Chapter 8 Pages 244 to 271 in text Nationalist, Revolutions Sweep the West

Section 1 Latin American Peoples Win Independence

Colonial Society Divided Latin American colonial society class dictated peoples place in society & jobs Divisions 1 st Peninsulares; born in Spain, only they could hold high office 2 nd Creoles; Spaniards born in Latin America, couldnt hold high-level political office, could rise as officers in army Both Peninsulares & Creoles controlled land, wealth, & power 3 rd Mestizos; people of mixed European & Indian ancestry 4 th Mulattos; people of mixed European & African ancestry 5 th enslaved Africans & Indians

Revolutions in the Americas Success of the American & French Revolutions encouraged others to gain their freedom from European masters Saint Domingue French colony 1/3 of the western side of Hispaniola Aug. 1791 100,000 enslaved Africans revolted & followed their leader Toussaint LOuverture Toussaint then took over island in 1801 & freed all of the Africans

Jan. 1802 French arrived to remove Toussaint from power Toussaint agreed to end revolt if they ended slavery Toussaint was eventually captured, sent to prison in the French Alps he died there in April 1803 Jan. 1, 1804 Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared that the island was an independent country He called the country Haiti which means mountainous land It was the 1 st Latin Am. territory to free itself

Creoles Lead Independence Least oppressed of those born in Latin Am. & the best educated 1810 rebellion broke out in several parts of Latin Am. Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan) & Jose de San Martin (Argentinian) were two brilliant Creole generals Bolivars Victory 1811- Venezuela declares independence from Spain 1819 he led soldiers over Andes & took the Spanish by surprise 1821 Venezuela was finally independent

San Martin Leads Liberation Forces 1816 Argentina declares independence from Spain, but Spanish forces were nearby in Chile & Peru 1817 San Martin joined Bernardo OHiggins in Chile & finally freed Chile from Spain 1822 San Martin met up with Bolivar to discuss driving Spanish out of Peru. Both agreed that San Martin would take over Bolivars soldiers 1824 Spain was defeated at the Battle of Ayacucho in Peru This was the last major battle of the war for independence Spanish colonies in Latin Am. won their freedom * The lands now known as Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, & Ecuador were united into one country known as Gran Columbia

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule Indians & Mestizos played large role in revolutionary movements in Mexico Padre Miguel Hidalgo - 1810 In the village of Dolores, Hidalgo gathered the peasants in the church and called for rebellion against the Spanish That day is known as Grito de Dolores (the cry of Dolores) Next Day - 80,000 men began a march towards Mexico City 1811 Hidalgo & his men were defeated by the Spanish army & the creoles

Padre Jose Maria Morelos Led revolution for 4 years 1815 defeated by a Creole officer, Agustin de Iturbide 1820 Revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power Mexicos Creoles feared loss of privileges in colony & began to support Mexicos fight for independence from Spain 1821 Agustin de Iturbide proclaimed independence for Mexico. He then declared himself Emperor over Central America & Mexico 1823 Iturbide was overthrown * Lands known today as Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, & Costa Rica took the name of the United Provinces of Central America

Brazils Royal Liberator 1807 Prince John (King John VI) & the royal family of Portugal left their homeland for Brazil when Napoleon & the French troops invaded Rio de Janiero became the capital & the royal family ran their empire from there for 14 years 1815 Napoleon is defeated 1821 - King John & royal family returned to Portugal with the exception of Prince Dom Pedro who stayed in Brazil

1822 8,000 Brazilians signed a petition demanding their independence On Sept. 7, 1822 Prince Dom Pedro agreed to petition & officially declared Brazil as an independent nation Independence came without any violent upheavals or widespread bloodshed

Section 2 Europe Faces Revolutions

Clash of Philosophies First half of 1800s there were 3 schools of political thought that struggled for supremacy in Europe 1. Conservative wealthy property owners & nobility. Argued for protecting traditional monarchies 2. Liberal middle-class business leaders & merchants. Wanted more power given to elected parliaments, but only educated & landowners could vote 3. Radical favored drastic changes to extend democracy to all people. Believed govt should practice ideals of French Revolution liberty, equality, & brotherhood.

Nationalism Develops New movement that stated peoples greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire, but to a nation of people who share a common culture & history When a nation had its own independent govt it became a nation-state Defends nations territory & way of life Represents the nation to the rest of the world 1815 only France, England, & Spain

Greeks Gain Independence Had been a part of the Ottoman Empire 1821 demanded independence & rebelled against the Turks People around the world supported the Greeks fight for freedom 1827 British, French, & Russians combined their fleets & destroyed the Ottomans at the Battle of Navarino 1830 the three nations signed a treaty granting the kingdom of Greece their freedom

1830s Uprisings Crushed Liberals & Nationalist throughout Europe were revolting against conservative governments Dutch Nationalist riots broke out against the Dutch rule in Brussels & declared their independence Italian Peninsula Nationalist wanted entire peninsula untied. States were either independent, controlled by Austria, or controlled by the Pope Austrian troops sent in to restore order in Italy The Poles Revolt in Warsaw against Russian rule Took Russian army almost an entire year to stop revolt

Radicals Change France 1830 Frances King Charles X tried to restore absolute monarchy, which led to riots, & he had to flee to England Louis-Philippe took over & known for his liberal beliefs 1848 Philippe was overthrown the people established another republic with 2 sides that couldnt agree Bloody battles in the streets & people turned away from radicals Moderate constitution was drawn up parliament & strong president to be elected by the people

Dec. 1848 Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) won the presidential election 1852 he took the title of Emperor Napoleon III Built railroads Encouraged industrialization Promoted public works programs Unemployment decreased & country prospered

Reform in Russia By 1820s many Russians believed serfdom must end b/c it was morally wrong Czars didnt want to free the serfs b/c it would anger the landowners who the Czars depended on to stay in power 1856 Alexander II wanted Russia to be more modern & wanted to bring about social change

1861 he freed the serfs, but peasant communities got the land & the nobles kept the other . The govt paid the nobles for their land Peasant communities had 49 years to pay back the govt for the land they received. 1881 terrorists assassinated Alexander II & Alexander III took over & encouraged industrial development to expand Russias power

Section 3 Nationalism

A Force for Unity or Disunity Unification Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands 19 th century Germany & Italy Separation Culturally distinct group resist being added to a state or tries to break away Greeks in Ottoman Empire French-speaking Canadians State-Building Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture The United States & Turkey

Break Up of Austrian Empire Austrian Empire consisted of Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, & Italians 1866 Prussia defeated Austria in Austro-Prussian War Gained North German Confederation & 21 small German political units Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria split empire in declaring Austria & Hungary were now independent states & he was ruler of both Now known as Austria-Hungary or Austro-Hungarian Empire After WWI Austria-Hungary broke up into several nation-states

Russian Empire Crumbles Russian empire consisted of Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, & others All had their own culture Russification forced Russian culture on all ethnic groups in empire Helped maintain control over empire Strengthened ethnic nationalist feelings Helped to unify Russia Last Romanov Czar (Nicholas II) gave up power in 1917 due to WWI and the communist revolution

Ottoman Empire Weakens Turks ruled over Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, & Armenians 1856 granted equal citizenship to all people under their control Forced by England & France Conservative Turks VERY angry & wanted no change to empire In response, Ottomans massacred & deported Armenians from 1894- 1896 and again in 1915 Ottoman Empire broke up after WWI

Cavour Leads Italian Unification Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia largest & most powerful of all Italian states. Adopted liberal constitution in 1848 1852 Victor Emmanuel II (king of Sardinia) made Count Camillo di Cavour the Prime Minister 1858 with the help of Napoleon III Cavour was able to take over all of north Italy with the exception of Venetia by winning a war against Austria

Garibaldi Brings Unity 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi led a small army of Italian nationalist and captured Sicily Both Garibaldi & his followers wore bright red shirts, they became known as the Red Shirts Eventually he agreed to unite the southern areas he had conquered with the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardnina Victor Emmanuel II would rule over all of Italy

1866 Austrian province of Venetia, included Venice, became a part of Italy 1870 - last part of Italy was finally taken over, the Papal States Rome became the capital of the United Kingdom of Italy Pope continued to govern Vatican City

Bismarck Unites Germany 1815 39 German states form the German Confederation Prussia had mainly a German population & had a very powerful army in central Europe 1848 liberal constitution written in Berlin 1861 Wilhelm I takes throne & parliament refused him money to strengthen army The Junkers Prussias wealthy landowners supported King

1862 - Wilhelm I chose Otto von Bismarck as his Prime Minister Conservative Junker Declared that he would rule without consent of parliament & without a legal budget (direct violation of constitution) Master realpolitik Realpolitik the politics of reality tough power politics with no room for idealism 1864 Prussia & Austria formed an alliance, then went to war with Denmark & won the provinces of Schleswig & Holstein Prussia governed Schleswig Austria governed Hoilstein

Seven Weeks War 1866 Austria declared war on Prussia after border conflicts over Schleswig & Holstein Prussians won Austria lost Venetia which was given to Italy Prussia took control of north Germany 1867 remaining states of the north joined the North German Confederation, Prussia dominated this area

Franco-Prussian War 1867 a few southern (Catholic) German states were independent of Prussian control July 1870 French declared war on Prussia because Bismarck manufactured incidents to provoke them Napoleon III was taken prisoner with 83,000 others Starvation eventually led the French to surrender January 18, 1871 King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned Kaiser (emperor) at the Palace of Versailles in France Empire called the Second Reich The First Reich was the Holy Roman Empire

A Shift in Power 1815 - Congress of Vienna established 5 Great Powers in Europe Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, & Russia All were nearly equal in strength Mid-1800s Prussia joined with German states to form Germany 1871 Britain & Germany were the most powerful (militarily & economically) France in middle Austria & Russia lagged FAR behind

Section 4 Revolution in the Arts

The Ideas of Romanticism Deep interest both in nature & in the thoughts & feelings of the individual Beliefs Inner feelings, emotions, & imagination Mysterious, supernatural, exotic, grotesque, or horrifying Loved beauties of untamed nature Idealized the past as simpler Glorified heroes Folk traditions, music, & stories Valued common people & individuals Promoted radical changes & democracy

Romanticism in Literature Poetry was the highest form of expression Johann Wolfgang von Goethe One of the earliest & greatest romantic writers ~ German The Sorrows of Young Werther 1774 novel Sensitive man whose love for a married woman drives him to suicide Jakob & Wilhelm Grimm German brothers Collected fairy tales created a dictionary & grammar of the German language Victor Hugo French Wrote Les Miserables & The Hunchback of Notre Dame

The Gothic Novel Often took place in medieval Gothic castles Filled with fearful, violent, & sometimes supernatural events Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Monster created by body parts of dead humans

Composers Emphasize Emotion Moved away from tightly controlled, formal compositions of the Enlightenment Celebrated heroism & national pride with power of expression Music became part of the middle-class life & musicians & composers became popular like rock/pop stars of today Ludwig van Beethoven 9 th Symphony celebrates freedom, dignity, & triumph of human spirit Felix Mendelssohn Used A Midsummer Nights Dream as inspiration

Shift to Realism in the Arts Rapid industrialization affected everyday life Workers lived grim dirty lives in crowded cities Industrialization made romantics seem pointless Realism showed life as it was NOT as it should be Paintings showed working class & their suffering

Photographers Capture Reality 1835 - daguerreotypes after their French inventor Louis Daguerre first commercially successful photographic process William Talbot (British) invented a light-sensitive paper used to produce photographic negatives Many prints could be made from one negative Photos could be reproduced in books &/or newspapers Mass distribution Photography became the art of the new industrial age

Writers Study Society Emile Zola French writer Exposed miseries of workers in shops, factories, & coal mines Led to labor laws & reformed working conditions Charles Dickens English novelist Wrote about Londons working poor A Christmas Carol David Copperfield Great Expectations Oliver Twist Tale of Two Cities

Impressionists React Against Realism Painters who tried to show their impressions of a subject or a moment in time Fascinated by light, used more pure, shimmering colors Showed more positive view of the new urban society Workers enjoying themselves at dance halls & cafes Theater & circus performers Glorified the middle-class Famous Impressionist Claude Monet Pierre-Auguste Renoir Edgar Degas ( lived in New Orleans for a while, you can visit his home)

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Chapter 8 Pages 244 to 271 in text Nationalist, Revolutions Sweep the West