BALANCED CACHE Ayşe BAKIR, Zeynep ZENGİN. Ayse Bakır,CMPE 511,Bogazici University2 Outline Introduction Motivation The B-Cache Organization Experimental

BALANCED CACHEAyşe BAKIR, Zeynep ZENGİN

Ayse Bakır,CMPE 511,Bogazici University

2

Outline

IntroductionMotivationThe B-Cache OrganizationExperimental Methodology and

ResultsProgrammable Decoder DesignAnalysisRelated WorkConclusion


3

Introduction

Increasing gap between memory latency andprocessor speed is a critical bottleneck to achieve a high performance computing system.

Multilevel memory hierarchy has been developed to hide the memory latency.


4

Introduction

PROCESSOR

LEV

EL

2

MAIN MEMORY

LEV

EL

1

Level one cache normally resides on a processor’s critical path, fast access to level one cache is an important issue for improved processor performance.


5

Introduction

There are two cache organization models that

have been developed: Direct-Mapped Cache: Set-Associative Cache:


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Introduction

1. Direct-Mapped Cache:


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Introduction

2. Set Associative Cache:


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Introduction

Direct-Mapped Cache

faster access time consumes less power per access consumes less area easy to implement simple to design higher miss rate

Set-Associative Cache

longer access time consumes more power per access consumes more area reduces conflict misses has a replacement policy


9

Introduction

Frequent hit sets have many more cache hits than other sets.

The cache misses occur more frequently in Frequent miss sets.

Less accessed sets are accessed less than 1% of the total cache

references.


10

Introduction

Balanced Cache (B-Cache):A mechanism to provide the benefit of

cacheblock replacement while maintaining the constant access time of a direct-mapped

cache


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Introduction

1. The decoder length of a traditional direct-mapped cache is increased by three bits:

accesses to heavily used sets can be reduced to 1/8th of the original design.

only 1/8th of the memory address space has a mapping to the cache sets.

2. A replacement policy is added.3. A programmable decoder is used.


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Motivation - Example

8-bit adresses

0,1,8,9... 0,1,8,9


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Motivation - Example

8-bit adress

same as in 2-way cache

X : invalid PD entry


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B-Cache Organization - Terminology

Memory address mapping factor (MF):

B-Cache associativity (BAS):

PI : index length of PDNPI : index length of NPDOI : index length of original direct-mapped cache

MF = 2(PI+NPI)/2OI , where MF≥1

BAS = 2OI/2NPI , where BAS≥1


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B-Cache Organization

MF = 2(PI+NPI)/2OI =2(6+6)/29=8 BAS = 2(OI)/2NPI =2(3)/26=8


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B-Cache Organization–Replacement Policy

Random Policy: Simple to design and needs very few extra hardware.

Least Recently Used(LRU):May achieve a better hit rate but will have more area overhead than the random policy.


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Experimental Methodology and Results

Miss rate is used as the primary metric to measure the BCache effectiveness, and MP and BAS parameters are determined.

Results are compared with baseline level one cache(a direct-mapped 16kB cache with a line size of 32 bytes for instruction and data caches)

4-issue out-of-order processor simulator is used to collect the miss rate. 26 SPEC2K benchmarks are run using the SimpleScalar tool set.


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16 entry victim buffer set-associative caches B-Caches with

dif. MFs


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16 entry victim buffer set-associative caches B-Caches with

dif. MFs

The miss rate reduction of the B-Cache is as good as a 4-way

cache for the data cache. For the instruction cache, on average, the miss rate

reduction is5% better than a 4-way cache.

Zeynep Zengin, CMPE511, Bogazici Univ.

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Programmable Decoder Design

• Latency,• Storage,• Power Costs


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Timing Analysis

• Critical path– Direct mapped: Tag side– B-Cache: May be on tag side or data

side

• B-Cache modifies local decoder


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Timing Analysis


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Storage Overhead

• B-cache uses CAM cells additionally

• CAM cell is 25% larger than the SRAM cell used by data and tag memory


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Power Overhead

• Extra power consumption: PD of each subarray.

• Power reduction: – 3-bit data length reduction– Removal of 3 input NAND gates


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ANALYSIS

• Overall Performance• Overall Energy• Design Tradeoffs for MP and BAS for

a Fixed Length of PD• Balance Evaluation• The Effect of L1 Cache Sizes• Comparison


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Overall Performance


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Overall Energy

• Static – Dynamic Power Dissipation• Charging and discharging of the load

capacitance

• Memory Related – Chip caches– Offchip memory


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Design Tradeoffs for MP and BAS for a Fixed Length of PD

The question is which design has a higher miss rate reduction???


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Design Tradeoffs for MP and BAS for a Fixed Length of PD


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Balance Evaluation

•Frequent hit sets: Hits 2 times higher•Frequent Miss sets: misses 2 times higher•Less accessed sets: accesses below half

fhs ch fms cm las tca

DMAVE

7,5 57,2 5,6 36,5 50,2 10,5

BC 7,6 39,8 2,2 15,7 32,4 8,4


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• The miss rate reductions increase when the MF is increased

• B-Cache, the design with MF = 8 and BAS = 8 is the best


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Comparison

• With a victim buffer: the miss rate reduction of the B-Cache is higher than the victim buffer

• with a highly associative cache: – HAC is for low-power embedded

systems– HAC is an extreme case of the B-Cache,

where the decoder of the HAC is fully programmable.


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RELATED WORK

• Reduce the miss rate of direct mapped caches

• Reduce the access time of set associative caches


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Reducing Miss Rate of Direct Mapped Caches

TECHNIQUES• Page allocation• Column associative cache• Adaptive group associative cache• Skewed associative cache


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Reducing Access Time of Set-associative Caches

• Partial address matcing : predicting hit way

• Difference bit cache


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B-CACHE SUMMARY

• B-cache can be applied to both high performance and low-power embedded systems.

• Balanced without any software intervention.

• Feasible and easy to implement


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Conclusion

• B-Cache allows the accesses to cache sets to be balanced by increasing the decoder length and incorporating a replacement policy to a direct-mapped cache design.

• programmable decoders dynamically determine which memory address has a mapping to the cache set

• A 16kB level one B-Cache outperforms a traditional same sized direct mapped cache by 64.5% and 37.8% for instruction and data cache, respectively

• Average IPC improvement: 5.9%• Energy reduction: 2%.• Access time: same as a traditional direct mapped

cache


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References

1. C. Zhang,”Balanced Cache:Reducing Conflict Misses of Direct-Mapped Caches through Programmable Decoders”,ISCA 2006,IEEE.

2. C. Zhang,”Balanced Instruction Cache:Reducing Conflict Misses of Direct-Mapped Caches through Balanced Subarray Accesses”,IEEE Computer Architecture Letter, May 2005.

3. Wilkonson, B.(1996), “Computer Architecture: Design and Performance”, Prentice Hall Europe.

4. University of Maryland http://www.cs.umd.edu/class/fall2001/cmsc411/proj01/cache/cache.html

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BALANCED CACHE Ayşe BAKIR, Zeynep ZENGİN. Ayse Bakır,CMPE 511,Bogazici University2 Outline Introduction Motivation The B-Cache Organization Experimental