Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West , 1789–1900

Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789–1900

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

Visual SummaryVisual Summary

SECTION Latin American Peoples Win Independence 1

SECTION Revolutions Disrupt Europe 2

SECTION Patterns of Change: Nationalism3

SECTION Revolutions in the Arts 4

24CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

During the first half of the century, Romantic idealism and nationalism spark revolutions in Latin America and Europe. Latin Americans succeed in throwing off colonial rule. However, revolutions throughout Europe fail to achieve their goals.

24CHAPTER Nationalist Revolutions

Sweep the West, 1789–1900

1810 Padre Hidalgo issues Grito de Dolores, calling for Mexican independence.

1830 Greece gains independence.

1848 Revolts shake Europe.

1861 Russia frees peasants.

24CHAPTER

Time Line

1789 1900

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Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789–1900

1804 Haiti wins freedom from France.

1870 Italy unites.

1871 Wilhelm I crowned Kaiser of united Germany.

A slave revolt in Haiti leads to independence from French rule. Freedom from colonial rule is achieved throughout Latin America, but independence does not bring unity and prosperity as some liberators had hoped.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

Latin American Peoples Win Independence

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fought colonial rule.

Sixteen of today’s Latin American nations gained their independence at this time.

Overview


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AssessmentAssessment

• peninsulares

• creoles

• mulattos

• Simón Bolívar

• José de San Martín

• Miguel Hidalgo

• José Morelos

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare independence movements in Latin America.


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Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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Slaves Freedom Independence

Creoles Freedom Independence

Native Americans and mestizos/creoles

Slavery Independence

Creoles and royal family

End colonial rule Independence

Where? Who rebelled? Why? What happened?

Haiti

Spanish South America

Mexico

Brazil

2. Think about the background of many creole revolutionaries. What do you think might have been their tendencies as government leaders: toward democracy or authoritarianism? Explain your answer. THINK ABOUT

Section


1

1 Assessment

• their education • their professions • their economic interests

ANSWERANSWER

continued . . .

Democracy—With their education, skills, and economic interests, creoles might become democratic leaders.

Authoritarianism—As military officers, creoles might use weapons instead of elections to resolve political disputes.

Possible Responses:

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Section


1

1 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

Agree—Spain oppressed people in Latin America, so Spain deserved to lose its colonies.

Disagree—Spain ruled its colonies by accepted European standards.

Possible Responses:

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3. Consider the following statement: “Through its policies, Spain gave up its right to rule in South America.” Do you agree or disagree? Explain. Did Spain ever have the right to rule? THINK ABOUT

• Spanish colonial society • why independence movements arose • who gained the power that Spain lost

End of Section 1

The forces of nationalism bring revolutions in Europe. With the exception of Greece, most revolutions fail, and by mid-century most of Europe returns to authoritarian rule.


Key Idea

Revolutions Disrupt Europe

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2

Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenged the old conservative order of Europe.

The system of nation-states established in Europe during this period continues today.

Overview


• conservatives

• liberals

• radicals

• nationalism

• nation-state

• the Balkans

• Louis-Napoleon

• Alexander II


TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major uprisings that challenged the old order of Europe in 1821, in 1830, and in 1848.


continued . . .

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• Italians try to unite.

• Belgians declare independence from the Dutch.

• Poles rebel against Russia.• French throw out Charles X.

• Liberals revolt in the German states.

• Hungarians call for self-government

• Czechs demand independence for Bohemia.

• French demand democratic government.

• Greece rebels against Ottoman Turks.

1848

Revolts against the Old Order

1821 1830


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2. Why do you think some liberals might disapprove of the way Louis-Napoleon ruled France after the uprisings of 1848? THINK ABOUT


• who the liberals were and what they believed in • conditions in France in 1848 • Louis-Napoleon’s actions and policies

ANSWERANSWER

Liberals wanted to give power to parliaments, but Louis-Napoleon declared himself sole ruler.

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Possible Response:

End of Section 2

The idea of nationalism eventually causes the breakup of the Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman empires. Italy is united through the efforts of Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour. Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck succeeds in uniting and strengthening Germany.


Key Idea

Nationalism3HOME

CASE STUDIES: Italy and GermanyPATTERNS

OF CHANGE

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Nationalism3HOME


OF CHANGE

The force of nationalism contributed to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe.

Nationalism is the basis of world politics today and has often caused conflicts and wars.

Overview


• Camillo di Cavour

• Giuseppe Garibaldi

• Red Shirts

• Otto von Bismarck

• realpolitik

• kaiser


TERMS & NAMESMAP GRAPH

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the development of independent nation-states in Europe.

continued . . .

Nationalism3HOME


OF CHANGE

1830Greece wins

independence from

Ottomans.

1848Revolts

throughout Europe

1861Victor

Emmanuel II declared

king of Italy.

1866Seven

Weeks’ War between

Prussia and Austria

1870Franco-Prussian

War

1871William I crowned kaiser of

new German Empire.

1800 1900

1815Congress of

Vienna

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ANSWERANSWER

• Liberals wanted government by elected parliaments—issues would be settled by majority decisions.

• Bismarck preferred to settle issues by “blood and iron”—the blood of soldiers and the iron of weapons (or military equipment).

Possible Responses:

2. Read the quotation from Bismarck’s “blood and iron” speech. How would you say his approach to settling political issues differed from the approach of liberals? THINK ABOUT

• the goals of liberals • the meaning of the phrase “blood and iron” • Bismarck’s goals and how he attained them

continued . . .

Nationalism3HOME


OF CHANGE

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ANSWERANSWER

Cavour might have criticized Garibaldi for being an impractical idealist who was unable to lead a unified country. Garibaldi might have criticized Cavour for being a cold-hearted opportunist who was more interested in power than in a unified Italy.

Possible Response:

3. How might Cavour and Garibaldi have criticized each other as contributors to Italian unity? THINK ABOUT

• the personalities of the two men

• methods used by Cavour and Garibaldi to winItalian unity

End of Section 3

Nationalism3HOME


OF CHANGE

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During the first half of the 1800s, the Romantic movement in art, literature, and music arises in reaction to the rationalism of the Enlightenment. By mid-century, writers and artists shift to Realism in response to the harsh realities of the Industrial Age.


Key Idea

Revolutions in the Arts 4HOME

Artistic and intellectual movements both reflected and fueled changes in Europe during the 1800s.

Romanticism and realism continue to dominate the novels, dramas, and films produced today.

Overview


• romanticism

• realism

• impressionism

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TERMS & NAMES

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Revolutions in the Arts

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Contrast romanticism, realism, and impressionism. For each movement, provide a brief description, the social conditions that each reflects, and representative artists.

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continued . . .


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Emotional approach Common people in heroic fight against tyranny

Byron, Beethoven, Victor Hugo

Objective approach Everyday working people and the problems of Industrial Age

Balzac, Zola, Dickens, Courbet

Using light and color to catch the fleeting moment

A more positive view of urban, industrialized society

Manet, Monet, Degas, Renoir

Movement Description Social conditions Artists

Romanticism

Realism

Impressionism


ANSWERANSWER

2. How might a realist novel bring about changes in society? Describe the steps by which this might happen.THINK ABOUT

• the conditions described in realist novels • who reads realist novels

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• how political change takes place

Realist novels often describe unhealthy conditions in factories or neighborhoods. They also focus on the suffering of workers. Sympathetic readers might connect the fictional conditions with actual conditions. News reporters might then investigate. Voters might complain to local politicians, who would introduce legislation.

Possible Response:

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End of Section 4

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Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West , 1789–1900