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sNdp-IY kzXz-]-Im-i-\-Øns‚ At\Iw km[y-X-I-fn¬ H∂p amX-am-
Wv. ÿe-Ime_≤amb Hcp `mh-sØtbm Ah-ÿ-sbtbm kw`-hsØtbm
tIµo-I-cn-®p≈ inev]-L-S-\-bmWv sNdp-I-Y-sb∂ kt¶XsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-
∂-Xv. sNdp-IY, \o≠-IY F∂o c≠v am≤y-a-߃ tKkn-bpsS BJym-\-tem-
IØp≠v. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip∂ kvXokz-Xz-Øns‚ kz`m-
h-\n¿Æ-b-Øn\p IY-bpsS _mlyhpw B`y-¥-c-hp-amb LS-I-ß-fpsS hni-I-
e\w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fpsS A]-K-Y-\-Øn\v A¥-cwKXew,
_ln-cw-K-Xew F∂o s]mXp-hn-`-P\w kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. A¥-cw-K-XeN¿®-bn¬
]tabw, IYm-]m-X-߃ F∂n-hbpw; _ln-cw-K-N¿®-bn¬ IYm-kz-Xz-Øns‚
inev]-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-amWv Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
A¥cwKXe N¿®
]ta-b-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
A¥-cw-K-N¿®-bn¬ ][m-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv ]tabw Xs∂-bmWv.
IY-bpsS ]ta-bsØ kw_-‘n®v \nc-h[n ssk≤m-¥nI hymJym-\-߃ \ne-
hn-ep-≠v. hmb-\-°m-c\v t_m[yw hc-Ø-°-hn[w Hcp Iev]n-Xm-¥-co-£-Øn¬
\n_-‘n-®n- p≈ ]amWhmIy-w;ìIY-bpsS tIµ- m-KØp hcp∂ Bibw AYhm
]Xn-]m-Zy-hkvXp; Hcp IY-bpsS BsI-bp≈ A¿∞w F∂n-ßs\ ]ta-bsØ
\n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw IY-bpsS a¿Ωw Fs¥∂ At\z-j-W-Øn-te-°mWv
]ta-b-hn-i-I-e\w FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv, IY-bn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip∂
Pohn-X-Z¿i\w, Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS temIt_m[w F∂n-ßs\
hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ ]ta-bsØ hymJym-\n-°p∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬ IY-I-
fpsS ]ta-b-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kzXz-Øns‚ hni-I-e\w
km[y-am-Ip-∂p. CXn-hrØw, IYm-]m-X-߃, ssien F∂o hnL-Sn-X-cq-]-ß-fn-
eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ I¿ØrXz ho£-W-Øns‚ Bi-bm-h-X-c-
W-amWv IY-bpsS ]ta-bw. Cu coXn-bn-emWv ]ta-bm-h-X-cWw Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-
bpsS temI-t_m-[-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. temI-t_m-[-sa-∂Xv \ne-\n¬°p∂
Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn®v hy‡n-a-\ v kzcq-]n-s®-Sp-°p∂ Z¿i\kwln-X-bm-Wv.
Cu kl-Pmh-t_m[sØØ-s∂-bmWv kzXz-t_m[w F∂v hyh-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
IY-bnse kzXz-k-¶-ev]-߃
kzXzw F∂ ]cn-I-ev]-\bv°v sshb-‡n-I-am-\-hpw kmaqlnI-am-\hpw D≠v.
CXcKZy-k-t¶-X-ßsf At]-£n®v sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ssk≤m-¥nI Xe-
Øn¬Øs∂ sshb-‡n-I-amb GI-kz-cX D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-
´n´p≠v. GsX-¶nepw Hcp \n›n-X-`m-hØns‚ GI-_n-µp-hn¬ tIµo-I-cn-°p∂
kw£n]vX LS\ bmWv Zo¿L-Imew sNdp-I-Ysb mh-tI-µn-
X-amb GI-kzcLS-\-bm°n \ne-\n¿Øn-b-Xv. FUvK¿ Ae≥t]m, ^m¶v H
tImW¿, _m≠¿ amXyqkv1 F∂n-h¿ sNdp-I-Ysb Bfl-\n-jvTambn hymJym-
\n-®-h-cmWv. kzXz-Øn-s‚-bpw A¿∞-Øn-s‚bpw Bfl-tI-µn-X-amb GI-kz-c-
Xsb \ncm-I-cn® gmIv eIm≥, A¬Øqk¿, sdmfmMv _m¿Xv, gmIv ZdnZ, antj¬
^qt°m F∂o ssk≤m-¥n-I¿ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS IYm-fl-IX 2 sb
]p\¿hym-Jym-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°n. bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ ]Xn-^-e-\-amWv IY-
sb∂ ]c-º-cm-KX ho£-W-ßsf Xncp-Øn-s°m≠v IYbpw bmYm¿∞yhpw
XΩn-ep≈ hyXy-kvXX-bn-emWv IY-bpsS IYm-fl-IX \ne-\n¬°p-∂sX∂
DØ-cm-[p-\nI hymJym\w ][m-\-ambpw IYm-
`mjbnemWv i≤-tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ssk≤m-¥nI hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ \qX-\-ß-fmb ho£-W-
߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv LS-\m-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv3. djy≥ \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-Isf Bkv]-Z-am-
°n-bp≈ t]m∏ns‚ hni-I-e\w Cu taJ-e-bnse \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]T-\-am-Wv.
sdmfmMv _m¿Xv, sXmtZm-tdm-hv, sKbvam XpS-ßnb LS-\m-hm-Zn-Iƒ sNdp-I-Ysb
LS-\m-]-c-ambn A]-K-Yn-®p. BJym-\-imkvXw F∂ hna¿i\
]≤Xn Cu hni-I-e-\-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. IY, IY-bpsS Ah-X-
cWw F∂n-hsb tIµo-I-cn-®mWv BJym-\-imkvXw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. BJym-
\-im-kvXw sNdp-I-Ysb Cßs\ \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂p. ëIYm-]m-X-߃ A\p-`-hn-
°p-Itbm Ah¿ Imc-W-ap-≠m-hp-Itbm sNøp∂ kw`-h-ß-fpsS Xm¿°nIhpw
Imen-I-hp-amb Hcp irwJ-e-bmWv IY. Cu ho£-W-a-\p-k-cn®v sNdp-IY ]q¿∆
\n›n-X-amb ]mT-ß-fpsS hyh-ÿ-bm-Wv. AXn¬ Be-¶m-cn-I-L-S-I-߃
Iq´n-t®¿Øv Fgp-Xp-tºm-gmWv bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ ÿe-Im-e-߃ Iogvta¬ adn-
bp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv kl-Pm-h-t_m-[-ß-fn-eqsS kzcq-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kzXzhpw mj-
bpsS GI-I-ß-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kzXzhpw hyXy-kvX-ßfm-Wv. Cu
hyXn-cn-‡-X-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ]k‡n bmWv Hmtcm
kzXz-hn-i-I-e-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
kzXzm-Jym-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw _lp-kz-c-X-Iƒ \njvIm-k\w
sNø-s∏-Sp-hm-\p≈ Hcp ImcWw Nne khn-ti-j-kva-c-W-Iƒ, kw -h-߃ F∂nh
IY-bpsS tIµ-ÿm-\Øv hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. BJym-Xm-hns‚ ]Xy-b-im-kvX-a-\p-
k-cn®v hnhn-[-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ tIµo-I-c-W-߃ IY-bn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂p. sNdp-I-
Y-bnse kzXz-hym-Jym-\-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ tIµo-I-cWw aq∂v coXn-bn-emWv ][m-
\-ambpw kw -hn°p∂-sX∂v \nco-£n-°-s∏- n- p-≠v. (hn.-kn. ioP≥, 1992). Zriym-
flIw, a\-xim-kvX-]-cw, ]Xy-b-im-kvX-]-cw , F∂n-ßs\bmWv Cu tIµo-I-
c-W-߃ ][m-\-ambpw kw -hn-°p-∂-Xv. A\p- -h-ß-fn¬ ebn®v tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂
kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-tXm-h-ÿ-I-fm-Wv ]Xy-b-imkvXw F¶n¬ IY-4
bpsS ]ta-bhpw Cu ]Xy-b-im-kvX-Øns‚ A\p-_-‘-am-Wv.
kzXzm-Jym-\-Øns‚ tIµo-I-cWw ][m-\-ambpw Imev]-\nIdnb-enkw
F∂ BJym-\-co-Xn-bpsS kz`m-h-am-Wv. ae-bmf IY-bnse kvXokz-Xz-Nn-Xo-I-c-
W-ß-fpsS ][m-\-]-Xn-k‘n Imev]-\nIdnb-en-ksØ AXn-Po-hn-°m-\p≈
sshapJyw Xs∂-bmWv. AXm-bXv, Be-¶m-cn-I-`m-hp-I-Xz-Øn\pw GI-]-£ob
Nn¥-Iƒ°pw D]-cn-bmb temI-t_m[w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ A]-cym-]vX-
X- Xs∂. ]ta-b-]-c-ambn IY-I-fn¬ Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp∂ GIXm\X F∂m¬
kzXz-Øns‚ GI-in-em-fl-I-amb Bhn-jvI-cWw F∂mWv A¿∞-
am-°p-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-I-Y-bn¬ tKkn-bpsS kvXokzXz NnXo-I-cWw ]tab]c-
amb GI-kz-c-Xsb t_m[-]q¿∆w AXn-Po-hn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. IYm-]m-X-߃°\p-
kr-X-ambn hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw kzX¥am-hp-Ibpw ]Xn-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂
Ahyh-ÿnXamb kw -h-߃, `mj F∂nh tKkn-bpsS IY-
I-fnse \n¿Æmb-I-L-S-I-ß-fm-Wv. hyh-ÿm-]n-X-a-√mØ kvXokz-Xz-ß-fpsS
tiWn-bmWv tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ D≈-Xv. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnse ]ta-b-]-
c-amb hyXn-cn-‡-X-I-fn¬ apJy-am-bXv Nnc-¥-\-amb kvssXW at\m-`m-h-ambn
IY-I-fnepw t\mh-ep-I-fnepw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ImØn-cn∏v F∂ LSIw
tK-kn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ C√ F∂-Xm-Wv. as‰m∂v B-Jym-\-kz-XzsØ hnhn-[- hy-
‡n-Xz-ß-fn-te°v tamNn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ ]h-WX IY-I-fnepw Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-
fnepw D≠v. ]Sn-bn-d-ßn-t∏mb ]m¿∆Xn F∂ BZy-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ apJ-hp-c-
bmbn (1998˛Un- kn _n aq∂mw ]Xn∏v) tKkn Fgp-Xp∂ Rm≥ kp`Z F∂
Bƒam-dm´ kw`hw tKkn-bpsS kvXokz-Xz-k-¶-ev]-Ønepƒt®¿∂n-´p≈ ]—-
∂-X-Iƒ°v G‰hpw anI® DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
5
ì Xoh-≠n-bn¬ Ib-dn-bm¬ Rm≥ Ipd®v t\cw ]pdw-Im-gvN-I-fn-te°v apJw
Xncn°pw. ]ns∂ Np‰p-ap≈ a\p-jysc \nco-£n°pw. AXv hfsc ck-I-c-am-
sbmcp G¿∏m-Sm-Wv. IÆp-I-fmWv Rm≥ BZyw i≤n-°p-I. IÆn¬ \n∂v lrZ-
b-Øn-te°v Hcp hgn-bp-≠mIpw F∂-XmWv Fs‚ hnizmkw.
]t£, Ct∏mƒ, F\n-s°-Xn-sc-bn-cn-°p∂ sNdp-∏-°m-cs‚ IÆp-Iƒ
GtXm ]pkvX-I-Øm-fn-em-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Fs‚ t\m´w Abm-fpsS I\Ø
aoi-bn-epS°n. I´n-bp≈ aoi Fs‚ Hcp Zu¿_-ey-am-Wv..... shfpØ ]pcp-
j≥amtcmSv F\n°v aaX Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw Abm-fpsS kpXm-cy-amb sXmen-
bnse bu∆-\-Øns‚ Xo£vWPzme-Iƒ Fs∂ tamln-∏n-®p. bu∆\w FX
hiyhpw kpc-`n-e-hp-am-sW∂v Rm≥ Zo¿L-\n-izm-k-tØmsS Hm¿Øp. Fs‚
a\ v s]mSp-∂s\ hnc-‡-am-bn......... ]t£ bu∆-\-Øns‚ Xo£vWK‘w Fs∂
s]mdp-Xn-ap- n-®p. Rm≥ sNdp-∏-°m-cs\ kq£va-ambn \nco-£n-°m≥ XpSßn. Fs‚
t\m´w Abmsf sImfpØn hen-®n- p-≠mIpw. ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v apJ-ap-b¿Øn
Abmƒ Fs∂ t\m°n. Rmh¬∏-gw-t]m-ep≈ IÆp-Iƒ hfsc at\m-l-c-am-bn-
cp-∂p. ]t£, Ah-bn¬ Hcp Ip‰-s∏-Sp-ج D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXhK-Wn®v Rm≥
Abm-fpsS IÆp-I-fn¬Øs∂ t\m´-ap-d-∏n-®p. Hc-º-c∏v sas√ Xe-\o-´p-∂Xv
Rm≥ I≠p. i¶n®v Abmƒ tNmZn-®p-˛
\n߃....................................-tK-kn-bmtWm ?
s]mSp-∂s\ Rm≥ Abm-fpsS Iøn-en-cp∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn-te°v t\m´w Xncn-
®p. ë ]Sn-bn-d-ßn-t∏mb ]m¿∆Xn bpsS BZy-]-Xn-∏m-bn-cp-∂p AXv. B ]p-kvX-
I-Øns‚ \mem-a-sØ- ]p-dØv kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp bphXn hmb-\-°m-cs‚ D≈n-
te°v \nKq-V-amb ]W-b-tØmsS t\m°n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p..........................
.......................................................................................................................................
............................................... A√ Rm≥ kp`Z!
kn.-hn. cma≥]n-≈-bpsS am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω bnse kp`Z F∂ IYm-
]mXw Fs∂ Gsd kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠m-hWw B t]cv s]mSp-
∂s\ Fs‚ \mhn¬\n∂pXn¿∂Xv (1998).
Cßs\ Fgp-Øn\pw Pohn-X-Øn\pw CS-bn¬ kq£n-°p∂ bmYm¿∞y-
Øns‚ AIew ambv®p-I-f-bp-hm-\p≈ k∂-≤-X-bmWv CX-c- I-Ym-Im-cn-I-fn¬
\n∂pw tKknbpsS kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-ßsf hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂-Xv. A\p-\n-anjw
hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb kzXz-ß-fn-te°p tamNn-°-s∏-Sp-hm-\p≈ ]h-WX kvXo`m-
h-\-bnepw `mj-bnepw ImWp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv kvXoIƒ Fgp-Xp-∂Xv at\m-hn-
`-a-Øn-s‚ ssien-bn-em-sW∂v \nco-£n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. kvXoIƒ lnÃo-cn-b-
bn-te°pw D∑m-Z-Øn-te°pw \mUo-tcm-K-ß-fn-te°pw X≈-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]nXr-Zm-b-
-I-a-Øns‚ kΩ¿±-ß-fp-ambn tbmPn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°mØ-Xn-\m-
em-Wv. \ne-\n¬°p∂ Ah-ÿI-tfm-Sp≈ am\-kn-I-I-em-]-ambn D∑m-ZsØ
hyJym-\n-°p∂p. tKkn-bpsS kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-߃ `qcn-]-
£hpw D∑m-Z- -cn-X-amb am\-knI-k-©m-c-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏Sp-∂-h-cmWv. `m¥v AXn-
i-‡-amb A¥¿hy-‡n-Xz-ambn IS-∂p-h-cp∂ [mcmfw ]ta-b-߃ tKkn-bpsS
IYm-tem-I-Øn-ep-≠v. `m¥v , Hcp ss]¶n-fn-°-Y-bpsS A¥yw , `m¥≥]q-
°ƒ , AΩ Adn-tb-≠-Xv , th\-en¬ hoWag-Øp≈n F∂o IY-I-fpsS
]tabXew Xs∂ D∑m-Z-`-cn-X-amb LS-\-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.
tKknbpsS IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS at\m-`m-h-ßfpw `mj-W-ssi-en-I-fp-amWv ]ta-
b-Øn\p kvXokz-Xz-kw-_-‘n-bmb D∑m-Z-Øns‚ LS-\-\¬Ip-∂-sX∂Xn\m¬
IYm-]mX hni-I-e\w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
IYm-]mX hni-I-e\w
ÿe-Im-e-ßsf kw_-‘n®v EPp-hmb t_m[w ]pe¿Øp-hm≥ km[n-
°mØ IYm-h-gn-Ifpw IYm-]m-X-ßfpw kzXz Øns‚ GI-Xm-\-Xsb adn-I-S-
°p -∂p. IYmLS\-bn¬ Bt£-]-lm -ky -tØmsS Agn -®p -] -Wn -Iƒ
( \S-Øp-∂p. kmln-Xo-b- m-jsb kw_-‘n-®p≈
BVy-h-g-°-ßsf Akw-_-‘-ssien D]-tbm-Kn®v adn-I-S-°p-
∂p. enwK-t -Z-߃ adn-I-S-∂v BJym-\-I¿ØrXzw B¨`m-j-bnepw s]¨`m-j-
bnepw kwkm-cn -°p∂p. DØ-cm -[p -\nI kvXokzXz k¶ev]ß-fn¬
kvIntkm^\nb íF∂ a\-xim-kvX-k-¶ev]\w D]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. CX-
\p-k-cn®v kvXokzXzw iI-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ D≈-XmWv. tKkn-
bpsS IYm-]m-X-ßsf s]mXpth hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-amb am\-
knImhÿ -]p-e¿Øp∂ kvXokz-Xz-ß-fmWv Ah-sb∂v Is≠-Øp-∂p.
bu∆\tØmSv AXn-i-‡-amb Bk-‡n-Iƒ kq£n-°p-∂-hcpw AXn-\p-th≠n
Ae-bp-∂-hcpw Hcp-`m-KØv; s]¨Ip-´n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ amXr-k-l-P-amb `oXn-
Iƒ kq£n-°p∂ kvXoIƒ as‰m-cp- m-K-Øv. A\n-b-¥n-X-amb kvssXW hnIm-
c-ß-fm¬ \bn-°-s∏´v A]-cn-Nn-X-t\m-sSm∏w tlm´¬ apdn-bn¬ ibn-°p∂
kvXosb th\-en¬ hoW Hcp ag-Øp≈n í F∂ IY-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
kz¥w ico-c-tØmSv ]Xn-Imc\njvT-amb at\m-`mhw ]pe¿Øp∂ k¶o¿Æ-
amb IYm-]m-X-am-Wn-Xv. ]mgm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ bu∆-\-Øns‚ \ncm-i-bn¬ ho¿∏p-ap-
´p∂ Ahn-hm-ln-Xsb Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]md ; BI-kvan-I-ambn \ne-®p-t]m-Ip∂
ico-c-Øns‚ D¿∆-c-X-I-fn¬ \n∂v at\m-hn-`m¥n A\p-`-hn-°p∂ AΩ Adn-tb-
≠Xv í F∂ IY-bnse aIƒ, Ch-sc√mw ico-c-\n-jvT-amb Ima-\-I-tfmSv ISpØ
aaX ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv. kvXoXz-Øn¬ DƒtN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ amXr- m-hsØ Bhn-
jvI-cn-°p∂ ]mh-°p-´n , I√p , iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿ F∂o IY-I-
6
fn¬ oXn-P-\-Iamb am\-kn-Im-hÿ kq£n-°p∂ AΩ-am-scbmWv tKkn Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-sc√mw s]¨Ip- n-I-fpsS AΩ-am-cmWv F∂ hkvXpX it≤-
b-am-Wv. hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ s]¨Ip´n-Iƒ AΩ-am-cpsS a\- n¬ D≠m-
°p∂ bw F∂Xv kmaq-ln-Im-\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Hc-Ω-bpsS B[n \nß-sf-ßs\ Adn-bm-\mWv? F∂v tKkn-bpsS IYm]mXw
tNmZn-°p-∂p-≠v. (]mh°p-´n, 1997:10) ico-c-tØm-sSm∏w ]mI-s∏-SmØ a\- p≈
s]¨Ip-´n-I-fmWv tKkn-bnse amXr-XzsØ `b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. s]¨Ip-´n-I-
fpsS \njvI-f-¶-Xsb Nqj-Ww- sN-øp∂ B¨k-aq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Hm¿Ω-
s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fp≈ AXn-km[mcW-amb IY-bmWv ]mh-°p-´n . Poh-\p≈ ]mh-
°p- nsb hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ Ab¬h-°sØ In°-‰p-I-fn-°m-c≥ tN´≥ F∂Xv
_me-a-\- ns‚ mh-\-Iƒ°v kam-¥-c-ambn XpS-cp∂ Iqc-X-bpsS ]Xn-cq-]-amWv.
Fs‚ tamsf NoØym-°m≥ Rm≥ kΩ-Xn-°q√! NØmepw kΩ-Xn-°q-√........!
(1996:28) F∂ hmin-bn¬ ac-W-ti-jhpw t]X-km-∂n-≤y-Øn-eqsS aIƒ°v Imh-
em-Ip∂ AXy-km-[m-c-W-amb amXr-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ IY-bmWv I√p . kvXokz-
Xz-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ inYn-e-amb `mh-L-S-\bv°v CØcw IYm-]m-X-
߃ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. kvXokzXzw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ apJy-]-Xn-k‘n imco-
cn-I-amWv F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-te°v FØp∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ ]ta-b-ßfpw XZ-\p-
kr-X-amb _nw_-ßfpw BJym-\-co-Xn-I-fp-amWv tKkn-bpsS IYm-tem-I-Øn¬
D≈-Xv. bu∆\bp‡-amb ico-c-tØmSpw hnIm-c-ß-tfm-Sp-ap≈ Xoh-amb Bk-
‡nbpw \ne-®p-t]m-tb-°m-hp∂ bu∆-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ `oXn-I-fp-amWv tKkn-
bpsS kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-߃ s]mXpsh A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Ac-£n-X-Xzhpw sshcp-
≤yhpw. Htc kabw kvXo]p-cpjIma-\-I-fpsS kzX-¥tem-I-Øn-te°v FSp-
sØ-dn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AtX-k-abw kvt\l-iq-\y-amb ]pcp-j-sse-wKnIXsb h©-
\-bpsS ]Xn-cq-]-ambn ImWp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]ta-b-Ønepw IYm-]m-X-L-S-\-
bnepw \ne-\n¬°p-∂ kvXokzXz k¶ev]-\-amWv IYm-L-S-\sb \n¿Æ-bn-°p-
∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬ ho£n-°p-tºmƒ Poh-nXZ¿i\w Xs∂ ]ta-b-ambn amdp∂
kµ¿ -ßfp≠v. kvXokzXz\njvT-amb PohnXho£Ww H‰-Xn-cn™p \n¬°p∂
Z¿i-\-kw-ln-X-b-√. IYm-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ D]-L-S-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-
®p≈ hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS amXta tKkn-bpsS kvXokz-Xz-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ kz`m-
hsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q.
_ln-cw-K-Xe N¿®
IY-bpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw ]tabw Xs∂ LS-
\bmbn amdp∂ kµ¿`-߃ D≠v. AXn-\m¬ IYm-L-S-\sb D]-hn-`m-K-ß-fm°n
Xncn-®p-]Tn-°p-∂-Xn¬ km[p-X-bp≠v. `amfl-Ik-t¶Xw, t]X-tem-Im-hn-jvIm-
cw, CXn-lm-k-߃, ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS A]-\n¿Ωm-Whpw ]p\¿c-N-
\-bpw, A]-c-tem-Ihpw t]X-`m-j-Whpw, IY-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ, arK-I-Y-
Iƒ, ico-cw-kz-Xz-\n¿Æ-tbm-]m-[n F∂ \ne-bn¬, ÿe-Ime k¶ev]w, BJym-
\-X-¥w, _nw_-߃, ]Zm-h-en-Iƒ, ]tbm-K-߃ F∂n-ßs\ IY-bpsS _ln-
cw-KsØ hn`-Pn®p ]Tn-°p∂p.
`am-flI kt¶Xw
a-e-bmfIY-bpsS Bcw-`-Z-i-bn¬ Xs∂ BJym-\-k-t¶Xw F∂ \ne-
bn¬ ^m‚kn AYhm `am-fl-IX D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. kvXo]p-cp-j-_-‘-
Øns‚ k¶o¿Æ-amb ]X-e-ßsf Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-hm≥ ^m‚kn ^e-]-Z-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hmWv C.hn. IrjvW-]n-≈-bpsS Fs‚
K‘¿∆-kvt\-ln-X≥ F∂ IY. XpS¿∂v ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo-dns‚ At\Iw
IY-I-fn¬ kvssXWa\x-im-kvX-Øns‚ kqN-I-ambn ^m‚kn D]-tbm-
Kn°s∏- n- p-≠v.
`mh-\sb kqNn-∏n-°phm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ P¿Ω≥ ]Z-amb
bn¬ \n∂p-amWv ë F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ D¤-hw. ^m‚kn F∂ ]Z-Øn\v
XØp-ey-ambn ]tbm-Kn-°p∂ kwkvIrX ]Zw `ax F∂-Xm-Wv. ë `ax íF∂-
Xns‚ kam-\aebm-f-]Zw `a-I-ev]-\-bmWv . `mj-bpsS hkvXp-ÿnXn hnh-c-
W-߃°p ]pd-Øp≈ samgn-h-g-°-ß-fn¬ CØcw `a-I-ev]-\-I-fp-≠v. ]pcm-hr-
Ø-߃, b£n-°-Y-Iƒ, \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ, arK-I-Y-Iƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈-h-bn-
se√mw ^m‚kn hnhn[ coXn-I-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. D]-cn-π-h-amb
bmYm¿∞ysØ-b√ ^m‚kn ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `uXnI-amb ÿe-Im-e-
߃°v AXo-X-ambn \n¬°p∂ A¥¿bm-Ym¿∞y-ßsf NnXo-
I-cn-°pI F∂-XmWv m‚kn \n¿∆-ln-°p∂ [¿Ωw. CXc KZym-Jym-\-ß-fn¬
\n∂pw n∂-ambn m‚kn D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ kzXzNnXo-I-cWw e-]-Z-ambn \S-
°p-∂-Xv sNdp-I-Y-bn-emWv. ImcWw ÿeIm-e-ß-fpsS hnkvXr-X-amb ]›m-
Øew sNdp-I-Y-bn-en-√. BJym-\-kz-Xz-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-amb at\m- m-h-sØtbm
tIµo-Ir-X-amb Ah-ÿ-sbtbm `mj-bpsS kw£n-]vX-X-bn¬ NnXo-I-cn-°pI
F∂-XmWv IY-bpsS inev]-kz- m-hw. kvXokzXz NnXo-I-c-W-ß-fn-emWv m‚kn
km¿∞-I-ambn ]tbm-Kn-°-s∏- -Xv. AXn\v kmaq-ln-Ihpw a\x-»m-kvX-]-c-hp-amb
Imc-W-ß-fp-≠v. hy‡n-]-c-ambn ë A]-cXzw i‡-ambn A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xv Xmc-
X-tay\ kvXoI-fm-Wv. kmaq-lnI LS-\-bpsS \nb-¥-W-߃°v hnt[-b-cm-Ip∂
kvXo a\- p-I-fn-emWv AZay-amb kzmX¥y-Nn-¥-Iƒ DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ]Ir-
Xnbpw kwkvIm-chpw XΩn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ kwL¿j-Øns‚ Xew kvXoa-\-
p-I-fn¬ KqV-tem-I-߃ AYhm At[mtemI-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p. kaq-l-
Øns‚ I¿°-i-amb [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßfpw \nb-a-hn-tcm-[n-bmb At_m-[-a-\-
ns‚ ]Xn-I-c-W-hp-amWv ^m‚-kn°p cq]w \¬Ip-∂-sX∂v \nco-£n-°-s∏-´n-
´p-≠v.
ae-bmf IY-bn¬ kvXoBJym\kt¶Xw F∂ coXn-bn¬ ^m‚kn
hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn°s∏- Xv am[-hn-°p- n-bpsS IY-I-fn-em-Wv. kz]v\-\n-jvT-
amb A]-c-tem-I-߃ am[-hn-°p-´nbpsS IY-I-fn¬ Bh¿Øn®v hcp-∂p≠v.
tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Imev]-\n-I-amb BZ¿i-tem-I-Øns‚ amXr-I-bn-e√
^m‚kn ]co-£n-°-s∏-´-Xv. ]ta-bhpw cN-\m-X-¥hpw GtIm-]n-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂
coXn-bn¬ `am-fl-IX tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw sNep-Øp-∂p. a\x-
»m-kvX-km-[y-X-Iƒ IqSp-X-ep≈ kt¶-X-ambn ^m‚kn Cu IY-I-fn¬ ]cn-
Wmaw B¿÷n-°p-∂p. Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS I¿ØrXz Øns‚
At_m-[-]-c-amb ]cnWmaßsf ^m‚-kn-bn-eqsS kqNn∏n°m\m-Ip-∂p. AXn-
eqsS hyh-ÿm-]nX IYm- m-j-bpsS hymI-c-WsØ A]-\n¿Ωn-°pI F∂ [¿Ωw
IqSn \nd-th-‰-s∏-Sp∂p. ^m‚kn sb hn[zw-k-\-Øns‚ kmlnXyw F∂v
tdmkvtacn PmIvk¨ (1984) hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n-bn-Xm-Wv. _mly-hy-
‡n-Xz-sØ-°mƒ i‡-amb A¥¿hy-‡n-Xz-amWv kvXo BJym-\-ß-fn¬
s]mXpth B[n-]Xyw sNep-Øp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ kvXoXz-Øns‚ KqV-tem-
I߃ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-hm≥ m‚-kn-bpsS adp- m-j-Iƒ ]tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv A\n-
hm-cy-am-bn-h-cp-∂p. ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ kzmX-¥y-hm-RvNI-fpsS kml-kn-I-ta-J-
e-I-fmbn IY-Ifn¬ bmYm¿∞y-߃ ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-°-s∏- p. anØp-Ifpw ]pcm-
W-ßfpw F√mwIqSn-°p-g™ A¥¿\m-S-Ißfmbn kvXoI-Y-Iƒ amdn. m‚kn
tIh-e-amb BJym-\-k-t¶Xw F∂-Xn-ep-]cn kvXoa-\- n-s‚bpw hm°n-s‚bpw
hyh-ÿ-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm-\p≈ a\x»mkvX-]-≤-Xn-bmbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-´p.
^m‚kn-bpsS a\x»mkvX-hym-Jym-\-ß-fn¬ apJy-am-bXv knMva≠v t^mbvUns‚
Nn¥-bm-Wv. t^mbvUn-b≥ k¶-e-]-a-\p-k-cn®v Akw-Xr-]vX-amb ssewKn-I-m`nem-
j-ß-fpsS km£m-XvIrXcq]-amWv ^m‚kn. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ ]Xy-£-
am-Ip-∂ `amflIk-t¶-X-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv ssewKn-Im-`n-c-Xn-I-fm-
sW∂p Is≠-Øp∂p. AXn-i-‡-amb Bfl-kw-L¿j-ß-fpsS krjvSn-bmbn
t]X-tem-I-ßfpw A]-c- m-j-W-ßfpw Akw-_‘ IY-Ifpw tKkn-bpsS IY-
I-fpsS A¥¿[m-c-bmbn hcp-∂-Xns‚ bp‡n-bn-Xm-Wv. am[-hn-°p- n-bpsS ë NnØ-
`aw , ]n. h’e-bpsSë inin-c-Ønse Ddp-ºp-Iƒ , tKkn-bpsS `m¥v , _n.-
Fw. kpl-d-bpsS `m¥v F∂o D∑mZ e£-W߃ ]ISn-∏n-°p∂ kvXokzXz
][m-\-ß-fmb \mep-I-Y-Iƒ Cu coXn-bn¬ ]Tn°-s∏- n- p-≠v (KoX 1995). hnhn[
kzXz-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ kvXoI-fpsS at\m-tem-I-ß-fn¬ Du∂n-
bp≈ IY-I-fm-Wn-Xv. Akw-Xr-]vX-amb kvXo]p-cp-j-_-‘-ßfpw Ac-£n-X-amb
IpSpw-_-kml-N-cy-ßfpw kvXoI-fn¬ D≠m-°p∂ am\-knI BLm-X-߃ Cu
IY-I-fn-ep-≠v.
tKkn-bpsS `qcn-]£w IY-IfpwXs∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øn\pw kz]v\Øn\p-
an-S-bn-eqsS Ncn-°p∂ BJym-\-L-S\ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. kvXokzXzNoXoI-c-W-
ß-fpsS `am-fl-I-tem-I߃ ]I-S-am-bn-\n-e-\n¿Øp∂ IY-I-fmWv \K-c-Øn¬\n-
s∂-Ønb Pme-hn-Zy-°m-c≥ , ]hm-kn-bpsS P\-\w , ac-Wm-\-¥-cw , ]cn-Wma
Kp]vXn , ]q® , a¥n-I-°ÆmSn , kz]v\-߃°v Xo]nSn-°p-∂p , \mb-bp≠v
kq£n-°p-I , Htdm-Xbpw t]X-ß-fpw , AΩ Adn-tb-≠-Xv , I√p , IÆm-Sn-
bn¬ ImWm-Ø-X v , `m¥v F∂n-h. Cu IYIfpsS B¥-cn-I-L-S-\-bn¬
]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv kØ-bpsS iI-eo-I-cWw F∂
kzXz-Z¿i-\-am-Wv.
\nc¥-c-amb cq]m-¥-c-߃°v hnt[-b-am-Ip-tºmgpw kzXz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-
\-]-iv\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw imco-cn-I-amb bmYm¿∞y-ß-fn¬\n∂pw apdn-hp-I-fn¬
\n∂pw Bcpw c£-t\-Sp-∂n-√ F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hns\ IqSp-X¬ Kl-\-ambn Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p∂ IY-bmWv \K-c-Øn¬ \ns∂-Ønb Pme-hn-Zy-°m-c≥ . \K-c-Øn¬
\n∂v Kma-Øn-se-Øp∂ Pme-hn-Zy-°m-c≥ Hmtcm hkvXp-°-sfbpw am¥n-I-i-
‡n-sIm≠v cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv. Pme-hn-Zy ImWm≥ Xs‚ Imap-Is‚
IqsS-sb-Ønb \njvI-f-¶-bmb s]¨Ip- n-tbmSv Abmƒ ]d-bp-∂p.
ì hcq kpµ-cn, \ns∂ Rms\mcp ]mºm°mw î..................... Pme-hn-Zy-°m-
c≥ Ah-fpsS Ip∏n-h-f-bn´ CS-Xp-ssI-bn¬ ]nSn®p am‰n \n¿Øn, Hcp A`ym-kn-
bpsS ]mS-h-tØmsS ZWvUv BIm-i-Øn¬ Npg-‰n. AKwsIm≠v s]¨Ip-´n-
bpsS aq¿[m-hn¬ aq∂p-h´w Xtem-Sn. ImWn-I-fpsS ap∂n¬ ]e-h¿W∏Øn hncn®v
Hcp an\pØ k¿∏w hmen¬ IpØn \n∂p. Ahƒ `b∂v ]mZ-߃ ]nt∂m°w
h®-t∏mƒ Abmƒ aIpSn DuXm-\m-cw-`n-®p. k¿∏w AXn¬ \ns∂m-gp-Ip∂ \mZ-
Øn-s\mØv Dd-™m-Sn. ]ns∂ Abmƒ Hcp aqfn-∏m-t´m-Sp-IqSn ]mºns\ IqS-bn-
em-°n................
HSp-hn¬ Pme-hn-Zy-°m-c≥ Nqfw-hn-fn-tbmsS IqS Xpd-∂p. Kma-Øn-te°v
Ccp v Igp-I-s\-t∏mse Nnd-I-Sn-s®-Øn-b-t∏mƒ hf-s∏m- p-Iƒ°p \Sp-hn¬ tNmc-
]p-c≠ \·-amb XpS-I-fn¬ apJw]qgvØn s]¨Ip´n H‰-°n-cp∂v tXßn, Ah-
fpsS hnb¿Ø ssIØ-e-Øn¬ Hcp \\™ Ic-n°jWap≠mbn-cp-∂pî.
(\-K-c-Øn¬ \ns∂-Ønb Pme-hn-Zy-°m-c≥, 1998:20)
I\y-Im-XzsØ kw_-‘n® Ac-£n-X-Xz-t_m-[-ßsf `am-fl-I-ambn Bhn-
jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ LS-\-bmWv \K-c-Øn¬ \ns∂-Ønb Pme-hn-Zy-°m-c≥ F∂
IY-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ `a-I-ev]-\-Iƒ IY-
°p-≈n¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ IY-tbmSv Cgp-In-t®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp kt¶Xw F∂
\ne-hn´v ]tabw Xs∂ LS-\-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-amWv Cu IY.
Xms\mcp ]pcp-j-\mbn amdn-sb∂p kz]v\w- Im-Wp∂ kvXobpsS am\-knIhpw
imco-cn-I-hp-amb Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ßsf B¥-cnI-amb bp‡n-bn¬ GtIm-]n-∏n-®n-
cn-°p∂ IY-bmWv ]hm-kn-bpsS P\\w . kvXokz-Xz-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-asØ
`am-fl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Cu IY-bn¬ kvXokzXzw t\cn-Sp∂ henb
]Xn-k-‘n-bmbn icocw F∂ bmYm¿∞ysØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. CXn¬
kzXzw íF∂ ]cn-I-ev]-\-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ ë A]cw íF∂ Bi-b-
amWv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
kvXokØsb Nqgv∂p-\n¬°p∂ Ac-£n-XXzw, `bw XpS-ßnb at\m- m-
h-ßsf `am-fl-I-k-t¶-X-Øn-te°v hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-´p≈ IY-bmWv \mb-
bp≠v kq£n-°pI IYm-]-cn-k-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ kqN-\-I-fnepw hcn-Iƒ°n-S-
bnepw Zpcq-l-amb ]pcp-j-\n-g-ep-I-sf-°p-dn®pw thiy-mhrØn \S-Øp∂ kvXoXz-
sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Ahy-‡-amb Adn-hp-Isf kw-`-cn--®ncn°p∂p. `b-\n¿`-c-amb
BJym-\-L-S\ Xs∂-bmWv Cu IY-bpsS `mam-fl-I-Xsb km¿∞-I-am-°p-∂-
Xv. \K-c-Ønse H‰-s∏´ hoSn-s\-°p-dn®pw tK‰n¬ ap∂-dn-bn-t∏msS Xqßp∂
\mb-bpsS NnX-sØ-°p-dn®pw ap≥hn-[n-Iƒ kq£n-°p∂ BJym-\-kzXzw
At\Iw ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS t]m°p-h-c-hp-s≠∂v tI´p-tIƒhn-bp≈ B ho´n-te°v
IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-W-ß-fpsS Btcm-l-W-I-a-Øn-emWv `am-
fl-I-Xsb \n_-‘n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
ì ]me-]qØv aWw ]c∂ Hcp Znhkw \mb- Nn-X-Øn¬ t\m°msX Ahƒ
tK‰v IS∂p. s]mfn-™p-In-S-°p∂ ]Sn-s°- n-te°v Imse-SpØp h®-tXmsS ]pdw-
tem-IsØ Ccº-߃ GtXm Npgn-bn¬ Id-ßn-Øm-Wp................ At∏mƒ B™p-
ho-inb Hcp Im‰n¬ b£n-∏m-e-bpsS apSn-bp-e-™p. C√n-°mSv Hc-]--iIp\w t]mse
Nqfwhnfn-®p. Hcp acw-sImØn Dcp-Ip∂ i_vZ-Øn¬ Ic™v Ah-fpsS Xe-
bv°p-aosX ]d-∂p. ]p√v aqSn-°n-S-°p∂ ap‰w IS∂v Ahƒ DΩ-d-sØØn. NnX-
∏-Wn-Iƒ am™p-Xp-S-ßnb XqWn¬ Nmcn-\n-∂-t∏mƒ ]s≠t∂m I≠p-a-d∂
Hcp kz]v\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-hp-I-bm-sW∂v Ahƒ°p-tXm-∂n. Ipsd-t\cw
Ign™v Ahƒ AS-™p-In-S-°p∂ hmXn-ens‚ ]nSnbn¬ ssIh-®p. Hm¿°m-∏p-
dØv ae¿s°-Øp-d∂ hmXn¬∏m-fn-s°m∏w Ahƒ ho´n-\p-≈n-te°v ]th-in-
®p. (2004:51:52) ]n∂oSv Kplm-Nn-X-ßsft∏mse sXfn-™p-I≠ \mep-hm-Xn-ep-
I-fpsS AIw Imaw-]p-c≠ kvXobpsS hnlm-c-cw-K-ß-fmbn k¶-ev]n-°-s∏-Sp-
∂p-sh-¶nepw H∂pw bmYm¿∞y-ambn hnNm-cn-°p-hm≥ \n¿∆m-l-an-s√∂v Xncn-®-
dn-bp-∂p. ac-W-Øns‚ `oI-cX DW¿Øp∂ \ni-_vZX amXta \nKq-V-amb B
ho´n-ep≈q F∂ Xncn-®-dn-thmsS \n¬°p-tºmƒ At∏m-gmWv Ah-fpsS Nn¥
as‰m-c-Xn-i-b-Øn-te°v Nm™-Xv. Bsfm-gn™ hoSv ]q´n-°n-S-°p-I-bt√ ]Xnhv?
B tNmZy--Øn\p DØ-c-ambn Hcp hrØn-sI´ ssI∏Sw Ah-fpsS hmbv°p-ap-I-
fn¬ Aa¿∂p. AXv ho´p-Im-h¬°mc-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p (\m-b-bp≠v kq£n-°p-I,
2004:52). CØ-c-Øn¬ `oI-c-amb A¥-co£krjvSn-bn¬ A¿t≤m-‡n-hn-cm-a-
tØmsS IY Xocp-∂p. BZy¥w IY-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv kzXz-
sØ°pdn®p≈ Ac-£n-X-Xzhpw BI-a-W-`o-Xn-bp-am-sW-∂Xv kv]jvS-am-Wv.
kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ kqN-I-ambn h¿Øn-°p∂ auenI-c-N\bmbn IÆm-
Sn-bn¬ ImWm-ØXv íF∂ IY-sb ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. kam-lm-c-ß-fn-sem∂pw
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-°m-WmØ Bi-b-hm-Z-]-c-amb Cu IY at\m-cmPyw HmWw -hn-
ti-jm¬]Xn ˛ 1993˛emWv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. tKkn-bpsS ]n¬°me
kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-߃ A\p- -hn-°p∂ kzXz-ssi-Yn-ey-ß-fpsS BZy-am-Xr-I-bmbn
IÆm-Sn-bn¬ ImWm-ØXv F∂ IY-bnse kvssXWkzXzsØ hymJym-\n-
°p-∂p. Hcp hnhml®S-ßn-\n-S-bn-emWv _mey-Ime kplr-Ømb _me-Ir-jvW≥
AΩn-Wn-°p- nsb sIf-hn-bm-bn-t∏m-bt√m Ft∂m¿Ωn-∏n-®-Xv. Ah¿ Gsd-°m-
e-ambn Xs∂-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°m-dn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ho´n-seØn IÆm-Sn-bn¬ t\m°p∂p.
AXn¬ hr≤-bmb kvXobpsS apJw sXfn-™p-Im-Wp-∂p. Hcp t^mt´m-sb-Sp-
°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. t^mt´m-bn¬ e`n-°p-∂Xv bph-Xn-bpsS t^mt´m.
ho≠pw Hcn-°¬°qSn t^mt´m FSp-Øp. Ct∏mƒ°n-´n-bXv Iuam-c-]mb°m-cn-
bmb s]¨Ip- n-bp-tS-Xv. ho≠pw t^mt´m-sb-Sp-°p∂p. At∏mƒ t^mt´m-bn¬°m-
Wp-∂Xv hfsc sNdn-b-s]¨Ip-´n-sbbm-Wv. Cu ]Inb XpS¿∂m¬ ASpØ
t^mt´m `qW-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p AΩn-Wn-°p´n hnNm-cn-°p-∂p. Cu IY-
bn¬ `am-fl-I-Xsb Hcp kt¶Xw Xs∂-bmbn kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. kzXz-Øn¬
Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ hn`m-¥n-Isf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm\p≈ Hcp-]-I-cWw F∂ \ne-
bn-emWv ChnsS m‚kn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. tKkn-bpsS ]n¬°me IY-
I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ i‡-ambn Bh¿Øn-°p∂ bu∆-\-\-jvS-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ `oXn-
I-fmWv Cu IY-bn¬ cq]Imfl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
ì IÆm-Snbn¬°m-Wp-∂Xpw t^mt´m-I-fn¬°mWp-∂Xpw ]Xn-—mbIƒ
Xs∂. IÆm-Sn-bn-teXv bmYm¿∞y-am-sW-¶n¬ at‰Xv anYy. hoSn-\-I-ØmWv
IÆmSn. AhnsS `mh-\-bn-√. ]mcp-jy-ta-bp-≈q. AhnsS bmYm¿∞yw sXfn-bp-
∂p. ësNdp-∏-°m-c≥ \S-Øp∂ ÃpUn-tbm-bm-I-s´, `mh\ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ cwK-
am-Wv. AhnsS kvXobpsS BK-l-a-\p-k-cn®v bu∆-\-Øn-te°pw Iuam-c-Øn-
te°pw Iam-\p-K-X-ambn ]n∑-S°w km[n-°p-∂p. XYy-bp-sSbpw anYy-bp-sSbpw
\Sp-hn¬ \n∂v H∂pw hnth-Nn-®-dn-bm-\m-hmsX Ipg-ßp∂ kvXobmWv IY-bpsS
HSp°w sXfn-bp-∂-Xv . (C.-]n.-cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, 1993)
kvXoa-\- ns‚ emh-Wym-flI ]T-\-sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ Cu IY-
bn¬ IÆmSn íBfl-]-cn-tim-[-\-bpsS D]-I-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. IÆm-Sn-sb-∂Xv Hcp
]Xo-I-amWv ]pdwcq]-tØ-°mƒ B¥-cnIm-h-ÿsb ]Xn-_nw-_n∏n-°p∂ H∂v.
F∂p hyh-l-cn-°p∂ kt¶X-amWv Cu IY-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-7
´n-´p-≈-Xv. Cu IY-bnse IÆmSn tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂
kvXokz-Xz-Øns‚ _lp-e-X-I-sfbpw cq]m-¥-c-ß-sfbpw kqNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]cym-
]vX-am-Wv.
t]X-tem-Im-hn-jvImcw
_mly-k-Øbv°p Xpey-amb B¥-cn-I-kzXz amWv Fgp-Øp-
Im-cn-bpsS I¿Ør-Xz-Ønse D`-b-L-S-\bv°v Imc-W-ambn `hn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu D`-
b-hy-‡n-Xz-amWv kzXzNn-Xo-I-cWßsf ^m‚kn F∂ kt¶Xw kzoI-cn-°p-
hm≥ t]cn-∏n°p-∂Xv. ssewKn-Im- n-c-Xn-Iƒ, Akw-Xr-]vX-amb kvXoXzw, DXvI-
WvT-Iƒ F∂nh `am-fl-I-kt¶XkzoIm-c-Øn\p ]pd-In¬ h¿Øn-°p∂ Imc-
W-ß-fm-Wv. D`-b-L-S-\-bp≈ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ krjvSn-sb∂ \ne-bv°mWv
t]XtemI-ß-fpsS Bhn-jvImcw k¿§m-flI cN-\-I-fn¬ i‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ASn-
®-a¿Ø-s∏´ BK-l-ß-fp-sStbm Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ DXvI-WvT-I-fp-sStbm
krjvSn-bm-bn-´mWv tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ XpS¿®-bm-bn-°m-Wp∂ t]X-`m-j-
W-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xv. hy‡n-\n-jvTamb am\-knI-kw-L¿j-ß-fpsS
krjvSn-bmWv Cu A]-c-tem-I-I-Ym-]m-X-߃. ac-Wm-\-¥-cw , Hcn-Sw , `qan-
bn¬ Ct∏mƒ a™p-Im-ew , Htdm-Xbpw t]X-ß-fpw , I√p , iq\y-X-sIm≠v
apdn-th-‰-h¿ , Iev]m¥w F∂o IY-I-fn-emWv t]X-`m-j-W-߃°v IrXy-
amb CS-ap-≈-Xv.
ac-Wm-\-¥cw F∂ IY-bnse IYm-]mXw Dd-°-Kp-fn-I-Iƒ Ign®v Bfl-
lXy sNøp-∂p. ih-Øn\p Np‰pw Ccn-°p∂ _‘pP\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ih-Øns‚
kw`m-j-W-Øns‚ LS-\-bn-emWv Cu IY \n_-‘n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. I¨t]m-f-Iƒ
hen-®p-Xp-d∂v amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSpw ktlm-Z-c-ß-tfmSpw ]I-tbmsS kwkm-cn--
°p∂Xn¬ \n∂p kmº-Øn-Ihpw sshhm-ln-I-hp-amb Akw-Xr-]vXn-I-fmWv
Ahƒ F∂v kwt_m[\ sNø-s∏-Sp∂ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Bfl-l-Xybv°p
]pd-In-ep-≈-sX∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.
ì Nph∂ H‰-°-Æn-eqsS sh≈w Hgp-°p∂ A∏-t\mSv Ahƒ tNmZn®p:
s]¨a°ƒ°v h√Xpw sImSpØp hnSp-∂-Xn¬ \n߃°v h√mØ Fcn-®n-
embncp∂nt√ a\pjym?.................
Xe-bv°-en-cp∂v ]Xw ]d-™n-cp∂ AΩm-bn-tbmSv Ahƒ ]d™p, DtZym-
K-ÿ-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v kz¥-am-sbmcp PohnXw \ntj-[n-°-s∏´ \n߃ Fs∂
hf¿Øn hep-Xm-°n. ]t£, Fs‚ kzImcyhyY-Ifpw sIm®p-sIm-®p-k-t¥m-j-
ß-fp-a-S-ßnb Afp°v Xpd∂v ImW-W-sa∂v hmin-]n-Sn-°m≥ \n߃°v F¥v
Ah-Im-i-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv?............................
IÆo¿ s]mSn°mØXp-sIm≠v IÆp-Iƒ sXcp-sXsc NnΩn-Øp-d∂v Hcp
aqe-bn-sem-Xp°n \n¬°p∂ ktlm-Z-c-t\mSv Ahƒ tNmZn-®p. ]∂n-sb-t∏mse
Xn∂p-∂-Xnepw t]mØn-s\-t∏mse Dd-ßp-∂-Xnepw amXw Xmev]-cy-ap≈ \ns‚
ssIbn¬ Fs‚ Hmlcn kpc-£n-X-at√?î (1998:25, 26, ac-Wm-\-¥-cw)
F∂n-ßs\ ac-W-tijw \S-Øp∂ apJm-apJ kw`m-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS sXfn-
™p-h-cp-∂Xv ssIkvXh IpSpw-_-L-S-\-bpsS Zmb-I-ahpw ]nXr-tI-µn-X-amb
IpSpw_hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ kvXoIƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ac-£n-X-Xz-hp-am-Wv. tKkn-bpsS
kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-߃ t\cn-Sp∂ Bflo-bhpw `uXnI-hp-amb ssiYn-ey-Øn\v
t]c-I-L-S-I-ambn kap-Zmbw h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Bfl-I-Ym-]-c-amb Cu cN-\-
bn¬ t]X-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏´v Pohn-X-tØmSv ]I-t]m-°p∂ hnNn-X-amb mh-\-
bm-Wp-≈-Xv. t]X-tem-I-ßsf Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ ÿe-]-ctam Ime-]-ctam
`mjm-]-ctam Bb Aeu-InI ]›m-Øew tKkn krjvSn-°p-∂n√ F∂Xv hfsc
][m-\-am-Wv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]mcm-_v[-ß-fnepw Akw-Xr-]vXn-I-fnepw h©-\-I-
fnepw Dƒs∏ v Bfl-lXy sNøp-∂-h-cn¬ \n∂v uXnI-amb temI-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-
Iƒ hns´m-gn-bp-∂n-√ F∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. Bfl-lXy sNbvX-h¿ A]-c-tem-I-
Øns‚ h‡m-°-f-√. Ah¿ Pohn-X-Øn¬ \nc-¥cw CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw \n›-e-amb
ÿe-Im-eßfpsS Hcp _nµp-hns\ tIµo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Htdm-Xbpw
t]X-ßfpw F∂ IY Bhn-jvIm-c-]-c-ambpw Z¿i\-]-c-ambpw At\Iw am\-
߃ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ H∂m-Wv. A]-c-`m-j-W-߃°v CS-ap≈ IY-bm-WnXv.
Htdm-X-bpsS cmXn-k-©m-c-Øn-emWv Bfl-l-Xy-sN-bvX-h-cpsS Db¿sØ-gp-
t∂¬∏v NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ [m¿jvSyw D≈ KmaoW kvXobmWv
Htdm-X. Ahƒ t]X-ß-fp-ambn A`n-apJ kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.
ì sNhn Xpf-bv°p∂ Cc-º-tØmsS Hcp Im‰v Htdm-Xsb IS-∂p-t]m-bn.
C\n Iipam-t¥m∏v, IS-∂m¬ Htdm-X-bpsS hoSm-bn. Hcp-]mSv Bƒ°m¿ Xqßn-
®Ø ]d-ºm-Wv............................. HtdmX Nq´v B™phoin Iip-amt¥m∏n-te°p
Ib-dn. Htdm-Xbv°p aptº-t]mb Im‰v sIm√≥ C‰ma≥ Xqßn-®Ø Iip-amhv
]nSn-®p-Ip-ep°n Htdm-Xsb t\m°n ]√n-fn®p Nncn-®p. Nncn-sbm-Sp-ßp-∂-Xn\p aptº
Iip-am-hns‚ Xp©-Øp-\n∂v C‰ma≥ hnfn-®p. HtdmXs∏ºnsf! Fd-®n-bn-semcp
IjvWw C‰ma\p Xt∂®pw t]m!
Htdm-Xbv°p Dincp IqSn:
^! FcWwsI -hs\! \ns‚ s]º-d-t∂mØn F¥p-th-hn-®mepw a‰-h-\p-
sIm-Sp-ØXv \n\°v sNmW-bn-√m-™n- v. Ah-fv Ahs‚ s]mdtI HmSn-t∏m-sb∂pw
]d™v \ob-√msX GXv BWmSm Xqßn-®m-I-W-Xv? î
C‰ma≥ Iip-am-hns‚ Xp©Øv au\n-bmbn. At∏mƒ C‰mas‚ Iip-am-hp-
t]-£n®v Im‰v Htdm-X-bv°p-aptº IpXn®v IWn-bm´n im¥-bpsS t]XsØ hnfn-
®p-W¿Øn:
Htdm-X-t®-StØy! Rms\mcp hb-‰p-I-Æn-bt√? F\n-s°mcp IjvWw Fd®n
Xt∂®pw t]m!
HtdmX Aen-thmsS ]d-™p: Fs‚ im¥-s°mt®! \n\°v thsd GX-h-
s\-sb-¶nepw ]nSn-®q-Sm¿t∂m!? hey-—s‚ tams\-s∂ms° ]d-™mev skm¥w
IqS-s∏md-∏pX-∂t√ sImt®?î
hb-‰p-I-Æn-t]Xw Acp-XmbvabpsS Nph-bp≈ GtXm Hm¿Ω-bn¬ sXcp-
∏n-Sn-∏n®v Iip-am-hns‚ ASn-s°m-ºn¬ Xqßn-°n-S-∂p.î..........................
(Htdm-Xbpw t]X-ßfpw, 1996:16)
Cu IY-bn¬ kvacW F∂ LS-I-sØ-bmWv `am-fl-I-k-t¶-X-ambn hnI-
kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Htdm-X-bpsS At_m-[-Øn-ep≈ Hm¿Ω-I-fmWv t]X-
ß-fmbn h∂v kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. cmXn-bpsS GIm-¥-X-bnepw Ac-£n-X-Xz-Ønepw
HtdmX F∂ kvXo AXn-Po-h-\-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ A]c`mjW-am-bn-´mWv
Cu IY-bpsS BJym\LS-\sb hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xv. HtdmX F∂
kvXobn¬Ø-s∂-bp≈ _lp-apJ kzXz-Øns‚ ]Xy-£-kq-N-\-I-fmWv t]X-
`m-j-W-߃.
I√p íF∂ IY s]¨Ip-´n-I-fp≈ AΩ-am¿ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Xo£vW-
amb `oXn-bn¬ \n∂pw kwL¿j-Øn¬ \n∂pw cq]-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. kvXoXz-
Øns‚ kl-P- m-h-ambn amXr-XzsØ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. ]pcp-j-kz-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂pw
kvXokz-Xz-]-c-ambn n∂bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv amXr-Xz-Øns‚ sshIm-cnILS-\-sIm-
≠m-sW∂p sXfn-bn-°p∂ IY-bm-Wn-Xv. A\m-Ybpw bu∆-\-bp-‡-bp-amb
I√p hns‚ Np‰p-ap≈ kpc-£-bpsS ]cn-th-j-amWv I√p-hns‚ AΩ-bpsS t]X-
km-∂n[y-Øn-eqsS krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
I√p-hns\ ]nSn-®-Sp-∏n-°m≥ ian® t]meo-kp-Im-c≥ I¨ap-ºn¬
sXfn™ t]X-Zriyw I≠v Fs‚ I¿Ømth! F∂-e-dn-hn-fn-®p-sIm≠v ]pd-
tØ°v NmSn Ip´≥]n≈ t]meo-kv, Icp-Wm-Ic X≠m¿ F∂n-ßs\ Hmtcm-cp-
Øcpw I√p-hns\ D]-Z-hn-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-t¥mdpw t]X-Zr-iy-߃ Ahsc b-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AtXmsS t]X-Zr-iy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnhcw Im´p-Xo-t]mse \m´n-
emsI ]S¿∂p. ]n∂oSv CS-h-gn-bn¬°qSn t]mIp∂ Bcpw B ho´n-te°v Xncn-
™p-t\m-°m-Xmbn . (1996:30˛31)
iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿ F∂ IY- LS-\m-]-c-ambn t\mh-se-‰ns‚
ssZ¿Lyw D≈-sX-¶nepw tKkn-bpsS kvXoXz-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-´p≈
`oXn-I-fpsS Hcp ]I¿∏pXs∂-bm-Wv. ani-hn-hmlw Ign® AΩp Xs‚ aI-fmb
Da-bpsS ImapIs‚ ho´n-te°v Ieym-W-am-tem-Nn®p t]mIp∂p. Im-c-tWm≥ tIm´
F∂v t]cn- n-cn-°p∂ cwK-Øn-emWv acn-®p-t]mb At\Iw ]nXr-°ƒ Iq -tØmsS
BI-an-°p-hm≥ hcp-∂-Xmbn AΩp-hn\v A\p-`-hs∏Sp∂-Xv. sXmSn-bn¬ Ahn-S-
hnsS Dd-ßn-°n-S∂ kam-[n-°p-gn-Iƒ Hmtcm-∂m-bp-W¿∂v tIm´p-hmbn´p. Hmtcmtcm
hnf-dnb \ng¬ cq]-߃ ]pd-tØ°v hcm≥ XpS-ßn. Gsd-°mew Naw ]Sn-™n-
cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ah-scm-s°bpw \nh-cmØ Im¬ap-´p-I-fn¬ ssIba¿Øn∏n-Sn®v
th®p sRm≠nbpw H°n-®m-Snbpw AI-tØ°v hcp-∂p. A\m-Zn-bmb Hcp K‘w
apdn-bn-se-ºmSpw ]c-∂p. apdn-\n-d™p \n∂ Imc-tWm-∑m-cpsS iq\y-amb IÆp-
Iƒ AΩp-hns\ angn®p t\m°m≥ XpS-ßn. C°≠ Imc-tWm-∑m-cpsS \nc-ap-dn®v
Da-°p- n°v Hcn°epw Cu ho´n¬ h∂p Ib-dm≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v AΩp-hn\v t_m[y-
s∏-´p. Kncn-i-¶-dn\v Cd-ßn-h-cm\pw Ign-bp-I-bn√. AΩp-hns‚ sXm≠bmsI
s]m≈n. \mhp-Ip-g-™p. IÆp-I-fn¬ Ccp´v s]mSn-™p. AΩp X∏n-Ø-S™v ap‰-
tØ-°n-d-ßn. ]n¥n-cn™v t\m°p-tºm-gp≠v Imc-tWm-∑m¿ hcn-h-cn-bmbn ]pd-
tØ-°n-d-ßp∂p. \nc∂v tIm -a-Xn¬t]mse\n∂v Ah¿ iq\y-Zr-jvSn-Iƒ sIm≠v
]ns∂bpw AΩp-hns\ angn®v t\m°p-I-X-s∂-bm-Wv
(iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿ 2002:11)
Cu IY-bn¬ amXr-Xz-Øns‚ `oXn-I-tf-°mƒ i‡-am-Ip-∂Xv ani-hn-hm-
ln-X-cpsS Ip´n-Iƒ A\p- -hn-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI ssiYn-ey-am-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚
kap-Zmbk¶ev]-ß-fn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-´p≈ bmYm-ÿn-XnI-X-Iƒ \thm-∞m\
]h¿Ø\-߃sIm-t≠m ]¥n-t`m-P\w sImt≠m ani-hn-hmlw sImt≠m Ah-
km-\n-°p-∂n√ F∂-Xns‚ kqN\ iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h-cn-ep≠v . kvXokz-
XzsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ PmXn F∂ LSIw kp]-[m\ ]¶v hln-°p-∂p-
≠v. kmwkvIm-cnI aqe-[\w F∂ ]cn-I-ev]-\-bpsS mK-ambn
hcp∂ H∂m-bn-´p-thWw Cu IY-bnse t]X-tem-IsØ Z¿in-t°-≠-Xv. BNm-
c-߃, A\p-jvTm-\-߃, Aÿn-Ø-d-Iƒ Cßs\ ac-W-s∏-´p-I-gn™ temI-
sØ-°qSn tN¿Øp-sIm-≠mWv sslµhk¶ev]-ß-fn¬ ]mc-º-cyhpw IpSpw-_-
a-ln-a-Ifpw \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]mc-ºcyw Hcp XpS¿®-bm-sW∂ t_m[w
Chn-sS-bp-≠v. ani-Pm-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS A\-¥-c-X-e-apd A\p- -hn-°p∂
kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb A`mhw iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿ í hy‡-am-°p∂p.
ac-Wm\-¥cw , HtdmXbpw t]X-ß-fpw , I√p , iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-
th-‰-h¿ F∂o IY-I-fnse ASn-ÿm-\-kzXzw kvXobp-tS-XmWv. ]t£,
kvXoXzw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ \m\-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]Xn-k-‘n-I-fmWv \mep-I-Y-I-
fpsSbpw t]Xm-hn-jvIm-c-ß-fn¬ D≈Xv. InkvXy≥kap-Zm-b-L-S\ Ahn-hm-ln-
X-I-fmb kvXoI-fn¬ G¬∏n-°p∂ am\-knI-amb ]ncn-ap-dp-°-߃, s]¨Ip-´n-
Isf \in-∏n-°p∂ kaq-l-tØmSv `bw Ie¿∂ at\m- mhw kq£n-°p∂ amXr-
Xzw, t_m[m--t_m-[-߃ krjvSn-°p∂ kzXz-_m-lp-eyw, kmwkvIm-cnI `n∂-X-
I-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ Ac-£n-XXzw F∂n-ßs\ kzXzm-hn-jvImcw hnkvXr-X-am-
8
Ip-∂p. tKkn-bpsS kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jvIm-c-ß-fn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ t]X-`m-
j-W-߃°p \ymbo-I-c-W-ambn \n¬°p-∂Xv Bfl-\n-jvTamb A\p-`-h-ß-tf-
°mƒ kaqlw hy‡n-a-\- n-ep-f-hm-°p∂ Bfl-kw-L¿j-ß-fm-Wv.
arKI-Y-Iƒ
AXn-IY, ]mc-Un, arK-ßsf A`n-kw-t_m-[-\-sN-øpItbm IYm]mX-ß-
fm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNøp∂ coXn F∂nh B[p-\n-I-Xbv°v tij-ap≈
IYm-X-¥-ß-fm-Wv. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ `am-fl-IX- F∂ kt¶Xw ]e-co-Xn-
bn¬ ]co-£n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. arK-kq-N-I-߃ kvssXW a\x-im-kvX-sØbpw
ssewKnI-X-sbbpw ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p-. ]s≠ms° IY-I-fn¬ ]mh-Ifpw
kwkm-cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]ns∂ Ipd-s™mcp Ime-tØ°v AXv Xo¿Øv Hgn-hm-
°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]t£, Cubn-sS-bmbn ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Iƒ°pw a’y-߃°pw
]mh-Iƒ°p-sams° F¥pw kwkm-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw hoWp-In-´n-bn-´p-
≠v . (ama-√-]p-csØ apb-ep-Iƒ, 1998:64) F∂v kmµ¿`n-I-ambn \S-Øp∂ ]cm-
a¿iw kzXz- n-∂-X-I-tfm-sSm∏w \ho-I-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠p∂ BJym-\-X-¥-sØ-°qSn
Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv. ]q®, KufnP∑w, ama-√-]p-csØ apb-ep-Iƒ F∂o IY-I-
fn¬ ]Xy-£-am-Ip∂ arK-kq-N-I-߃ A]-\n¿Ωn-t°-≠-Xmb am\-hnI-k-Øsb
]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂p.
Zmº-Xy-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ Pmc-i-¶-bpsS kqN-I-am-bn-´mWv ]q®
F∂ IY-bn¬ arK-kq-NIw D]tbmKn°s∏´n-´p-≈-Xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS `mhp-
IXzw krjvSn® A\y-h¬Ir-X-amb kØ , kØ-bpsS cq]m-
¥-co-I-cWw XpS-ßnb ]h-W-X-I-fpsS ]›m-Øew ]q®
F∂ IY-bnep≠v. A\n-b-¥n-X-amb kvssXW-I-ma\-Isf kwi-b-_p-≤n-tbmsS
ho£n-°p∂ ]pcp-js‚ Bfl-I-Y-bmWv Cu IY-bn-eqsS ]mcm-bWw sN-ø-s∏-
9
Sp -∂Xv. _lp-kz-c -amb BJym-\-kºZmbw ]q® F∂ IY-bnse
bmYm¿∞ysØ Iogvta¬ adn-°p-∂p.
apJm-apJw hcp-tºmƒ Ah-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ Fs∂ h√msX Atem-k-c-
s∏-Sp-Øp-I-Xs∂ sNbvXp. cmXn-bn¬ Ah-bpsS Xo£vWX Fs∂ \n¿∆o-cy-
\m-°n. s\©n-Sn-t∏msS Fs¥-¶nepw kqXw ]d™v Rm≥ thKw Dd-ßm≥
ian-®p. ]t£, Ggmw Znhkw Ahƒ ]Icw ho´n. kpXm-cy-amb thjw [cn®v
Ahƒ Fs∂ ]tem-`n-∏n-°m≥ ian-®p. Hcp apc-f-temsS Ahƒ Fs‚ ta¬ Nm-
Sn-hoWp. ISn®pw ]n®nbpw am¥nbpw Ahƒ Fs∂ t]an-®p. ]q®-bp-tS-Xp-t]mse
icn°pw Bkp-c-t]aw Xs∂ ............................ ]q®-Iƒ ISn-]n-Sn-Iq-Sp-Ibpw Ic-
bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-tI v DW¿∂ Hcp cmXn-bn¬ Ahsf InS-°-bn¬ ImWm™v
Rm≥ Aº-c-∂p. ap‰Øv Btcm InX-bv°p∂ i_vZw Rm≥ hy‡-ambn tI´p.
]pd-Øn-d-ßm≥ `b∂v P\-e-gn-I-fn¬ apJw Aa¿Øn Ccp-fn-te°v Rm≥ Npgn-
™p-t\m-°n. ap‰sØ aW¬°q-\-bn¬ ae¿∂p-In-S-°p∂ Ah-fpsS cq]w sas√
sXfn-™p-h-∂p. Ah-fpsS tZlØp \n∂v Idp∏pw shfp∏pw Ie¿∂ Hcp Iq‰≥
]q® NmSn-a-d-bp-∂Xv Rm≥ kXy-ambpw I≠p î (]q-®, (1998:46,48). F∂n-ß-s\-
bp≈ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ ]q® Pmccq]Iambn Bh¿Øn®p hcp∂p. Cu IY-
bn¬ ë]q®bv°v cq]Im-fl-I-amb ]m[m-\y-am-Wp-≈-Xv. kvXo]p-
cp-j-_‘Ønse Akw-Xr-]vXn-Iƒ, Bk-‡n-Iƒ, kwibw F∂o at\m- m-h-
ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- p-\n¬°p∂ kPo-h-amb cq]Iw F∂ ]k-‡n-bmWv ]q®-
bv°p-≈-Xv. IY-bpsS A¿∞-hym-]vXn-Isf Dƒs°m≠p \n¬°p∂ arK-cq-]Iw.
Kufn P∑w í (2005:206˛209) F∂ IY-bn¬ Bip-]Xn apdn-bnse Xma-k-
°m-cmb B¨Ku-fn-bpsSbpw s^an-\n-Ãmb s]¨Ku-fn-bp-sSbpw t\m´-∏m-Sn-
eqsS Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip∂ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-amWv ]tabw. BJym-\-]-£Øp
\n∂p≈ kw`-h-N¿®-I-sfm-gn-®m¬ Kufn-Iƒ IY-bpsS LS-\-bp-ambn Cgp-In-
t®¿∂n-´n-√. kvXo]p-cpj k¶ev]-Øns‚ kam-¥c ]mXn-\n[yw F∂ coXn-
bn¬ amX-amWv B¨Ku-fn°pw s]¨Ku-fn°pw ]k-‡n-bp-≈-Xv. ë ama-√-]p-
csØ apb-ep-I-fn¬ ítjmtIknen-cn-°p∂ IuXp-I-h-kvXp-°-fmb B¨ap-bepw
s]¨ap-bepw IY-bpsS B¥-cnI LS-\-bn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂p-≠v. BJym-\-kzcw
apb-ep-I-fp-tS-Xm-sW-¶nepw as‰mcp BJym\km∂n[yw IqSn IY-bn¬ IS∂p
hcp-∂p. cN\mX¥sØ°pdn®pw arK-km-∂n-[y-Øns‚ ]k-‡n-sb-°p-dn®pw
kvXo, ]p-cp-j≥ F∂n-ßs\ hyh-l-cn-°p∂ a\p-jy-h¿§-sØ-°p-dn®pap≈
XmXznI-]-cm-a¿i-߃ ama-√-]p-csØ apb-ep-I-fn-ep-≠v.
B¨ap-b¬ Ahsf A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp.
kplrsØ!
s]¨apb-en\v s^an-\nÃv ]ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xosc hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-
√. AXp-sIm≠v Ahƒ B kwt_m-[-\-bn¬ sNdp-Xm-sbm∂v aqfn................ ama-
√-]p-csØ Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-c≥ Cß-s\-sbm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v Ahƒ IpWvTn-Xs∏´p.
Xs‚ IÆp-I-fn-te°v B¿Z-am-sbmcp t\m´-aq∂n am[p-cy-aq-dp∂ i_vZ-Øn¬
Ah≥ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv tIƒ°m≥ FXbpw Cº-am-bn-cp∂p . (ama-√-]p-csØ
apb-ep-Iƒ, 1998:65) ho´n¬ A-Xn-YnI-fm-sb-Øp∂ AΩbpw aIfpw tjmtI-
knse s]¨ap-b-ens‚ PohnXw Zpc-¥-a-b-am-°p∂p. Ip´n-bpsS IuXp-I-I-c-amb
]cn-em-f-\-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ s]¨ap-b¬ ssIbn¬ \n∂p hgpXn Xd-bn¬ hoWv
NnX-dp-∂p. s]¨ap-b¬ AXn-i-‡-amb cq]-I-ambn IY-bn¬ ÿm\w t\Sp∂p.
ImcWw, IY-bpsS sshIm-cn-I-amb Cg-_-‘-Øn-emWv s]¨ap-b-ens‚
kzXzsØ ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
]q¿∆-]m-T-ß-fpsS A]-\n¿ΩmWw
CXn-lm-k-߃, ss__nƒ IY-Iƒ, ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃ F∂n-hsb
km¿∆-Im-en-I]k-‡n-bp≈ kºq¿Æ-I-Y-I-fmbn hymJym-\n-°p-∂Xn¬ bp‡n-
bn√. CXn-lm-k-ßfpw ]pcm-hr-Ø-ßfpw Ah-bp-≠mb Ime-L-´-Ønse P\-X-
sbbpw kwkvIm-c-sØbpw `cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ A[oi-]-XybimkvX-ß-fpsS
krjvSn-I-fm-Wv. \ne-\n¬°p∂ A[n-Im-c-X-¥-ß-fp-sStbm kmwkvIm-cnI Imem-
h-ÿ-bp-sStbm \ymbo-I-c-W-ßtfm XpS¿_-‘-ßtfm Bbn Cu ]mT-߃ amdp-
∂p. hyh-ÿm-]nX kzcq-]-ap≈ ]Xy-b-im-kvX-ß-sfbpw GI-kz-c-X-bp≈ IYm-
Jym-\-ß-sfbpw hna¿in-°p∂ \h\ncq-]W ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ]q¿∆\n›n-X-amb IY-
\-ssi-en-Isf hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°p-∂p. kvXokz-Xz-]-T-\-ß-fpsS
Hcp-Xew Cu coXn-bn-ep≈ hyh-ÿm-]nX ]mT-ß-fpsS A]-\n¿Ωm-Whpw
]p\¿cN-\-bp-am-Wv. _mly-]-Ir-Xn-bpsS kml-Ncy-߃°pw ico-cm-h-iy-
߃°pw A\p-kr-X-ambn \ΩpsS \mUo-hyqlw kwhn-[m\w sNø-s∏- -Xns‚
Hm¿Ω-Iƒ \ΩpsS Rc-ºp-I-fn-ep≠v F∂ tPmk^v Iymsº-s√s‚ (1991) \nK-
a-\-a-\p-k-cn®v kwkvIm-c-]-In-b-I-tfmSv a\p-jy≥ Inbm-fl-I-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-®-
Xns‚ tcJ-I-fm-bn-´mWv hmsamgn BJym-\-ßsf ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv. kvXobp-
sSbpw ]pcp-j-s‚bpw kzXz-cq-]o-I-cW]In-b-Ifn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ ap≥hn-
[n-I-sfbpw kmaq-ln-I-L-S-I-ß-sfbpw anØp-I-fpsS ]p\-cm-Jym\w tNmZyw-sN-
øp∂p. CXn-lm-k-ß-fnepw ]pcm-hr-Ø-ß-fnepw tZi-N-cn-X-Ønepw Dƒt®¿∂n-
cn-°p∂ At_m-[-kvar-Xn-Isf \nc-¥cw ]cn-W-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kmwkvIm-
cnI ]Inb-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Bhn-jvIm-c-amWv hwio-btam h¿§-
]-c-tam enwK-]-ctam Bb kzXzsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv.
tZi-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS At_m-[-Øn¬ thtcm-Sn-bn-cn-°p∂ anØp-I-fn-sebpw
CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-Wm-Zn-I-fn-sebpw BZ¿i-h-XvIr-X-amb kvXoXzsØ kvXo]-£-
Øp-\n∂v ]p\¿c-Nn-°p∂ coXn ae-bm-f-Ønse IYm-Im-cn-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-®n-´p-
≠v. antYm-f-Pn-I-sf√mw shdpw ]cn-th-j-߃ amX-amsW∂pw At\Iw
kvssXWmhÿI-fpsS Xa-kvI-cW ߃ Ah-bn¬ kw`-hn-®n-
´p≠v F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hpw Cu ]p\-cm-Jym-\-ß-fn-ep-≠v. CXn-lmk IY-I-fpsSbpw
samgn-h-g-°-ß-fp-sSbpw IrXy-amb N -°q-Sn¬ ( ) \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ kq£va-
hm-b-\-I-f√ tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn-ep-≈-Xv. ]p\-cm-Jym-\-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-
tØmfw Hcp Xcw \yq\o-I-cW amWv tKkn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
CXn-lm-k-߃, ]pcmhr-Ø-߃, ss__nƒ ssien-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS LS-\sb
Bt£-]-lm-ky-tØmsS kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Xs‚- temIt_m[-Øns‚ tkz—m-
]-c-amb ]I¿∏p-I-fm-°n-am-‰p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kµ¿`-߃ tKkn-bpsS IY-I-
fn¬ D≠v. ssIkvXhaX-K-Ÿ-amb ss__n-fnse ]ta-b-ßfpw ssien-Ifpw
ap≥Ime k¿§m-fl-I-c-N-\-I-fn¬ ]e-cq-]-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-am-bn-´p-≠v. B[p-\n-I-
Xbv°v tij-ap≈ BJym-\-ß-fn¬ Bflob ]h¿≤-IXzw F∂ [¿ΩwXs∂
hna¿in-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kzXz-Øns‚ Bflo-b-]-cn-k-c-߃°v ÿm\w \jvS-s∏-Sp∂p
F∂mWv CXn¬\n∂pw hnh£n-°p-∂-Xv. `n∂-ß-fmb kmwkvIm-cnI Imem-h-
ÿ-I-fpsS aniWw F∂ coXn-bn¬ ss__nƒ _nw_-߃, ssien-Iƒ F∂nh
tKkn-bpsS IYm-tem-I-Øp-≠v. ]q¿∆]mT-ß-fpsS ]ta-b-]-c-amb ]p\¿c-N\
F∂-Xn-\p-]cn LS-\m-]-c-amb ]p\x-krjvSn F∂ \ne-bn-emWv tKkn-bpsS IY-
Isf hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xv.
CXn-lmkIYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ]p\¿c-N\
CXn-lm-k-߃ _rl-Zv]m-c-ºcy s‚ mK-am-Wv. Hmtcm
Ime-L-´-Øn-s‚bpw kzXz-k-¶ev]-߃°-\p-kr-X-ambn ]cn-W-an-∏n-°p-hm≥
]m]vX-amb Cem-kvXn-IX CXn-lm-k-ß-fpsS BJym-\-L-S-\-bn-ep-≠v. \pdpßv
kw -h-I-Y-Iƒ _rl-Zm-Jym-\-ß-fn¬ kpjn-c-ß-fp-≠m-°p∂p (2000:51) F∂v \h-
NcnXhmZn-Ifmb ImYdn≥ Kme-L¿, Ão^≥ Ko≥ªm‰v F∂n-h¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv
CXn-lm-k-L-S-\-bnse ]gp-Xp-Isf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bm-Wv. kvXokz-Xz-]-T-\-ß-fpsS
coXn-imkvXw CXn-lm-k-I-Y-\-]m-c-º-cy-Øn\v hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb ]mcm-bW
km[y-X-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p. kZm-Nm-cw, [m¿ΩnIX, _lp- m-cy-Xzw, _lp- ¿ØrXzw
XpSßnb hyh-ÿm-]nX kaq-l-k-¶-ev]-߃°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ CXn-
lmk]mcm-b-W-amWv Zo¿L-Imew C¥y≥ P\-Xsb `cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. CXn-lmk
IYm-]m-X-ßsf Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°p-tºm-gmWv Ahbv°v Imem-
\pkrX-amb ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-lm-k-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hcp∂
IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ]mcUn krjvSn-®p-s°m-≠p≈ IYm-c-N-\-bmWv tKkn kzoI-
cn°p∂Xv. kXy-h-Xn, Ip¥n, koX, cm[, ]©men F∂n-h¿ CXn-lm-k-ß-
fnepw ]pcm-W-ß-fnepw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ BZ¿i-kvXo-Xz-ß-fm-Wv. Hcp GSns‚
kXy-k-‘-am-b-]-I¿∏v , th\-en¬ hoW-a-g-Øp≈n , koXm-b-\w , Iev]m-¥w ,
]m©men F∂o IY-I-sf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv tKkn-bpsS C-Xn-lm-km-kv]-Z-
amb IY-I-fnse kvssXW-k-¶-ev]sØ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xv. `mjm-ssi-en-
bn¬ D≈-S°w sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ ]Xy-b-im-kvX-amWv Cu IY-I-fn¬ D≈-Xv.
Hcp GSns‚ kXy-k-‘-am-b-]-I¿∏v
CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-iIeØns‚ ]p\¿cN\bmWv Xm≥ \S-Øp-hm≥ t]mIp-
∂-sX∂v t_m[-]q¿∆w ]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ LS\ Cu IY-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-
cn-°p-∂p.
Ah-fpsS Ip´n-sb-°p-dn®v GSn¬ Zo¿L-amb hnh-cWw AS-ßp-∂p.
Hcp]t£, AXmWv ImX-emb ]iv\-hpw. Ah-fpsS Ip´n°v X¥bn√mbn-cp-∂p-
sh∂v ImWp-∂p. AXv XnI™ Akw-_-‘-am-sW∂pw Ah-fpsS Ip™ns‚
A—≥ ]cm-i-c-ap-\n-bm-sW∂pw Imcy-߃ Xnc-°m≥ sN∂ Ab-esØ A`ypZ-
b-Imw-£n-I-fmb s]Æp-ß-tfmSv Ahƒ Bh¿Øn®p ]d™p .......... Imfn-µo-Xo-
csØ IS-Øp-Im-cn-s∏-Æns‚ IY-bpsS Npcpƒ \nh¿Øp-Ibpw Npcp-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ Hmf-ßfn¬ Ah-fpsS a\ v s]mßn-°n-S-°p-Ibpw Ae-k-ambn Hgp-Ip-
Ibpw sNbvXp ................... (1998 : 10˛11) F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ CXn-
lm-k-I-Y-bpsS h¿Ø-am\ A\p-_-‘-amWv D≈-Xv. A[n-Im-c-\n-jvT-amb ssewKn-
I-Nq-j-W-߃ Ncn-X-]-c-amb ]In-b-bm-sW∂ t_m[w Chn-sS-bp-≠v. Iqc-
ambn NXn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ac-£n-X-bmb s]¨Ip- n-bpsS IYsb ]cm-icap\n, thZ-
hym-k≥, kXy-h-Xn- F∂n-h-cp-ambn- _‘n-∏n-®-Xn¬ \n∂pw BZ¿i ]cn-th-j-
ß-fn¬ Pohn-°p∂ sFXn-lm-knI ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS Nnc-¥\ aqey-ß-sfbpw B[n-
Im-cnI i_vZ-ß-sfbpw XI¿°p∂ kvXoI¿Ør-Xz-sØ-bmWv Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-
Xv. IYm-inev]-Øns‚ D≈n¬Øs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ ASn-°p-dn∏v F∂
kt¶Xw Aa¿Ønh® lmky-Øns‚ kqN-I-am-Wv. ì Cu GSns‚ ]p\-cm-Jym\w
Ign-bp-∂X kwK-ln®pw \njv]-£-ambpw \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ Rm≥ ian-®n-´p-
s≠∂v hmb-\-°m-cpsS ka£w Adn-bn®p sIm≈p∂p. (1998:11)
th\en¬ hoW ag-Øp≈n
ASn®-a¿Ø-s∏- tXm A\n-b-¥n-Xtam Bb kvssXWImaØns‚ NnXo-
I-c-W-amWv BXy¥nI-ambn Cu IY \n¿∆ln--°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnc-k-X-
Ifpw Ac-£n-X--Xz-ßfpw ho¿∏p-ap-´n-°p∂ Hcp s]¨Ip´n tdmUn-en-dßn A]-
cn-Nn-X-\mb kvIq´¿ bmXn-I-t\m-sSm∏w aZn-∏n-°p∂ thK-Øn¬ A\n-›n-X-ambn
bmX-sN-øp-Ibpw HSp-hn¬ Hcp tlm´¬ap-dn-bn¬ Abm-fpsS Cc-bm-hp-Ibpw
sNøp∂ Akm-[m-c-W-amb ]cy-h-km-\-ap≈ IY-bpsS hyXn-cn-‡-Xbv°v Hcp
ImcWw I\yI F∂ kvssXWm-h-ÿ-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-]Xn-cq-]-amb
Ip¥n bpsS hy‡n-Xz-hp-ambn s]¨Ip-´n-bpsS
kzXzsØ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. I\y-ImXzw \in-∏n® sNdp-∏°m-c-\n¬ Hcp
\nan-jt\c-tØ-°p-W-cp∂ kl-Xm-]sØ Ahƒ Ah-⁄-tbmsS t\cnSp-∂p.
\n߃ Ip¥nsb tI´n-´nt√ ?
C√.
F¶n¬ Rm\mWp Ip¥n. Fs‚ a\- ns‚ Ccp-≠-a-S-°p-I-fn¬ A©p
a¥-߃ Rms\m-fn∏n®ph-®n-´p-≠v. Hmtcm thgvN Ign-bp-tºmgpw ho≠pw I\y-
I-bm-hm-\p≈ a¥w (1998: 17--- ˛18)
ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-t_m-[-Øn¬ thcp-d-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ i‡-amb
kvssXW-k¶ev]-amWv I\yI . CXn-lm-k-I-Y-IfnepS-\ofw A]-Yk©mc-
ß-fp-sSbpw AK-ay-K-a\ßfp-sSbpw IY-I-fp-s≠∂v C∂sØ ]mcm-bWkµ¿ -
ß-fn¬ hy‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. ‡n-\n-jvT-amb hmb-\-bpsS Hcp L -Øn¬h®v ]mXn-
hXyw, [m¿Ωn-I-X, NmcnXyw XpS-ßnb kvssXW--`m-h-߃°v ]apJyw ssIh-
∂p. AØcw Hcp Ime-L-´-Øns‚ ]mcm-b-W-kµ¿`Øn-emWv Ip¥n-bpsS
clkya¥-Øn\p Aeu-In-I-kn≤n e`n-°p-∂-Xv. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-
cm¿≤-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ th\-en¬ hoW ag-Øp≈n F∂ IY-bpsS A¥¿a-
WvUew XnI®pw sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-am-Wv. kaqlsØ Ah-⁄-tbmsS ho£n-
°p∂ coXn-bmWv Cu IY-bnep-≈-Xv.
Abm-fpsS hnf-dn-t∏mb apJØp t\m°n Hcp kv]nMv Ab-bp-tºmse
Ahƒ Nncn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. IÆn¬ sh≈w \nd™v, InX®v izmkw ap´n. F∂n´pw
\n¿ØmsX Ahƒ InS-°-bn-ep-cp-≠p . (1998:18) CXn-lm-km-kv]-Z-amb ka-Im-
eo\kvXo]mTw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw kvXoi-co-c-Øn-t\¬°p∂ BLm-
X-ßsf ISpØ ZpxJ-tØmsSbpw Bfl-\n-µ-tbmsSbpw ho£n-°p∂ s]¨Im-
gvN-bmWv ChnsS D≈Xv.
koXm-b\w
`mc-XobkvXoXz-Øns‚ Nmcn-Xy-ip-≤n, ]mXn-hXyw F∂o k¶-ev-]-ß-
fpsS BZ¿i-am-Xr-I-bmWv koX. sshZn-I-Im-esØ [¿Ω-imkvX߃ krjvSn®
[z\nbpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-te°v \o≠p-t]m-Ip∂ ]Xn-[z-\n-bpamWv koX. ]e \ma-
ß-fnepw Ncn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw koX°v XpS¿®Iƒ e`y-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.
`mcy, AΩ F∂o \ne-I-fn-ep≈ kpL-Sn-X-amb IpSpw-_-_-‘-Ønse
kvXoXzw ]q¿Æ-ambn A]-am-\n-°-s∏-´-t∏mgpw iocm-a≥ F∂ cmPm-hns‚
cmP-[¿Ω-߃°p ap≥]n¬ kvssXW-\o-Xn-Iƒ°v ÿm\w e`n-®n√ F∂Xv
bmYm¿∞y--am-Wv. HutZym-Kn-I-Pohn-X-Øns‚ kpc£nXXz-Øn\p th≠n hf-s®m-
Sn-°m-hp∂ Cem-kvXn-I-amb cmK-_-‘-amWv cmam-b-W-Øns‚ kq£vam-¥¿K-
Xw. tKkn-bpsS koXm-b\w F∂ IY koX-bpsS n∂-ßfmb kzXzm-h¿Ø-
\-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. KoX F∂ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Pohn-XsØ tIµo-I-cn-
®p-sIm-≠p≈ Cu IY-bn¬ kam¥cmJym\w F∂ \ne-
bn-emWp koX-bpsS ]cm-a¿i-߃ hcp-∂-Xv. koX ]mXn-h-Xy-Øns‚bpw Nmcn-
Xy-ip-≤n-bp-sSbpw amX-a√ Ac-£n-X-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw A]-am-\-Nn-¥-I-fp-sSbpw
]Xo-I-am-sW∂ [z\n Cu IY-bn-ep-≠v. ChnsS kvXobpsS al-Xz-h-XvI-c-W-an-
√. kvssXWm-h-ÿ-bp-sS ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb kqN-\-Iƒ amX-ta-bp-≈q. dn -tb¿Uv
kvIqƒ hm≤ym-cpsS aI-fmb KoX ¿Øm-hmb iocm-aNµs‚ HutZym-KnIamb
kzm¿∞ taml-߃°pth≠n ]c-]p-cp-j-K-a-\-Øn\p t]cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. cmam-
bW IYm]m-X-amb koX bn¬ \n∂pw KoX hyXy-kvX-bm-Ip-∂Xv ka-Im-
eo-\-amb Nne IpSpw_ k¶-ev]-ßfnemsW∂v IYm-IrØv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ kwc-£-I-cmb B¨a-°sf hf¿Øm-\p≈XpsIm-≠mWv koX
£a-bpsS aq¿Øn-bmbn \nc-¥cw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v IYm-IrØv ]tcm-£-
ambn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]t£, koX-bpsS ]Xn-cq]ßfmbn Ncn-X-Øn¬
]Xy£cm-Ip∂ kvXoIƒ°v AkvXn-Xz-]-iv\-ßtf°mƒ Ac-£n-X-`o-Xn-bm-
Wp-≈-sX∂p hy-‡-am-Ip-∂p. DÆnIfpsS ap∂n¬sh®pw A]-am-\n-X-bm-Ip-
tºmƒ DZcw ]nf¿∂v Xs∂ ho≠pw ssIs°m-≈p∂ aÆns‚ DZm-c-X-b-dn™v
koX ]ns∂bpw XWp-Øp. ]t£, Ct∏mƒ KoXbv°v XWp-°m-\m-hn-√-t√m.
KoX Cc-´-s]-‰Xv Da-sbbpw ca-sb-bp-am-Wt√m! (1997:14)
sh¥p-a-e® Hcp amwk-]n-WvU-ambn InS-°p-tºm-gmWv KoXbv°v ap÷-∑-
kvar-Xn-bp-≠m-b-Xv. ]mWs‚ sI v hnßn hnßn Agn-bp-tºmƒ P∑-ß-fpsS Ccp≠
\m´p-h-gn-bn-eqsS kvarXn-bpsS shfn®w hnd®p hnd®p \oßn KoX koXbmbn-
cp-∂p..........-Ko-X-bpsS Hm¿Ω s]m´n-sØ-dn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Np‰pw ]c-s∂m-gp-Ip∂ Ccp-
fn-eqsS- ]m-Ws‚ Ah-km-\sØ sI´p-a-gn™p KoX ASpØ P∑-Øns‚ Zpc-
¥-Øn-te°p-bm-X-bm-hp-I-bm-Wv.....î (1997: 13˛14)
s]¨Ip-´n-I-fp≈ AΩ-am¿ A]-am-\n-X-amb Pohn-X-tØmSv k‘n-sN-øm-
\m-ImsX kzbw Ah-km-\n-∏n-t°-≠-n-h-cp∂p-sh-∂Xv \n¿Æm-bI kzXz-]-Xn-k-
‘n-bm-Wv. ]pcp-j-kz-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v kvXoXzsØ hyXn-cn-‡-am-°p∂ AXn-i-
‡-amb A¥¿bm-Ym¿∞y-ambn amXr-XzsØ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p koX F∂
_nw_w ]cn-h¿Ø-\-tijn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv koXm-b\w F∂ IY-
bpsS ^e-ip-Xn.
Ie-v]m¥w
CXnlm-k-ß-fnepw ]pcm-W-ß-fnepw antYm-f-Pn-I-fnepw Bh¿Øn-®p-h-cp∂
BZ¿i-]-W-b-I-Y-bnse IYm-]m-X-ß-fmWv cm[m-Ir-jvW-∑m¿. hyh-ÿm-]n-Xhpw
hnc-k-hp-amb Zmº-Xy-Pohn-X-Øn\p kam-¥-c-ambn kvXo]p-cpja\- p-I-fn¬ cq]-
s∏-Sp∂ ImapIoImapI`m-hsØbmWv cm[m-Ir-jvW-]-Wbw ]Xn-\n-[o-
I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Iev-]m¥w F∂ IY-bnse cm[bpw IrjvW≥Ip-´nbpw
kqN-I-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fm-Wv. Cu IY-bnse IYm-]m-X-߃t°m ]ta-b-Ønt\m
cm[m-Ir-jvW-]-W-b-k-¶-ev-]-hp-ambn ]Xy-£-_-‘-sam-∂p-an-√. ]t£, BJym-
\-Øns‚ hnhn[ AS-cp-Iƒ Iev]m¥Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. cm[bpw
IrjvW≥Ip-´nbpw a¨a-d™ apØ-∏≥am-cpw, Ah-cpsS t_m[hpw A-t_m-
[hpsa√mw IpSn-°p-g™ tIµ-c-ln-X-amb Cu BJym-\-Øns‚
Xm\ Øn¬ CS-°nsS ]ucm-Wn-I-_nw -_-ß--fpsS ssien IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p.
tKkn-bpsS IY-bnse cm[ Akq-b-bpsS aq¿Ø-cq-]-am-Wv. Ab¬ho-´nse
]q¿Æ-K¿`n-Wn-bmb sXtc-k-bpsS `¿Ømhns‚ AIm-e-a-c-W-Øn¬ a\- p-
sIm≠v KqV--ambn B\-µn-°p∂ kvXoa-\- n-s\-bmWv cm[ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. kvssXWtNX-\-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-amb kzXz-ßsf t\cn -Sp -hm≥
IrjvW≥Ip´n Ai-‡-\m-Ip-∂p.
IrjvW≥Ip- n°v ]\n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Ip´n-°mew apX¬t° ]\n Abmsf
CS-°nsS \o‰n-bn-cp-∂p. ]\n-®q-Sn¬ Xnf-®p-a-dn-bp-tºmƒ Ccp-´n-em-≠p-t]m-ImsX
IrjvW≥Ip´n Ft∏mgpw F¥ntem ]nSn®v s]m¥n-°n-S-∂p.
..............A\m-Zn-bmb Ccpƒ ]c-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]f-b-Pew `qansb hngp-ßp-I-bm-Wv.
lm! IjvSw! \Ωƒ apßp-I-bmWv lm! (1996:41)
]c-kv]c[mc-W-Iƒ C√mØ, Imap-IXzw \in®p Ign™ Zmº-XyPo-
-hn-X-Øns‚ ]Xo-Im-fl-I-amb A¥y-amWv Iev]m¥w F∂ IY Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Pnhn-°m-\p≈ KpWmflI( ) C—-Iƒ C√msXbmIp-∂p. cm[m-
Ir-jvW]W-b-k-¶-ev]-Øn\p hncp-≤-amb _nw_-tbm-P-\bpw ]Xy-b-im-kvX-
]-c-amb ]p\-cm-Jym-\-hp-amWv Iev]m¥w F∂ IY-bn-ep-≈-Xv.
]m©men
tKkn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≈ CXn-lm--km-¥¿K-X-cmb kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-ß-
fpsS tiWn-bn¬ BJym-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-sIm≠pw kml-knI mhp-I-Xzw-sIm≠pw
i‡-amb IY-bmWv ]m©m-en. _lp-`m-cy-mXzhpw _lp-`¿Ør-Xzhpw \ne-\n-
∂n-cp∂ Ahy-h-ÿn-X-amb Ime-L-´-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn-cn∂n´pIqSn ]nev-
°m-e-]m-cm-b-W-ß-fn¬ ]m©m-en-bpsS ]mXn-h-Xy-Øn\p ]k-‡n-ssIh∂p.
kq£v-a-hm-b-\-bn¬ ]mcm-b-W-]-≤-Xn-I-fpsS N´-°qSn\p Iog-S-ßmØ
k¶o¿Æamb kvssXW-hy-‡n-XzamWv ]m©m-en-bp-tS-Xv. tKkn-bpsS
]m©men F∂ IY ]Xn-]mTw F∂ \ne-bn-em-Wv ]k-‡n-bm¿÷n-
°p-∂-Xv. Akw-Xr-]vX-amb Zmº-Xy-PohnXw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ kvXobpsS ]Xn-cq-
]-ambn ]m©m-en-am-dp-∂p. ]m©men F∂ IY-bpsS LS\ ]ucm-Wn-I-am-Wv.
]m©men IrjvW-s\-bmWv BXy-¥n-I-ambn ]W-bn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂ bmYm¿∞y-
Øn¬\n∂p-sIm-≠mWv IY-bpsS Bhn-jvImcw \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]mWvUh-
cpsS _e-lo-\-amb Ima-tI-fn-I-tfm-Sp≈ Ah-⁄bpw ]p—hpw IYm-¥y-Øn¬
kv]jvS-am-Wv. ]ucm-Wn-I-Im-ehpw h¿Ø-am-\-Im-ehpw XΩn-ep≈ IqSn-t®-c-emWv
BJym-\-]-c-ambn ]m©men sb hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂-Xv.
BZy-cm-Xn-bn¬ \mgn-bpcn sIm≈p∂ Hcp sam¥-bmWv ]m¬ \nd®v
AΩm-bn-bΩ acp-a-Isf Gev-]n-®-Xv. h[p-hns‚ apJsØ Aº-c-∏p-I≠v Cfw-Nn-
cn-tbmsS Ah¿ ]d-™p.
^¬Kp-hns‚ Iev]-\-bm-Wv.
IrjvW IS-∂p-sN-√p-tºmƒ Abmƒ InS-°-bn¬ Nmcn-°n-S∂v knK-c‰v
]pI-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p..............
sam¥ tai-∏p-d-Øp-sh-°p∂ i_vZw tI´v Abmƒ Xncn™p t\m°n.
At∏mƒ Abmƒ°v Hcm-fpsSamXw apJ-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. \me-©p-t]¿ Abm-fn¬
Xn°n-Xn-c°n \n¬°p-∂-Xp-I≠v ]I®v IrjvW-bpsS lrZ-b-an-Sn∏v sX‰n ..............
(2004:65)
IY-bpsS LS\ AXy¥w k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv. IrjvW-bpsS Ab¬]°Øv
Xma-kn-°m-s\-Øp∂ A©v sNdp-∏-°mcn¬ Hcm-fmWv ^¬Kp-\≥ F∂v IY-
bpsS ]Xy-£-X-e-Øn¬ hy‡amWv. Rm≥ hmin-tbmsS ]Tn-®p. a’-c-]-co-
£-I-fn-sems° hotdmsS ]s¶-Sp-Øp. G‰hpw \√ DtZymKw sXc-s™-SpØv
\ns‚ A—s‚ ap∂n¬ s\©p-hn-cn®p \n∂p. \ns∂ Atßcv F\n°v Xcn-Ibpw
sNbvXp. F∂mepw Fs‚ Nßm-Xn-amsc ad-°m≥ ]mSn-√-t√m. C∂p apX¬ \ns∂
Rm≥ A©mbn ]¶phbv°p-I-bm-Wv . (2004 : 66). ]pcpjkØ-bnse A©v
ssewKnI i‡n-I-sfbmWv ]mWvU-h¿ F∂ k¶ev]w IYm-h-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
kvXo˛]pcpj _‘-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂ncn-°p∂ ssewKn-Im-k-‡n-I-fpsS
a\xim-kvX-]-chpw Iem-fl-I-hp-amb BhnjvIm-c--amWv ]m©m-en. ]pcpj
ssewKnI-X-bpsS ssien-Isf A©m-bn-Øs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
hfsc am\y-\mWv [¿Ω-]p-X¿. kvXoI-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]tXy-In-®pw.
IrjvW-bpsS DS¬ Hcp-h´w arZp-hmbn XgpIn Abmƒ Ah-fn-te°p IS-∂p.
thKw ia\w t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]nt‰∂v cmXn-bn¬ `oa-\n-d-ßnb Ieym-W-ku-K-‘nIs]mbvI-t]mse
IrjvW Ie-ßn-a-dn-™p.
Hcp aqfn∏mt´m-sS-bmWv aq∂m-asØ cmXn-bn-te°v A¿÷p-\≥ IS∂p
hcp-∂-Xv. Abm-fpsS ]W-bm¿Z-amb angn-Iƒ IrjvWsb Gsdt\cw Dgn-
™p. Abm-fpsS hnc-ep-I-fn¬ cXn-cm-K-߃ s]cp-Øp. F¶nepw IrjvW
Aen-™n-√.
kpµ-c≥ \Ip-e\mWv. ]t£, \Ip-e≥ kvt\ln-°p-∂Xv kz¥w ico-
csØ amXw. kvXo ico-c-tØmSv Abmƒ°v Xosc-bn√ Bk-‡n.
\mW-a-I∂v kl-tZ-h≥ hnPw-`n-®p. Abm-fpsS hocyw Xmßm-\m-hmsX
IrjvW ]√p-Iƒ tIm¿Øv sRcn-®p. Cu Ifn Dug-an´v Ft∂°pw XpS-cp-sa∂v
Ahƒ°v Xo¿®-bm-bn . (2004 : 67˛68)
Cßs\, hnhn-[-Xcw hnIm-c-]-I-S-\-ß-fn-eqsS kvXoXzsØ am\n-°mØ
]pcp-j-ssew-KnI-X-bpsS kvt\l-iq-\y-amb B[n-]-Xy-sØ-bmWv ]Xo-Im-fl-
I-amb ]ucm-Wn-Im-¥-co-£-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tKkn-bpsS
At\Iw IY-I-fn¬ Bh¿Øn-°p∂ Pmc-i¶ ChnsS as‰m-cp-am\w tXSp-∂p.
B]Øv ImeØv kvt\ln-°p∂ Hcp Imap-I-k-¶ev]w F∂-Xn\v ]oXmw-_-c-]-
`-bn¬ apßnb Ah-fpsS apdn F∂p-am-Xta ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≈q.
tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnse kvXokz-Xz-Nn-Xo-I-cWw D]-cn-π-h-a-√. ]pcp-j-]-
£Øpw kvXo ]£Øp\n∂p≈ kq£va-amb A\p- -h-hn-i-I-e\w ChnsS D≠v.
b£n- -K-‘¿∆ kqN-I-߃; ]pcm-hrØ hni-I-e\w
X∂n¬Ø-s∂-bp≈ A]c Øns‚ km∂n-≤ysØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥
]pcm-hrØ kqN-I-ß-fpsS LS-\sb Fgp-Øp-Imcn Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂p-≠v. \nc-
¥-c-amb ]cn-Wm-a-߃°pw hyXn-bm-\-߃°pw hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂
kzXz -Øns‚ A]-\n¿Ωm -Whpw ]p\¿c -N -\bpw
km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv, kaq-l-a-\- n¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ ]pcm-
hrØ ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnepw
Hm¿Ω-°p-dn∏p-I-fnepw Imhpkw_-‘n-bmb BZn-]-cq-]-ß-fpsS km∂n-≤y-ap-≠v.
kvXo]p-cpj\njvTamb kuµ-cy-k-¶ev]-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-am-bn- mWv IYm-L-
S-\-bn¬ Cu kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. Ah-bn¬ hni-I-e\w A¿ln-
°p∂ i‡-amb ]pcm-hrØ _nw_-ß-fmWv b£n ˛ K‘¿∆-k-¶ev]w.
b£n- -K-‘¿∆-k-¶ev]w tIc-f-Ønse A\p-jvTm-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fnepw kmwkvIm-
cn-I-amb samgn-h-g-°-ß-fnepw n∂-X-tbm-sS-bmWv kzoI-cn-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. b£n-
_nw-_hpw Ah-tbmSv IÆn-tN-cp∂ K‘¿∆ ]cm-a¿i-ßfpw kvXo]pcpjkw_-
‘n-bmb ^m‚-kn-Iƒ amX-a-√. Hcp ]tXyI Ime-L´w cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb
kvssXW-kz-Xz-Øns‚ ]Xn-^-e-\-߃ Cu k¶ev]-ßfn¬ D≠v. AXp-
sIm≠pXs∂ b£n-Ifpw K‘¿∆∑mcpw Ah-cpsS `mam-flItemI-ß-fn¬ kzX-
¥-cm-bn-cp∂n-√ F∂v tIc-f-Øns‚ AXnk¶o¿Æ-amb Ncn-X-KXn hy‡-am-
°p∂p. ssZh-tI-µn-X-amb c≠v kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS Ie¿∏p-Iƒ tIc-f-kw-kvIm-
c-Øn¬ i‡-am-bn- p-≈-Xn-\m¬ b£n-Iƒ \mtSmSn ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ mK-
ambpw, K‘¿∆-∑m¿ tZhmwiw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kmXznI Imap-I-∑m-cmbpw Ncn-X-
K-Xn-bn¬ kzXz-am¿÷n-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse b£n-˛-K-‘¿∆ A\p-jvTm\ k¶-
ev]-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ ssZh-imkvXw Fßs\ kvXokz-XzsØ
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-sh∂pw hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.
s\‰n-bn¬ s]m´p-sXm-Sp∂ cq]-Øn-ep≈ kpµ-cn-b£n k¶ev]-Øntem
IÆmSn _nw_-amtbm BWv b£nsb ][m-\-ambpw Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xv. hm¬°-
ÆmSn ]nSn®p \n¬°p∂ hn[-Øntem K‘¿∆-t\m-sSm∏w Ccn-°p∂ hn[-Øntem
BWv KW-I-∑m¿ b£n-t°m-e-߃ hc-bv°m-dp-≈Xv . (2005 : 52) F∂n-ßs\
10
tIc-f-Øns‚ tZh-Xm-k-¶ev]-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ b£n k¶ev]-߃
D≈-Xmbn Fw.-Pn. iin-`q-j¨ hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v. apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® ]kvXm-h-\-
bn¬ \n∂pw b£nkw_-‘n-bmb Bcm-[\mhyh-ÿnXnbpsS kz`mhw hy‡-
am-Ip-∂p-≠v.
01. b£n \mtSmSn kwkvIm-c-Ønse tZhXm k¶-ev]-am-Wv.
02. A_m-“-Wn-I-amb a¥-hm-Z-amWv b£n-]q-P-bn-ep-≈-Xv.
03. emky-]-[m-\-amb kvssXW-kz-Xz-am-bmWv b£n k¶ev∏n-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv.
04. kvXo]p-cp-j-k-a-\zn-X-amb Pnhn-X-k-¶ev]w b£n Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.
b£n-kw_-‘n-bmb A\p-jvTm-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂pw `n∂-ambn ]pcp-j-
∑msc hio-I-cn®v HSp-°p∂ Ima-cq-]n-Wn-I-fm-bn-´mWv b£n-Iƒ tIc-fob-cpsS
At_m-[-Øn¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n-®n- p-≈-Xv. A\nb¥nXamb kvssXW-Im-asØ ]pcp-
j-]-£-Øp-\n∂p ho£n-t°-≠n-h-cp-tºm-sg-√mw, b£n °v ss]imNn-I-amb mhw
ae-bm-f-]-Zm-h-en-Ifpw temI-t_m-[-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. b£s‚ kvXo F∂pw
s]mXpth thj-wam-dpIbpw P\-]o-U-sN-øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp Xcw ]nimNv
F∂pamWv i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en (1931)b£nsb hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tNmc-Ip-Sn-°p∂
Ima-tZ-hX F∂- A¿∞hy-Xn-bm-\-Øn-te°v kpµ-c-b£n k¶ev]w FØn-
s∏-´-Xv kwkvIm-c-N-cn-X-Øns‚ ]n≥_-e-tØm-sS-bm-Wv.
kvXokzm-X-¥ysØ `b-°p-Ibpw ASn-®-a¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]pcp-j-
tem-I-Øns‚ amXw krjvSn-b√ tIc-f-Ønse b£n-]p-cm-hr-Øw. Imc-Ww, tIc-
f-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ ambm-b-£n-°m-hp-Iƒ (A-Sq¿, Hm®n-d) CXn\p A]-hm-Z-
am-Wv. k¿∆-X¥-kz-X-¥-amb ]Ir-Xym-cm-[-\-Iƒ°p-ta¬ A[o-iXzw ÿm]n®
_m“-W-]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ AS-™-ho-£-W-amWv b£n-k-¶ev]-Øn¬ ]Xn-
^-en-°p-∂-Xv. sshZn-I-kw-kvImcw kvXoku-µ-cy-tØmSpw kzmX-¥y-tØmSpw
]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ Bk‡-n-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-K-W-\-I-fp-sSbpw kzm[o\w tIc-fo-
b-amb b£n-k-¶ev]-Øn-ep-≠v. kuµ-cyw, ]Wbw XpS-ßnb A\p-cm-K-_-≤-
amb LS-I-ßsf amb amX-ambn ImWp-Ibpw Imaw F∂ Ah-ÿbv°v
]mamWyw ssIh-cn-Ibpw sNbvX Ncn-X-k‘nIqSn ]pcm-hrØ hniI-e-\-Øn¬
kqNn-X-am-Ip-∂p≠v. tZho-am-lm-fly-Øn s‚ Fgp-tØm-e-Iƒ sIm≠p-amXw
Bfl-\n-b-¥-Whpw c£bpw Is≠-Øn-bn-cp∂ _m“-W-sc-bmWv b£n-Iƒ
s]mXpth ]tem- n-∏n®ncp∂-sX∂Xv sFXn-ly-ame (1898˛1909) bnse kq£vam-
¿∞am-Wv.
K‘¿∆≥ F∂ ]pcm-hrØ_nw_Øn\v ]pd-In¬ h¿Øn-°p∂ a\x-
imkvXw AXy¥w Imev]-\n-I-am-Wv. \nXy-\q-X-\-amb Zmº-Xy-Po-hnXw BK-ln-
°p∂ kvXoa\- p-IfpsS BZ¿iImap-I-\mbn ( ) K‘¿∆≥ ]cn-K-
Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. BK-ln-°p-∂-sX¥pw \nd-th-‰n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂ ]pcp-j≥ F∂
k¶-ev]-amWv K‘¿∆-\nse a\p-jymwiØnep-≈Xv. D®m-S\ kw_-‘n-bmb a¥-
hm-Z-co-Xn-I-fn¬hsc K‘¿∆s\ kw_-‘n® Imev]-\n-I-am\w (
) \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. kpIp-am-c-I-e-I-fpsS A[n-\m-Y-\mbpw klr-Z-
bXz-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-ambpw k¶ev]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ K‘¿∆-∑m-cpsS D®m-S-\-߃ s]mXp-
a-¥-hm-Z-co-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw `n∂-ambn \n¬°p-∂p. £Wn®p hcp-Øn, A\p-hmZw
tNmZn®v kvXoi-co-c-Øn¬\n∂pw _lp-am-\-]q¿∆w Hgn∏n®p hnSp∂ Imev]-\nI-
amb A¥¿\m-S-I-ß-fmWv K‘¿∆-]q-P-Iƒ. ]pcp-j-a-\- ns‚ BZ¿i-_nw-_-ambn
b£n hnI-kn-°p-∂n√. ]t£, kvXo a\- ns‚ `am-fl-I-kq-N-I-ambn K‘¿∆≥
\ne-\n¬°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv b£n˛K‘¿∆ ]pcm-hr-Ø-ß-fnse sshcp-≤yw.
tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬, \ne\n¬°p∂ b£n- -K-‘¿∆ ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃°v
]qc-I-amb BJym-\-tem-I-amWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kuµ-cy-\n-jvT-amb IYm-
]-›m-Øew F∂-Xn-\p-]cn ]pcm-hr-Ø-Øns‚ ]p\¿c-N\ (
) F∂ Xe-Øn-te°v Db-cp∂ IY-Iƒ A]q¿∆-am-Wv. AXm-bXv b£n
F∂ kvssXW-_nw-_-sØ-°p-dn®v \ne-\n¬°p∂ samgn-h-g-°-߃°v BJym-
\-]camb hnt—Zw hcp-Øp-hm≥ km[n-®n-´n-√. Hcp P\-X-bpsS At_m-[-Øn¬
ebn-®p-tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂ hwio-bhpw tKmX-]-c-hp-amb kvac-W-I-fpsS A¿∞-hy-
Xn-bm\w km[y-am-Ip-tºmƒ amX-amWv ]p\¿c-N-\-bmbn amdp-∂-Xv. anØp-I-sf-
°p-dn-®p≈ imkvXo-b-hn-i-I-e-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v anØv Ahn-X¿°n-X-ambn kzoI-
cn-t°≠ kmwkvIm-cnI ]mT-a√ F∂pw, kzXzm-[n-jvTn-X-ambn \nc-¥cw ]p\¿c-
Nn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-sW∂pw Is≠-Øp-∂p. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ ]pcm-hr-Ø-
ß-fpsS ssieo-]-c-amb A\p-I-c-W-ß-fmWv D≈-Xv.
b£n-kq-N-\-Iƒ
01 b£nbm! kq£nt®m! tNmc-Ip-Sn-°p∂ C\am! Rm≥ Nncn-®p. Ahƒ
Ft∂w-sIm≠p Icn-º-\-bpsS apI-fn-te°p ]d-°p-∂Xpw CdpsI ]pW¿∂p
Np≠p-I-fn¬ Npw_n-®p tNmc-bq-‰p-∂Xpw amwkw Im¿∂p-Xn-∂p-∂Xpw F√pIƒ
Idp-apsd Nh-®p-Xp-∏p-∂-Xp-sams° Hm¿Øv Rm≥ tcmam-©w-sIm≠p .
(eq-bn-c-≠m-as‚ hncp-∂v, 1996:24)
02 ]mhw sIfh≥! \ns∂-t∏m-semcp b£nsb Xmßm≥ aq∏¿°v ]‰q√m.....!
\o Ctßm-´p-hmtbm! (I√p:1996:30)
03 hmXn-en¬ ap´n-b-t∏mƒ Ahƒ ae¿s° Xpd-∂p. b£n-°Ybn¬ \n∂n-
d-ßn-h∂ Hcp cmP-Ip-am-cn-sb-t∏mse kpµ-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p Ahƒ . (am¥n-I°-
Æm-Sn, 2005:173)
11
04 \K-c-lr-Z-b-Øns‚ Hcp tImWn¬ [ym\-Øn-ea-¿∂p \n¬°p∂ B
]gb hoSv Ahsf Ft∏mgpw Hcp- Im-¥w-t]mse BI¿jn®p..... C√n-°m-Sn-\-
∏pdw ]¥-en®p \n¬°p∂ Ggnew]me ]q°p-tºmƒ ]m¿°m≥ FØp∂ b£n-
tbmSv tNmZn°m≥ Ahƒ Ipsd tNmZy-߃ Icp-Xn-sh-®p. (\mb-bp≠v kq£n-
°pI, 2004:50)
K‘¿∆-kq-N\
IÆmSnbn¬\n∂v sh´n-Øn-cn™v Ahƒ D∑m-Zn-\n-sb-t∏mse s]m´n-®n-cn-
®p. Bbntcmw c≠m-bn-tcm-sams° \nßsfSp-tØm-≈q, F\n°v G‰hpw kpµ-c-
\mb K‘¿∆-s\ -°q´n\v X∂m¬ aXn. Aßs\-sbmcp cl-ky-Øns‚ I®n-Xp-
cp-sº-sa-¶n-√p-an-√msX Cu Pohn-X-Ønseß-s\-bmWv ]nSn®p \n¬°p-I....?
(\mb-bp≠v kq£n-°pI, 2004 : 50,51)
tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ kmµ¿`n-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]pcm-hrØ
_nw_-߃°v inev]-]-c-amb LS\ e`n-°p-∂Xv tZhoalmflyw F∂ IY-bn-
em-Wv. tZhoalm-fly -Ønse kvXoI-Ym-]m-X߃°v kqNI\ma-ß-fmWv D≈-
Xv. \oen, tZhn F∂o hncp≤ kvXoZ¿i-\-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈p∂ h¿§-\m-a-߃
kmwkvIm-cnI hncp-≤-X-I-fn¬\n∂pw cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ A[o-i-]-Xy-b-im-kvX-
ßsf At£-]-lm-ky-tØmsS Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xp∂ tZho-a-lm-flysØ anØns‚
ssieo]-c-amb ]p\xkrjvSn- F∂ hn`m-K-Øn--emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈-Xv. h©n-
°-s∏´ kvssXW-kzXzw F∂ k¶ev]-Øn-emWv \oen sb NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-
Xv. Iq´p-Im-cn-bmb tZhn, Xs‚ ]q¿∆Im-ap-I\pw tZhnbpsS ¿Øm-hpamb ]Im-
i≥ F∂n-h¿ h¿j-ß-ƒ°pti-jw, Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmbn Pnhn°p∂ \oen-bpsS
^vfm‰n¬ kulr-Z-k-µ¿i-\-Øn\p FØp-∂p. IY-bpsS ]tabw ]pcm-hr-Ø-
kq-N-I-ß-fpsS hnhn[ ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn-te°v ]t£-]n--°-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXn¬
\oen°v I≈n-bm-¶m´p \oen-sb∂ ss]im-Nn-I-b-£n-bpsS A¿∞-hym]vXn
e`n-°p-∂p. b£n®ncn, I≈nb¶mSv, ]\, NpÆmºv, ktΩm-l-\-®n-cn, Dc¬cq-]n-
bmb]oTw, ]me, ZwjvS, tNmc-bn-‰p∂ \mhv, tZhoamlmflyw F∂o
Xmt°m¬hm°p-Iƒ ( ) IY-bpsS ]Z-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ D≠v. ]pcm-
hrØ]c-amb IYm-L-S-\-bn-te-°p≈ kqN-I-]-Z-ß-fm-Wn-h.
AI-tØ°v IS∂ tZhn icn°pw A‘m-fn-®p. I≈n-b¶mSv F∂ vfm‰n\v
t]cn-´Xpw t]mcm™v N´n-bn-sems° \nd®v ]t\w ]nSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p!
]\-I-fn-s√-¶n¬ b£osS KXnsb¥mhpw tZhn? Rm≥ an°-Zn-h-khpw
NpÆmºv tNmZn®v ab°n Hmtcm ]pcp-jt\w Ctßm´v Iq´n-s°m≠v hcpw. Dug-
an´v Hmtcm ]\-bpsS apI-fn-emWv ambm-am-fnI Xo¿°p-I. t\cw shfp-°p-tºm
]\-t©m- n¬ Ah-cp-sS-sbms° F√pw \tJmw apSow amXw Ah-ti-jn-°pw......
Nmb-Ø-s´-SpØv s]m≈p∂ Nncn-bn-eqsS \oen kzo-I-c-W-ap-dn-bn-te°v \S-
∂p. Nmb°∏v ssIam-dn -b -t∏mƒ ]Im-is‚ Pn⁄mk \oen -bpsS
hnc¬Øpºn¬ sXm´p.
b£n°v DjvW-c-‡tam ioX-c-‡tam? (2004:56˛58)
Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmb kvXo, Ah-fpsS kzmX¥yw, kuµ-cyw, Imaw XpS-
ßnb imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb AhÿItfm-Sp-≈ kaqlØns‚ kzm`m-
hnI ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-ƒ apI-fn¬ D≤-cn® hcn-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-≠v. tZho-a-
lmflyw F∂ IY Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv A\n-b-¥n-Xhpw A]-cn-Nn-X-hp-amb
kvssXW-kz-XzsØ t\cn-Sp-hm≥ tZho-a-lmflyw At\z-jn°pItb \nh¿Øn-
bp≈q F∂ Bt£-]-lmky ]kvXm-h-\-tbm-sS-bmWv. ]ta-b-]-c-amb ]cn-
h¿Ø\w F∂-Xn-\p-]cn hyXn-cn-‡-amb BJym-\-k-t¶Xw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv
tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. Nmap-WvUn,
\mK-b-£n, Ip´n-®m-Ø≥ XpS-ßnb \m´p-ssZ-h-ß-fpsS A¥¿ÿ-e-ambn tKkn-
bpsS IY-Iƒ amdp-∂Xv ssieo-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-sIm-≠m-Wv.
ss__nƒ_nw-_-ßfpw ssien-Ifpw
tKkn-bpsS cN-\m-tem-IØv c≠v kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS i‡-amb
km∂n[yap≠v. ]Ir-Xn-\n-jvTamb Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw ssIkvX-h-a-
X-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw Ie¿∏p-Iƒ IYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬, ]tab kzoI-c-W-Øn¬,
]Z-tIm-i-ß-fn-se√mw kv]jvS-am-Wv. ss__nƒ IY-I-fpsS kvXokz-Xz-\n-jvT-
amb ]p\¿c-N-\-Iƒ tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ C√. ]ta-b-]-c-amb ss__nƒ
kzm[o\-ß-sf-°mƒ ]Zmh-en-Iƒ, hmIy-L-S\, D]-a-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ inev]]-
c-amb km∂n-[y-am-bn-´mWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ssIkvX-h-a-X-Øns‚ ]nXrtI-
µo-IrX-amb ( ) hnizm-k-ß-tfmSpw kmº-Øn -I -L-S -\ -tbmSpw
kwkvIm-c-tØm-Sp-ap≈ hntbm-Pn-∏p-I-fmWv ss__nƒssi-en-Isf lmky- m-h-
\-tbmsS ]p\-xkr-jvSn-°m-\p≈ t]c-W-bm-bn-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. Imth-cn-bpsS t\cv
F∂ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≈ btlm-h-bpsS hmƒ F∂ teJ\w
Cu ]kvXm-hsØ _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Ccp´v Icnºpensb-t∏mse ]Xp-ßn-In-S-°p∂ Hcp-ap-dn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p
Fs‚ ho´n¬. AIØv Ib-dn-bm¬ AXv apcƒ®-tbmsS NmSn-hoWv Fs∂ ISn-
®p-Iodp-sa∂v Rm≥ `b-∂p. B apdn-bn¬ Im¬s∏-´n-∏p-dØv sh≈-hn-cn®v Hcp
thZ-]p-kvXIw ]Xn-jvTn-®n-cp-∂p. IdpØ ]pdw-N- -bp≈ B ]pkvXIw IÆn¬s∏-
´-t∏m-sgms° `oXn Hcp-hmƒt]mse Fs‚ lrZ-bw-]n-f¿∂p. Hfn-®p-I-fn-°p-
tºmƒt∏mepw A_-≤-Ønseßm\pw B apdn-bn¬s]´p- t]m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ Rm≥
i-≤n-®p.
thZ]T\ ¢mkn¬ t]mbn-Øp-S-ßn-b-t∏m-gmWv AXv btlm-h-bpsS hmƒ
Xs∂-bmsW∂v F\n°v shfn-]m-Sp-≠m-b-Xv. Ip´n-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ sNdnb
sX‰n\pt]mepw A∏≥ Fs∂ ITn-\-ambn in£n-®p. AX-Xs∂ hmin-tbmsS
Rm≥ sX‰ns\ kvt\ln-®p. ]t£, Hmtcm sX‰pw sNøm-\mbn lrZbw Xp\n™v
IpXn-°p-tºmƒ s]m≈n-°p∂ hmƒØn-f°w Fs∂ ]nt∂m°w ]mbn-®p.
............... Iuam-csØ ]n¥≈n Rm≥ bu∆-\-Øns‚ ]Sn-s°-´p-Iƒ Ib-dp-
tºmƒ A∏s‚ Igp-I≥ IÆp-Iƒ F\n°p Np‰pw Imap-I-∑m-cpsS \ng-ep-Iƒ
Xnc-bm≥ XpS-ßn. F∂mtem Fs‚ IÆp-Iƒ Bsc-sb-¶nepw Is≠-Øp-tºmƒ
btlm-h-bpsS hmƒØn-f°w ImgvN-bn¬ Ccpƒ \nd-®p. (b-tlm-h-bpsS hmƒ;
2000:11.) aXw am\-knI kzmX-¥y-ßsf hne-°p∂ a¿±-t\m-]m-[n-bmbn amdp∂
ImgvN-∏m-SmWv Cu hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. kvXo]pcpj _‘-
Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ kzmX-¥y-ßsf ASn-®-a¿Øp∂ ssZh-im-kvX-am-bn-
´mWv tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ ss__nƒ_nw-_-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv.
hnX-bv°p-∂-hs‚ D]-a , ]md , ]Ømw-]-am-Ww , ioalm NmØ≥tk-h,
c‡hpw amwk-hpw , Ipcn-ip-a-cWw F∂o IY-I-fn¬ ]Xy-£-amb ss__nƒ
]tbm-K-ssi-en-Iƒ D-≠v. ss__nƒ ssiensb Bt£-]-lm-ky-tØmsS ]n¥p-
S¿∂v ]mcUn cNn-°p∂ coXn hnX-bv°p-∂-hs‚ D]-a -bn-ep-≠v.
Kpcp as‰mcp D]a ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. hnX-bv°p-∂-h≥ hnX-∏m≥ ]pd-s∏-
´p. hnX-bv°p-tºmƒ NneXv hgn-b-cnsI hoWp. ]d-h-Iƒ h∂v AXv Xn∂p If-
™p. a‰p NneXv ]md-ÿ-eØv Gsd aÆn-√m-Øn-SØv hoWp. apf®p h∂h
NqSp-X´n DW-ßn-t∏m-bn. a‰p-Nn-eXv \√-a-Æn¬ hoWn´v apf®v hf¿∂v ^ew
sImSp-Øp.
IS¬Øo-cØv F¬. Fkv. Un. sImdn®p sIm≠n-cp∂ injy-KWw aqfn-
t°-´p. ap´n-en-g-™p-h∂v Kpcp-hns‚ ]mZ-ß-fn¬ hoWv \a-kvI-cn-®p. Kptcm! bp
B¿ tK‰v! _´v, B D]-a-bpsS Kp´≥kv H∂p hni-Z-am-°n-bm-epw.
Kpcp Nc- ns‚ ]pIsamØn-°p-Sn®v ]mXnbS™ IÆp-Iƒ sIm≠v injy-
K-WsØ Icp-W-tbmsS Xtem-Sn..............
Ip™m-Sp-I-tf, Cu D]a \n߃ Kln-°p-∂n-√tbm? hnX-°p-∂-h¿ \mw
Xs∂. hnØp-Iƒ \nd® IqS-bp-ambn \mw hnX-bv°m≥ ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂p. a®n-I-fn¬
hnX-°p∂ hnØp-Iƒ Ah-cpsS h‘yXzw Xn∂pIf-bp-∂p. I\y-I-I-fn¬ hnX-
°p∂ hnØp-Iƒ Infn¿°m≥ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ Ae-kn-∏n®p If-bp-∂p. thiy-I-
fn¬ hnX-bv°p-∂-hsb K¿`-\n-tcm-[-\-Kp-fn-I-Iƒ sRcp-°n-I-f-bp-∂p. A\ys‚
`mcy-am-cn¬ hnX-bv°p∂-h-bm-Is´ apf®v ]S¿∂v ^e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p.
]ns∂, Ah¿ ]S-In¬ Ibdn A°-cbv°v t]mbn :
(hn-X-bv°p-∂-hs‚ D]-a, 1998:10)
Bflo-b-t]-cW F∂ \ne-bn-e√ ss__nƒ tKkn-bpsS IYm-tem-IØv
CS-s]-Sp-∂Xv F∂-Xns‚ kvjvShpw kq£va-hp-amb sXfn-hmWv apI-fn¬ DZm-
lcn® sNdp-I-Y.
ssZhimkvX hncp-≤-amb hmIy-߃ :
01. Rm≥ ]tXm-kns‚ aIƒ Gen-ip-_, Fs‚ A∏-t\m-S√ Ah≥,
]tXmtk! \o ]md-bm-Ip∂p; AXn-t∑¬ Rms\s‚ k`sb ]Wnbpw F∂-cp-
fn- sN-bvXXv. F∂mepw k`sb ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\v A∏≥ G‰hpw Ffp-∏-amb kw`m-
h\ \¬IpIXs∂ sNbvXp. aqØ-a-Iƒ Zo\-Ω-sb. (]m-d, 1997:15)
02. kXy-In-kvXym-\n-I-fmb \Ωfv ]Ømw]amWw ad-°-cpXv . Cßs\
t]mbm \ΩpsS PohnXw sXme-™p-t]mIpw .
(]Ømw-]-amWw;1997:51)
03. aW-hm- n-bpsS apJ-tØ°v hnip-≤-kvt\-l-Øns‚ ]mc-h-iy-tØmsS angn-
\- p-\n-∂n-cp∂ Ctøm-_v, sdbv®-ens‚ Igp-Øn¬ Xmen-ap-dp-°n-b-t∏mƒ, a\p-jy¿
Iq´n-t®¿°p-∂-Xns\ ssZh-߃ th¿]n-cn-°p-∂-sX¥v F∂v ]ndp-]n-dpØp-sIm≠v
]pd-Øp-I-S∂v GI-\mbn Ftßm \S∂pt]mbn ...................................................................
.......................................................................................................................... ap´p-hn≥ Xpd-°-
s∏Spw F∂ \ymb-]-am-WsØ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn®v sk_-kvXym-t\mkv Nne-s]¨Ip-
´n-I-fpsS DØ-c-°-S-em-kp-I-fn¬ kuI-cyw-t]mse Fs∂ h∂v ImWpI F∂v
BwK-e-Øn¬ Ipdn-®n´p .
(io-a-lm-Nm-Ø≥tkh 1997:60˛61)
04. knÿ Gbv©¬ tacn I¿Øm-hns‚ apdn-bn¬ IS-∂p-sN-∂p. I¿Øm-
hns‚ Ip∏m-b-°p-Sp-°p-I-f-gn®v, Hscm‰ tcma-hp-an-√mØ s\©n¬ Imcp-Wy-Øns‚
I\¬t]mse Pzen-°p∂ Xncp-lr-Zbw Xnc-™p. At∏mgpw kuay-ambn Nncn®v
I¿Ømhv ]d-™p. lrZ-b-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn ico-c-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Ip-∂p.
(c-‡hpw amwk-hpw, 2004:44)
05 . IÆn\p ]Icw IÆv F∂v btlm-h- Pz-en-°p-tºmƒ a\p-jy¿ ]c-kv]cw
s]mdp-°p-Ibpw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-sX-ßs\?
(Ip-cn-ip-a-c-Ww, 2005:199)
06. IY-bnse tbip-hn\v IqS-∏n-d-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. tbip-hns‚ P\-\-
tijw adn-b-bpsS K¿ -]mXw btlmh AS-®p-I-f™psh∂mWv IYm-IrØv
hniz-kn°p∂Xv.
(Ip-cn-ip-a-cWw 2005:200)
hnip-≤-sa∂v k¶-ev]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ aX-N-cn-X-tØm-Sp≈ i‡-amb FXn¿∏p-
I-fmWv ss__nƒ hmIy-L-S-\sb Iogvta¬ adn-°p∂ IY-I-fn¬ D≈-Xv. F√m
hna¿i-\-ßfpw `mjm-]-c-amWv F∂ Nn¥-bn-te°v Ch FØn-t®-cp-∂p.
IY-I-fnse ÿe-Imek¶ev]w
Hcp ]tXy-I-Im-e-L-´-Ønse Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-I-fpsS cN-\-Isf hni-I-e\w
sNøp-tºmƒ kzXz-cq-]o-I-c-W-]-In-b-bpsS A\n-tj-[y-L-S-I-ß-fmb tZi-Im-
e-߃ IY-I-fn¬ GXp-co-Xn-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂Xv At\z-j-W-
hn-t[-b-am-Wv. ImcWw a\p-jy-kz-Xz-Øns‚ auenI-amb kwh¿§-ß-fmWv ÿe-
Im-e-߃. kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn hyXykvX A\p- -h-a-WvU-e-ßsf krjvSn-°pI F∂-
XmWv Ch-bpsS [¿Ω-sa-¶nepw IY-bpsS ka-K-L-S-\-sb- ]cnKWn-°p-tºmƒ
ÿe-Im-e-߃ ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-ß-fmbn hcp-∂p. ÿe-Nn-Xo-I-c-W-ß-fpsS hyXn-
cn-‡-XIfnepw hym]vXn-bn-epamWv IY-bpsS Imew D≈-S-ßn-bn-´p≈Xv. `qan-im-
kvX-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-Isf D√w-Ln-°p∂ cq]-Im-fl-I-amb ÿe-t_m-[-amWv
kmln-Xy-Øn¬ D≈-Xv. BJym-\-co-Xn, `mj, temI-ho-£Ww XpS-ßnb IYm-
L-S-I-ßsf \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ÿe-Im-e-߃°v apJy-ÿm-\-ap-≠v. CX-c-K-
Zy-am-Xr-I-Isf At]-£n®v IY-bnse ÿe-t_m-[-Øn\v Nne-]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠v.
AXv IY-bpsS LS-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ Xe-
ap-d-I-fpsS Inbm-]-cn-Wmaw IY-bpsS BJym-\-[¿Ω-a-√. tIµo-Ir-X-amb Ime-
k-¶-ev]-Øn¬ ( ) \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ IYm-c-N-\-bn¬ ÿew Nne-
kq-N-I-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Bhn-jvIcn-°s∏Sp∂-Xv. hmIy-L-S-\, _nw_-߃, IYm-
]m-X-߃ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp∂ kq£va-t_m[w amX-ambn IY-bn¬
ÿew amdp-∂p. sNdp-IY F∂ kt¶-X-Øns‚ kw£n]vX LS-\-X-s∂-bmWv
ÿe-Im-em-hn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ hnkvXr-Xn-Iƒ°v XS- -ambn \n¬°p-∂-Xv. LS\m-
]-c-amb Cu ]Xn-k-‘nsb Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS I¿ØrXzw t\cn-Sp∂ hgn-I-fm-
Wv hni-I-e\hnt[-b-am-bn- p-≈-Xv. kzbw]q¿Æ-amb kuµ-cy-aq-ey-sa-∂-Xn-\p-]cn
IY Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnIcmjvSo-b-Øns‚ ( ) aWvU-
e-ß-fn-te-°p-hsc ]Zm-h-en-I-fn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ A¥-co£w hnI-kn-°p-∂p-
≠v. Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS ]Xy-b-im-kvX-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ cmjvSobw/
AcmjvSobw F∂o k¶-ev]-߃ IYbpsS ÿe-Im-e-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v
hnh-cn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂p. Pohn-X-Øns‚ kakvX aWvU-e-ß-fnepw A[n-Im-c-hn-t[-
bXz _‘-ß-fpsS tiWo-I-cWw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. A[n-Im-c-_-‘-ß-tfmSv
hy‡n-a-\ v ]Xn-I-cn-°p∂ F√m coXn-I-fnepw cmjvSo-b-ap-≠v. CØcw
kwL¿j-ßsf IYm-IrØv kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amb coXn-bn-
ep≈ A\p-]mXIa-ß-fmWv Hcp IYsb s]mfn-‰n-°¬ F∂pw sdmam‚nIv
F∂pw hn`-Pn-°p-hm-\p≈ t]c-W. IY-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂
B¥-cnI-bp‡n ÿew, Imew, am\-hn-IX F∂n-h-bpsS ]c-kv]c_‘-ßsf
hna¿in-°p-Itbm `mh-\m-fl-I-ambn ]p\¿c-Nn-°p-Itbm BWv sNøp-∂-Xv. LS-
\m-]-c-ambn kq£va-sa-¶nepw hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Fgp-Øp-Imcn Pohn-°p∂ uXnI-
kw-kvImc ( ) hpambn _‘-s∏-´p-sIm-≠mWv ÿe-Im-e-߃
IY-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. kvXobpsS I¿Ør-Xz-Øn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ ÿe-
Im-e-ho-£-W-߃ km¿∆-XnI IYm-Im-e-Øn\p Xnc-›o-\-amb ( )
At[m-tem-IsØ NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p. kvXoXzw t\cn-Sp∂ ]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw
B¿÷n-°p∂ temI-t_m-[-ßfpw AXn-Po-h-\-i-a-ß-fp-sa√mw IY-bnse `q`m-
K-hn-kvXr-Xn-bn¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-Wv. ae-bm-f-I-Y-bnse kvXokz-Xz-Nn-Xo-I-c-W-
ß-fn¬ s]mXpth \n›-e-amb ÿe-Im-e-k-¶-ev]-amWv D≈Xv. \n›n-X-amb
Hcp mh-Øn¬ tIµo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v CX-c-kz-c-L-S-\-Isf AS-®p-I-f-bp∂ k¶p-
Nn-X-tem-I-t_m-[-Øns‚ kqN-\-Iq-Sn-bmbn CXv amdp-∂p.
ÿew, CSw \n¿∆-N\w
kwkvImc]T-\-Øns‚ kp]-[m\ taJ-e-bmWv kmwkvIm-cnI qan-im-kvXw
( . Cu hna¿i\ ]≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v kzXz-cq-]o-I-cWw ÿew
( ), CSw ( ) F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ÿew F∂m¬
hyXn-cn-‡X shfn-hm-°p∂ kw⁄ F∂m-W¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. CSw ( ) hym]-
I-amb XpS¿®-Isf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. B[p-\n-IX ( ) DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX
( ) F∂n-ßs\ amdn-h∂ temI-t_m-[-߃°-\p-kr-X-ambn kmln-
Xy-Ønse ÿew, CSw F∂o ]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ°pw A¿∞-hy-Xn-bm-\-ap-≠mbn
B[p\n-I-Xm-hmZw ( ) ÿew F∂ Iev]-\sb hy‡n tIµn-X-amb
CS-ß-fm-°n. F∂m¬ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw ( ) ÿe Øns‚
ÿeXzw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. ÿew kwkvImc Ncn-X-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂
F√m Zzµz-ß-sfbpw Ah-cpsS A[n-Imc ]cn-k-c-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m≈p∂p. DZm:-
- kplr-Øv/A]-cn-Nn-X≥;kpc£n-XXzw/A]-ISw;]pcp-j≥/kvXo Cß-s\-bp≈
Zzµz-ß-fn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ A[n-Im-c-Øn\pw \ne-\n¬∏n\pw th≠n-bp≈ \nc-
¥ckwL- \ßfpsS XpS¿_-‘-amWv ÿew . ÿe-kw-_-‘n-bmbn t\cn-
Sp∂ k¶o¿Æ-X-I-fmWv IY-bpsS ]Xy-b-im-kvXsØ \nKq-Vhpw hym]vX-hp-
am-°p-∂-Xv. ÿe-\m-a-߃ Bh¿Øn-®XpsIm≠v Hcp IY-bn¬ i‡-amb ÿe-
t_m[w D≠mh-W-sa∂n√. ÿe-\m-a-ß-fn¬ D≈-S°w sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ kaq-l-
k-¶ev]-Øns‚ _ln¿ap-J-X-bmWv IYm-]m-cm-b-W-Øn\v hyXykvX tImWp-
Iƒ ( ) krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. ÿe-Ime_≤X F∂Xv IY-bpsS BJym-\-]-
cn-k-c-Øn¬ hcp-tºmƒ hy‡n-]-c-amb sNdnb A\p-`-h-tI-µ-ßsf IY-bnse
ÿew Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. ChnsS CShpw ÿehpw Ah-bpsS hyXn-cn-‡-XIƒ
t`Zn®v CS-I-e¿∂p hcp-∂p. IY-bpsS IYm-]-c-Xsb ( ) \ne-\n¿Øp∂
kz]v\-߃, `mjm-cq-]-I-߃, kuµ-cy-Z¿i\w F∂n-h-sb√mw ÿem-hn-jvIm-
12
c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. kvssXW-cq-]I--ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hmIy-L-S-\-bn-eq-sSbpw cq]-
s∏-Sp∂ CSw kvXokz-Xz-Øns‚ _mlyhpw B`y-¥-c-hp-amb Z¿i-\-hn-kvXr-
Xn-Isf kqNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-Ip-∂p. AXm-bXv IY-bn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-
Ip∂ ÿew tIh-e-amb q]Ir-Xn-b-√. tZio-b-tam kmap-Zm-bn-Itam kmº-Øn-
Itam enwK-]-ctam Bb kzXz-Øns‚ ]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw AXn-Po-h-\-ßfpw ÿem-
hn-jvIm-c-Øn¬ IS∂phcp-∂p. Hcp IYm-Imcn-bpsS kvXoIYm-]m-X-߃ Bhn-
jvI-cn-°p∂ kzXz-Øns‚ kz`mhw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]Xy-£tam ]tcm-£tam
Bb ÿe-kq-N-I-߃ CS-s]-Sp-∂p.
Hm¿Ωbpw bmYm¿∞yhpw tN¿∂v kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]cm-ar-jvS-am-Ip∂
ÿesØ Imhy-ÿecmin ( ) F∂mWv _m®n-em¿Uv (1969) hyh-
l-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IY-bn¬ ImWp∂ emh-Wym-flI q]-IrXn kzXz-Øns‚ uXnI-
]-cn-k-c-ß-fn-te°v FØn-t®-cp-∂-sX-ß-s\- F∂ hni-I-e-\-amWv tKkn-bpsS
IY-Isf ap≥\n¿Øn \S-Øp-∂-Xv. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnse ÿesØ ][m-\-
ambpw uXn-I-ÿew ( AXn- uXnI ÿew ( )
F∂n-ßs\ hn -Pn-°p∂p. CSp-°n, IÆq¿, Fd-Wm-Ipfw F∂n-ßs\ A]q¿∆w
]mtZ-inI kw⁄-Iƒ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-sXm-gn-®m¬ `mj-sIm≠v cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-
Sp-Øn-´p≈ Imhy-ÿe-cmin Xs∂-bmWv tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw
sNep-Øp-∂-Xv. uXn-I-amb hyh-lm-c-ta-J-e-Iƒ°v AIØpw ]pdØpw A√mØ
A¥-cmfÿew F∂v Cu ÿe-k-¶-ev]sØ hyh-l-cn°p∂p. m‚kn F∂
kt¶-X-Øns‚ mK-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ t]X- q-an-Iƒ, ]pcm-hrØÿe-߃,
Akw-_-‘-kz- m-h-ap≈ D]-I-Y-Iƒ F∂nh A¥-cmf ÿe-k-¶-ev]-Øn\v DZm-
l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. ico-c-\n-jvT-amb Bk-‡n-Ifpw b-ßfpw kΩn-i-ambn hcp∂
kvssXW-kz-Xz-amWv tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ ]I-S-am-Ip∂ apJy-hn-j-bw. AXp-
sIm≠vXs∂ hnj-bm-\p-kr-X-ambn ico-c-Øns‚ cq]-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈
ÿe-h¿Æ\-Iƒ NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
hoSns‚ ap∂n¬ IsÆ-Øm-Zq-c-tØ°v ]c-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ ]mS-߃°v H‰-
ap-e-t]mse BIm-i-Øn-te°v sXdn-®p-cp≠v \n¬°p∂ Ip∂v XS-bn-Sp-∂p.
Ip∂ns‚ D®n-bn¬ ape-sR-´p-t]mse ]‰n \n¬°p∂ Imhv. B≠n-sem-cn-°¬
amXta Xpd-°m-dp≈q.......... (ip-`w, 1997:53)
ae-bpsS D®n-bn¬\n∂p Xmc Xmtg°p t\m°n. Zqsc tXmSv Agn-™p-
hoW Hcp Ac-™m-W-ambn an∂p-∂p. HmSn´ hoSv Hcp Ba-bpsS ]pd-t¥m-Sp-
t]mse Aa¿∂p InS-°p∂p . (Xo-®m-apWvUn 2005:194)
Hcp Im¥n-I-i-‡n-bn¬ Ah-cpsS ssIIƒ H∂ptN¿∂ \nanjw
Iymºkpw Ahn-S-hnsS Xe-bp-b¿Øn-\n∂ tIm¨Io‰v sI´n-S-ßfpw A]-Xy-
£-am-bn. ÿeIme-߃ Iogvta¬ adn-™p................. \nemhpw \ngepw ]pW¿∂p
InS-°p∂ ]mX-bn-eqsS Im´p-]q-°-fpsS ]WbwsIm≠v kpK-‘n-bmb Cfw-Im-
‰ns‚ AI-º-Sn-tbmsS Ah¿ ssItIm¿Øv apt∂m´v \S-∂p.
(B-cmwj 1996:46)
Rm≥ AI-Ø-f-Ønse XWpØ Ccp-´n-te°v c£-s∏-´p. AXv Nne-¥n-h-
e-bmbn Fs∂ hcn™p apdp-°n. Rm≥ InS∏papdn-bn-te°v hen-™p. AXv
]pI-bmbn h∂v Fs∂ ]pdØv NmSn-®p.
(I-Æq-cv, 2005:226)
]ucm-Wn-Ihpw Ncn-X-]-c-hp-amb A¥¿ÿ-e-߃ krjvSn-°p∂ ]m©m-
en, A\-kq-b-bpsS k£-X-°p-™p-߃, Bcmwj; AXn-`u-XnI ÿe-I-ev]-
\-Iƒ D≈ Kp]vX≥ NnX-Kp-]vX≥, hnNn-X-Kp-]vX≥ F∂nh¿, At_m-[-ÿ-e-
ßfpw KqV-tem -I -ßfpw Bhn -jvI -cn -°p∂ `m¥v , ]\n -°-Æv ,
ioalmNmØ≥ tkh , Hcp ss]¶n-fn-°-Y-bpsS A¥yw XpS-ßnb _lp- q-
cn-]£w IY-Ifpw hnhn-[-ß-fmb A\p-`-h-tI-µ-ßsf Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-hm-\p≈
ia-Øns‚ ^e-ß-fm-Wv. `uXnI-amb kzXz-]-iv\-sa∂ coXntb°mƒ Bfl-
tI-µn-Xhpw emh-Wym-fl-I-hp-amb ÿem-hn-jvI-c-W-amWv tKkn\S-Øp-∂-sX∂v
iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿ F∂ IY-bpsS ]ta-b-sØbpw LS\-sbbpw
ap≥\n¿Øn sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂p.
ÿe-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ssk≤m-¥n-I-\n-co-£-W-ß-fn¬
]ap-J-am-bXv sl‚n ses^hvsh (1991) bpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fm-Wv. At±lw
aq∂p-Xcw ÿe-]-cn -I-ev]\ Isf-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. B\p-`m-hnIw
( ) aq¿Øw ( ), `mh-\m-flIw ( )
01. B\p-`m-hnIw ( ) =- A[zm\w + ]cn-k-c-\n¿ΩmWw + s]mXp-
ÿew + Ab¬_-‘-߃
02. aq¿Øw ( ) -= hmkvXp-hnZy + πm\nMv + F≥Pn-\o-b-dnMv
03. `mh-\m-flIw ( ) =- km¶-ev]n-I-`q-`mKw + ÿe-hn-th-N\w + Ie.
aq∂p-Xcw ÿe-I-ev]-\-I-fp-sS ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ hnj-b-ßsfbpw kqN-
I-ß-sf-bp-amWv apI-fn¬ hyh-t—-Zn®v ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kvXokz-XzsØ ÿe-
]-c-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-hm≥ ian-°p∂ I¿ØrXzw HSp-hn¬ CS-ß-fn-te°p
Xs∂ Dƒh-en-bp-∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ tKkn-bpsS iq\y-X-sIm≠p apdn-th-‰-
h¿ F∂ IY-bpsS ]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≠v. XnI®pw At_m-[m-fl-I-amb Bhn-jvI-c-
W-amW-Xv. F≥Pn-\o-b-dnMv tImtf-Pnse ]W-b-Øn\p tijw hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip∂
ani-Pm-Xn-°m-cmb hniz-\m-Y\pw AΩp Ipcp-hn-f-bp-am-Wv IY-bpsS tIµ- m-KØv
hcp-∂-Xv. IY-bpsS hnIm-k-K-Xn-bn¬ BJym-\Øns‚ hyXy-kvX- tIm-Wp-Iƒ
krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂psh-∂-XmWv Cu IY-bpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X. hniz-
\m-Ys‚ hgn-Iƒ, hoSp-Iƒ sXfn-bm-sX-bm-hp-∂p, Imc-tWm≥tIm´ F∂n-ßs\
A\p- htiWnsb ]e-Xmbn hn -Pn-°p-∂p. ÿe-Ime kw£n-]vX-Xsb AXn-
Po-hn-°p∂ Pohn-X-]-cn-Wmaw Cu IY-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. hniz-\m-Y≥
AIm-e-Øn¬ ac-W-s∏-Sp-Ibpw B¿°n-sS-Iv‰mb AΩphpw aI-fmb Dabpw Pohn-
X-tØmSv s]mcpXn Pohn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\nsS Kncn-i-¶¿ F∂ sNdp-∏-°m-
c≥ Da-bpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-Ip-∂p. aI-fpsS `mhn-h-cs‚ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-
amb Xd-hm-S-t\z-jn®p sN√p∂ AΩp-hns\ ]nXr-temIw BI-an®p oj-Wn-s∏-
Sp-Øp∂p km[m-c-W-sa-¶nepw Akm-[m-cW LS-\-bp≈ IYbmWv iq\y-X-
sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿.
HutZym-Kn-I-ambn B\p- m-hn-Ihpw aq¿Ø-hp-amb ÿe-]-cn-[n-I-fn¬ \n¬°p-
tºmgpw AΩp F∂ BJym-Xm-hns‚ ( ) ÿek¶ev]w mh-\m-fl-
I-am-sW∂v sXfn-bp-∂p.
Poh-\p-≈-Xv, Poh-\n-√m-ØXv Fs∂mcp th¿Xn-cnhv AΩp-hn\v Hcn-°epw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√-t√m. Poh-\n-√m-Ø-sX∂v a‰p-≈-h¿ Icp-Xp∂ hkvXp-°-tfmSv AΩp
FX t\cw thW-sa-¶nepw an≠msX an≠pw. AXn-t∏mƒ hniz-\m-Y\v XpW-bm-
bn. Nßm-Xn-°q- ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS AΩqkv Fs∂mcp I¨kvS-Ivj≥ Iº\n
XpS-ßn. CsX-¥∏m Hc-Ωqkv F∂p tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ hniz-\m-Y≥ Nncn-®p. Poh-\p-
≈-h-tbmSv an≠p∂ Hc-Ωp. Poh-\n-√m-Ø-h-tbmSv an≠p∂ as‰mcΩp...................
IS-em-kn¬ hoSv hc-bp-∂Xv AΩp, aÆn-te°v ]dn®p \Sp-∂Xv hniz-\m-Y≥.
hoSns‚ πm≥ At\z-jn®v hcp-∂-h-tcmSv lrZ-b-Øn¬ sXmSp∂ Hcp Nncn-tbmsS
AΩp ]d-bpw. \nß-sf-t∏mse Xs∂ hoSp-Iƒ°pw lrZ-b-ap≠v tIt´m..............
Aßs\ FX hoSp-I-fmWv AΩp hc-®Xv! Xpd∂ lrZ-b-ap≈ hoSp-Iƒ! AS-
™-lr-Z-b-ap≈ hoSp-Iƒ! Ah-\-h-\n¬Ø-s∂-bßv apgpIn ]ns∂ \Sp-ßn-bp-
W-cp∂ hoSp-Iƒ!.................
(iq\y-X-sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-h¿, 2002:8)
bu∆-\-bp-‡-amb Hcp L´-Øn\ptijw ]mcm-_v[-Nn-¥-Iƒ hcp-∂Xpw
aI-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ B[n-Iƒ hf-cp-∂Xpamb Hcp L´-Øn-emWv aI-fpsS Imap-
Is‚ hoSp tXSn AΩp t]mIp-∂Xv
Imdv ap‰Øv \n¿Øn ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ AΩp ]X-dn-t∏m-bn. B hoSns‚
lrZbw ]g-asb ssIhn-Sm-s\m-cp-°-a-s√∂v AΩp Xncn-®-dn-™p ..................... sXmSn-
bn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS Dd-ßn-°n-S∂ kam-[n-°p-gn-Iƒ Hs∂m-∂m-bp-W¿∂v tIm´p-hm-
bn-´p. Hmtcmtcm hnf-dnb \ng¬cq-]-߃ ]pd-tØ°p hcm≥ XpSßn................
(2002:10˛11)
Imc-tWm≥tIm´ t]mep≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sp-hm-≥ BK-ln-
°p-∂-Xmbn IY kqNn∏n-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw `uXnIÿekwkvIr-Xnsb Iog-S-
°n-°-f-bp∂ `mh-\m-`q-]-S-߃ tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw sNep-Øp-
∂p. AΩp F∂v t]cp≈ B¿°nsSIv‰v ]q¿Æ-ambpw πm\n-Mv, hmkvXp-hnZy
F∂nh-bpƒs∏-Sp∂ `uXnI-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-h√ F∂v kqN-\-bp-≠v.
ÿe-Øn\v Poh≥ sImSp-°p∂ lrZ-b sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿i-߃ it≤-
b-am-Wv. aq¿Ø-ÿ-e-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw mh-\m-fl-I-ÿ-e-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw Awi-
߃ D≈ I¿Ør-Xz-Øn¬ `mh-\m-ÿ-e-Øn\v ap≥K-W\ e`n-°p∂p F∂-mWv
IY-bpsS LS\ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬ ÿe-]-c-ambpw LS-\m-]-c-ambpw
\ho-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ k∂-≤-bm-Ip-tºmgpw B¥-cnI-h-XvI-cn® ÿe-amWv
tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw sNep-Øp-∂-Xv.
Imew LS-\bpw Z¿i-\hpw
IY-bpsS BJym-\-L-S-\-bnepw Z¿i-\-Ønepw Htc-t]mse CSs]-Sp∂
kt¶-X-amWv Imew ( ). Hcp IrXn-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ ImesØ hnhn-
[-co-Xn-I-fn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøp-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. uXn-I-amb ]iv\-a-WvUew
F∂ coXn-bnepw am\-kn-Im-\p-`hw F∂ coXn-bnepw IY-bn¬ Imew h¿Øn-
°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp ]mT( )Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI \n¿Æbw mjsb ASn-ÿm-\-
am°n \n¿∆-ln-°p-tºmƒ IY-bpsS Ime-k-¶ev]w Xs∂-bmWv tIµ-ÿm-\Øv
hcp-∂-Xv. ka-b-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂ncn-°p∂ kmaq-lnIam\-ß-fmWv IYm-inev]-
Øn¬ B¥-cnI-Im-ehpw _mly-Im-e-hp-ambn amdp-∂-Xv. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS \n¿∆-N-
\-ß-fn¬ Imew F∂ kt¶Xw kqNn-X-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. ka-b-Øns‚ hn\ym-k-
ssh-Nn-Xy-ß-fn¬ sImcp-Ø-s∏-´n-´p≈ BJym\kw`-h-ß-fmWv IY. Fgp-X-s∏-
SmØ A\p-`-h-ßfpw Fgp-X-s∏´ ]mThpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ ZrV-am-°p-
∂Xv Ime-am-Wv. CØcw \n¿∆-N\߃ sNdp-IY F∂ kt¶-X-Øns‚ mj-bn-
emWv Imew \ne-\n¬°p-∂-sX∂v sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.
tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnse Ime-k-¶ev]w ÿew F∂ k¶-ev]\w t]mse
B¥-cn-Im-\p-`hw F∂ coXn-bn-emWv ]Xy-£-am-Ip-∂-Xv. kmaq-ln-I-am-\-ßsf
AXn-Po-hn®v \n¬°p∂ Hm¿Ω bpsS hyXy-kvX-a-WvU-e-߃ IY-I-fn¬ cq]-
s∏-Sp-∂p. kzXzmhn-jvIm-c-Øn\p th≠n tKkn kzoI-cn-°p∂ IY, \o≠-I-Y,
Bfl-I-Y, Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ KZy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ; Pohn-X-Øn\v
Xpd- p-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-amIpwhn[w IY-bn¬ ImWp-∂-
A¿t≤m‡nhncmaw; Hcp ]tXy-I-`m-h-Øns‚ D®-ÿm-bn-Isf adn-I-S-°p-hm≥
km[n-°mØ kµ¿ -߃; D]-lm-km-fl-I-ambn IS∂phcp∂ Bfl-l-Xy-Iƒ,
t]X-Im-e-߃, kzXz\jvSØn¬\n∂pw cq]-s∏-Sp∂ D∑m-Z-Imew F∂n-ßs\
Ime-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-amb, AtX-k-abw kzIm-cy-X-bp≈ At\Iw AS-cp-Iƒ
tKkn-bpsS cN-\-I-fpsS B`y-¥-c-]-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≠v. kzXz-kw-_-‘n-bmb Zpcq-
l-kq-N-\-Ifpw A¿t≤m-‡n-hn-cm-a-ßfpw IY-bpsS LS\, Imew, Z¿i\w F∂n-
h-bp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn-\m¬ tKkn-bpsS kvssXW-kzXzNnXo-I-c-
W-ß-fn¬ B[p-\nI-`m-hp-I-Xz ( ) Øns‚ kzm[o-\-ß-fm-Wp-
≈-sX∂v Is≠-Øp∂p. qX-Im-e-Øns‚ AS-cp-Iƒ tN¿∂p hnI-kn-°p∂ mhn-
bn-√msX Id-ßp∂ Imew ( ) IYm-¥-co-£-Øn-ep≠v. ÿe-Øn¬
\n∂v Ime-Øn-te-°v, Ime-Øn¬ \n∂v ÿe-Øn-te°v F∂n-ßs\ ]c-kv]-c-
]q-c-I-amb IYm-]m-X-N-e-\-߃ Ds≠-¶n¬ amXta Hcp IY _lpIm-en-I-kz-
`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂v ]d-bp-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. ÿew BfltI-µn-X-amb
CS ambn tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ amdp-∂p-s≠∂v ]_‘-Øn¬ kqNn∏n°p∂p-
≠v. B[p-\nI-X-bpsS sshIm-cnI CS-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-°p-hm≥ hnhn[ BJym-
\-X-¥-߃ IYm-IrØv kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. cN-\m-X-¥-ßsf A\p- -h-ß-fp-ambn
Iq´n-bn-W-°p∂ Ime-K-W\ AS-™-hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂ kµ¿`-߃ DZm-
l-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw IY-Ifpw ]e-t∏mgpw Bflm-\p-
I-c-W-ambn amdp∂ kµ¿`-ßfpw D≠v.
01. Cf-sh-bn¬ ]c-s∂m-gp-Inb Hcp ]`m-X-Øn¬ Ahƒ hnim-e-amb sXmSn-
bn-te°v ]mdn-t∏m-bn. ]p√ns‚ aSn-Ø-´n¬ \ndsb Nncn®p \n∂ \oe-∏q-°ƒ
I≠v A¤pXw Iqdn t\m°n t\m°n \n∂-t∏mƒ \oe-Ønc ]m™p-h∂v Ahsf
thtcmsS ]ngp-Xp. Xnc-bpsS Xp©Øv Ahƒ BIm-i-tØmfw Db¿∂p. ]ns∂
AIØpw ]pdØpw \pc-bp∂ \oe-°-S-en¬ Gsd t\cw s]m¥n-°n-S∂p . (`m-
¥≥]q-°ƒ, 1996:64)
02. `qan-bn¬ CS-an-√msX Acp-‘Xn BIm-i-Øn-eqsS \S-∂p. At∏m-tg°pw
B\bv°v oam-Im-cßfmb c≠v Nnd-Ip-Iƒ apf-®n-cp∂p AXp-sIm≠v Dd-°-Øn¬
\n∂pw kz]v\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw AI∂p \n¬°m≥ Acp-‘Xn sImXn®p. I¨t]m-
f-Iƒ hen®pXpd∂v Acp-‘Xn Dd-°sØ B´n-tbm-Sn-°m≥ ian®p. ]t£,
Acp-‘Xn Dd-°-Øn-te°pXs∂ hgp-Xn-t∏mbn .
(A-cp‘XnbpsS kz]v\-߃, 1998:43)
03. Rm≥ Ah-tcm-sSm-∏-am-bn-cp∂ GtXm Hcp \nan-j-Øn-emWv Fs‚ AΩ
acn-®Xv F∂v Rm≥ Adn-™p.
(H-cn-Sw, 1998:29)
04 IÆp-Iƒ°v Np‰pw ]c-∂n-cp∂ hyK-Xbpw Np≠p-I-fn¬ XpSn®p\n∂
Zmlhpw ac-W-Øns‚ XWp-∏n-e-en-™p.
(ac-Wm-¥cw, 1998:26)
05. IsÆm-∂-S-™p-In-´m≥ th≠n Ahƒ Imf-sb sI´p∂ Ib-sd-SpØv hn´-
Øn¬ Rm´n-bn´v Igp-Øn¬ Ipcp-°n-b-t∏mƒ IÆp-Iƒ ]ns∂bpw Xpdn-®p-h-
∂p.
(`qan-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ a™p-Imew, 1997:47)
06. IÆp-I-fn¬ h\y-amb Hcp Xnf-°-tØmsS ]nS-s™-gp-t∂‰v Ahƒ InS-
∏p-ap-dn-bn-te°v ]m™p. hmXn-e-S®v Ip‰n-bn´v ]gb Hcp kmcn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.
Hcp Ãqsf-SpØv AXn¬ Ibdn \n∂v Xq°p-hn-f°v kz]v\w ImWp∂ Hcp Iºn-
h-f-b-Øn¬ kmcn-bpsS Hc‰w sI´n. at‰ A‰Øv Hcp Ipcp-°n´v AXn¬ Xe-I-
SØn Ahƒ hnfn®p Iqhn:
ChnsS hcq! Rm≥ icn°pw ]Tn-∏n®p Xcmw!
.........................................................................................
Xe-bn¬ Nq≠p-hn-c¬ sXm´v Ahƒ ]d-™p.
CXv Awiw!
]ns∂ DS-en¬ sXm´v,
CXv tOZw!
InX®v Ahƒ XpS¿∂p.
c≠v `n∂kwJy-Iƒ XΩn¬ Iq´p-tºmƒ, Zm, Cßs\!
Ahƒ s]mSp-∂s\ Ãqfv Imep-sIm≠v X´n-°-f-™p.
(`n-∂-kw-Jy, 1997:38)
07. A\-kqtb, kvt\ln®v aSpØv kn≤m¿∞≥ \ns∂ Dt]-£n®v t]mbnt√?
]Xn-\mdv h¿j-߃ ]nt∂bpw IS∂v t]mbXv \ob-dn-bm-Ø-sX¥v? A\-kqb
AsXm∂pw tI´n-√. Ime-Øns‚ Hgp°v A\-kq-b-bn¬ Ft∂m \ne-®p-t]m-bn-
cp-∂-t√m.
(A\-kq-b-bpsS \£-X-°-Æp-Iƒ, 1998:52)
hyXykvX Ime-K-W-\-I-fn¬ tKkn Fgp-Xnb IY-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hmIy-
ß-fmWv apI-fn¬ D≤cn®-Xv. kmaq-ln-Im-\p- hw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ime-Øn\v XpS¿®
e`n-°p-∂n√ F∂v hy‡-am-Ip∂ `mjm-hy-h-ÿbmWv CXn-ep-≈-Xv. LS-\m-\-
¥c Nn¥-I-\mb anJm-bn¬ _JvXn≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ tImtWm-tSm]v F∂
k¶ev]w Cu hkvXp-Xsb hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ]cym]vX-am-Wv. B[p-\nIhpw
B[p-\n-I-]q¿∆-hp-amb sdmam‚nIv mhp-I-Xz-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ h\yhpw Ccp-≠-Xp-amb kzXz-k-¶-ev]-ßsf hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm-\mWv _JvXn≥
Cu ]cn-I-ev]\ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. kml-kn-I-amb kzXzm-hn-jvImcw, kzmX-
¥y-t_m-[w, A\p-cm-Kw, ]W-b-Zp-c-¥-߃ F∂n-ßs\ hy‡nsb tIµo-I-
cn®v hnI-kn-°p∂ ]ta-b-Imew F∂¿∞w.
AXn-I-Y, IY-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ
ÿe-Ime kw_-‘n-bmbn tKkn-bpsS IY-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ kwi-b-ß-fp-
sStbm ]Xn-k-‘n-I-fp-sStbm hymJym\w F∂ coXn-bn-emWv IY F∂ kt¶-
X-sØ-Øs∂ hnj-b-am-°p∂ IY-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse Fgp-
Øp-Im-cn-I-fpsS kzXz-k-¶-ev]-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ Ah¿ \ne-\n-
∂n-cp∂ am≤yaw Xs∂ IYm-hn-j-b-ambn hcp-∂p≠v. sI. kckz-Xn-b-Ω-bnepw
cmP-e-£van-bn-epw kmdm-tPm-k-^n-epw XmØznIam-bn-Øs∂ Cu ]iv\w Bhn-
jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. IYm-Imcn F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ I¿Ør-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw IY-bn-
eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kzXz-Øn-s‚bpw temI-t_m-[--ßfnep≈ `n∂-X-I-
fmWv kvXokzXzsØ BJym-\-]-c-amb k¶o¿Æ-X-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp
IYm-Im-cn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ tKkn-bpsS I¿Ør-Xz-Øn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ IYm-
kw-_-‘n-bmb Dƒ°m-gvN-Ifpw hna¿i-\-ßfpw Xs∂ IY-bpsS inev]-Øn-te°v
( ) am‰-s∏-Sp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fp-≠v. AXm-bXv IYsb A]-\n¿Ωn-°p∂ Fgp-
Øp-I-fmbn Ch amdp-∂p. AXn-IY ( ) F∂ DØ-cm-[p-\nI IYm-k-¶-
ev]-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ BJym-\-co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.
alZv , DZmØw XpS-ßnb ¢m n-°¬ Iem-aq-ey-ß-fm¬ hne-bn-cp-Ø-
s∏-´n-cp∂ kmln-XysØ BZ¿im-flI ]cn-th-j-ß-fn¬\n∂v tamNn-∏n-°p-hm-
\p≈ t_m[-]q¿∆-amb ia-߃ IY-I-fn¬ D≠v. FgpØv kzXz-\n¿Æ-b-Øn-
\p≈ ][m\ D]m-[n-bmbn hcp-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏wXs∂ Pohn-X-]-cn-tXm-h-ÿ-I-
fpsS ]cp-j-amb Xe-Øn¬ \n∂psIm≠v FgpØv F∂ ]In-b-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-
cn-°p∂ s]m≈-Ø-c-ßsf \yq\oI-cn-°pIbpw Pohn-X-tØmfw hep-X√ FgpØv
F∂ sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-amb kao-]-\w ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. ]hm-kn-bpsS
P\\w , Fs‚ kXym-t\z-jW ]co-£-W-߃ , ]cn-Wm-a-Kp-]vXn , ioa-lm-
Nm-Ø≥tk-h , eqbnc≠m-as‚ hncp∂v , Xnc-»oe IØp-I-bm-Wv , ChnSw
Ct∏mƒ im¥-w , \m´p-\-S-∏v , Ipcn-ip-a-cWw F∂o IY-I-fn-emWv IY ]ta-
b-ambn hnI-kn®v \n¬°p-∂-Xv.
kmlnXyw \ne-\n¬∏n-\p≈ D]m[n F∂ \ne-bn¬
............... apdn-bn¬ FØn-b-]msS s]´n Xpd∂v ]gb ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬
NneXv hen®v ]pd-Øn´v Ahƒ Xs‚bpw kl-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ Hcp
aXn¬s°-´p-b¿Øn. A£-c-߃ Ahsf aSp-∏n-®-t∏mƒ kzbw tXm¬∏n-°m-
s\∂ hÆw hmin-tbmsS hmb\ XpS¿∂p...................
(]-hm-kn-bpsS P\-\w, 1998:24)
bmYm¿∞y-Nn-Xo-I-c-W-Øn¬ kvXokzXzw t\cn-Sp-∂-]-Xn-k‘n
shdp-sX-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ F\n°v F¥m-bmepw Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. kXym-
t\z-jW]co-£-W-ß-fpsS Hcp mK-sa∂ \nebv°v ]ns∂ \pW-Iƒ sa\-bp-∂-
Xn-embn Fs‚ i≤-bXbpw. AXv kXy-ßsf ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ
ia-I-c-am-sW-∂v F\n°v At∏mƒ amXta a\- n-em-bp-≈q..................
FXtbm ]Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS A\-¥-c-^-e-am-bmWv Rm≥ Cu
hgn-Øn-cn-hn¬ FØn-b-sX∂v GXv klr-Z-b\pw a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q.
(Fs‚ kXym-t\z-j-W-]co£W-߃, 1998:55˛56)
\ne-\n¬°p∂ kmln-Xy-k-t¶-X-ßsf hna¿in-°p-hm≥ B kt¶-X-sØ-
Øs∂ Bt£-]-lm-ky-tØmsS D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p:-
01. Fs‚ BZysØ kmlnXy krjvSn ]pd-Øp-h-∂Xv ]Øm-asØ hb- n-
emWv. Hcp \mS≥ ]khw t]mse A\mbm-k-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. cq]-Øn¬ AXv
Hcp \mS-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∏≥ : FSntb! H∂nßp ht∂. AΩ: \nß-s°-¥ns‚
tISm a\p-jyt\? tZmssj-I-Zr-°mb Hcp \ncq-]-I-\p-t]mepw t_m[y-amIpw
hn[w Pohn-X-Øn¬\n∂pw No¥n-sb-SpØ Hcp GSm-bn-cp∂p AXv. \mS-Im¥w
IhnXzw F∂ al-Zz-N-\-sam∂pw A°m-eØv Rm≥ tI´n-´p-X-s∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n-√. C\n-sb¥p th≠p F∂v kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Nn¥n®v Gsd-\mƒ \ncpt∑-j-
bmbn \S-∂p. (]-cn-Wm-a-Kp-]vXn, 1998:57)
02. ì Ahcv \nt∂-°p-dn-®p≈ kXyw apgp-h\pw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-√-t√m. Xs∂-
bp-a√ Fgp-ØpImcv Ah-cpsS Np‰p-h-´-sØms° tabp-Ibpw ]ns∂ Ab-sh-´p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv kmln-Xy-sa∂v \o NcnXw ]Tn-°m-Ø-sX¥v?
(io-a-lm-Nm-Ø≥tk-h, 1997:63)
03. Ipsd D≈n¬ sN∂-t∏mƒ Zmk-∏≥ Ic-bm≥ XpS-ßn. Xm≥ Hcp Bfl-I-
Y-sb-gp-Xm≥ t]mhp-I-bm-sW∂v s\©n¬ ssIh®v Abmƒ ]Jym-]n-®p. Fßs\
XpS-ß-W-sa∂v Xo¿®-bn-s√-¶nepw Xm\Xv FgpXn apgp-an-∏n-°p-I-Xs∂ sNøp-
sa∂v Abmƒ BW-bn- p.
amØ-∏≥ Xosc XmXv]-cy-an-√mØa´n¬ ]d-™p. AXn-\nX IjvS-s∏-tS≠
Imcy-sam-∂p-an-√. Chn-Snt∏m Hcq´w Bfl-I-Y-sb-gp-Øp-Im-cp-≠tSm Zmk∏m. Imip-
sIm-Sp-Øm¬ BcS Bfl-I-Y-th-tWepw Fgp-Xn-Øcpw
Ct∏m sIt´ymfv NØm¬ sIt´ym\pw sIt´ym≥ NØm¬ sIt´ymfpw
s]mkvX-I-sa-gp-Xp∂ Htc¿∏m-Sp-≠-t√m. ]®-sh-≈-Øn\p Xo]n-Sn-°p∂ s\mW-
I-fteym X´n hnS-WXv!î
(eqbnc≠m-as‚ hncp-∂v, 1996:20˛21)
\mµn :, hnjvIw- w, c-X-hmIyw F∂n-ßs\ ]mNo-\-kw-kvIrX \mS-I-ß-
fpsS BJym-\-X-¥-sØ D]-lm-km-fl-I-ambn kzoI-cn-°p∂ ëXnc-»oe IØp-
I-bmWví F∂ IY-bn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-]-k‡n F∂-Xn-\p-]-cn-bmb Xe-ß-fn-√.
(2005:216˛18)
DØcm-[p-\nI IYm-X-¥-ß-fpsS am¿§w kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v IYm-Ir-Øn¬
\n∂pw kzmX¥yw t\Sp∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS PohnXw NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ Bcpw
]d-bmØIY-bn-te°v \m´p-\-S∏v F∂o IY-Ifn¬ kmln-Xyhpw Pohn-Xhpw
XΩn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ hnS-hp-Isf Bt£-]-lm-ky-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂
\m´p-\-S∏v F∂ IYbv°v ]k-‡n-bp-≠v.
ì A`n-ap-J-°m-c-t\mSv IYm-IrØv ]d™p: Rms\mcp Acm-P-I-hm-Zn-bm-
Wv. Fs‚ IYm-]m-X-ßfpw Aßs\ Xs∂.
A`n-ap-J-°m-c≥ t]\ Ip\n-®p. Hm!
At∏m-gmWv Hcp s]m´n-®n-cn- tI-´Xv. IYm-IrØv sR´n.
Bc-hnsS?
Nncn®pIp-g™v Hcp s]¨thjw shfn-®-s∏- p.
dm≥! ASn-b≥ Xs∂! kmdns‚ Hcp IYm-]mXw!
IYm-IrØv aµ-l-kn-®p.
Hm, \otbm? GXv IY-bn¬ \n∂mWv?
IYm-]mXw Nncn®p hiw-sI-´p.
kwi-b-sa¥v? thiy F∂ IY-bn¬ \n∂p Xs∂!
IYm-Ir-Øns‚ apJw aßn.
\osbms° IY-bn¬ \n∂n-dßn Cßs\ Xeßpw hne-ßpw
\S-°p-∂-sX-¥n\v?
thiy- Ip-Wpßn®ncn-®p..................
AXmWv km¿ Ct∏mƒ \m´p-\-S∏v
IYm-IrØv Np≠v tIm´n.
Hm, IY-bnse \S∏v Zo\w!
At∏mƒ Btcm aXn¬ NmSn ad-bp-∂Xv I≠v IYm-IrØv £p`n-X-bu-∆-\-am-bn.
BcmSo AXv?
BSn-°p-g™v thiy-]-d-™p.
Bcm-bmepw kmdns‚ s]º-t∂m-cpsS apdo-∂m, Hm¿°Ww kmtd, Cß-s\-X-
s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Fs‚bpw XpS-°w.
IYm-IrØv A´-l-kn-®p.
FhnsS sh´p-IØn? CsXm∂pw Fs‚ ho´n¬ \S-∏n-√.! î
(\m´p-\-S∏v, 2002:42)
Cu IY DØ-cm-[p-\nI IYm-X-¥-sØ-Øs∂ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]co-
£n-°p-∂p. IYm-Ir-Øn¬ \n∂pw Cdßnt∏mIp∂ IYm-]m-X-߃ ëIY-bnse
\S-∏p-Zo\wí F∂ Bt£-]-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv shfn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. apJy-[m-cm-I-Ym-km-
ln-Xy-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ cN-\m-X-¥-ßtfmsS√mw D]-lm-k-]q¿∆w ]Xn-I-
cn-°p∂ kvXoXz-sØ-bmWv Cu IY-Isf√mw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. LS-\-sb-
Øs∂ \ncm-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ ia-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wn-Xv.
kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jvIm-chpw mjm-]-tbm-Khpw
ae-bm-f-I-Y-bnse kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jvIm-c-N-cn-X-Øn¬ tKkn-bpsS IY-Iƒ
`mjm-]-c-amb hnt—-Z-Øn\pw \ho-I-c-W-Øn\pw k∂-≤-am-Ip-∂p. kzXz-\-ho-I-
cWw F∂m¬ `mjm \ho-I-cWw IqSn-bm-sW∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv Cu IYm-`m-j-
bpsS hyXn-cn-‡-X. efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w, sI. kc-kz-Xn-b-Ω, cmP-e-£van,
kmdm-tPm-k- v, ]n. h’-e, am\-kn, adn-bΩ, AjnX, Nµ-aXn XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS
IYm-X-e-Øn¬ ]ta-b-]-c-amb hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ, i‡-amb kvssXW-t_m-[-
߃, ]Jym-]n-X-co-Xn-im-kvX-߃ F∂nh Ds≠¶nepw \ne-\n¬°p∂ BVy-
`m-jm-k-¶-ev]-ßsf hnt—-Zn-°p-hm-\p≈ ]h-WX tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn-emWv
]I-S-ambn D≈-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jvIm-c-hni-I-e\ß-fn¬
tKkn-bpsS auenI kw`m-h-\-bmbn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv `mj-sb-bm-Wv. IYm-]m-
X-ß-fp-sSbpw kµ¿ -ß-fp-sSbpw HuNn-Xy-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn hnhr-X-am-hp-Ibpw
Cem-kvXn-I-am-hp-Ibpw ZrV-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ssien-bmWv IY-I-fn¬
s]mXpth kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. mjsb ]q¿∆-\n-›n-X-amb GI-I-ß-fpsS ( )
hyh-ÿbm-bn-°m-Wp∂ LS-\m-hm-Zn-I-fpsS mjm-k-¶-ev]-\-a√ tKkn--bpsS IYm-
`m-jsb hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. kvXo mj-sb-∂m¬ sasø-
gpØv ( ) BsW∂ kvXohm-Z-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-I-ev]-\sb amX-
amWv tKkn-bpsS `mjm-hn-NmcN¿®-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. ImcWw ico-c-
Øns‚ cq]-I-߃ tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ kv]jvS-ambn D≠v. ]t£, \ne-
\n¬°p∂ am\-I-km-ln-Xo-b- m-j-bn¬ kvssXW- m-j-bp-tS-Xmb AXn¿Øn-Iƒ
\n¿Æ-bn-°p-I-b√ tKkn sNøp∂-Xv. `mj-bpsS A[n-Im-c-\n-jvThpw BVy-hp-
amb tIµsØ inYn-e-am-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. mjm-a-WvU-esØ kwL¿j`q-
an-bmbn ImWp∂ anJmtb¬ _JvXns‚ mjm-k-¶-ev]-\-amWv tKkn-bpsS mjm-
hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
s]mXp-C-S-ß-fnse ( mj-]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ ]Jym-]nX s^an-
\n-Ãp-Iƒ hnap-JX ImWn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ tKkn-bpsS IYm-]m-X-߃ s]mXp-
a-WvU-e-ß-fpsS ]mXn-\n-[y-ap≈ mj-bmWv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hy‡n-]-c-am-b-
sX√mw cmjvSo-b-amWv ( ) F∂ B[p-\nIm-\-¥c kvXohm-
Z-X-Øz-im-kvX-Øns‚ hnNm-c-co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v kvXo]p-cpjhn`-Pn-X-amb `mjm-
ta-J-e-I-tf-°mƒ s]mXp-a-WvU-e-ß-fnse mj-bv°mWv ]k-‡n-bp-≈-Xv. tIc-
f-Ønse kvXohm-Z-km-lnXyw s]¨`m-j-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-hm-\mWv bXv\n-®n-´p-
≈-Xv. ]Jym-]n-X- s -an-\n-k-Øn\v ]pd-ØmWv tKkn-bpsS mjm-temIw h¿Øn-
°p-∂-Xv. kvXobpsS I¿Ør-Xz-Øn\v A\y-sa∂v Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂ ]Z-]-tbm-K-
߃, hmIy-L-S-\-Iƒ, kmt¶-Xn-I-hy-Xn-bm-\-߃ F∂n-hsb ssieo-]-c-ambn
]p\x-kr-jvSn-°p-hm≥ tKkn°v km[n-®n-´p-≠v. s]mXp-`mjmk¶-ev]-\-ß-fn¬
Xt‚-Xmb kzXzw Fßs\ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv ][m-\-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
_JvXns‚ mjm-Z¿i\w
`mjm-hy-hÿ ( , `mjWw ( ) F∂nß-s\-bp≈ skm q-dn-
b≥ mjm-k-¶-ev]-ßsf hna¿in-®p-sIm-≠p≈ anJm-tb¬ _JvXns‚ mjmN¿®-
I-fn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-ÿm\w hln-°p∂ k¶-ev]-\-amWv Dcn-bm´w . Cu LSIw
kzXz-\n¿Æ-b\-Øns‚ D]m-[n-bmbn amdp-∂-sX-ßs\-sb∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp-
∂p. s^¿Un-∂‚ v Z skm q-dn-s‚ k¶-ev]-\-Øn-\p-tijw mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚
aWvU-e-Øn¬ hym]-I-amb kzoIm-cyX Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ c≠v kw⁄-I-fmWv
Dcn-bm´w ( ), ani-`m-j-IXzw ( ) F∂nh. Hcp tZio-b-
`mjbv°p≈n¬ Ac-tß-dp∂ tItµm-∑p-Jhpw tIµ-]-cm-Mvap-Jhpw (
) HutZym-Kn-Ihpw A\u-tZym-Kn-I-hp-amb hyh-lm-c-߃ XΩn-
ep≈ G‰p-ap-´-emWv ani-`m-j-IXzw (kp-\n¬ ]n., Cf-bnSw 2007:86˛7). ani-`m-
j-I-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ k¶ev]w BWv. Dcn-bm´w F∂v ae-bm-f- m-
j-bn¬ hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu k¶-ev]sØ _JvXn≥ hnhn[ coXn-bn¬ \n¿∆-
Nn-®n´p-≈-Xmbn hymJym-Xm-°ƒ ]d-bp-∂p. A¿∞-Øn\p s]mXpth Aaq¿Øw
( , ]I-c-W-\njvTw ( ) F∂nßs\ c≠v hn`-P-\-ß-fp-≠v.
Aaq¿Ø-amb A¿∞w \nL-≠p-°-fn¬\n∂v kzcq-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ]I-c-
Wm¿∞w hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W-bn-eqsS hnh-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-XpamWv. \nL-
≠p-°-fn¬\n∂pw hypXv]-∂-am-Ip∂ bm¥n-Im¿∞Øn-\p-]cn kmµ¿`n-I-ambn
(]-I-c-W-\n-jvTam-bn) a\- n-em-°-s∏-Sp∂ A¿∞-amWv `mjm-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn
_‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv. kmµ¿`n-I-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ [mc-Wm¿∞-sØ-bmWv
F∂v _JvXn≥ hyh-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Dcn-bm´w mjm-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS bm¥n-
Ihpw GIm-fl-I-hp-amb bp‡n-Isf \ntj-[n-°p-∂p. Cu \ntj-[-Øn-emWv ëani-
`m-j-IXzwí F∂ `mjm-k-¶-ev]-\-Øn\v ÿm\-ap-≈-Xv. t\mh¬ F∂ kaq-l-
_-≤-amb BJym-\-cq-]sØ ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ mjm-hn-NmcN¿®-bmWv _JvXn≥
\S-Øp-∂-Xv. ÿe-Im-e-_-≤-amb `mjm-inev]w F∂ KW-Øn¬ IY Dƒs∏-
Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ IYm-`m-j-bnepw ani-`m-j-IXzw F∂ LS-I-Øn\v ]k-‡nbp≠v.
kmaq-ly-]-Xy-b-imkvX Pohn-X-Øns‚ IogvØeßfn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ ani-
`m-j-IXzw AwKo-IrX kmln-Xy-`m-jsb amX-a√ (Hcp bpK-Øn-s‚bpw tZi-
Øn-s‚bpw hmNnI ]Xy-b-im-kvX-Øns‚ `mjm-tI-µsØ amX-a-√) t\cn-Sp-
∂-Xv. kmln-Xy-`m-j-sb-Øs∂ AXv \nc-¥cw t\cn-Sp-∂p. lmkym-\p-I-c-W-]-c-
amb AXv kz¥w Ime-L- -Ønse HutZym-Kn-I- m-jsb aq¿®-tbm-sSbpw Xm¿°n-
I-ambpw FXn-cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p F∂ kp\n¬ ]n. Cfbn-S-Øns‚ \nK-a\w
(2007:894) ]k-‡-am-Ip∂ IYm-k-µ¿ -ß-fp-≠v. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Bh¿Øn-
®p-Im-Wp∂ ]mcUn F∂ kt¶Xw; Akw-_‘ hmIy-L-S-\, kmµ¿`n-I-
ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ A«o-e]-Zm-h-en-Iƒ ( ) ]ucm-Wn-Ihpw
hnip-≤-hp-amb KŸ-ß-fpsS ssieo-]-c-amb lmkym-\p-I-cWw, Kmay-]-Z-߃
F∂nh tIµo-Ir-X-amb IYm- m-j-bv°-IØv cq]s∏-Sp∂ ani- m-j-IXzw Xs∂-
bm-Wv. hymI-cW \nb-a-ß-sfbpw am\-Io-I-cn-°-s∏´ IYm-`m-j-I-sfbpw \nL-
≠p-°-sfbpw `mjm-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ t\cn-Sp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fm-Wn-Xv. tKkn-bpsS
temI-ho-£-W-߃ mjm-]-c-amb ]cn-h¿Ø\w B¿÷n°p∂-sX-ßs\-sb∂v
At\z-jn-°p-tºmƒ ani- m-j-IXzw F∂ k¶-ev]\]-cn-[n-bn-emWv AXv Dƒs∏-
Sp-∂Xv. ssieo-\n-jvT-sa∂ `mjm-]-cn-[n-bn-emWv tKkn-bpsS IY-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-
∂-Xv.
tKkn-bpsS mjm-ssien
ssien- Xs∂ ]ta-bhpw tIµ-hp-am-Ip∂ IYIfmWv ssieo-\n-jvT-I-Y-
Isf∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ssieo-\n-jvT-I-Y-Iƒ hkvXp-\n-jvT-Xsb
Hcp ]am-W-am-°p-∂n-√. IYm-IrØv Xs∂ IY-bn¬ t_m[-]q¿∆-ambn CS-s]-´p-
sIm≠v D≈-S-°-Øns‚ hkvXp-\n-jvT-Xsb s]mfn-s®-gpXns°m≠n-cn-°pw.
hkvXp\n-jvT-X, hnizm-ky-X, bp‡n-`-ZX XpS-ßnb ]am-W-ßsf \nc-kn-®p-
sIm≠v ]ta-bsØ `mj-bn¬ amXw \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am°n
am‰p∂p CØcw IY-Iƒ. `mj Xs∂ inev]-ambn amdp∂ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv.
(h’e≥, hmXp-t»cn; 2007:56) `mjm-ssien ]ta-b-ambn hnI-kn-°p∂ \nc-
h[n IYm-k-µ¿`-߃ tKkn Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
DZm:- ì01. ............ Cu sk_-kvXym-t\m-kn\pw Ch-s\-t∏m-ep≈ AkwJyw
\km-Wn-Iƒ°pw th≠n-bm-Wt√m Im\o-\-]p-X-\mb tbip-am¿Ø-tbbpw adn-
b-sbbpw shSn™v Ipcn-in-te-dn-b-Xv F∂v I£nt`Zan-√msX Nn¥n-®msd Ccp-
´ns‚ Hcp Xnc-h∂v NmØ-cpsS ImgvN-aq-Sn. sNhn-b-S-™p. i_vZw \jvS-s∏´
NmØcv Ipg™v hogp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tijw ANn¥yw!
(io-a-lm-Nm-Ø≥tk-h, 1997:63)
02. .............. ca-W\v Fs∂ a\- n-em-bnt√?
an≠m-\m-hmsX ca-W≥ Xe-Ip-ep-°n. NµnI At∏mƒ Nncn-®p. Cu P∑Øv
ca-W≥ BSp-Isf tabv°p-∂n-√. ]Icw NnXw hc-bv°p-I-bmWv At√?
....................................................................................
apc-fnbpw Dt]-£n®p F∂v tXm∂p∂p?
..................... ae-c-Wn-°m-Sp-Iƒ Xnßn hnßn, ac-X-I-Im-¥n-bn¬ apßn apßn F∂v
]mSnb H∂m-asØ Kmb-I≥ Ct∏mƒ Fhn-sS-bmWv?
Abmƒ Ct∏mƒ kn\n-abv°v ]ms´-gp-Xp-I-bm-Wv.
Xfncpw aecpw Xcp-∏-S¿∏pw XWepw XWp-hWn ]p¬∏-c∏pw F∂v ]mSnb
c≠m-asØ Kmb-It\m?
Ah-\n-t∏mƒ ]cn-ÿnXn kwLw skI-´-dn-bm-Wv...................
(c-a-W≥, 2002:43˛4)
03. amØ-∏≥ s]m´n-®n-cn-®p. ]ns∂ Hcp ]mXncn ]kw-K-Øns‚ CuW-Øn¬
XpS-ßn.
ìip≤m-flm-hmb tPmk-t^, adn-bhpw K_n-tbepw XΩn-ep≈ hg°v
Xo¿°m≥ \o CSbv°v IS∂-sX-¥n\v? K¿`n-Wn-bmb adn-bsØ HSp-hn¬ Ah≥
\ns‚ s]S-en°v h®v sI´n-bnt√? \ns‚ IjvS-Im-e-Øn\v adnbw s]‰-sXmcp
s]s¶m-®n-s\, B sIm®v hf¿∂p-h-∂m¬, Cß-s\-sbms° Nn¥n®p t]mb-
Xn¬ AXn-i-bn-∏m-s\-¥p≈q? .
(eqbn c≠m-as‚ hncp∂v, 2005:127)
04. Fs∂ ISn-®n-s´m≠v ]mºv. CΩnWn ap¥nb F\w Xs∂-bm. Icn-aq¿°-
\m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-sh≈w s]mßn-b-Im-e-Øm. sh≈w tIdn-bm-∏ns∂ sNdp-tXm-
Wn-bn-d°n Hcp t]m°m. DÆm≥ t]mepw hcq-e............. aXym-thmfw Ae-™p-\-
S∂v Xncn-s®Øn tXmWn-b-Sp-∏n®v ho´n-te°v \S-°p-º-gmWv kw -hw........... Ahs‚
\Sp-sºm-d-sØ-ßm\pw Nhn- o-s´m-≠mhpw. hmep-s]m-°n-sbm-cSn! No‰n-s°m-s≠m-
c‰ ISow! Rm≥ Aedn hnfn-®Xpw Hc-¥n-b-S-∏≥ ag Ae-®ßp hoWp.î
(C-cpƒhogp-tºmƒ, 2005:138)
BJym-\-L-S\
IY-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ t_m[-]q¿∆-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS e-amWv BJym-
\-L-S-\-bpsS \nc-¥-c-amb Agn-®p-]-Wn-Iƒ. ]ta-b-]-c-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\sØ
Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]Xn-]m-Z-\-coXn Xs∂-bmWv BJym-\-L-S-\sb \n¿Æ-bn-°p-
∂-Xv. BJym-\-kz-Xz-hp-am-bmWv BJym-\-L-S\ _‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv. sNdp-I-
Y-bpsS BJym-\-k-µ¿`-ß-fn¬ c≠v coXn-bn-emWv BJym-Xmhv ]h¿Øn-°p-
∂-sX∂v ]T-\-߃ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. IYm-IrØv kzbw BJym-Xm-hm-Ip-I,
IYm-]mXw BJym-Xm-hm-IpI F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv ssiensb hn`-Pn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
hmekv ln¬UnIv F∂ hna¿i-I≥ ]Xn-aq-∂p-Xcw BJym-\-]-£-ßsf k¶ev]n-
°p-∂p-≠v. BJym-\-kzXzw IYmLS\-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ CS-s]-S-ep-IfpsS tiWn-
X-s∂-bmbn CXv amdp-∂p. tKkn-bpsS BJym-\-ssi-en-bpsS `n∂-X-Isf Cu
coXn-im-kvX-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xv.
01. IY-bpsS CS-bv°ph®v IYm-IrØv ]Xy-£-s∏ v Hcp km£n-samgn t]mse
IY ]d-bp∂p.
DZm:˛ ì apJ-a-S-s®m-cSn In´n-b-Xp-t]mse tPmk v e°p-sI v \n¬°p-∂Xv
Rm≥ amX-a√ hmb-\-°m-cm, Xm¶fpw ImWp-∂p-≠-t√m. A∂-bpsS apJ-Øns‚
apdp-°-am-Is´ sX√pw Ipd-™n- p-an-√. At∏mƒ ]ns∂ BcpsS Nncn-bmWv \ΩpsS
CS-bn¬ DXn¿a-Wn-Iƒ t]mse h∂phogp-∂-Xv.? î
(CXv tPmk-^ns‚ IY A∂-bp-sS-bpw, 1996:14)
02. IYm-]mXw Rm≥ Bbn \n∂p-sIm≠v IY-]-d-bp-∂p.
DZm:˛ ì Rm\mWv Bcmwjm! IpXv_p±o≥ sF_-°ns‚ ]pX≥î
............................................ Abmƒ ]ns∂bpw ]d-™p.
Rm\mWv Bcmwjm `qX-Im-e-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp k©mcn î
(Bcmwjm, 1996:42)
03. t_m[-[m-cm-k-º-Zmbw D]-tbm-Kn®v IY-]-d-bp∂ coXn.
DZm:˛ AΩbpw aI-\pw kz¿§Ønse hgn-bn-eqsS \S-°m-\n-d-ßn. Ah¿
GtXm Hm¿Ω-I-fn-¬ apgpIn Gsd Zqcw \S-∂p....................
DÆo, \oe-I-WvTm, \Ωfv qan-em-cp-∂t∏m \o Hcq´w hnZy ImWn®ncp∂Xv
Hm¿°-Wpt≠m?
(amPnIv tjm, 2002:15)
04. hmb-\-°msc A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp∂ coXn.
kzmKXw, CXv Xmcm-]pcw tImf-\n.
(tIm-f-\n, 2002:58)
05. hnhn[ IYm-]m-X-߃ BJym-\-]-£Øv \n∂v IY-]-d-bp∂ coXn.
DZm:˛ tUmIvS¿, lcn-i-¶¿, hmk-¥n, Acp¨ F∂o IYm-]m-X-߃
BJym-\-]-£Øv hcp-∂p.
(kq-cym-Lm-Xw, 2005:221˛224)
06. Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpsS BJym-\-]-›m-Øm-e-Øn-eqsS IY- ]-d-bp-∂p.
DZm˛ ìAh≥, Fs‚ Nßm-Xn, ]Sn-s°´v Xmßn ap‰w IS∂v tNmc-s]m-Sn-
bp∂ k‘y-bn-te°ndßp-∂-t√m.î (I-Æq-cv, 2005:225)
kmµ¿`n-I-amb A«o-e-]-Zm-h-en-Iƒ
IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS am\-kn-I-kzm-X-¥y-߃°-\p-kr-X-amb `mjm-ssien
tKkn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. hymI-cWhncp-≤-X, BVy-ssieohncp≤X F∂nh
tKkn-bpsS `mjm-t_m-[-Øn¬ D≠v.
DZm˛ ì01. D∑-Ø-\mbn th®p-th®v \S-∂p-h-cp∂ `¿Øm-hns\ I≠v
`mcy aq°Øv hnc¬ h®p. amdSo ]pt√ hgo∂v! F∂v A -l-kn®v Abmƒ
AIØv Ib-dn. (kz-]v\-߃°v Xo]n-Sn-°p-∂p, 1997:25)
02. Oo Ing-´p-X¥! ]pgpØ IY-Ifv sIm®p-]n-≈m¿°v sImSp-°-WXv
tI´nt√?..................... Ipgo-te°v Imepw \o´n-bn-cn-°p-hm-tWepw Cu h¿§-Øn\v
s]Æns‚ Nn¥-tb-bp-≈q. Cu Ing- p-ihw Fs‚ sIm®n-t\-°q-sS NoØbm°pw
(Ccpƒho-gp-tºmƒ, 1996:35)
03. he-XpssI \o´n AΩ-®n-bpsS Igp-Øn¬ ]nSn-ap-dp°n A∏-®≥ Aa¿Ønb
i_vZ-Øn¬ tNmZn-®p. \o FX XhW Ahs‚ IqsS sIS∂p? kXyw ]d!
At√ev sIm∂p-Itfw Rm≥!................... Ht∂m? I≈-°q-Øn®n! kXyw ]d-
™n-t√ev C∂v \ns‚ Ah-km-\-am
(]\n-°-Æv, 2002:29)
04. ìAIØv Hcn-cpƒap-dn-bn¬ I√p-hns\ tNmZyw sNøm≥ BZy-sa-Øn-bXv
C≥kvs]-IvS¿ cmcn-®≥. aoi-]n-cn®v C≥kvs]-IvS¿ ]Xn-hp-ssi-en-bn¬ XpSßn:
]pe-bm-Sn-tam-tf........ \obv ]mXn-cm-Xn-bn¬ Ahs\ hnfn®v AIØv tI‰n Xt≈
sIm√n-®p, At√? I√p-hns‚ IÆp-Iƒ C≥kvs]IvS-dpsS apJØv Xd-®p-\n-∂p.
C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Ah-fpsS Npa-en¬ ssIh®v Hcp ]SpNncn-tbmsS A`n-\-µn®p :
\obv Hcp-K≥ Nc-°m-W-t√mSo!...........î
(I-√p, 1996:29)
Akw-_‘ ssien-Iƒ
01. Ct∏m NmØ-t\dv XpS-ßo-t´-bp-≈q, C\n Xo´w sIm≠p≈ Ifow hc-Wp-
≠v. (io-a-lm-Nm-Ø≥tk-h, 1997:63)
02. sas√ ]q¿W-Im-b≥ taL-\m-Ys‚ aq°n≥ Xpºn¬ hnc¬ tN¿Øv
]Jym-]n®p : Xt¥sS Im‰p-t]mbn!
(C-hnSw Ct∏mƒ im¥w, 1996:27)
03. C°pdn \n߃ tXm‰p Xt≈, Fs‚ Xo≠mcn \ne®p t]mbn.
(AΩ Adn-tb-≠Xv, 2005:230)
04. It≈mfw \s√mcp hkvXp ]qtem-I-Øn-s√Sn adntb!
Ft≈mfw D≈o-s®-∂m¬ ]qtemIw ]p√p-I™n!
XnØn-Ømcm s]mbvI-bn-ep-s≠mcp amIn NØp-In-S-°p-∂p.
(A-Xn-I-an®p IS-°-cp-Xv, 1996:57˛58)
05. sXßn≥ tNm´nse ]p≈n-s∏-Æns\
A∏-®≥ sIm∂v Idp-ap-dm-Ønt∂!
sRmdnhm-en-f°n hcp-∂pt≠
htdm-Xn-\m≥ hey-Ω®n
(]\n-°-Æv, 2002:24˛26)
Kmay]Z-߃
samfn™ ssIØ≠
Afp°v
NmW-°√v
D∏p-XqWv
Cdºv
Xs≠√v
]pI-t°mWn
shS-e-®ncn
Igp-th¿S-tamfv
s]º-d-t∂mØn
hb-‰p-IÆn
X¥
]\-¶p‰n
s]dfn
A¥n-b-S-∏≥ ag
Ing-´p-ihw
cmhmS
IS-®n¬
Nmap-WvUn-
Noap´
sISp-aWw
Xo≠mcn
Bbw-]n-Sn-°pI
skmb-º≥
sImc-≠n-∏-eI
IpSp°
aqti´
FØn-°pØpI
t]dpw s]d∏pw
]qtemIw
amIn
sI´m-a-dnb
]qgn-°-S-I≥
ta´w
sh¥p-a-e-bv°pI
H°n-®m-SpI
hn´w
shfn-bS
ae-º≈
sasø-gpØv ico-c-\n-jvT-amb cq]-I-߃
01. IÆp-Iƒ°p Np‰pw ]c-∂n-cn-°p∂ hyK-Xbpw Np≠p-I-fn¬ XpSn®p \n∂
Zmlhpw ac-W-Øns‚ XWp-∏n-e-en™p (a-c-Wm-\-¥cw, 1998 : 26)
02. ap‰-Øns‚ Cd-ºn¬ BIm-i-Øp-cpΩn \n¬°p∂ ]\-bpsS a≠-bn¬
\n∂p I\Ø amwk-t]-in-Iƒ Dcp- n-°-fn®v GWn-°-ºn-Iƒ hgn Xmtg°v Xp≈n-
°p-Xn-°p∂ sNØp-Im-c≥ Ahƒ°p Zp»Ip\-am-Ip∂p . (`q-an-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ
a™p-Imew, 1997 : 45)
03. F¥n-s\-∂-dn-bmØ Hcp Zmlw Ah-fn-ep-W¿∂p. AXv sXm≠-°p-gn-bpsS
Bg-ß-fn¬ Hcp IS-®n-embn hf¿∂p. IS-®n¬ Ak-ly-am-b-t∏mƒ Ahƒ°p
t_m[£bw D≠m-bn. (`m-¥≥ ]q°ƒ, 1996 : 60)
04. Ah-fpsS Imaw Xo≠nb cmXn-bn¬ Ah≥ Dd-°-an-f®p . (am-¥n-I-I-ÆmSn
2005 : 171)
05. Ima-Øns‚ sImt؉p aq¿—n®v Icn-\o-en-°m-\p≈ Xohm-`n-emjw Ah-
cpsS DS-ep-I-fn¬ Cg™p \S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (tIm-f\n, 2002:89)
06. kzbw Hcp Pmc-\mbn k¶-ev]n-°msX cLq-Ø-a\v F∂n-te-°n-d-ßm-\m-
hp-∂n-√...... F\n°v Xo¿Øpw A]-cn-Nn-X-am-sbmcp IcpØv At∏mƒ cLq-Ø-a-
\n¬ Npc-am-¥p-∂p. Hcp sImSp-¶m‰v `m¥p-]n-Sn® \J-ap-\-I-fn¬ Fs∂ tIm¿Øv
sImSp-ap-Sn-I-fn-te°pw Xmgvhm-c-ß-fn-te°pw ]d-°p∂p (`m¥v 1997 : 72)
Akw-_-‘-kz- m-h-ap≈ D]-I-Y-Iƒ
tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnse BJym-\-L-S-\sb hy‡n-cn-‡-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ IY-
Iƒ°p-≈n¬ kmµ¿`n-I-ambn hnh-cn®v -t]m-Ip∂ D]-I-Y-Iƒ°v ÿm\-ap-≠v.
Cu LS-\-bmWv tKkn-bpsS kvXokz-Xz-Z¿i-\sØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-
IY ( ) F∂ BJym\kt¶-XsØ hnhn-[-co-Xn-bn¬ IY-bn¬ D]-
tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠v. Hcp IY-bn¬Øs∂ AsXm-cp-I-Y am-X-am-sW∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂
hnh-c-W-߃ AS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. IY-bnse BJym-\-kzXzw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂
kwL¿j-߃°v DZm-l-c-W-ambn Akw-_-‘-kz- m-h-ap≈ D]-I-Y-Isf kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂p. Hcp IY-bn¬Øs∂ hnhn[ BJym-\-]-X-e-߃ krjvSn-°p-hm≥
D]-I-Y-Iƒ°p km[n-®n-´p-≠v.
01. DZm: cmt[, tIƒ°v IrjvW≥Ip´n ]d™p XpS-ßn. Ip∂Øv Xd-hm-
´nse ]pcp-j-]-P-Iƒ°v Zmº-Xy-kpJw hn[n-®n-´n-√. ]g-a-bn¬ thtcm-Sn-b-Hcp
IY-bp≠v AXn\p ]n∂n¬. ]pXn-b-Xmbn ]Wn-I-gn-∏n® t£X-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-
°m≥ h©n-bn¬ K-h-Xnsb IpS, Xg, Nma-ctØmsS Iq´n-s°m≠p hcn-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂p. h©n Ic-°-Sp-∏n-®-t∏mƒ `K-h-Xn-bpsS hnKlw FSp-Øn-d-°n-bXv aqØ-
Ωm≥. At∂cw `K-hXn shfn-®-s∏-´p. Agn-™p-e™v Imens‚ s\cn-bmWn ad-
bv°p∂ apSn. s\bv hnf°v IØn \n¬°p∂ IÆp-Iƒ. tNm∂p \\™ Np≠p-
Iƒ. ]´pdhp-°-bn¬ s]mXn™ Ip™p-ap-e-Iƒ. Hcp ]Xn-\m-dp-Im-cn. aqØ-Ωm-
\m-sW-¶n¬ HscmØ sNdp-∏-°m-c≥. A`ym-kn. F¶nepw `K-h-Xn-bpsS I¨ap-
\-Ø-√n¬ Ah-i-\m-bn. Imen¬ hoWv aqØ-Ωm≥ Ic-™p. ASn-bs\ ssIsh-
Sn-bt√! aqØ-Ωm\v `m¥n-f-In, F∂p IcpXn ]qPm-cnbpw AI-º-Sn-°mcpw hnK-
l-ta¥n \S-∂p-t]m-bn. FX-bm-bn´pw ]XnjvT Dd-®n-√. HSp-hn¬ ]iv\w h®p
t\m°n. K-hXn aqØ-Ωms‚ IqsS t]mbn. Xd-hm-´nse a®-IØv IpSn-bn-cn-∏mbn
F∂p sXfn-™p.............. Xd-hm-´nse BWp-߃ BZyw Iman-°p-∂Xv `K-h-Xn-
sb. ]ns∂ Imaw DcpInsXfn-™v `‡n-bm-hp-∂p. `mcybv°v Ah-cpsS a\- n¬
c≠mwÿm\w amXw. (I-ev]m¥w 1996 :38 ˛ 9)
02. NnX-dn-t∏mb Fs∂ Iq´n-bn-W-°p-∂Xv Jm≥km-tl-_ns‚ sh≈-°p-Xn-
c-bpsS Ipf-º-Sn-sbm-®-I-fm-Wv. ]Im-i-Øns‚ BZy-civan BImiw Xpf®v `qan-
bn-te°v IS-°p-tºmƒ c≠mƒs]m-°-ap≈ aXn¬s°- ns‚ tK‰v ae¿t° Xpd∂v
aq¿®-am-X-amb Hcp icw t]mse IpXnc ]pd-tØ°v IpXn-°p-∂p. ASp-Ø-SpØp
hcp∂Ipf-º-Sn-sbm-®-bpsS hocyw \pI¿∂v Fs‚ Cµn-b-߃ ]nS-s™-gp-t∂-
ev°p-∂p. ...... Gtd-°mew knwK-∏q-cn-em-bn-cp∂ kmtl_v AhnsS \n∂v aq∂p
lqdn-Isf sI´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-∂n-´p -s≠-∂mWv tIƒhn. Ah¿s°m∂pw
DW¿Øm≥ Ign-bmØ ]ucpjw IpXn-c-∏p-dØp NmSn-hoWv hmbp-th-K-Øn¬
]m™p-t]m-hp-tºmƒ Ac-°q-Sn¬ \n∂v Npcpƒ\n-h¿Øn \s´-√n-eqsS Cg™v
apI-fn-seØn ]Øn-hn-cn-®m-Sp-a-tX. GXm-bmepw aS-°-bm-X-bn¬ IpXnc sas√
\S-°p-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. AXns‚ hmbn¬\n∂v \pcbpw ]Xbpw Hen°pw. Xf¿∂v,
hnb¿sØm-en-®v, IpXn-c-∏p-d-Øn-cn-°p∂ kmtl-_ns‚ IÆp-I-fn¬ A\n¿∆-N-
\o-b-am-sbmcp Xnf°w ]c-∂n-´p-≠mIpw . (`m-¥v, 1997 :72)
tKkn-bpsS IYm-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ Kmay-]-Z-߃, Akw-_-
‘-ssi-en-Iƒ, BJym\ sshNnXy߃, D]-I-Y-Iƒ F∂n-hsb hni-I-e\w
sNøp-tºmƒ `mjm-]-c-amb hnt—Zw tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ kv]jvS-am-Wv.
kvXoXzw F∂Xv \nc-¥-c-amb ]cn-Wm-a-]-In-b-bm-Wv. cq]-s∏´p Ign-™n- n-√mØ
kzXzw. tKkn-bpsS IY-I-fnse ÿe-Im-e-ßsf A]-K-Yn-®-t∏mƒ Ime-]-c-
amb ]Xn-k‘n Ds≠∂p Is≠-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. tKkn-bpsS IYIfnse Ime-]-c-
amb ]cn-anXn mjm-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn--Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. \nc-¥cw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃°pw
hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ \ne-°mØ ]hmlw (
) F∂v _JvXn≥ hyh-l-cn-°p∂ `mjm-Po-hnXw ]q¿Æ-ambpw tKkn-bpsS
IYIfpsS mK-am-Ip-∂n-√. kzX-¥-amb mjm-]-≤Xn F∂ \ne-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ mjm-ssi-en-bpsS \ho-I-cWw tKkn-bpsS IYIfn¬ \S-°p-∂n-√ F∂Xv
]cn-anXn Xs∂-bm-Wv. \nc-¥cw \ho-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ k∂-≤-bm-Ip-tºmgpw tIµo-
Ir-X-amb `mh-Øns‚ B[n-]-XysØ sNdp-°p-hm-\m-Ip-∂n-√. ae-bm-f-Ønse
kvXoI-Ym-I¿Ør-Xz-߃ t\cn-Sp∂ ][m-\ -]-Xn-k‘n tIµ-k-¶-ev]-ßsf
adn-I-S-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p∂n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. kvssXW-kzXzw t\cn-Sp∂ ]tem-`-
\hpw `oj-Wn-bp-ambn ssewKn-IX tKkn-bpsS IYIfn¬ tIµo-Ir-X-L-S-I-
ambn hcp-∂p-sh-∂Xv kv]jvS-am-Wv. lmkym-\p-I-c-Ww, ]Xym-h¿Ø\w F∂o
IYm-]-h-W-X-I-fn-eqsS tKkn-bpsS IYIfn¬ Hcp tIµo-Ir-X-`m-hp-IXzw cq]-
s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. ìHcp ]tXyI tImWn¬ \n∂mWv Imcy-ßsf ImWp-I-bpw A\p-
`-hn-°p-Ibpw a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI. BJym-\-ß-fn¬
kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu ]cn-t]-£ysØ hn.-kn. ioP≥ tIµo-I-cWw F∂p
hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p (1992).
tKkn-bpsS IYIfnse kvXokz-Xz-Z¿i\w
bmYm¿∞y-Øn\pw `amflI-Xbv°pw CS-bn¬ Aa¿Øn-h® lmky-
tØmsS k©-cn-°p∂ kvXokz-Xz-ß-fmWv tKkn-bpsS IYIfn¬ D≈-Xv. ÿe-
Im-e-kw-_-‘n-bmb XpS¿®-I-sftbm hym]vX-a-fi-e-ß-sftbm krjvSn-°p-hm≥
`mKn-I-ambn amXw Ign-hp≈ IYm]m-X-ß-fmWn-h¿. Htc-k-abw At\-I-cmbn
cq]-s∏-Sp-hm-\p≈ kzXz-km-[y-X-Iƒ kq£n-°p∂ Ch¿ imco-cn-I-amb ]tem-`-
\-߃°pw BI-a-W-`o-Xn-Iƒ°pw ASn-s∏-´p-\n¬°p-∂p. tKkn-bpsS kvXoI-
Ym-]m-X-ß-fpsS GI-Xm-\X F∂pXs∂ Cu tIµo-IrX kz`m-hsØ hyh-l-
cn-°p-∂p. imco-cn-I-amb Ah-ÿ-mt`-Z-߃ ]tem-`-\hpw `oj-Wnbpw ]I-bp-
ambn amdp∂ Bh¿ØnX IYm-k-µ¿`-ß-fmWv tKkn-bpsS kvXokzXzw t\cn-
Sp∂ Z¿i-\-]-c-amb ]Xn-k-‘n. tKkn-bpsS kvXoXz-Z¿i-\sØ ]Jym-]nX
kvXohm-Z-Øns‚ coXn-im-kvX-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v ]q¿Æ-ambpw hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥
km[n-°p-∂n-√. ImcWw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-amb kzXz-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ]Xy-£-
s∏-Sp∂ At\Iw kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-ßsf tKkn krjvSn-®n-´p-≠v. Pohn-X-tØmSv
Xoh-amb Bk-‡nbpw kam-¥-c-amb hnc-‡nbpw Dƒh-ln-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-
fp-≠v. kvXoI-fpsS k¶o¿Æ-amb at\m-K-Xn-Isf Bhn-jvIcn-°p∂ ]Sn-bn-d-
ßn-t∏mb ]m¿∆-Xn , ]m©m-en , AΩ Adn-tb-≠-Xv , ]md , CXv tPmk-
^ns‚ IY A∂-bp-tSbpw F∂o IY-I-fn¬ kvXokz-Xz-]-T-\-ß-fpsS coXn-im-
kvX-ßsf ]Xn-]-£Øp \n¿Øp∂ kµ¿ -ß-fp-≠v. Hmtcm kzXzm-hn-jvIm-chpw
Hmtcm am\-kn-I-LS\sb ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
c‡-_-‘-ß-sfbpw lrZ-b-_-‘-ß-sfbpw AXn-Po-hn-°p∂ kvXokz-Xz-
Øns‚ Bhn-jvIm-c-amWv AΩ Adn-tb-≠Xv F∂ IY. AIm-e-Øn¬ bu∆\w
\ne-®p-t]m-Ip∂ aI-fpsS am\-knItemI-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv IY Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. kpµ-cn-bmb AΩ-bpsS hncq-]-bmb aIƒ, aI-fpsS `¿Ømhv F∂o IYm-
]m-X-ß-fmWv IY-bn¬ kqNn-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Xs‚ kuµ-cy-[m¿jvSy-Øns‚ ]n≥_-
e-Øn¬ aIsf ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ AΩ-bpw, Xs‚ sshcq-]y-Øn¬ am\-kn-I-kw-
L¿jw A\p- -hn-°p-Ibpw AΩ-tbmSv Akq-b-I-e¿∂ hntZzjw kq£n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ aIfpw tIh-e-amb kvssXWkzXz-ß-fpsS \ne B¿÷n-°p-∂p. AΩ
˛ aIƒ F∂ _‘w ChnsS A]-k-‡-am-Wv. F√m-hn[ kuµ-cy-]-cn-th-j-
ßfpw \jvS-s∏ v ihambn amdn-°-gn™ AΩsb ImWp-hm-\p≈ aI-fpsS ]pd∏m-
Sn-¬, AΩ-bpsS arX-tZlw ImWp-tºmƒ Xm\n-\nbpw aI-fpsS hb-‰n¬ P\n-°p-
sa∂p ihw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse aIƒ°-\p-`h-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]q¿Æ-ambpw
At_m-[-Øns‚ LS-\-bn-emWp ac-Wm-\-¥cw F∂ IY Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-
≈-Xv.
Ah-fpsS lrZbw A£-a-sIm≠v XpcpXp-cm-an-Sn-®p. AΩ acn®psh∂v
t\cn¬°≠v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ahƒ XnSp-°-s∏-´p. .... AΩ-bpsS ape-Iƒ Xe-
sb-Sp-t∏msS \n∂v Imcp-Wy-]q¿∆w Xs‚ amdn-te°p t\m°n aµ-l-kn-°p-∂Xv
Ahsf ipWvTn-]n-Sn-∏n®p (AΩ Adn-tb-≠-Xv 2005 : 229)
ico-cw, AXpw bu∆-\-bp-‡-amb icocw F∂ bmYm¿∞ysØ AwKo-I-
cn-°p∂ kvXokz-Xz-Z¿i-\-amWp tKkn-bpsS IYIfn-ep-≈-Xv. ico-csØ kzXz-
\n¿Æ-tbm-]m-[n-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ IY-I-fn¬ ]Sn-bn-d-ßn-t∏mb ]m¿∆-Xn-
bpw , ]hm-kn-bpsS P\-\hpw ]tXyI hni-I-e\w A¿ln-°p-∂p. k¶o¿Æ-
amb ssewKn-I-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv Cu IY-Iƒ Fgp-X-s∏-´n-´p-
≈-Xv. kzh¿§-c-Xn, D`-b-enw-KXzw F∂o ]h-W-X-Isf°pdn-®p≈ kqN-\-Iƒ
Cu IY-I-fpsS A¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≠v.
]m¿∆Xn F∂n-te°v IS-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ R߃°n-cp-h¿°pw ]Xn-\m-dp-
h-b- m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-fpsS shfpØp XpSpØ apJhpw ]Im-i-ta-dnb hen-b-I-
Æp-Ifpw \o≠n-S-Xq¿∂ apSnbpw F\n°v el-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ
hnIm-c-Xo-h-X-sIm≠v CS-dnb i_vZ-Øn¬ ]pcp-j-∑m-sc-°pdn®v kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv
Fs∂ h√msX aSp-∏n-®p. Cu ]mb-Øn¬ FXn¿enw-K-tØmSp tXmt∂≠ kl-
P-amb hnIm-c-ß-sfm∂pw F\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√-∂Xv Fs∂-Øs∂ CS-°nsS
A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, ]m¿∆-Xn-bpsS Ihn-fn¬ Nq≠p-hn-c¬
sIm≠p-sXm-Sp-hm\pw IÆp-I-fn¬ Np≠-a¿Øm\pw an\p-Ø-ap-Sn-bn¬ Xgp-Im\pw
\nKq-V-amb Hcp Bthiw F∂n¬ \pc-™p-s]m-¥p-∂Xv ]Wn-s∏- mWv Rm≥
AS-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv . (]Sn-bn-d-ßn-t∏mb ]m¿∆Xn 1998 : 30) hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb
ssewKn-I-ho-£-W-Øn\p ]pdØp≈ kzh¿§cXn-sb-bmWvv ChnsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xv. IYm-cw-`-Øn¬ kmµ¿`nI-ambn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sXm-gn-®m¬ IY-bpsS
KXn-bn¬ Kuc-h-X-c-amb ]cn-Wm-a-߃ krjvSn-°p-hm≥ tKkn ian-®n-´n-√.
D`-b-enw-K-hy-‡n-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Hcp
bph-Xn-bpsS at\m-hym-]m-c-߃ KmV-am-bn-Øs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ IY-bmWv
]hm-kn-bpsS P\\w . ico-c-kw-_-‘n-bmb `am-fl-IX F∂ coXn-bn¬ hfsc
kzm`m-hn-I-X-tbmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu ssewKn-Im-\p-`-h-Øn\p Ncn-X-
]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb hyh-lm-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-ap-s≠∂p hni-I-e-\-
Øn¬ Is≠-Øp-∂p.
Dd-°-Øn¬ Ahƒ hnNn-X-amb Hcp kz]v\w I≠p. Xm≥ ]pcp-j-\mbn
amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXv F¥m-bmepw hfsc Xam-i-bp≈ Hcp Imcy-ambn Ahƒ°p
tXm∂n. Hcp _eq¨ ho¿Øp-h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse Ahƒ Nncn-°m≥ Xp-Sßn. Nncn
Hcp henb i_vZ-tØmsS s]m´n-b-t∏mƒ Ahƒ \Sp-ßn-bp-W¿∂p. kz]v\-sØ-
°p-dn®v Hm¿Øv D∏vck-ap≈ Hcp sNdnb Nncn \pW™v Ahƒ InS-∂p. ]ns∂
shdpsX ASn-bp-Sp-∏n-\p-≈n¬ ssII-SØn ]c-Xn-b-t∏mƒ Ahƒ Aº-c-∂p-t]mbn.
kz]v\-a√ bYm¿∞-ambpw Xm≥ Hcp ]pcp-j-\mbn amdn F∂-hƒ a\- n-em-
°n........... s]mSp-∂-s\-bmWv Ahƒ Xs‚ ape-Isf°pdn®v Hm¿Ø-Xv. enwK-Øns‚
apf-sb-Sp-t∏msS Ah sImgn-™p-t]mbn´p≠m-Ip-sa∂ Nn¥ an∂¬∏n-W-cns‚
thK-Øn¬ Ah-fn-te°v Bgv∂n-d-ßn. Ah bYm-ÿm-\Øv ]g-b-h-ep-∏-
Øn¬Øs∂ ÿnXn-sNøp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p..... Aßs\ kz¥-ambn HcnSw \jvS-
s∏´ Ahƒ Ipfn-ap-dn-bpsS Cu¿∏-ap-‰nb Xd-bn¬ Xf¿∂n-cp∂v ]mb¬]n-Sn®
Nph-cn¬ apJw Aa¿Øn.... (]-hm-kn-bpsS P\-\w, 1998 :22) Aan-X-amb imco-cn-
I- o-Xn-Iƒ kvXokz-XzsØ Ac-£n-X-am-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xns‚ ]Xo-Im-fl-I Bhn-
jvImc-am-WnXvî.
\thm-∞m\ Ime-L- -Øn\p tij-ap≈ bqtdm-]y≥ kaq-lsØ ssewKn-
I-\n-jvT-ambn hymJym-\n® antj¬ ^qt°mhns‚ Nn¥-Iƒ D`-b-ssew-Kn-IX
Fßs\ Hcp kzXzsØ ]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-gvØp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. imco-cn-
Im-\p-`-h-ßsf IrXy-amb ⁄m\-]-≤-Xn-bm°n hnI-kn-∏n® bqtdm-]y≥ Nn¥-I-
fmWv ChnsS ]k-‡-am-bn- p-≈-Xv. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-ti-j-ap≈ bqtdm-]y≥
kaq-l-Øn¬ ssewKnI hn⁄m\w Ima-Ie í
F∂o ]cn-I-ev]-\-Isf sshZy-im-kvXw, a\x-imkvXw F∂o hn⁄m-
\-ta-J-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈ ssewKnI hn⁄m-\-Øn\p
]mapJyw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. CX-\p-k-cn®v hy‡n-kz-XzsØ A\p-Iq-etam ]Xn-Iq-
etam Bb -co-Xn-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \n¿Æm-b-I-ta-J-e-bmWp ssewKn-I-X-bp-
tS-Xv. kzXzhpw ssewKn-I-Xbpw XΩn-ep≈ k¶o¿Æ-amb _‘sØ hni-I-
e\w sNøp-hm≥ ^qt°m Hcp kw`-h-IY DZm-l-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. ^m≥knse Hcp
ssIkvXh IpSpw-_-Øn¬ 1838˛¬ P\n® _m¿_n≥ Ccp-]Xp h¿j-tØmfw
s]¨Ip-´n-bmbn Pohn-®p. At∏m-gmWv Ah-fpsS ssewKn-I-kz-XzsØ°pdn®v
kaq-l-Øn\p kwibw P\n-°p-∂-Xv. D`-b-ssew-Kn-IX AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Xøm-
d-√m-Xn-cp∂ kaqlw Hcp knhn¬ tImS-Xn-bpsS DØ-c-hns‚ cq]-Øn¬
sl¿Iyqen≥ _m¿_ns‚ hy‡n-Po-hnXØn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw ëAhsfí ]pcp-
j-\mbn ]Jym-]n-°p-I-bpw sNbvXp. CXn¬ a\w-s\m¥ _m¿_n≥ Aev]-Im-e-
Øn-\p-tijw Bfl-lXy sNbvXp (]n.-]n. cho-µ≥; 1998) . D`-b-enw-K-hy-‡n-
bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ kaqlw Fßs\ A[o-iXzw ]pe¿Øp∂p F∂p hni-Zo-I-
cn-°p-hm-\mWv ^qt°m Cu IY DZm-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tKkn-bpsS IYbn¬ D`-b-
enw-KXzw am\-kn-Im-\p- hw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kvXoi-
cocw F∂ bmYm-¿∞y-Øn\pta¬ kaqlw ]pe¿Øp∂ A[n-Im-c-]-h-W-X-I-
fmWv IYm-kzXzw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ at\m-hn-`m-¥n-bpsS ImX¬.
Nne Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ ico-c-amWv Fgp-Xp-∂-sX∂v m¿§-h-cm-a\pw cm[m-
c-a-W\pw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv km¿ Hm¿°p-∂p-≠m-hpw. Po\p-I-fm-Wt√m kz`m-h-
Øn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ. ico-c-an-√msX Po\p-Iƒ°v \ne-\n¬∏pt≠m? At∏mƒ ico-
c-amWp Hcmsf \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv F∂p Xo¿®. (_o-P-_m¶v 2005 : 289)
IY-sb-Øs∂ hnj-b-am-°p∂ _oP-_m¶v F∂ IY-bnepw kvXokz-
Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ambn ico-c-amWv h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂ [mc-Wbm-
Wp-≈-Xv.
13
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
01. sNdp-IY F∂ kt¶-XsØ ssk≤m-¥n-I-ambn hymJym-\n® BZy-Ime
Ata-cn-°≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-cmWv \Ym-\n-b¬ lmtØm¨, FUvKm¿ Ae≥t]m
F∂n-h¿. Ae≥t]m IYm-Im-c≥ amX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. IYsb \n¿∆-Nn® ssk≤m-
¥n-I≥ IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ bqtdm-
∏n¬ hnI-kn®p h∂ sdmam‚n-kn-k-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv hnhn-[ß-fmb
sNdp-IYm \n¿∆-N-\-߃ krjvSn-°-s∏- -Xv. Ae≥t]m sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ASn-ÿm-
\-L-S-I-ambn ImWp-∂Xv ë í (GI`m-h-tI-µnX-Xzw)-s\-bm-Wv. Hcp
IYm-]m-Xw, Hcp kw -hw, Hcp `mhwíF∂XmWv IY-bpsS GI-XzsØ \n¿Æ-
bn-°p-∂-sX∂v _m≠¿ am-Xyqkv ]d-bp-∂p. (Imev]-\n-I-
K-Zy-cq-]w) F∂v ^m¶v H tImW¿ IY-sb hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.
02. IYm-]-cX F∂Xv IYbpw bmYm¿∞yhpw XΩn-ep≈ auen-
I-amb hyXym-ksØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ k¶-ev]-\-am-Wv.
03. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ bqtdm-∏n¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ Imev]-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-Øns\-Xnsc
cq]-s∏´ ]ÿm-\-ß-fmWv djy≥ t^m¿a-en-kw, \h-hn-a¿iw F∂nh. djy≥
t^m¿a-en-k-Øns‚ hnI-kn-X-im-J-bmbn LS-\m-hm-ZsØ ]cn-K-
Wn-°p-∂p. djy≥ t^m¿a-en-kw IrXn-bpsS cq]-Ønepw \h-hn-a¿iw D≈-S-°-
Ønepw tIµo-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ LS-\m-hmZw Ch c≠n-s‚bpw ka-hm-b-ambn \ne-
hn¬ h∂p. a\p-jy-a-\- v, kz]v\-߃, ⁄m\w F∂n-hbv°v `mjm-[n-jvTn-X-
amb LS-\-bp-s≠∂ `mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ hnNm-c-am-Xr-I-I-fmWv LS-\m-hm-Z-
Øn\p XmØzn-I-amb ]n¥pW \¬In-b-Xv.
04. ì Bi-b-kw-ln-X, Hcp h¿§-Øn\v ]tXy-I-am-bp≈ aqey-hn-izm-k-߃,
Ab-Ym¿∞-amb k¶-ev]-߃ F∂o A¿∞-ß-fn-emWv ]Xy-b-im-kvX-sa∂
hm°v D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂Xv. Cu A¿∞-ß-sf-sb√mw DƒsIm-≈p-Ibpw AtX-
k-abw Iqsd-°qSn kmam-\y-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ as‰m-c¿∞-Øn¬ Cu hm°v
D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. CX-\p-k-cn-®v, A¿∞-ß-fp-sSbpw Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw
Dev]m-Z-\-sa∂ kmam\y ]In-b-bmWv ]Xy-b-im-kvXw. A¿∞-ßfpw aqey-
ßfpw \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv kmaq-ln-Im-\p- -h-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v A¿∞-
ß-sfbpw aqey-ß-sfbpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ km-aq-ln-Im-\p-`-hsØ sltem-kn-
t\mhv ]Xy-b-imkvXw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Øn¬ ]Xy-b-
im-kvX-sa∂ hm°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv khn-ti-jhpw kmam-\y-hp-amb
Cusbmc¿∞-Øn-emWv . (hn. kn. ioP≥, IYbpw ]Xy-b-im-kvX-hpw, 1992,
tZim-`n-am\n hmcn-I, s^_p ˛ ]p:23, e:35)
05. ì IYsb Bfl-s\m-º-chpw Bfl-Zm-lhpw kz]v\-hp-am-bn-°m-Wp-∂, sshb-
‡n-Im-\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-Ihpw kXym-fl-I-hp-amb NnXo-I-c-W-ambn
AXns\ Z¿in-°p∂ B[p-\n-I-]q¿∆w F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ IYm-k-¶-
ev]-am-W-Xv. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS N´-°q-Sn¬ \n∂-ap-b¿∂p hcp∂ dnb-enÃv IYm-
k-¶ev]w F∂¿∞-Øn-em-Wv Imev]-\nI dnb-enkw F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xvî.
(]n.-]n. cho-µ≥, IY-bpsS `qan-imkvXw Fw.-Snsb hmbn-°p-tºmƒ, 1997, tZim-
`n-am\n hmcn-I, s^_p ˛ ]p: 26, e:44).
06. ì
07 Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ Hcw-i-sØ-°p-dn®v amXw ]d™v hkvXp-hns\ samØ-
Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns\ë íF∂p hyh-l-cn-°p-∂p.
08.
09. AXn-IY : B[p-\n-I-I-Y-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw mjm-in-ev]-Øn-
emWv tIµo-I-cn-®-Xv. B[p-\n-I-Xbv°p tijw h∂ IYm- m-hp-I-Xz-Øns‚ apJy-
]-Xn-k‘n B[p-\n-I-I-Y-m-X-¥p-°sf \ntj-[n-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. mj-sb-
Øs∂ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-amb kt¶-X-ambn DØ-cm-[p-\n-I¿ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp.
DØ-cm-[p-\nI IY-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏´ kt¶-X-ß-fmWv AXn-I-Y, ]mcUn
F∂n-h. ]pXnb IYm-X-¥-ß-fpsS A]-cy-m]vX-X-bn¬ \n∂p-amWv Fgp-Øn-s\-
Øs∂ hnj-b-am-°n-s°m-≠p≈ IY-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 1960˛I-fn¬ `mj-bpsS
]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≠mb ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv AXn-IY F∂
kt¶Xw Dcp-Øn-cn-™-Xv. Ata-cn-°≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mb hneyw F®v -Kmkv
BWv sa‰m-^n-Ivj≥ F∂ ]Zw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. IY-bpsS IYm-fl-
I-kzXzw BJym-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ ]In-bsb kqNn-∏n-°p-hm-\mWv
Cu ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. Hcp IYbv°p IY-sb∂ \ne-bv°p≈ AkvXn-XzsØ
B IY-bn¬Øs∂ hymJym-\n-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXmWv AXn-I-Y. Hcp IY-bpsS
Xs∂ `mjm-]-chpw BJym-\-]-c-hp-amb kzXzw B IY-bn¬Øs∂ hymJym-\n-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv AXn-IY . (hn.-kn.ioP≥, 1999, B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-cw, hni-I-e-
\hpw hna¿i-\-hpw, F≥.-_n.-F-kv.)
]mcUn : ]q¿∆-\n¿±n-jvS-amb IY-\-ssi-en-Isf lmkym-fl-I-
ambn ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°p∂ ]mcUn B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-I-Ym-X-¥-am-Wv. ì
, 28 : 232)
10. anØv F∂ hm°n\p kam-\-ambn, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂ ]Zw
]pcm-hrØw F∂-Xm-Wv. GtXm Hcp ImeØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v i‡-amb
hnizm-k-amWv ]pcm-hr-Ø-Øn\v B[m-c-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ kz]v\-
sa∂p ]pcm-hr-ØsØ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv............
11. anØp-Isf kw_-‘n® ssk≤m-¥nI hni-I-e-\ß-fn¬ anØns‚ aq∂p-
Xcw [¿Ω-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. 1)
12. ì
13. ^qt°m FUn‰p sNbvX _m¿_n-s‚ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpsS Cw•ojv ]cn-
`mj sl¿Iyp-en≥ _m¿_n≥ : _obnMv Z dosk‚ ven UnkvI-th¿Uv saavhmkv
Hm^v F ss\≥So≥Xv sk≥Nzdn sl¿am-t^mssU-‰v, ]cn- m-j, B¿. aIvtUm-
K¬, \yq tbm¿°v, 1980.
(IS-∏mSv : ]n.-]n. cho-µ≥, antj¬ ^qt°m, h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw,
1998, `mjm- C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)