Becoming a World Becoming a World PowerPower

Ch 17 NotesCh 17 Notes

17.1 The Pressure to Expand17.1 The Pressure to Expand

Imperialism: stronger nations Imperialism: stronger nations attempt to create empires by attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations dominating weaker nations (economically, politically, (economically, politically, culturally, and militarily)culturally, and militarily)

Factors the Led to the Growth of Factors the Led to the Growth of ImperialismImperialism

Economic FactorsEconomic Factors• Industrialization needed resourcesIndustrialization needed resources

Nationalistic FactorsNationalistic Factors• Competition for large empire led to Competition for large empire led to nationalismnationalism

Military FactorsMilitary Factors• Advances in military technology and Advances in military technology and growing navies led to need for bases growing navies led to need for bases around world for fuel and suppliesaround world for fuel and supplies

Humanitarian FactorsHumanitarian Factors• Duty to spread Western civilization (law, Duty to spread Western civilization (law, medicine, Christianity)medicine, Christianity)

Europe Led the WayEurope Led the Way

Great Britain, France, and Great Britain, France, and Russia Russia • ““sun never sets on British Empire”sun never sets on British Empire”

US wanted in by 1890US wanted in by 1890• Expansionists denied the US wanted Expansionists denied the US wanted to annex (join a new territory to to annex (join a new territory to existing country) but it happenedexisting country) but it happened

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

1820s1820s US will not get involved with US will not get involved with European affairs as long as European affairs as long as Europe stays out of the Western Europe stays out of the Western HemisphereHemisphere

US ExpansionUS Expansion

1830s-1850s the size of the US 1830s-1850s the size of the US more than doubled (the west) more than doubled (the west) with manifest destinywith manifest destiny

After the Civil War William H. After the Civil War William H. Seward advised president to Seward advised president to send troops toward Mexico to send troops toward Mexico to make sure the new leader (under make sure the new leader (under France’s control) didn’t move France’s control) didn’t move into the USinto the US• Pushed French out of MexicoPushed French out of Mexico

1867: Seward bought Alaska from 1867: Seward bought Alaska from RussiaRussia• ““Seward’s Folly” (mistake)Seward’s Folly” (mistake)• 2¢ an acre2¢ an acre• Hoped to push British out of Hoped to push British out of CanadaCanada

Interest in the PacificInterest in the Pacific

1853: Commodore Matthew Perry 1853: Commodore Matthew Perry went to Tokyo Bay in Japan to went to Tokyo Bay in Japan to open up tradeopen up trade

Pacific Islands of Midway in Pacific Islands of Midway in 1867 1867

Hawaii: sell sugar in the US Hawaii: sell sugar in the US duty-free as long as don’t duty-free as long as don’t sell/lease territory to other sell/lease territory to other nationsnations

Caribbean and Latin AmericaCaribbean and Latin America

1870 President Grant announced 1870 President Grant announced that Monroe Doctrine applied to that Monroe Doctrine applied to these areasthese areas

US began playing an active role US began playing an active role in diplomatic and military in diplomatic and military conflicts in Latin Americaconflicts in Latin America

Arguments FOR ExpansionArguments FOR Expansion

Promote economic growthPromote economic growth• Overproduction of food/goods led Overproduction of food/goods led to financial panics and frequent to financial panics and frequent depressionsdepressions

• New markets abroad would fix thisNew markets abroad would fix this• Some invested in foreign countries Some invested in foreign countries and even played roles in Central and even played roles in Central American governments: banana American governments: banana republicsrepublics

Ex: Minor C. Keith’s United Fruit Co.Ex: Minor C. Keith’s United Fruit Co.

Protect America’s national Protect America’s national securitysecurity• Protect overseas tradeProtect overseas trade• Naval Advisory Board 1881: pushed Naval Advisory Board 1881: pushed to increase navy’s budgetto increase navy’s budget

• 1883: 3 new cruisers and 2 1883: 3 new cruisers and 2 battleshipsbattleships

• Naval Act 1890: construction of Naval Act 1890: construction of more battleships, gunboats, torpedo more battleships, gunboats, torpedo boats, and cruisersboats, and cruisers

By 1900 USA had one of most powerful By 1900 USA had one of most powerful navies in the worldnavies in the world

Preserve the American SpiritPreserve the American Spirit• People worried that the end of the People worried that the end of the frontiers would cause the nation to frontiers would cause the nation to lose it’s pioneer spiritlose it’s pioneer spirit

• Building an empire would revive Building an empire would revive that that

• Social Darwinism: expansionism was Social Darwinism: expansionism was not only a nation’s destiny but not only a nation’s destiny but also a noble pursuit because it also a noble pursuit because it civilized “heathens”civilized “heathens”

Gradually Americans supportedGradually Americans supported• More for new markets and good trade More for new markets and good trade relationsrelations

• Soon found entanglements Soon found entanglements

17.2 Spanish-American War17.2 Spanish-American War

1890’s Events that set the stage1890’s Events that set the stage• US saying we’re powerful and you US saying we’re powerful and you better listenbetter listen

1891: in Chile men attacked American 1891: in Chile men attacked American soldierssoldiers• Killed 2, hurt 17Killed 2, hurt 17• US forced Chile to pay $75,000 to soldiers’ US forced Chile to pay $75,000 to soldiers’ familiesfamilies

1893: Brazilian dictator tried to take 1893: Brazilian dictator tried to take overover• US ordered Navy to protect American shipping US ordered Navy to protect American shipping interestsinterests

1840’s England and Venezuela disputed 1840’s England and Venezuela disputed over landover land

1880’s dispute resurfaced with rumors 1880’s dispute resurfaced with rumors of mineral wealth thereof mineral wealth there• US said to listen to the Monroe Doctrine US said to listen to the Monroe Doctrine and go to arbitrationand go to arbitration

• British replied that they didn’t have to British replied that they didn’t have to follow but agreed later in order to stay follow but agreed later in order to stay friendly with the USfriendly with the US

Cuban RebellionCuban Rebellion

Was Spanish colonyWas Spanish colony Rebellion in 1868 and again in Rebellion in 1868 and again in 18951895• Spain sent troops and Gen. WeylerSpain sent troops and Gen. Weyler• Set up “reconcentration” policy and Set up “reconcentration” policy and Cubans forced into guarded campsCubans forced into guarded camps

• Many Cubans in the US wanted our gov Many Cubans in the US wanted our gov to get involvedto get involved

• Some Cubans there destroyed US Some Cubans there destroyed US businesses to push the US to get businesses to push the US to get involvedinvolved

Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

Pulitzer and Hearst took advantage of Pulitzer and Hearst took advantage of stories coming from Cuba about the stories coming from Cuba about the “Butcher” Weyler and the camps“Butcher” Weyler and the camps

Some Cuban journalists wrote to get Some Cuban journalists wrote to get American opinion to support American opinion to support interventionintervention• Jose MartíJose Martí

Jingoism: intense national pride and Jingoism: intense national pride and push for aggressive foreign policy push for aggressive foreign policy that resulted in the US getting that resulted in the US getting involvedinvolved

Steps to WarSteps to War

1898 riots in Havana, Cuba1898 riots in Havana, Cuba President McKinley moved President McKinley moved battleship USS Maine into the battleship USS Maine into the city’s harbor to protect US city’s harbor to protect US interests and people thereinterests and people there

The de Lôme letterThe de Lôme letter• Early Feb. 1898 US newspapers Early Feb. 1898 US newspapers published a letter stolen from published a letter stolen from Spanish ambassador to DCSpanish ambassador to DC

Ridiculed McKinleyRidiculed McKinley Intensified anti-Spanish sentimentIntensified anti-Spanish sentiment

Explosion of the USS MaineExplosion of the USS Maine• Feb 15 explosion sank the ship, Feb 15 explosion sank the ship, killed >250 American sailorskilled >250 American sailors

• Enraged Americans called for warEnraged Americans called for war Preparing in the PhilippinesPreparing in the Philippines

• Spain’s possessionSpain’s possession• Could be a key base for US NavyCould be a key base for US Navy• TR told naval commanders in Pacific TR told naval commanders in Pacific to prepare for military action to prepare for military action which McKinley stopped except one – which McKinley stopped except one – Dewey’sDewey’s

• Dewey told to attack if war broke Dewey told to attack if war broke outout

McKinley’s war messageMcKinley’s war message• May 1, 1898, Dewey launched May 1, 1898, Dewey launched surprise attack on Philippinessurprise attack on Philippines

• In Cuba US stopped Spain’s fleet In Cuba US stopped Spain’s fleet in a harborin a harbor

• American army gathered in Tampa, American army gathered in Tampa, FL to prepare for invasion of CubaFL to prepare for invasion of Cuba

Most famous: Rough Riders under TR’s Most famous: Rough Riders under TR’s commandcommand• Charged up San Juan Hill in warCharged up San Juan Hill in war

• July 3 US sank all Spanish ships July 3 US sank all Spanish ships therethere

• 2,500 Americans died in war, <400 2,500 Americans died in war, <400 in battlein battle

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

Dec 1898 US and Spain signed Dec 1898 US and Spain signed peace treatypeace treaty

Spanish gave Cuba independenceSpanish gave Cuba independence Spain got $20 mill and US got Spain got $20 mill and US got Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Philippines, Puerto Rico, and GuamGuam• Became “unincorporated” territories Became “unincorporated” territories of the US meaning they were not of the US meaning they were not intended for eventual statehoodintended for eventual statehood

Senate ratified in Feb 1899Senate ratified in Feb 1899

Challenges After the WarChallenges After the War

How to create policy to run How to create policy to run things?things?

McKinley wanted to annex McKinley wanted to annex Philippines to prevent future Philippines to prevent future wars with other countrieswars with other countries

Filipinos expected independence Filipinos expected independence like Cubans receivedlike Cubans received• Leaders pushed for it like Emilio Leaders pushed for it like Emilio AguinaldoAguinaldo

Feb 1899 3 yr war beganFeb 1899 3 yr war began

Independence for the Philippines?Independence for the Philippines?

>4,000 Americans killed and >4,000 Americans killed and almost 3,000 woundedalmost 3,000 wounded

American forces killed 16,000 American forces killed 16,000 Filipino rebels and about Filipino rebels and about 20,000 civilians20,000 civilians

Philippines didn’t gain Philippines didn’t gain complete independence until complete independence until 19461946

Fate of CubaFate of Cuba

Teller Amendment attached to Teller Amendment attached to Congress’s 1898 war resolutionCongress’s 1898 war resolution• Promised US would not annex CubaPromised US would not annex Cuba• McKinley put a military gov in McKinley put a military gov in place that lasted 3 yearsplace that lasted 3 years

Organized school system and restored Organized school system and restored economic stabilityeconomic stability

Est a commission that discovered cure Est a commission that discovered cure for yellow feverfor yellow fever

Cubans Felt Lied ToCubans Felt Lied To Many felt betrayed w/o independenceMany felt betrayed w/o independence 1900 US authorized Cubans to draft a 1900 US authorized Cubans to draft a constitutionconstitution• Modeled on US ConstitutionModeled on US Constitution• Did not allow US involvement in CubaDid not allow US involvement in Cuba

US agreed if Platt Amendment includedUS agreed if Platt Amendment included• Cuban gov could not enter any foreign Cuban gov could not enter any foreign agreements, would allow US to est naval agreements, would allow US to est naval bases as needed there, must give US right bases as needed there, must give US right to intervene when necessaryto intervene when necessary

• Cuba reluctantly agreedCuba reluctantly agreed• US only involved twice until 1934 when US only involved twice until 1934 when endedended

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

Maintained military gov until 1900Maintained military gov until 1900 Foraker Act in 1900Foraker Act in 1900

• US removed military control and est a US removed military control and est a civil gov, under US controlcivil gov, under US control

• US ceded more freedom and control US ceded more freedom and control Jones Act in 1917Jones Act in 1917

• US granted Puerto Ricans American US granted Puerto Ricans American citizenshipcitizenship

• Could elect own legislatures, US retained Could elect own legislatures, US retained power to appoint key officials like power to appoint key officials like governorgovernor

In the PacificIn the Pacific

HawaiiHawaii• 1887 trade treaty for duty-free goods 1887 trade treaty for duty-free goods sold in USsold in US

• Leased Pearl Harbor to the US as Leased Pearl Harbor to the US as fueling and repair station for naval fueling and repair station for naval vesselsvessels

• Hawaiian-born planters forced king Hawaiian-born planters forced king Kalakuau to accept a new constitution Kalakuau to accept a new constitution that gave them control of the govthat gave them control of the gov

• When he died, his sister Liliuokalani When he died, his sister Liliuokalani came to thronecame to throne

LiliuokalaniLiliuokalani

Opposed US control and wanted to Opposed US control and wanted to reduce the power of foreign merchantsreduce the power of foreign merchants

1893 US Marines helped pineapple 1893 US Marines helped pineapple planter Sanford B. Dole remove Queen planter Sanford B. Dole remove Queen LiliuokalaniLiliuokalani

Proclaimed Hawaii a republic and Proclaimed Hawaii a republic and requested that it be annexed by the USrequested that it be annexed by the US

McKinley supported annexationMcKinley supported annexation 1898 Congress approved annexation1898 Congress approved annexation

SamoaSamoa

Polynesian islands were another Polynesian islands were another stepping stone to growing trade with stepping stone to growing trade with ChinaChina

1878 the US had negotiated a treaty 1878 the US had negotiated a treaty offering protection in return for a offering protection in return for a lease on Pago Pago (harbor)lease on Pago Pago (harbor)

1889 US, Britain, and Germany arranged 1889 US, Britain, and Germany arranged a 3-way protectorate of Samoaa 3-way protectorate of Samoa

By end of the year it was left to just By end of the year it was left to just the USthe US

ChinaChina

Huge population and vast markets Huge population and vast markets were important to US tradewere important to US trade

Russia, Germany, Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Britain, France, and Japan were seeking Spheres of and Japan were seeking Spheres of Influence (areas of political and Influence (areas of political and economic control) in Chinaeconomic control) in China

1899 John Hay, Sec. of State wrote 1899 John Hay, Sec. of State wrote notes to European powers trying to notes to European powers trying to persuade them to keep and “open persuade them to keep and “open door” to Chinadoor” to China

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy

Allow the countries equal Allow the countries equal access to China’s millions of access to China’s millions of consumersconsumers

Met with cool response from Met with cool response from other countriesother countries

China’s ReactionChina’s Reaction

Resented foreign influence of any kindResented foreign influence of any kind Secret society the Righteous and Secret society the Righteous and Harmonious Fists (“Boxers”) began Harmonious Fists (“Boxers”) began rebellion in 1900rebellion in 1900• Led to massacre of 300 foreigners & Led to massacre of 300 foreigners & Christian ChineseChristian Chinese

• European powers ended itEuropean powers ended it Hays issued more open door notes & Hays issued more open door notes & reminded nations of US plan to reminded nations of US plan to preserve itpreserve it

17.3 A New Foreign Policy17.3 A New Foreign Policy

Panama CanalPanama Canal• Americans needed shorter route Americans needed shorter route between Atlantic and Pacific Oceansbetween Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

• French attempted in 1879 through French attempted in 1879 through Panama when bought a 25 yr Panama when bought a 25 yr concession from Colombia to build concession from Colombia to build canalcanal

Abandoned project after 10 yrsAbandoned project after 10 yrs

• France offered US rights to project France offered US rights to project for $100 millionfor $100 million

Spooner Act in 1902: Congress Spooner Act in 1902: Congress authorized purchase of French authorized purchase of French assets when price got down to assets when price got down to $40 mill$40 mill• Required the US work out treaty for Required the US work out treaty for Colombia for lease on landColombia for lease on land

Treaty negotiations went nowhereTreaty negotiations went nowhere TR made it clear to Philippe TR made it clear to Philippe Bunau-Varilla that US would not Bunau-Varilla that US would not interfere if French co organized interfere if French co organized a Panamanian revolutiona Panamanian revolution

Revolt in Nov 1903 with US warships Revolt in Nov 1903 with US warships waiting offshore to provide support waiting offshore to provide support for rebelsfor rebels

US immediately recognized Panama’s US immediately recognized Panama’s independence and became its independence and became its protectorprotector

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty signed in Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty signed in Nov 1903Nov 1903• US got 10 mile wide strip of land for US got 10 mile wide strip of land for canal and Panama got $10 millcanal and Panama got $10 mill

Construction began in 1904 and ended Construction began in 1904 and ended in 1914, 6 mos ahead of time and $23 in 1914, 6 mos ahead of time and $23 mill under budgetmill under budget

Reaction to the CanalReaction to the Canal

People didn’t like the way TR went People didn’t like the way TR went about getting the Canal Zoneabout getting the Canal Zone

Most Americans approved because they Most Americans approved because they thought it was necessary for thought it was necessary for national security and prosperitynational security and prosperity

Some ill will left between Latin Some ill will left between Latin Americans and USAmericans and US

1921 Congress voted to pay $25 mill 1921 Congress voted to pay $25 mill to Colombia to make up for this (2 to Colombia to make up for this (2 yrs after TR died)yrs after TR died)

Roosevelt’s Big Stick DiplomacyRoosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy

Dec 1904 and 05 TR issued Dec 1904 and 05 TR issued messages to Congress known as messages to Congress known as the the Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary to the to the Monroe Doctrine: TR denied that Monroe Doctrine: TR denied that US wanted any more territoryUS wanted any more territory• Only wanted to see neighboring Only wanted to see neighboring countries become stable, orderly, countries become stable, orderly, and prosperousand prosperous

• US would use “international police US would use “international police power” if neededpower” if needed

Tests of the CorollaryTests of the Corollary

Santo Domingo (now Dominican Republic) Santo Domingo (now Dominican Republic) • Island went bankrupt and European nations Island went bankrupt and European nations threatened to intervene to collect money threatened to intervene to collect money owedowed

• TR est American supervision of customs TR est American supervision of customs money and US bankers took over the money and US bankers took over the country’s finances to repay debtscountry’s finances to repay debts

Under TR intervention in Latin America Under TR intervention in Latin America become commonbecome common• Angered many Latin Americans and CongressAngered many Latin Americans and Congress

TR as PeacemakerTR as Peacemaker

TR’s chief concern in Asia was TR’s chief concern in Asia was keeping open door policy with Chinakeeping open door policy with China

Russo-Japanese War in 1904 Russo-Japanese War in 1904 threatened thisthreatened this• TR was concerned about growing power of TR was concerned about growing power of JapaneseJapanese

• Part of reason for Gentleman’s AgreementPart of reason for Gentleman’s Agreement• Aug 1905 TR mediated a peace agreement Aug 1905 TR mediated a peace agreement in Russo-Japanese Warin Russo-Japanese War

• Kept trade in China open to all nationsKept trade in China open to all nations• Won him the Nobel Peace PrizeWon him the Nobel Peace Prize

Foreign Policy After TRForeign Policy After TR

William Howard Taft (Pres in William Howard Taft (Pres in 1908) 1908) • Not as aggressive at pursuing Not as aggressive at pursuing foreign policyforeign policy

• ““Dollar Diplomacy” substituting Dollar Diplomacy” substituting dollars for bulletsdollars for bullets

Maintaining orderly societies through Maintaining orderly societies through US investment in other countriesUS investment in other countries

Not too successfulNot too successful Results were not always profitableResults were not always profitable

Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson

““Moral Diplomacy” US applied moral Moral Diplomacy” US applied moral and legalistic standards to foreign and legalistic standards to foreign policypolicy• Mexico: new president that promised Mexico: new president that promised democratic reforms and was overthrown democratic reforms and was overthrown and killed in 1913 by Gen Huertaand killed in 1913 by Gen Huerta

• Wilson refused to recognize himWilson refused to recognize him• Wilson supported Carranza and sent in Wilson supported Carranza and sent in American navy (April 1914)American navy (April 1914)

• July 1914 Huerta resigned and Carranza July 1914 Huerta resigned and Carranza took overtook over

More involvement in MexicoMore involvement in Mexico

““Pancho” Villa: peasant rebel Pancho” Villa: peasant rebel leaderleader• March 9, 1916 led men into Columbus, March 9, 1916 led men into Columbus, NM and burned town, killing >15 NM and burned town, killing >15

• Wilson sent American troops into Wilson sent American troops into Mexico to find “Pancho” VillaMexico to find “Pancho” Villa

• Carranza demanded they leaveCarranza demanded they leave• Gen Pershing (US) failed to find him Gen Pershing (US) failed to find him and Wilson withdrew his troops in and Wilson withdrew his troops in 19171917

Moral Diplomacy was not Moral Diplomacy was not successfulsuccessful• Mexico adopted constitution that Mexico adopted constitution that curbed foreign ownership of curbed foreign ownership of Mexico’s resourcesMexico’s resources

• Many American and Mexican lives Many American and Mexican lives were lostwere lost

• American financial interests there American financial interests there had lost groundhad lost ground

17.4 Debating America’s New Role17.4 Debating America’s New Role

Anti-ImperialistsAnti-Imperialists• 1898 formed Anti-Imperialist League1898 formed Anti-Imperialist League• Moral and Political ArgumentsMoral and Political Arguments

Expansionist behavior was a rejection Expansionist behavior was a rejection of “liberty for all”of “liberty for all”

Others said “the Constitution must Others said “the Constitution must follow the flag” and should apply to follow the flag” and should apply to all US territoriesall US territories

Imperialism threatened the nation’s Imperialism threatened the nation’s democratic foundationsdemocratic foundations

• Racial ArgumentsRacial Arguments Imperialism encouraged racismImperialism encouraged racism Some feared the mixing that would Some feared the mixing that would occur in the US with these occur in the US with these territoriesterritories

• Economic ArgumentsEconomic Arguments Involved too many costsInvolved too many costs

• Maintaining the military would require Maintaining the military would require more taxation, debt, and possibly more taxation, debt, and possibly compulsory military servicecompulsory military service

• Laborers coming into the US competed with Laborers coming into the US competed with Americans for jobsAmericans for jobs

Imperialists’ ViewsImperialists’ Views Imperialism kept hold on American Imperialism kept hold on American imaginationimagination• Keep us from losing our competitive edgeKeep us from losing our competitive edge• Celebration of American tradition and creative Celebration of American tradition and creative spiritspirit

““Frontier mentality” with the Boy Scout Frontier mentality” with the Boy Scout movementmovement

Some said the people of the territories Some said the people of the territories were not ready for their own democracywere not ready for their own democracy

Practical advantagesPractical advantages• Economic arguments about foreign marketsEconomic arguments about foreign markets• Strategic military reasonsStrategic military reasons

The Great White Fleet: TR sent part of US The Great White Fleet: TR sent part of US Navy around the world in Dec 1907Navy around the world in Dec 1907• Showed benefits of having powerful navyShowed benefits of having powerful navy

Views of US Imperialism AbroadViews of US Imperialism Abroad

Often had to defend govs that were Often had to defend govs that were unpopular with local inhabitantsunpopular with local inhabitants

Panamanians began to complain that Panamanians began to complain that they suffered from discriminationthey suffered from discrimination

Other countries began to turn to US Other countries began to turn to US for help maintaining their for help maintaining their independenceindependence

US spent rest of century trying to US spent rest of century trying to decide best way to reconcile its decide best way to reconcile its growing power and national interests growing power and national interests with its relationships with other with its relationships with other nationsnations