE is providing consultancy services along with other local


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Gulpur Hydropower Project is located on Poonch River near Kotli, in AJK.

This project will generate 60 MW Hydropower.


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Development of Dam Construction in Pakistan

Developments of Dam Construction in Pakistan

is related to the development of irrigationsystem and geopolitical challenges by Indus

Water Treaty of 1960.


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Ancient Irrigation Practice

About 5,000 ago Two ancient civilizations of the world

Moiengo-Daro on lower Indus, and

Harappa on the Raviflourished on irrigation.

The system was called Inundation Irrigation and required lot ofmaintenance

By end of 19th century inundation on irrigation system comprised:

Punjab: Length of Canals = 4,000 kmsArea irrigated = more than 40,000 hectares

Lower Indus: Area irrigated = 1.21 million hectares.

First perennial canal is known to be build by Mughal EmperorJahangir reigned (1605-27) taken from Ravi Riker


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Mid 19th Century to Mid 20th Century

During British period modern irrigation system

evolved by construction of weir, barrages,headworks and canal system.

In 1947, at the Independence of Pakistan

average annual river diversion were 8.27 billion

cubic meters


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Post Independence to 1962

Irrigation System was expanded to increase

culturable command area to 12.6 millionhectares.


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Indus Basin Replacement Plan

Prior to partition water of Indus river system were primarily used in thearea of Pakistan, however the head of the water of major tributaries ofIndus River, I.e, Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Jhelum and Chenab lie in India.

Talking advantage India started diverting water of these river to its ownarea.

The dispute was revolved through a treaty in 1960 called Indus BasinTreaty.

According to treaty

India Obtained exclusive rights over 3 eastern river: Sunlaj, Beas andRavi reducing flows to Indus from 215.8 Bill. m3 to 175 Bill m3.

Pakistan was provided necessary funds for transferring water fromwestern rivers, the Chenab, Jhelum, and Indus main stem to make uploss of water from eastern rivers through

Indus Basin Replacement Plan.


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Main Component of Basin Replacement Plan

Construction of two storage dams:

Mangla da on Jhelum River Tarbela dam on Indus River

Six new barrages or diversion dams

Eight new inter-river link canals

Remodeling of a barrage at Baloki on river Indus

and three existing link canal and several irrigation

system.


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History of Dam in Pakistan

If we exclude barrages from dams, then history of damconstruction in Pakistan in short.

At the time of Independence (1947) there were only 3 dams inwhole country.

Khushdil Khan Dam, Balochistan 1890

Spin Kariz Balochistan 1945

Namal Dam Mianwali, Punjab 1945

Construction of dams in Pakistan was initiated in 1955 byConstruction of Warsak Dam on Kabul river for hydroelectricpurposes.

During last ____ years ____ dam have been constructed forirrigation or irrigation cum hydroelectric purpose.


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Problem of Dam Engineering in Pakistan


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Unsuitable topography

Due to wide rivers dams are large in size.

Hub dam length 8.007 km.

Chotiari Reservoir 46 kms.

Detail Mangla

Dam

Tarbela

DamMax. live storage B.Cu.m 6.6 11.5

Length of reservoir (km) 64 80

Site excavation (M. cu.m) 42 73

Total earth and rockfill (M. Cu.m) 107 136

Max. height (m) 116 143Crest length (kms) 3.14 2.74

Saddle Embankment length (km) 9.5 1.00


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High Floods

Increase in cost due to costly diversion during

construction and large size spillways

Discharge (m3/sec) ManglaJhelum

TarbelaIndus

Max. recoded Flood (Aug. 1929) 28,320 27,780

Design Flood 73,630 60,230Spillway Capacity 31,148 42,475


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Sedimentation

Average annual sediment load of Indus at Tarbelais estimated at 350 million tons

Warsak dam reservoir is completely silted up withfirst few years.

Impacts: - Reduction in useful life

- Abrasion of spillways, tunnels and

turbine blades.


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Difficult Foundations

Gap graded river alluvium at Tarbela with open

works Soft Siwalik rocks

Presence of Sheared zones.

Highly disturbed rocks due to tectonic activity

Potential for liquification.

Swelling clays at Sukian dam (Mangla)


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Seismicity

Geographical position of Pakistan is within

Syntaxial bends of Himalayan Organic belt.The belt is well known for its Seismic instabilityhaving been locus of four earthquakesexceeding magnitude 8.3 in past century


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Devastating Earthquakes of Known History

Running of history i.e city of Taxila is about 25

AD. 1935 earthquake of Quetta resulted in loss of

30,000 lives.

1947 earthquake of Pattan killing 5,000 people.

Dams are designed for a = 0.5 to 0.6 g.


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Pakistan General Information

Total area of Country 1,050,000 sq. km.

662,000 sq. km

Rugged mountains,narrow valleys and foothills

388,000 sq. km Sandy desert and flatalluvial of plains

303,030 sq. km Arable202,500 sq. km Indus Plains


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Massive Glaciers Emerging the Snow Clad

Himalayas have developed one of the most

fascinating river system comprising. Mighty Indus, and its six tributaries

Kabul

Jhelum

Chenab

Ravi

Sutlej and

Beas


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Challenges to Development of Irrigated Agriculture

Pakistan lies in semi-arid zone mean annual

rainfall 250 mm. River flows are variable within a years and

from year to year.

Control of three contributing rivers taken by

India

T i l l t f


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Typical layout ofbarrages