Nationalist Revolutions in Nationalist Revolutions in EuropeEurope

Philosophical ConflictPhilosophical Conflict• ConservativesConservatives wealthy property wealthy property

owners & nobilityowners & nobility– Wanted traditional monarchiesWanted traditional monarchies

• LiberalsLiberals middle-class businessmen middle-class businessmen & merchants& merchants– Wanted to give more power to elected Wanted to give more power to elected

parliaments, but with voting restrictionsparliaments, but with voting restrictions• RadicalsRadicals favored drastic change & favored drastic change &

democracydemocracy– Liberty, equality, & brotherhoodLiberty, equality, & brotherhood

Nationalism EmergesNationalism Emerges

• NationalismNationalism

= the idea that people’s = the idea that people’s loyalty should be to their loyalty should be to their nationnation

• Nation-statesNation-states

= nations with own = nations with own independent independent government government – Supported by middle-class Supported by middle-class

liberalsliberals

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerPower

• Greek independenceGreek independence• Nationalist uprisings in Belgium against Nationalist uprisings in Belgium against

Dutch controlDutch control• Polish uprising against Russian rulePolish uprising against Russian rule• Italian states opposed ruled by AustriaItalian states opposed ruled by Austria• Revolutions of 1848 broke out across Revolutions of 1848 broke out across

EuropeEurope– Revolutionaries failed to stay unitedRevolutionaries failed to stay united– Conservatives regained power & returned Conservatives regained power & returned

to conservative governments prior to 1848to conservative governments prior to 1848

Results of Nationalism Results of Nationalism

Positive ResultsPositive Results• Overcame Overcame

differences for differences for common goodcommon good

• Overthrow of Overthrow of colonial rulecolonial rule

• DemocracyDemocracy• Spurred scientific & Spurred scientific &

technological technological advancementsadvancements

Negative ResultsNegative Results• Forced assimilation Forced assimilation

of minority cultures of minority cultures to majority to majority

• Ethnic cleansingEthnic cleansing• ExtremismExtremism• WarfareWarfare

Radicals Change FranceRadicals Change France

• 1830, King Charles X forced to flee1830, King Charles X forced to flee• The Third RepublicThe Third Republic

– Political factions within the republic led to Political factions within the republic led to violenceviolence

• In 1848, Louis-Napoleon (nephew) won In 1848, Louis-Napoleon (nephew) won presidential electionpresidential election

• In 1852, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte took title In 1852, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte took title of Emperor Napoleon IIIof Emperor Napoleon III– Reforms & public worksReforms & public works

Reform in RussiaReform in Russia• Feudalism prevented Feudalism prevented

Russian empire from Russian empire from economic advancementeconomic advancement

• Russia defeated by Ottoman Russia defeated by Ottoman Empire in Crimean WarEmpire in Crimean War

• Alexander II modernized Alexander II modernized RussiaRussia– Freed the serfs in 1861 Freed the serfs in 1861

(Edict of Emancipation)(Edict of Emancipation)– Assassinated Assassinated

• Alexander III tightened Alexander III tightened control but continued control but continued industrial expansionindustrial expansion

Nationalism & Nation-StatesNationalism & Nation-States• Did nationalism create unity or disunity?Did nationalism create unity or disunity?• Authoritarian rulers used nationalism to Authoritarian rulers used nationalism to

their advantagetheir advantage• Revolutions!Revolutions!

Nationalism in AustriaNationalism in Austria• Aging Austrian Empire of Aging Austrian Empire of

the Hapsburg dynastythe Hapsburg dynasty– Slovenes, Hungarians, Slovenes, Hungarians,

Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Crats, Poles, Serbs, & Crats, Poles, Serbs, & ItaliansItalians

• Prussia defeated Austria Prussia defeated Austria in 1866in 1866

• Emperor Francis Joseph Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria split empire in of Austria split empire in halfhalf– Austria-Hungary or Austro-Austria-Hungary or Austro-

Hungarian EmpireHungarian Empire– Did not split into separate Did not split into separate

nation-states until WWInation-states until WWI

Nationalism in RussiaNationalism in Russia• Czars had ruled for 370 yearsCzars had ruled for 370 years• Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians,

Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, etc.Armenians, Turks, etc.

• Romanov dynasty determined to maintain Romanov dynasty determined to maintain controlcontrol– Policy of Russification Policy of Russification – Strengthened nationalist feelings towards ethnic Strengthened nationalist feelings towards ethnic

backgrounds, disunified Russiabackgrounds, disunified Russia– Due to WWI & Russian Revolution, Due to WWI & Russian Revolution,

the last Romanov czar gave up the last Romanov czar gave up power in 1917power in 1917

Nationalism in ItalyNationalism in Italy• Italian nationalists looked to for leadership Italian nationalists looked to for leadership

from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardiniafrom the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia• Sardinia’s king Victor Emmanuel II named Sardinia’s king Victor Emmanuel II named

Count Camillo di Cavour Count Camillo di Cavour as his prime ministeras his prime minister

• Cavour used diplomacy & Cavour used diplomacy & alliances to gain control alliances to gain control of northern Italy for of northern Italy for SardiniaSardinia

Nationalism in ItalyNationalism in Italy• Cavour’s greatest block to Cavour’s greatest block to

annexing northern Italy was annexing northern Italy was AustriaAustria

• Cavour, with French help, Cavour, with French help, began war against Austriansbegan war against Austrians

• Cavour successful in taking Cavour successful in taking northern Italy northern Italy

Nationalism in ItalyNationalism in Italy

• Italian nationalists in southern Italy, Italian nationalists in southern Italy, the Red Shirts, were led by Giuseppe the Red Shirts, were led by Giuseppe Garibaldi (who always wore red shirt)Garibaldi (who always wore red shirt)

• Cavour secretly helped these Cavour secretly helped these nationalistsnationalists

• Garibaldi agreed to unite southern Garibaldi agreed to unite southern areas with Piedmont-Sardinia and let areas with Piedmont-Sardinia and let the Sardinian king rule. the Sardinian king rule.

• Italian forces took over Papal States, Italian forces took over Papal States, which Italy gave control over Romewhich Italy gave control over Rome– Vatican city still controlled by popeVatican city still controlled by pope

““Right Leg in the Boot at Last”Right Leg in the Boot at Last”

• 1860 British 1860 British cartoon – king of cartoon – king of Sardinia is Sardinia is receiving control receiving control of lands taken by of lands taken by nationalist nationalist Garibaldi Garibaldi

Germany UnitesGermany Unites

• 39 German states formed loose 39 German states formed loose grouping of German Confederationgrouping of German Confederation

• Prussia led German unification Prussia led German unification because it’s popul. was mainly because it’s popul. was mainly German and its army was most German and its army was most powerfulpowerful

German UnificationGerman Unification

• Conservative members of Conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy landowning Prussia’s wealthy landowning class, known as Junkers, class, known as Junkers, supported Wilhelm I’s belief that supported Wilhelm I’s belief that parliament was a challenge to parliament was a challenge to the king’s authority.the king’s authority.

• Otto von Bismarck, a Otto von Bismarck, a conservative Junker, was elected conservative Junker, was elected prime minister by Wilhelm I and prime minister by Wilhelm I and used a tactic known as used a tactic known as realpolitik, or “politics of reality” realpolitik, or “politics of reality” (tough, not based on theories)(tough, not based on theories)

German UnificationGerman Unification

• Bismarck declared he would rule Bismarck declared he would rule without parliament’s consent and without parliament’s consent and without a budget because these without a budget because these actions were in violation of actions were in violation of constitutionconstitution

• Instead, he believed that issues Instead, he believed that issues are resolved not by speeches but are resolved not by speeches but by “blood and iron”.by “blood and iron”.

• Prussia’s victory in the Seven Prussia’s victory in the Seven Week’s War unified the eastern Week’s War unified the eastern and western parts of the Prussian and western parts of the Prussian kingdom for the first time.kingdom for the first time.

German UnificationGerman Unification

• The majority of southern Germans were Catholics, The majority of southern Germans were Catholics, and resisted domination by a Protestant Prussia.and resisted domination by a Protestant Prussia.

• Bismarck won support of southerners by going to Bismarck won support of southerners by going to war with Francewar with France

• After victory in the Franco-Prussian War, Wilhelm I After victory in the Franco-Prussian War, Wilhelm I was crowned kaiser, or emperor, of the new empire was crowned kaiser, or emperor, of the new empire known as the Second Reichknown as the Second Reich– Holy Roman Empire was the “First Reich”Holy Roman Empire was the “First Reich”

Shift in PowerShift in Power

• Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna established five established five great powers of great powers of equal strengthequal strength

• However….However….– European balance of European balance of

power breaks downpower breaks down

Nationalism Unites ItalyNationalism Unites Italy• Italy formed from Italy formed from

territory of crumbling territory of crumbling European empiresEuropean empires

• Count Camillo di Count Camillo di Cavour named prime Cavour named prime minister of Sardiniaminister of Sardinia– Successfully gained Successfully gained

control of northern Italycontrol of northern Italy• Italian nationalist Italian nationalist

Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Garibaldi captured Sicily captured Sicily – ““Red Shirts”Red Shirts”– United southern Italy – United southern Italy –

put under Sardinian ruleput under Sardinian rule

““Right Leg in the Boot at Last”Right Leg in the Boot at Last”

• 1860 British 1860 British cartoon – king of cartoon – king of Sardinia is Sardinia is receiving control receiving control of lands taken by of lands taken by nationalist nationalist Garibaldi Garibaldi

Nationalism Unites GermanyNationalism Unites Germany

• Germany had achieved national unity in Germany had achieved national unity in mid-1800s as German Confederationmid-1800s as German Confederation– Still dominated by Austrian EmpireStill dominated by Austrian Empire

• Prussia ready to unify GermanyPrussia ready to unify Germany– Otto von Bismarck, a conservative Junker, chosen Otto von Bismarck, a conservative Junker, chosen

as prime minister by Wilhelm Ias prime minister by Wilhelm I– Realpolitik = “politics of reality” (touch power Realpolitik = “politics of reality” (touch power

politics with no room for idealism)politics with no room for idealism)– Victory in Seven Weeks’ War and Franco-Prussian Victory in Seven Weeks’ War and Franco-Prussian

WarWar

• King Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned kaiser King Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned kaiser (emperor) of Germany’s Second Reich(emperor) of Germany’s Second Reich

Shift in PowerShift in Power

• Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna established five established five great powers of great powers of equal strengthequal strength

• However….However….– European balance of European balance of

power breaks downpower breaks down

Question BreakQuestion Break

7) What did the Austrian Empire become 7) What did the Austrian Empire become known as?known as?

8) State the significance of the following 8) State the significance of the following individualsindividualsCamillo di CavourCamillo di CavourGiuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe GaribaldiOtto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck

9) What did Prussian King Wilhelm I 9) What did Prussian King Wilhelm I become known as? become known as?