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Post FirePost FirePost FirePost FirePost FirePost FirePost FirePost Fire

Assessment ModelAssessment ModelAssessment ModelAssessment ModelAssessment ModelAssessment ModelAssessment ModelAssessment Model

ConcreteConcreteConcreteConcreteConcreteConcreteConcreteConcreteStructuresStructuresStructuresStructuresStructuresStructuresStructuresStructures


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Post Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPresented byPresented by

Usman ChoudhryUsman Choudhry CECE--8585Wasif AmjadWasif Amjad CECE--9999

Omer AbidOmer Abid CECE--9696

Adnan Rais AhmedAdnan Rais Ahmed CECE--135135

Adil JavedAdil Javed CECE--8989

Project supervisorProject supervisor

Prof. Dr. S.F.A. RafeeqiProf. Dr. S.F.A. Rafeeqi

CoCo--SupervisorSupervisor

Ms. Tehmina AyubMs. Tehmina Ayub


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Presentation OutlinePresentation OutlinePresentation OutlinePresentation OutlinePresentation OutlinePresentation OutlinePresentation OutlinePresentation Outline

Title of the project.Title of the project. The objectives of the project.The objectives of the project.

Th f h r Th f h r

Acquired knowledge base.Acquired knowledge base.

The development of strategic model.The development of strategic model.

Operation of software.Operation of software.

Case scenario.Case scenario.


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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Proposing a model for the assessment ofProposing a model for the assessment ofbuildings affected by fire.buildings affected by fire.

Providing a platform for further study &Providing a platform for further study &research for assessment and evaluation ofresearch for assessment and evaluation ofbuildings affected by fire.buildings affected by fire.


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SCOPESCOPESCOPESCOPESCOPESCOPESCOPESCOPE

Forensic study of Reinforced ConcreteForensic study of Reinforced Concrete

Buildings (commercial & residential)Buildings (commercial & residential)

subjected to fire.subjected to fire. To identify extent of damage to structuralTo identify extent of damage to structural

elements based on temperature estimates.elements based on temperature estimates.

To prescribe rating to individual structuralTo prescribe rating to individual structural

elements.elements.


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STRATEGY USED FORSTRATEGY USED FORSTRATEGY USED FORSTRATEGY USED FORSTRATEGY USED FORSTRATEGY USED FORSTRATEGY USED FORSTRATEGY USED FOR

DEVELOPMENT OF MODELDEVELOPMENT OF MODELDEVELOPMENT OF MODELDEVELOPMENT OF MODELDEVELOPMENT OF MODELDEVELOPMENT OF MODELDEVELOPMENT OF MODELDEVELOPMENT OF MODEL

Develop a knowledge base through detailedDevelop a knowledge base through detailed

study.study.

Defining scope and objective.Defining scope and objective.

ent cat on o re evant parameters to eent cat on o re evant parameters to eincorporated in generic model of assessment.incorporated in generic model of assessment.


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Post Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment ModelPost Fire Assessment Model

BaseBase


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Temperature Effects on Physical & ChemicalTemperature Effects on Physical & ChemicalTemperature Effects on Physical & ChemicalTemperature Effects on Physical & ChemicalTemperature Effects on Physical & ChemicalTemperature Effects on Physical & ChemicalTemperature Effects on Physical & ChemicalTemperature Effects on Physical & Chemical

Structure of ConcreteStructure of ConcreteStructure of ConcreteStructure of ConcreteStructure of ConcreteStructure of ConcreteStructure of ConcreteStructure of Concrete

Loss of evaporable water.Loss of evaporable water.

Dehydration and conversion.Dehydration and conversion. Porosity.Porosity.

MeltingMelting


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Factors Affecting Compressive Strength ofFactors Affecting Compressive Strength ofFactors Affecting Compressive Strength ofFactors Affecting Compressive Strength ofFactors Affecting Compressive Strength ofFactors Affecting Compressive Strength ofFactors Affecting Compressive Strength ofFactors Affecting Compressive Strength of

Concrete at High TemperaturesConcrete at High TemperaturesConcrete at High TemperaturesConcrete at High TemperaturesConcrete at High TemperaturesConcrete at High TemperaturesConcrete at High TemperaturesConcrete at High Temperatures

WaterWater--cement ratio.cement ratio.

Type of aggregate.Type of aggregate.

Age of specimens.Age of specimens.

o g oo g.o g oo g.

Loading.Loading.

Cooling of specimensCooling of specimens

Effect of cement blendEffect of cement blend

Moisture contentMoisture content


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DAMAGING EFFECTSDAMAGING EFFECTSDAMAGING EFFECTSDAMAGING EFFECTSDAMAGING EFFECTSDAMAGING EFFECTSDAMAGING EFFECTSDAMAGING EFFECTS

OF FIRE ON CONCRETEOF FIRE ON CONCRETEOF FIRE ON CONCRETEOF FIRE ON CONCRETEOF FIRE ON CONCRETEOF FIRE ON CONCRETEOF FIRE ON CONCRETEOF FIRE ON CONCRETE..

External cracking.External cracking.

Delamination and spalling.Delamination and spalling.

Internal micro cracking.Internal micro cracking.

Chemical changes within concrete.Chemical changes within concrete.

Strength reduction.Strength reduction.


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PERFORMANCE OFPERFORMANCE OFPERFORMANCE OFPERFORMANCE OFPERFORMANCE OFPERFORMANCE OFPERFORMANCE OFPERFORMANCE OFREINFORCEMENT IN FIREREINFORCEMENT IN FIREREINFORCEMENT IN FIREREINFORCEMENT IN FIREREINFORCEMENT IN FIREREINFORCEMENT IN FIREREINFORCEMENT IN FIREREINFORCEMENT IN FIRE

Strength of steel at a given temperature can beStrength of steel at a given temperature can bepredicted with reasonable confidence.predicted with reasonable confidence.

Steel bars need to be protected from exposures toSteel bars need to be protected from exposures totem erature in excess of 250tem erature in excess of 250--300c.300c.

Concrete and steel exhibit similar thermal expansionsConcrete and steel exhibit similar thermal expansionsup to a temperature of 400c.up to a temperature of 400c.

Creating impermeable regions where moisture mayCreating impermeable regions where moisture maybe trapped.be trapped.

Alters the heat flow near the reinforcement tending toAlters the heat flow near the reinforcement tending toreduce the temperature.reduce the temperature.

High thermal conductivity resulting in considerableHigh thermal conductivity resulting in considerable

expansion crippling the structural system.expansion crippling the structural system.


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Development Of ModelDevelopment Of Model


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Methodology For Project &Methodology For Project &Methodology For Project &Methodology For Project &Methodology For Project &Methodology For Project &Methodology For Project &Methodology For Project &Development Of ModelDevelopment Of ModelDevelopment Of ModelDevelopment Of ModelDevelopment Of ModelDevelopment Of ModelDevelopment Of ModelDevelopment Of Model

Development of Performa on the basis ofDevelopment of Performa on the basis of

thorough literature review from scientificthorough literature review from scientificjournals, books and research papers.journals, books and research papers.

Development of model through softwareDevelopment of model through software

techniques on the basis of informationtechniques on the basis of information

collected through the survey performa.collected through the survey performa.


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INPUT INFORMATION

PHYSICAL

APPEARANCE

CAUSES

PRODUCT

MODEL

STUDY OF AFFECTED

BUILDING AFTER FIREHISTORY OF BUILDING

BEFORE FIRE

OTHER

PARAMETERS


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TemperatureTemperatureTemperatureTemperature Color change Color changeColor changeColor change Changes in Changes inChanges inChanges in

physicalphysicalphysicalphysicalappearancesappearancesappearancesappearances

ConcreteConcreteConcreteConcrete

conditionconditionconditioncondition

O to 290C none Unaffected Unaffected

290 to 590C Pink to red Surface cracking at

300C.

Deep cracking at

550C.

Sound but strength

significantly

reduced.

590c to 950C Whitish grey Spalling andexposing

reinforcement at

800C.

Powdered , light

colored dehydratedpaste at 900C

Weak and friable.

950C and above Buff Extensive spalling Weak and friable.


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Temperature and deflection curves for reinforced concrete beams.Temperature and deflection curves for reinforced concrete beams.Temperature and deflection curves for reinforced concrete beams.Temperature and deflection curves for reinforced concrete beams.Temperature and deflection curves for reinforced concrete beams.Temperature and deflection curves for reinforced concrete beams.Temperature and deflection curves for reinforced concrete beams.Temperature and deflection curves for reinforced concrete beams.


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Strength reduction factor for concrete and steelStrength reduction factor for concrete and steelStrength reduction factor for concrete and steelStrength reduction factor for concrete and steelStrength reduction factor for concrete and steelStrength reduction factor for concrete and steelStrength reduction factor for concrete and steelStrength reduction factor for concrete and steel

C


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BS timeBS timeBS timeBS timeBS timeBS timeBS timeBS time--------temperature curvetemperature curvetemperature curvetemperature curvetemperature curvetemperature curvetemperature curvetemperature curve


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Material Examples & condition Temperature

Polystyrene Curtain hooks; radio casesmelts or flows 121 C

Lead Plumbing lead; storage

batteries with edges

rounded or drops formed

300 to 350 C

Zinc Plumbing fixtures;

galvanized surfaces with

drops formed

400 C

um num ma mac ne par s;

brackets; toilet fixtures;cooking utensils with drops

formed

650 C

Molded glass Glass blocks; jars &

bottles; solid ornaments

softened or rounded

Glass blocks; jars &

bottles; solid ornaments

thoroughly flowed

700 to 750 C

800 C


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MaterialMaterial Examples & condition Examples & condition Temperature Temperature

Sheet glassSheet glass Softened or rounded WindowSoftened or rounded Window

glass; plate glass; reinforcedglass; plate glass; reinforcedglassglass

Thoroughly flowed WindowThoroughly flowed Window

glass; plate glass; reinforcedglass; plate glass; reinforced

glassglass

700 to 800700 to 800

850850 CC

SilverSilver Rounded edges or dropRounded edges or drop

formed on Jewelry; coins;formed on Jewelry; coins; 950950 CC

BrassBrass Knobs; locks; lamp fixturesKnobs; locks; lamp fixtureswith rounded edges or dropswith rounded edges or drops

formedformed900 to 1000900 to 1000 CC

BronzeBronze Rounded edges or dropsRounded edges or drops

formed on art objectsformed on art objects10001000 CC

CopperCopper Rounded edges or dropsRounded edges or drops

formed on electrical wiringformed on electrical wiring 11001100 CC

Cast ironCast iron Drops formed on pipes;Drops formed on pipes;

radiators; machine pedestalsradiators; machine pedestalsand housingsand housings 1100 to 12001100 to 1200 CC


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stst


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The 1The 1The 1The 1The 1The 1The 1The 1stststststststst

Tier Survey PerformaTier Survey PerformaTier Survey PerformaTier Survey PerformaTier Survey PerformaTier Survey PerformaTier Survey PerformaTier Survey Performa The aim is to achieve an approximate temperatureThe aim is to achieve an approximate temperature

range achieved during the fire to assess the severity ofrange achieved during the fire to assess the severity ofthe damages in the structurethe damages in the structure

Based on the physical aspects of deterioration ofBased on the physical aspects of deterioration of

architectural and structural elementsarchitectural and structural elements

Collect information related to the location, zoning,Collect information related to the location, zoning,

and the position of the building, which might be ofand the position of the building, which might be of

importance in evaluating the severity of the subjectimportance in evaluating the severity of the subject


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The first page is providedThe first page is provided

for the surveyor to sketchfor the surveyor to sketcha plan, to mark thea plan, to mark the

effected structuraleffected structural

e e s e ee e s e e

affected area.affected area.


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The first two pages and initial part of third page, of theThe first two pages and initial part of third page, of the

11stst Tier Survey Performa, allows the surveyor to collectTier Survey Performa, allows the surveyor to collect

the general information of the building, which maythe general information of the building, which may

come in handy for investigative purposes.come in handy for investigative purposes.


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The later part of the 3The later part of the 3rdrd

page collects informationpage collects information

about the major damageabout the major damage

in the building andin the building andestimated area of damageestimated area of damage

in the compartment.in the compartment.


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The 4The 4ththpage of thepage of the

Performa outlines thePerforma outlines the

observations in the fireobservations in the fire

,,

the fire origin, use ofthe fire origin, use ofcompartment and thecompartment and the

ventilation parameters.ventilation parameters.


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The initial part of the 5The initial part of the 5thth

page describes thepage describes thephysical condition of thephysical condition of the

compartment after thecompartment after the

re, re err ng ere, re err ng e

damages to the structure.damages to the structure.


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The later part of the 5The later part of the 5thth

page and the 6page and the 6thth

pagepagecollects information ofcollects information of

the affected minor itemsthe affected minor items

n e room presen ,n e room presen ,

which would bewhich would be

beneficial in estimatingbeneficial in estimating

the temperature in thethe temperature in the

compartment.compartment.


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The 7The 7thth, 8, 8thth and 9and 9ththpagepage

contains data for thecontains data for thestructural membersstructural members

present, to assess thepresent, to assess the

sever y o e amage nsever y o e amage n

these members, to obtainthese members, to obtain

a decision of the level ofa decision of the level of

repairs required for therepairs required for the

members.members.


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ndnd


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The 2The 2ndnd Tier surveyTier surveyperforma is based onperforma is based on

interviewing theinterviewing the

witnesses and referringwitnesses and referringthe specifications.the specifications.

These ma rovideThese ma rovide

approximate evaluationapproximate evaluationof the damage after theof the damage after the

fire, when compared tofire, when compared to

the initial conditions.the initial conditions.


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The Assessment ModelThe Assessment ModelThe Assessment ModelThe Assessment ModelThe Assessment ModelThe Assessment ModelThe Assessment ModelThe Assessment Model The purpose of the model would be to estimate anThe purpose of the model would be to estimate an

approx temperature range in the compartment.approx temperature range in the compartment.

, ,, ,

from the standard fire testing curves, so that thefrom the standard fire testing curves, so that the

approximate residual capacity could be assessedapproximate residual capacity could be assessed

And then use the above information in accordanceAnd then use the above information in accordance

with the observed severity of the structure to suggestwith the observed severity of the structure to suggest

the rating of repairs for the structural componentthe rating of repairs for the structural component


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The Assessment ModelThe Assessment ModelThe Assessment ModelThe Assessment ModelThe Assessment ModelThe Assessment ModelThe Assessment ModelThe Assessment Model The model has been designed using Microsoft VisualThe model has been designed using Microsoft Visual

Basic 6.0, as the front end, and Microsoft Access asBasic 6.0, as the front end, and Microsoft Access asthe backendthe backend

The software provides a database, which saves all theThe software provides a database, which saves all the

entries made, to maintain a record.entries made, to maintain a record.

There is space provided to hook up furtherThere is space provided to hook up further

enchancements, that would further refine theenchancements, that would further refine the

software.software.


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The menu is the first startupThe menu is the first startupform that appears after theform that appears after the

validation of the passwordvalidation of the password

It provides an enhancementIt provides an enhancementto access previouslyto access previously

assessed records.assessed records.

On starting a newOn starting a newassessment project, a dialogassessment project, a dialog

box appears, providing abox appears, providing a

link to input the datalink to input the dataobtained from the surveyobtained from the survey

performas.performas.


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The 1The 1stst tier surveytier survey

requires the number ofrequires the number ofstructural members,structural members,

affected by the fire.affected by the fire.

After this the 1After this the 1stst tiertiersurvey form appears, sosurvey form appears, so

that data from thethat data from the

Performa could be fed.Performa could be fed. The information from theThe information from the

form is categorized here,form is categorized here,

so that it would be easyso that it would be easyto access it onto access it on

requirement.requirement.


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Once the 1Once the 1stst tier surveytier survey

form is filled out, the 1form is filled out, the 1stst

tier option is disabledtier option is disabled

and the analysis can beand the analysis can be

..

The 2The 2ndnd tier survey formtier survey form

is an optional form, tois an optional form, to

further refine thefurther refine the

assessment.assessment.


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The analysis is presented in a form, showing theThe analysis is presented in a form, showing the

mean temperature assessment of the compartmentmean temperature assessment of the compartmentand the structural components, along with theand the structural components, along with the

rating of repairs.rating of repairs.


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through an Assumed Scenariothrough an Assumed Scenario


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The Assumed ScenarioThe Assumed ScenarioThe Assumed ScenarioThe Assumed ScenarioThe Assumed ScenarioThe Assumed ScenarioThe Assumed ScenarioThe Assumed Scenario The scenario proposes a fire in an officeThe scenario proposes a fire in an office

compartment, located in the new academic blockcompartment, located in the new academic block

,,

short circuit.short circuit.

On interviewing the witnesses, it was found that theOn interviewing the witnesses, it was found that the

fire had lasted for about 75 mins. Due tofire had lasted for about 75 mins. Due to

unavailability of fire fighting equipment, fire wasunavailability of fire fighting equipment, fire was

extinguished by water.extinguished by water.


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