Ch. 24: Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

Sec. 1: Latin American Peoples Win Independence

Background• The American Revolution,

the French Revolution, and the Enlightenment changed ideas about who should control government. It also led Latin American territories to get rid of the European colonists and gain control of their land.• In Latin America, class

dictated people’s place in society and job.

Classes• Peninsulares – People

born in Spain. They could hold high office in colonial government.

Class• Creoles - Spaniards born

in Latin America. They could not hold high political offices but could rise to officers in the colonial army

Class• Mestizos – Persons of

mixed European and Indian ancestory

Class• Mulattos – Persons of

mixed European and African ancestry• Indians – Were at the

bottom

Haiti• Haiti – known then as St.

Domingue, was the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule.• January 1, 1804 – After a

long struggle with France, Haiti became independent• By 1810, rebellion had

broken out in many parts of Latin America

Bolivar• Simon Bolivar – A

wealthy Venezuelan Creole who declared Venezuela independent in 1811• Bolivar led troops into

battle with the Spanish and had many defeats• Venezuela finally

defeated the Spanish and became independent in 1821

Independence• 1816 – Argentina won its independence. Chile gained

independence next.• By 1824 – Peru, Panama, and Ecuador also gained

independence

Mexico• Miguel Hidalgo – A

Mexican priest who organized a ragtag army to fight the Spanish for independence.• Although he didn’t gain

independence with his army, Mexico did gain independence from Spain in 1821

Independence• Central America – Many of these nations were

controlled by Mexico and when they declared independence, the Mexican government refused to recognize it.• By 1823 – The nations of Costa Rica, Nicaragua,

Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador became independent.• Brazil’s independence – read p. 686

Sec. 2: Europe Faces Revolutions

Background• Post Napoleon Europe saw a return to monarchies for

many countries and an extended period of peace with each other. But many had internal problems

Political philosophies:• Conservative – usually

wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for protecting traditional monarchies in Europe• Liberal – Mostly middle class

business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliments but only the educated and land-owners could vote

Radicals??• Radical – favored drastic

change to extend democracy to all people. The believed that government should practice the ideals of the French revolution – liberty, equality, and brotherhood• Nationalism – Loyalty to a

nation of people who share a common culture and history, not to a king or empire

Stuff• All three political theories would favor nationalism• Nation-state – When a nation has its own independent

government• In 1815 Europe, only France, Great Britain, and Spain

could be called nation states

Greece• While most powerful

nations opposed revolution, they supported the Greeks• - Russians didn’t like

Greek Orthodox Christians being ruled by Ottomans (Muslims)• - Educated European and

Americans loved and respected ancient Greek culture

Greece• 1830 – with British,

French, and Russian help, Greece gains independence from the Ottomans.• - Not all revolutions were

successful. In the 1830’s, uprisings in Belgium, Italy, and Poland were put down.

Stuff• - Some countries accepted a monarch or dictator if

the economy was strong – Napoleon III in France (p.690)• - Alexander II and Alexander III of Russia (p. 691)

Sec. 3: Nationalism

2 Opinions on Nationalism• - Those who wanted to unite people of a similar

culture under a single government. They saw nationalism as unifying.• - Those who wanted to restore the old empire order

from before the French Revolution. They saw nationalism as a force for disunity• See the chart on p. 692

3 old empires feel the effects of nationalism

• The Austrian Empire• - Brought together Slovenes,

Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians• - Due to a war loss to the

Prussians, The Austrian Empire became the Austro-Hungarian Empire• - Nationalist disputes continued

to weaken the empire until it collapsed following WWI

The Russian Empire• - The 370 year-old

empire brought together Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Turks, and others• Russification – A policy of

forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the empire

The Russian Empire• - It backfired and led to a greater sense of nationalism

and disunity• - The empire collapsed during WWI

The Ottoman Empire• This empire brought

together Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians• - The Ottoman Empire

began weakening in the 1880’s due to nationalism and the Ottoman’s inability to maintain control • It collapsed following

WWI• Case Study: Italy – Read

p. 694-695

Terms from the Case Study Italy

• Giuseppe Garibaldi – Leader of nationalist troops that invaded Sicily• Red Shirts – Followers of

Garibaldi• Case Study: Germany –

Read p. 695 - 697

Terms for Case Study Germany

• Junkers – Strongly conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy land-owning class• Otto von Bismarck – A

Junker who became Prussian prime minister• Realpolitik – “The politics

of reality.” Tough politics with no room for idealism

History• Seven Weeks War – a war in which Prussia gained land

from Austria• The Franco-Prussian War – a war with France which

gained more land for Prussia and established it as a power in Europe• Kaiser – Title for king or emperor of Prussia

Germany• 1871 – It was decided

that the Kaiser would be Prussian but the empire would now be called Germany.

History• The Congress of Vienna (1815) established 5 fairly

equal powers in Europe: France, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia• - By 1871 Britain and Germany (formerly Prussia)

were the strongest. Russia and Austria were far behind. France was in the middle.

THE END!