Ch 5 Ch 5 Emerging World PowerEmerging World Power

Imperialism…Imperialism…

Strong nations extend their political, Strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over military, and economic control over weaker territoriesweaker territories

European countries acquired new European countries acquired new colonies in Asia and Africacolonies in Asia and Africa

US & Japan considered entering the US & Japan considered entering the imperial raceimperial race

Reasons for Imperialism…Reasons for Imperialism…

Need for raw materials and natural Need for raw materials and natural resources – tea, rubber, iron, petroleum, resources – tea, rubber, iron, petroleum, lumber…lumber…

Extractive economies – Imperial country Extractive economies – Imperial country removed raw materials from their colony removed raw materials from their colony to be shipped back hometo be shipped back home

The US had little need for raw materials – The US had little need for raw materials – they needed new overseas markets – they needed new overseas markets – booming economy, vast ag. production booming economy, vast ag. production had caused a large surplus of goodshad caused a large surplus of goods

Alfred T. Mahan…Alfred T. Mahan…

Historian, Navy OfficerHistorian, Navy Officer Wrote “Influence of Sea Power Upon Wrote “Influence of Sea Power Upon

History” – greatness can be attributed to a History” – greatness can be attributed to a strong Navystrong Navy

US needed a strong Navy and foreign US needed a strong Navy and foreign military bases to refuel and resupplymilitary bases to refuel and resupply

US built up its Navy – steel plated steam US built up its Navy – steel plated steam powered battleshipspowered battleships

By 1900 – the US had the 3By 1900 – the US had the 3rdrd largest Navy largest Navy in the world in the world

If you have colonies – you must have a If you have colonies – you must have a navy/army to protect your territorynavy/army to protect your territory

To Justify Imperialism…To Justify Imperialism… Racial, national, cultural superiorityRacial, national, cultural superiority Social Darwinism Social Darwinism – certain races/groups – certain races/groups

are superior and are destined to rule over are superior and are destined to rule over weaker groups – only the strong surviveweaker groups – only the strong survive

Americans still had a strong feeling of Americans still had a strong feeling of manifest destiny…God had grant them the manifest destiny…God had grant them the right and responsibility to settle the right and responsibility to settle the frontierfrontier

Our CountryOur Country by Josiah Strong – “God is by Josiah Strong – “God is training the WASP race to civilize weaker training the WASP race to civilize weaker races”races”

The Significance of the Frontier in The Significance of the Frontier in American HistoryAmerican History by Frederick Jackson by Frederick Jackson Turner – Americans needed a new frontier Turner – Americans needed a new frontier to settle to stave off discontent and to settle to stave off discontent and internal conflictinternal conflict

Imperialism in the Pacific…Imperialism in the Pacific… 1853 – Commodore Matthew Perry sailed 1853 – Commodore Matthew Perry sailed

into Tokyo bay to set up trade with the into Tokyo bay to set up trade with the JapaneseJapanese

JAP had denied all foreign trade to that JAP had denied all foreign trade to that pointpoint

Steam ships looked like big fire breathing Steam ships looked like big fire breathing dragonsdragons

After showing the JAP Emperor with gifts – After showing the JAP Emperor with gifts – Perry was able to negotiate trade within a Perry was able to negotiate trade within a yearyear

1867 – US took control of the Midway 1867 – US took control of the Midway IslandsIslands

1875 & 1887 – increased trade with the 1875 & 1887 – increased trade with the Hawaiian IslandsHawaiian Islands

Seward’s Folly…Seward’s Folly… Sec. of State Wm. Seward bought Sec. of State Wm. Seward bought

Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million in 1867 – 2 1/2 cents/acre – to million in 1867 – 2 1/2 cents/acre – to help pay for their war debt from the help pay for their war debt from the Crimean WarCrimean War

Why did he buy a huge tract of Why did he buy a huge tract of frozen, barren land 1,000 miles away frozen, barren land 1,000 miles away from the US border?from the US border?

Alaska almost doubled the US size Alaska almost doubled the US size and was rich in timber, oil and other and was rich in timber, oil and other natural resources and extended the natural resources and extended the US’s reach across the PacificUS’s reach across the Pacific

Latin America…Latin America… Central and South American were Central and South American were

natural choices for the US to expand natural choices for the US to expand trade and businesstrade and business

1889 Sec. of State James Blaine set 1889 Sec. of State James Blaine set up the 1up the 1stst International Pan-American International Pan-American Conference with delegates from 17 Conference with delegates from 17 different countriesdifferent countries

Discussed the benefits of cooperation Discussed the benefits of cooperation and set the construction of the Pan-and set the construction of the Pan-American Highway systemAmerican Highway system

Tensions sparked between the US Tensions sparked between the US and GB when there was a border and GB when there was a border dispute between Br. Guiana and dispute between Br. Guiana and Venezuela Venezuela

US claimed that the BR had violated US claimed that the BR had violated the Monroe Doctrine – Pres. the Monroe Doctrine – Pres. Cleveland threatened US military Cleveland threatened US military interventionintervention

After some heated debate – the BR After some heated debate – the BR recognized the US’s growing sphere recognized the US’s growing sphere of influence in Latin Americaof influence in Latin America

Hawaii…Hawaii…

1790s US merchant ships stopped at 1790s US merchant ships stopped at the Hawaiian Islands – Missionaries the Hawaiian Islands – Missionaries established churches and schools on established churches and schools on the islands – American sugar cane the islands – American sugar cane plantations were established thereplantations were established there

US planters convinced King Kalakaua US planters convinced King Kalakaua to allow only wealthy landowners the to allow only wealthy landowners the right to vote who were white plantersright to vote who were white planters

A new tariff was on Hawaiian sugar – A new tariff was on Hawaiian sugar – planters were concerned that their planters were concerned that their profits would be affected as US profits would be affected as US produced sugar would be cheaperproduced sugar would be cheaper

Kalakaua died in 1891 and his sister Kalakaua died in 1891 and his sister Queen Liliukalani took overQueen Liliukalani took over

She abolished the constitution that She abolished the constitution that had given the white planters powerhad given the white planters power

With US gov’t backing – a group of With US gov’t backing – a group of planters led by Sanford Dole with the planters led by Sanford Dole with the aid of the US Marines overthrew the aid of the US Marines overthrew the Queen and asked Pres. Benjamin Queen and asked Pres. Benjamin Harrison to annex HawaiiHarrison to annex Hawaii

Harrison left office before the Harrison left office before the annexation became official – Pres. annexation became official – Pres. Grover Cleveland ordered a full Grover Cleveland ordered a full investigation – he discovered that investigation – he discovered that most Hawaiians did not want most Hawaiians did not want annexation – Cleveland refused to annexation – Cleveland refused to sign the treaty and apologizedsign the treaty and apologized

Pres. McKinley favored annexation Pres. McKinley favored annexation and took action when he became and took action when he became Pres. – 1898 Hawaii became an Pres. – 1898 Hawaii became an official US territoryofficial US territory

Spanish American War…Spanish American War… US businessman had invested $50 US businessman had invested $50

million in sugar cane plantations in million in sugar cane plantations in Cuba – a growing market for US Cuba – a growing market for US goodsgoods

Cubans rebelled repeatedly against Cubans rebelled repeatedly against Spanish ruleSpanish rule

Jose’ Marti started a war for Jose’ Marti started a war for independence from Spain – “Cuba independence from Spain – “Cuba Libre!” – guerilla fighters attacked Libre!” – guerilla fighters attacked the Spanish the Spanish

SP Gen. Valeriano “The Butcher” SP Gen. Valeriano “The Butcher” Weyler used reconcentration camps Weyler used reconcentration camps to starve/sicken tens of thousands of to starve/sicken tens of thousands of CubansCubans

All this time as the two sides fought All this time as the two sides fought American property was destroyed American property was destroyed

Americans supported the Cubans Americans supported the Cubans fight as it reminded many of the US’s fight as it reminded many of the US’s struggle for independence – Weyler’s struggle for independence – Weyler’s brutality only intensified the supportbrutality only intensified the support

But Businessmen worried about their But Businessmen worried about their interests in Cuba and hoped the interests in Cuba and hoped the Spain would settle thingsSpain would settle things

Yellow Press….Yellow Press…. Joseph Pulitzer – Joseph Pulitzer –

New York WorldNew York World Wm. Randolph Wm. Randolph

Hearst – New York Hearst – New York JournalJournal

Called Yellow Press Called Yellow Press because they because they carried the comic carried the comic strip “The Yellow strip “The Yellow Kid”Kid”

To boost readership – these To boost readership – these newspapers used sensational newspapers used sensational headlines and pictures on their front headlines and pictures on their front pagespages

At this time – the headlines and At this time – the headlines and pictures showed the atrocities pictures showed the atrocities committed by Weyler in Cuba and committed by Weyler in Cuba and compared Cuban fighters to compared Cuban fighters to American patriotsAmerican patriots

McKinley urged SP to settle the McKinley urged SP to settle the matter – Weyler was recalled and matter – Weyler was recalled and some concessions were made to the some concessions were made to the Cuban rebelsCuban rebels

Cubans wanted absolute freedom – Cubans wanted absolute freedom – SP refused to grant independenceSP refused to grant independence

McKinley ordered the USS Maine to McKinley ordered the USS Maine to Havana harbor to protect any Havana harbor to protect any American citizens in CubaAmerican citizens in Cuba

New York Journal published a private letter New York Journal published a private letter written by SP Ambassador to DC - Enrique written by SP Ambassador to DC - Enrique de Lome – the letter was stolen by Cuban de Lome – the letter was stolen by Cuban rebels leaked to Hearst – called McKinley a rebels leaked to Hearst – called McKinley a weak and stupid politicianweak and stupid politician

Headline read – “Worst Insult to the US in Headline read – “Worst Insult to the US in its History” its History”

Letter fueled American jingoism (extreme Letter fueled American jingoism (extreme nationalism) – nationalism) –

BR song…”We don’t want to fight – yet by BR song…”We don’t want to fight – yet by jingo! If we do – we’ve got the ships, we’ve jingo! If we do – we’ve got the ships, we’ve got the men, we’ve got the money too!”got the men, we’ve got the money too!”

USS Maine Explosion…USS Maine Explosion… 266 of 350 crew members died when the 266 of 350 crew members died when the

front 1/3 of the ship explodedfront 1/3 of the ship exploded Two theories – underwater mine or Two theories – underwater mine or

spontaneous combustion in a coal binspontaneous combustion in a coal bin Yellow Press quickly blames SP in their Yellow Press quickly blames SP in their

headlines – “War? Sure!”headlines – “War? Sure!” Pres. McKinley paused in his declaration of Pres. McKinley paused in his declaration of

war to ask for a full investigationwar to ask for a full investigation Conclusion – underwater mine had caused Conclusion – underwater mine had caused

the explosion – but blame had been the explosion – but blame had been officially placed by the Press on SPofficially placed by the Press on SP

Nation Goes to War…Nation Goes to War… Remember the Maine! To Hell with Spain! Remember the Maine! To Hell with Spain! SP abolished the reconcentration camps and SP abolished the reconcentration camps and

made other concessions but it was too little made other concessions but it was too little too latetoo late

Apr. 11, 1898 McKinley asked Congress for Apr. 11, 1898 McKinley asked Congress for permission to use force against SP in Cubapermission to use force against SP in Cuba

8 days later Congress drafted 4 resolutions 8 days later Congress drafted 4 resolutions that equaled a declaration of warthat equaled a declaration of war

Teller Amendment – US had no intentions of Teller Amendment – US had no intentions of annexing Cubaannexing Cuba

US Navy blockaded Cuban ports and 100,000 US Navy blockaded Cuban ports and 100,000 volunteer soldiers were called upvolunteer soldiers were called up

SP then declared war on the USSP then declared war on the US 200,000 men enlisted in the Army200,000 men enlisted in the Army

War in the Philippines…War in the Philippines… Commodore George Dewey steamed his Commodore George Dewey steamed his

squad of ships into SP held Manila Bay in squad of ships into SP held Manila Bay in the Philippinesthe Philippines

Completely taken by surprise – the SP fleet Completely taken by surprise – the SP fleet was quickly destroyedwas quickly destroyed

No US casualties – 400 SP diedNo US casualties – 400 SP died US celebrated – Dewey was a heroUS celebrated – Dewey was a hero Filipino Nationalists led by Emilio Filipino Nationalists led by Emilio

Aguinaldo were defeating the SP ArmyAguinaldo were defeating the SP Army 15,000 US troops landed in the Philippines 15,000 US troops landed in the Philippines

and the SP troops quickly surrenderedand the SP troops quickly surrendered

US Forces win in Cuba…US Forces win in Cuba…

US troops captured Guantanamo Bay US troops captured Guantanamo Bay 17,000 soldiers pushed ashore near 17,000 soldiers pushed ashore near

SantiagoSantiago Although US troops were relatively Although US troops were relatively

successful – they were poorly trained successful – they were poorly trained and supplied – old obsolete guns, and supplied – old obsolete guns, heavy wool uniforms for a hot humid heavy wool uniforms for a hot humid climate – and rotting/contaminated climate – and rotting/contaminated food food

Rough Riders…Rough Riders… Led by future Led by future

President Theodore President Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt

Cowboys, miners, Cowboys, miners, police, college police, college athletes who longed athletes who longed for adventure and the for adventure and the “strenuous life” joined “strenuous life” joined this cavalry unit this cavalry unit

Rough Riders Clip

Gained fame in their gallant charge Gained fame in their gallant charge up San Juan Hill and Kettle Hillup San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill

Joined by AA troops – the hills were Joined by AA troops – the hills were taken to secure vantage points for taken to secure vantage points for further battlesfurther battles

2 days after San Juan Hill – the SP 2 days after San Juan Hill – the SP Navy tried to escape the harbor – Navy tried to escape the harbor – and were destroyed by the ships still and were destroyed by the ships still blockading itblockading it

SP surrendered – a few battles SP surrendered – a few battles continued in Puerto Rico but the war continued in Puerto Rico but the war had endedhad ended

5,400 US troops 5,400 US troops had diedhad died

380 died in 380 died in combatcombat

The remaining The remaining casualties were casualties were the result of the result of disease – mostly disease – mostly yellow fever and yellow fever and malariamalaria

Effects of the War…Effects of the War…

““Splendid little war!” – ease and Splendid little war!” – ease and thoroughness of the victory – Sec of thoroughness of the victory – Sec of State John HayState John Hay

One problem – what would the US do One problem – what would the US do with SP former territories?with SP former territories?

Treaty of Paris – SP gave up control Treaty of Paris – SP gave up control of Cuba, Philippines and Guam – sold of Cuba, Philippines and Guam – sold the Philippines to the US for $20 the Philippines to the US for $20 millionmillion

Teller Amendment comes into play – Teller Amendment comes into play – could not take over Cuba but could could not take over Cuba but could control the Philippinescontrol the Philippines

““Educate, uplift and civilize them” – Educate, uplift and civilize them” – Pres. McKinley on FilipinosPres. McKinley on Filipinos

Valuable stepping stone to trade with Valuable stepping stone to trade with ChinaChina

Also felt that if the US let the Also felt that if the US let the Philippines go – another nation would Philippines go – another nation would snatch them upsnatch them up

Opposition to taking over the Opposition to taking over the Philippines was led by Wm Jennings Philippines was led by Wm Jennings Bryan and Mark TwainBryan and Mark Twain

American Anti-Imperialist League American Anti-Imperialist League formed in 1899formed in 1899

Said that imperialism was a crime Said that imperialism was a crime and “openly disloyal to the and “openly disloyal to the distinctive principles of our distinctive principles of our government”government”

Regardless the ratification of the Regardless the ratification of the Treaty of Paris passed Congressional Treaty of Paris passed Congressional vote by one over the 2/3 requiredvote by one over the 2/3 required

Election of 1900Election of 1900

Democrat Wm Jennings Bryan ran Democrat Wm Jennings Bryan ran against Republican Wm McKinley and against Republican Wm McKinley and his war hero running mate Theodore his war hero running mate Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt

Using the huge victory against the SP Using the huge victory against the SP as a push for his campaign – as a push for his campaign – McKinley easily defeated BryanMcKinley easily defeated Bryan

McKinley's reelection was seemingly McKinley's reelection was seemingly supported by Americans who favored supported by Americans who favored imperialismimperialism

4 Reasons to “keep” the 4 Reasons to “keep” the Philippines….Philippines….

Expand American influence in AsiaExpand American influence in Asia Compete with European colonial Compete with European colonial

powerpower Gain new trade in AsiaGain new trade in Asia Extend the benefits of American Extend the benefits of American

culture to Asiaculture to Asia

Filipinos Rebel…Filipinos Rebel… Emilio Aguinaldo – Filipino Nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo – Filipino Nationalist

leader at first saw the US as an ally in leader at first saw the US as an ally in the struggle for independencethe struggle for independence

When the US decided to “keep” the When the US decided to “keep” the Philippines – Aguinaldo was disgustedPhilippines – Aguinaldo was disgusted

Organized an insurrection against the USOrganized an insurrection against the US Filipinos felt that they were fighting for Filipinos felt that they were fighting for

the same self-rule that the US had the same self-rule that the US had fought for against the BR in the fought for against the BR in the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

Guerrilla WarfareGuerrilla Warfare

Filipinos were outgunned and turned Filipinos were outgunned and turned to guerilla warfare tactics – surprise to guerilla warfare tactics – surprise raids and hit and run attacksraids and hit and run attacks

To counter – Americans used SP To counter – Americans used SP tactics and put civilians into tactics and put civilians into concentration camps – leaders were concentration camps – leaders were tortured and killedtortured and killed

Aguinaldo was captured in 1901Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 Beginning of the end of the Beginning of the end of the

insurrectioninsurrection 5,000 Americans and 200,000 5,000 Americans and 200,000

Filipinos were killed in the fightingFilipinos were killed in the fighting 100,000 US troops were sent to the 100,000 US troops were sent to the

Philippines and over $150 million was Philippines and over $150 million was spent by the USspent by the US

Wm. Howard TaftWm. Howard Taft

Future President becomes Governor Future President becomes Governor of the Philippines of the Philippines

Wanted to help the island nation Wanted to help the island nation recoverrecover

Censored the press and put Censored the press and put dissidents in jail to maintain order dissidents in jail to maintain order and win the support of the Filipino and win the support of the Filipino peoplepeople

Offered limited self-rule and built Offered limited self-rule and built schools, roads and bridgesschools, roads and bridges

Jones Act of 1916 – pledged that the Jones Act of 1916 – pledged that the Philippines would eventually become Philippines would eventually become an independent nationan independent nation

1946 – after US forces had liberated 1946 – after US forces had liberated the Philippines from the Japanese the Philippines from the Japanese during WWII the Philippines gained during WWII the Philippines gained their independencetheir independence

US Interested in China…US Interested in China… China had a massive population and was China had a massive population and was

in political and economic disarray – in political and economic disarray – tempting targettempting target

BR, FR, GR, RUS carved China into distinct BR, FR, GR, RUS carved China into distinct spheres of influence – in each zone each spheres of influence – in each zone each country had privileged access to ports and country had privileged access to ports and markets in Chinamarkets in China

Japan had also taken over parts of China Japan had also taken over parts of China and Koreaand Korea

The US did not have any influence in China The US did not have any influence in China and was very interested in gaining some and was very interested in gaining some new markets – keeping the country open new markets – keeping the country open to all countries for tradeto all countries for trade

Equal Trade in China…Equal Trade in China…

Sec. of State John Hay wrote letters Sec. of State John Hay wrote letters to foreign diplomats stating that the to foreign diplomats stating that the US expected “perfect equality of US expected “perfect equality of treatment for commerce” in Chinatreatment for commerce” in China

Did not have much effect at first but Did not have much effect at first but would set the tone for future yearswould set the tone for future years

Boxer Rebellion…Boxer Rebellion… Righteous and Harmonious Fists or Righteous and Harmonious Fists or

Boxers – group of disgruntled Chinese – Boxers – group of disgruntled Chinese – did not like the growing involvement of did not like the growing involvement of foreigners in Chinaforeigners in China

They were trained in martial arts and They were trained in martial arts and practiced traditional Chinese customs practiced traditional Chinese customs and criticized western ways – believed and criticized western ways – believed that their special powers would protect that their special powers would protect them from bullets.them from bullets.

In time they rebelled against the In time they rebelled against the “foreign devils”“foreign devils”

1900 Boxers killed foreign 1900 Boxers killed foreign missionaries and took over the missionaries and took over the diplomatic district in Beijing diplomatic district in Beijing

A multinational force of Europeans, A multinational force of Europeans, Americans and Japanese went to Americans and Japanese went to Beijing to put down the Boxer Beijing to put down the Boxer RebellionRebellion

After the rebellion was ended – the After the rebellion was ended – the Chinese gov’t was forced to pay for Chinese gov’t was forced to pay for damages caused by the rebelliondamages caused by the rebellion

This made Chinese nationalism grow This made Chinese nationalism grow and eventually overthrow the and eventually overthrow the Chinese emperor in 1911Chinese emperor in 1911

Open Door Policy…Open Door Policy…

Sec. of State Hay sent more letters Sec. of State Hay sent more letters stating that the US did not want to stating that the US did not want to colonize China but wanted free trade colonize China but wanted free trade therethere

As an act of good will – the US used As an act of good will – the US used some of its indemnity money from some of its indemnity money from the Chinese to set up scholarships for the Chinese to set up scholarships for Chinese students to attend college in Chinese students to attend college in the USthe US

US and Japan…US and Japan…

JAP disapproved of the European carve up JAP disapproved of the European carve up of China and wanted more influence of of China and wanted more influence of their own theretheir own there

They also did not approve of the Russian They also did not approve of the Russian presence in Manchuriapresence in Manchuria

1904 – w/o declaration of war – the JAP 1904 – w/o declaration of war – the JAP attacked and bottled up the Russian fleet attacked and bottled up the Russian fleet in Port Arthur China and then lead a series in Port Arthur China and then lead a series of land attacks causing 100,000 RUS of land attacks causing 100,000 RUS causalities as well as heavy losses on their causalities as well as heavy losses on their own sideown side

1905 delegates from both RUS & JAP 1905 delegates from both RUS & JAP met with Pres. Roosevelt in met with Pres. Roosevelt in Portsmouth, New Hampshire to put Portsmouth, New Hampshire to put an end to hostilities in Manchuriaan end to hostilities in Manchuria

Roosevelt worked hard to gain a Roosevelt worked hard to gain a peace treaty and won the Nobel peace treaty and won the Nobel Peace Prize for his effortsPeace Prize for his efforts

The US’s involvement in the Russo-The US’s involvement in the Russo-Japanese War showed that the US Japanese War showed that the US was becoming a player in world was becoming a player in world politicspolitics

Added Hostilities…Added Hostilities…

1906 – San Francisco School Board banned 1906 – San Francisco School Board banned JAP, CH and KOR children from attending JAP, CH and KOR children from attending public schools with white childrenpublic schools with white children

JAP people were very offended and JAP people were very offended and demanded actiondemanded action

Roosevelt made a Gentlemen's Agreement Roosevelt made a Gentlemen's Agreement with the JAP that he would desegregate with the JAP that he would desegregate the schools if the JAP would limit the schools if the JAP would limit emigration to the US of JAP people emigration to the US of JAP people

The Great White Fleet…The Great White Fleet…

Roosevelt also promoted military Roosevelt also promoted military preparedness to protect US interests preparedness to protect US interests in Asiain Asia

Roosevelt won Congressional approval Roosevelt won Congressional approval for the building of a new force of navy for the building of a new force of navy ships called the Great White Fleetships called the Great White Fleet

16 white battleships took a “good will” 16 white battleships took a “good will” tour around the world to demonstrate tour around the world to demonstrate the US’s military powerthe US’s military power

Latin America…Latin America…

Nations backyard and as a sphere of Nations backyard and as a sphere of influence to the exclusion of othersinfluence to the exclusion of others

Good for US business and Good for US business and entrepreneurs, good for governmententrepreneurs, good for government

However, its created hostility However, its created hostility towards the US by these Latin towards the US by these Latin American countries as well as American countries as well as instabilityinstability

Puerto Rico…Puerto Rico…

After the war – PR remained under After the war – PR remained under US military ruleUS military rule

1900 Foraker Act – set up a civil 1900 Foraker Act – set up a civil government in PR – US Pres. government in PR – US Pres. Appointed a governor and part of the Appointed a governor and part of the PR LegislaturePR Legislature

PR could elect the other partPR could elect the other part But would PR become US citizens?But would PR become US citizens?

Question led to a series of court cases Question led to a series of court cases called Insular Cases – Supreme Court called Insular Cases – Supreme Court determined the right of PR citizensdetermined the right of PR citizens

One case questioned whether US taxes One case questioned whether US taxes could be levied on PR goods sold in the could be levied on PR goods sold in the US – Ruled that taxes were legal and US – Ruled that taxes were legal and that PR did not enjoy the same rights as that PR did not enjoy the same rights as US citizensUS citizens

Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917 – Pres. Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917 – Pres. Wilson – granted PR more rights and Wilson – granted PR more rights and gave them more power in their gave them more power in their legislative electionslegislative elections

Many PR were not satisfied with the Many PR were not satisfied with the inequality of their rightsinequality of their rights

Cuba…Cuba… US military did not leave Cuba until US military did not leave Cuba until

1902 – even though the Treaty of 1902 – even though the Treaty of Paris granted Cuban independenceParis granted Cuban independence

Platt Amendment – restricted the Platt Amendment – restricted the rights of the Cuban gov’t and placed rights of the Cuban gov’t and placed Cuba in a sphere of influence for the Cuba in a sphere of influence for the US – prevented Cuba from signing US – prevented Cuba from signing any treaties with other countries w/o any treaties with other countries w/o US approval and lease naval bases to US approval and lease naval bases to the US – also gave the US right to the US – also gave the US right to intervene to preserve order in Cubaintervene to preserve order in Cuba

Most Cubans disliked the Platt Most Cubans disliked the Platt Amendment but realized that the US Amendment but realized that the US military was not leaving the islandmilitary was not leaving the island

The US was unwilling to risk that The US was unwilling to risk that Cuba could fall into potentially Cuba could fall into potentially dangerous foreign handsdangerous foreign hands

Cuba added the Platt amendment to Cuba added the Platt amendment to its constitution to placate the USits constitution to placate the US

This made Cuba a protectorate of the This made Cuba a protectorate of the US – this type of relationship US – this type of relationship continued on for decadescontinued on for decades

Big Stick Diplomacy…Big Stick Diplomacy…

““Speak softly and carry of big stick …Speak softly and carry of big stick …you will go far”you will go far”

Pres. Roosevelt believed in the use of a Pres. Roosevelt believed in the use of a strong military to achieve US goalsstrong military to achieve US goals

He believed in the need to “educate, He believed in the need to “educate, uplift and civilize” weaker nations to the uplift and civilize” weaker nations to the high moral standards of the UShigh moral standards of the US

US elite – statesman/businessmen – had US elite – statesman/businessmen – had to accept the challenge of international to accept the challenge of international leadershipleadership

Panama Canal…Panama Canal… Late 1800s - FR company tried to connect the Late 1800s - FR company tried to connect the

Atlantic to the Pacific through the isthmus of Atlantic to the Pacific through the isthmus of Panama but failedPanama but failed

The company convinced the US to buy the The company convinced the US to buy the abandoned project for $40 million in 1903abandoned project for $40 million in 1903

Before any building could start the US had to Before any building could start the US had to gain permission from the Columbian gov’t – gain permission from the Columbian gov’t – Panama was part of Columbia at that timePanama was part of Columbia at that time

Columbia demanded more than the US was Columbia demanded more than the US was willing to pay and negotiations stalledwilling to pay and negotiations stalled

TR order Us warship to Panama to TR order Us warship to Panama to support Panamanian rebels in their support Panamanian rebels in their fight against Columbiafight against Columbia

The warships helped to convince the The warships helped to convince the Columbian gov’t to allow Columbian gov’t to allow Panamanian independencePanamanian independence

The new nation of Panama quickly The new nation of Panama quickly granted the US control over the granted the US control over the “canal zone” – US agreed to pay $10 “canal zone” – US agreed to pay $10 million at first and then $250,000 million at first and then $250,000 annually in rentannually in rent

35,000 workers dug out the canal – 35,000 workers dug out the canal – 5,000 died from tropical diseases and 5,000 died from tropical diseases and accidentsaccidents

The canal was finished and opened The canal was finished and opened for travel in 1914for travel in 1914

It cut 8,000 nautical miles off of a trip It cut 8,000 nautical miles off of a trip from San Francisco to NYCfrom San Francisco to NYC

Roosevelt Corollary…Roosevelt Corollary…

When Latin American countries could When Latin American countries could not pay their debts to European not pay their debts to European banks – European countries reacted banks – European countries reacted with blockades of those countries – with blockades of those countries – to hold them hostage until payment to hold them hostage until payment was madewas made

TR announced a new Latin America TR announced a new Latin America policy called the Roosevelt Corollarypolicy called the Roosevelt Corollary

The Roosevelt Corollary updated the The Roosevelt Corollary updated the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

In the case of “chronic wrongdoing” In the case of “chronic wrongdoing” by a Latin American nation that by a Latin American nation that might attract the attention of a might attract the attention of a stronger nation who will use military stronger nation who will use military power to take it over – the US would power to take it over – the US would assume the role of police power – assume the role of police power – restoring order and denying others restoring order and denying others the excuse to intervenethe excuse to intervene

This kept the western hemisphere This kept the western hemisphere free from European interventionfree from European intervention

Many Latin Americans felt that the US Many Latin Americans felt that the US had no right to interfere acting as a had no right to interfere acting as a police power – they believed that they police power – they believed that they should and could police themselvesshould and could police themselves

1908 Taft becomes US President – he 1908 Taft becomes US President – he continues with the Open Door Policy in continues with the Open Door Policy in Asia and wants continued stability in Asia and wants continued stability in Latin AmericaLatin America

Taft wanted to rely less on the “big Taft wanted to rely less on the “big stick” and more on “Dollar Diplomacystick” and more on “Dollar Diplomacy

Dollar Diplomacy…Dollar Diplomacy…

Substitute dollars for bulletsSubstitute dollars for bullets Increase US investments in Increase US investments in

businesses and banks in Central businesses and banks in Central America and the Caribbean America and the Caribbean

$ was pumped in to plantations, $ was pumped in to plantations, mines, oil wells, railways, etc…mines, oil wells, railways, etc…

The “Big Stick” was still needed but The “Big Stick” was still needed but not used as oftennot used as often

Moral Diplomacy…Moral Diplomacy…

Pres. Wilson appointed W. Jennings Pres. Wilson appointed W. Jennings Bryan as his Sec. of State – sending a Bryan as his Sec. of State – sending a strong anti-imperialistic message strong anti-imperialistic message

Never again would the US take territory Never again would the US take territory by conquest – but would work to by conquest – but would work to promote “human rights, national promote “human rights, national integrity, opportunity”integrity, opportunity”

He still had occasion to call on the “Big He still had occasion to call on the “Big Stick” and “Dollar” when neededStick” and “Dollar” when needed

Mexico…Mexico… MEX dictator Porfirio Diaz made sure MEX dictator Porfirio Diaz made sure

that the upper class businessmen, that the upper class businessmen, clerics and military men were taken clerics and military men were taken care ofcare of

Foreign investments grew – US Foreign investments grew – US investors owned large portions of investors owned large portions of MEX industriesMEX industries

Investors and upper class MEX grew Investors and upper class MEX grew rich – large % of the population rich – large % of the population (farmers) struggled in poverty(farmers) struggled in poverty

1911 – Francisco Madero overthrew 1911 – Francisco Madero overthrew Diaz – wanted reforms but was a Diaz – wanted reforms but was a weak leaderweak leader

1913 – Gen. Vitoriano Huerta 1913 – Gen. Vitoriano Huerta overthrew Madero and executed himoverthrew Madero and executed him

Huerta pledged to protect US Huerta pledged to protect US investments – Taft might have investments – Taft might have supported Huerta under the idea of supported Huerta under the idea of dollar diplomacy but under moral dollar diplomacy but under moral diplomacy – Wilson refused saying diplomacy – Wilson refused saying that he would not support “a gov’t of that he would not support “a gov’t of butchers”butchers”

Wilson favored Venustiano Carranza Wilson favored Venustiano Carranza – an anti-Huerta reformer– an anti-Huerta reformer

1914 – Wilson sent the US military to 1914 – Wilson sent the US military to Veracruz in retaliation for the arrest Veracruz in retaliation for the arrest of US sailors and to show support of of US sailors and to show support of Carranza – Huerta’s gov’t collapsed Carranza – Huerta’s gov’t collapsed and Carranza became Presidentand Carranza became President

Carranza’s gov’t was slow in bringing Carranza’s gov’t was slow in bringing about reforms and rebels rose up about reforms and rebels rose up under the leadership of Francisco under the leadership of Francisco “Pancho” Villa “Pancho” Villa

Pancho Villa…Pancho Villa…

Wilson supported Villa until 1916Wilson supported Villa until 1916 Villa’s forces went to Columbus, New Villa’s forces went to Columbus, New

Mexico on a raid and killed 18 Mexico on a raid and killed 18 Americans Americans

Wilson responded by sending Gen. Wilson responded by sending Gen. John J. Pershing and 10,000 troops on John J. Pershing and 10,000 troops on a punitive mission to Mexicoa punitive mission to Mexico

Pershing’s troops chased Villa for Pershing’s troops chased Villa for several months but failed to capture several months but failed to capture himhim

1917 Wilson recalled Pershing and 1917 Wilson recalled Pershing and his troops due to concerns over WWIhis troops due to concerns over WWI

Soon the US declared war on GR and Soon the US declared war on GR and Pershing was sent to lead the Pershing was sent to lead the American Expeditionary Forces in FRAmerican Expeditionary Forces in FR

Pancho Villa retired from the rebel Pancho Villa retired from the rebel life and formed a truce with Huertalife and formed a truce with Huerta

1923 – Villa was assassinated in his 1923 – Villa was assassinated in his car – many claimed credit for his car – many claimed credit for his deathdeath