Chapter 27Imperialism

I. Growth of Imperialism

• I. Imperialism-strong nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations• This could be done by economic, militaristic,

political, and cultural means

I. Growth of Imperialism

• A. Why• 1. Economic Factors

• a. Need for natural resources due to industrialization.• b. New markets to sell finished goods to.

• 2. Nationalistic Factors• a. Nationalism- devotion to one’s country• 1. The belief that one’s country is the best leads them

to want to spread their country the world. • 3. Military Factors

• a. Military technology: developed nations were able to provide protection to underdeveloped countries bases around the world

• 4. Humanitarian Factors • a. Spread Christianity, better medicine, law, etc

I. Growth of Imperialism

• B. Europe leads the way• Huge competition for empire• Great Britain had the largest empire• “The sun never sets on the British Empire.”

• Much of the imperialism was taking place in Africa

• *The red was part of British Empire

II. US Interest

• A. Washington’s Farewell Address, he warned to steer clear of permanent alliances and getting involved in foreign affairs. • The US had done so for its first 100 years of

existence

II. US Interests • B. 1800’s US Governed by the Monroe Doctrine:

to remain neutral in foreign wars, and warned Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere • 1. Manifest Destiny: the belief that the US needed

to spread its rule from coast to coast, sea to sea • 2. Texas, California, and Alaska 1867 ( not a state

yet) in order to be closer to Russia • 3. 1853 Matthew Perry, US Navy Commodore,

opened trade with Japan. • 4. 1867 Midway Islands: Hawaii agreed not to sell

to foreign countries (promise to US)

III. Arguments for US Expansion

A.Economic Growth1. New markets to sell products US was

producing and exporting more than it was importing, which creates a booming economy

B.Security 1. Admiral Alfred T Mahan: made US Navy

the most powerful navy in the world and still is today

2. Pacific dominance C.American Spirit

1. Keep pioneer spirit

SECTION II: The Spanish American War

• I. Setting the Stage for War A. US Displays Power

1. incidents happened that made US continue to uphold Monroe DoctrineB. Cuban Rebellion

1. Had rebelled against Spain in 1868 then again in 1895. 2. Spain sent 150,000 troops faced hundreds of thousands of Cuban

troops, around 200,000 casualties 3. Cubans living in US begged for US to help, led by journalists who

persuaded US government (Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst) C. Jose Marti (Writer/Poet)

1. Cleveland/ later McKinley would not help, so rebels burned US farms in Cuba to get attention 2. Committed to getting Cuban independence. (lived in New York)

D. Yellow Journalism1. American newspaper wanted the US to intervene 2. False stories/huge exaggerations made up by the yellow journalists

riled the Americans up so they supported intervening in Cuba

II. Spanish American War (Cont’d)

• A. Steps to War• 1. Riots in Havana made McKinley move USS

Maine into the harbor to protect American citizens. • a. letter from Spain was published Americans

were making fun of McKinley • b. February 15, 1898: USS Maine exploded, killing

250 sailors • i. Unknown why, probably accident• ii. Press blamed Spain (easy to blame Spain)

• c. US people called for war

II. Spanish American War (Cont’d)

• A. Steps to War (Cont’d)• 2. In Philippines (Spanish territory)• a. Assistant Secretary of Navy, Theodore Roosevelt (“Walk

Softly and Carry a Big Stick”) was in control of the base, looking at Asia

• b. War was declared on April 11, 1898

• B. Splendid Little War• 1. Admiral Dewey attacked Philippines, destroyed Spanish fleet

in 7 hours • 2. US troops in Tampa, FL• a. First volunteer Calvary, led by Teddy Roosevelt • b. Made up of cowboys, miners, policeman and college

buddies• c. Charge up San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898

• 3. 2,500 American dies, only 400 in battle • 4. Treaty of Paris• a. December 1898 Cuba declared independence• b. 20 million people across US, Philippines, Puerto Rico and

Guam

II. Spanish American War (Cont’d)

• III. New Challenges • A. Philippines • 1. Filipino rebels fought side by side with the US troops against

the Spanish• i. The US recognized the Philippine’s independence • ii. Emilio Aguinaldo rebel leader in Philippines over a three year

fight for independence, 4,000 Americans died, 16,000 Filipinos, and over 200,000 civilians died

• B. Cuba • 1. Teller Amendment: a promise that the US would not annex

Cuba• i. Military government was put in place in order to restore order • ii. Major Walter Reed: US Army major or discovered that Yellow

Fever was transmitted by mosquitoes, rather than contact, helping to find a cure

II. Spanish American War (Cont’d)

• B. Cuba (Cont’d)• 2. Platt Amendment: 1903, after the War, replaced the

Teller Amendment; an exit plan for the US Navy from Cuba, that involved a permanent base at Guantanamo Bay.

• C. Puerto Rico• 1. Jones Act of 1917 gave Puerto Rico American citizenship

• D. Hawaii • 1. America ( dole) had controlled Hawaii for years, Pearl

Harbor was established as a Navy base for US • i. allowed duty-free sugar in US ( Tariffs) • ii. US business (Dole) was controlled by Hawaiian king

II. Spanish American War (Cont’d)

• D. Hawaii (Cont’d)• 2. 1891 Queen Lilioukalani took the throne • i. opposed to US control • ii. Sanford Dole : in 1893 overthrew Hawaiian Queen

“L” and in 1898 US President McKinley approved Dole’s annexation request of Hawaii

• E. China• 1. Open Door Policy: US had equal access to

China for trading. No one international power would have total control of the country.

• 2. Spheres of Influence: economic and political control

III. A New Foreign Policy

• 1. 1901 McKinley shot/killed • Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes

president• I. Panama Canal• A. US now had Asian bases, so we needed

shorter route between Atlantic and Pacific

III. New Foreign Policy (Cont’d)

I. Panama Canal (Cont’d)I. B. Building the Canal

1. Isthmus of Panama (map on previous slide)i. belonged to Colombiaii. French company had bought it in 25 year concession meaning it could be used for specific use (transportation)iii. Mismanagement and Yellow Fever made French give up concessioniv. US bought rights for $40 million, but then had to work and build the canalv. Colombia waited until 1904 when the concession was up to try and sell it at a lower price

III. New Foreign Policy (Cont’d)

• I. Panama Canal (Cont’d)• 2. US backed revolution in Panama against

Colombian government • a. US immediately recognized Panama as

independent and signed permanent lease for the 10 mile strip where the canal is

• b. paid $10 million• c. Finished canal in 1914, six months ahead of

schedule

III. New Foreign Policy (Cont’d)

• I. Panama Canal (Cont’d)• C. Reaction to Canal • 1. Most approved, thought it was a good national

security move • a. did cause ill will among South American countries

• II. Big Stick Diplomacy• A. Roosevelt Corollary • 1. Added to Monroe Doctrine that US would

police the American continent in order to protect its interest

III. New Foreign Policy (Cont’d)

• II. Big Stick Diplomacy (Cont’d)• B. Peace Maker• 1. Open Door Policy with China created tension

between Japan and Russia • 2. 1904 the Russo-Japan War: the Japanese

military wins but ran out of money, hugely embarrassing for Russia • a. Roosevelt mediated peace for Japan and Russia

after war• b. Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize

III. New Foreign Policy (Cont’d)

• III. Foreign Policy After Roosevelt• A. Taft and Dollar Diplomacy• 1. 1908 elected President, William Howard Taft (looks like a walrus….)• 2. Wanted to maintain order through investing in foreign economies, not threatening military action

III. New Foreign Policy (Cont’d)

• III. Foreign Policy After Roosevelt (Cont’d)• B. Wilson and the Mexican Revolution• 1. 1912 Woodrow Wilson Elected• a. 1911 revolution in Mexico of longtime dictator

Diaz• b. After much turmoil and assassinations of leaders,

Wilson had supported Carranza who became president of Mexico in 1914

• 2. Pancho Villa- revolution leader, hated Carranza and US• i. Attacked NM (State) and killed 15 Americans

• 3. General John J Pershing sent 5,000 American troops to peruse Villa …never found