Abstract Book BCCCE

2nd International Balkans Conference on Challenges of Civil Engineering, BCCCE, 23-25 May 2013, Epoka University, Tirana, Albania

2nd International Balkans Conference on Challenges of Civil Engineering

ABSTRACT BOOK

ISBN: 978-9928-135-07-0

SPONSORS:


Proceedings of the Second

International Balkans Conference on Challenges of Civil Engineering

Edited By: Julinda KeçiEnea MustafarajHüseyin BilginYavuz Yard m

Published By:

Department of Civil Engineering

Epoka University

Tirana, Albania

Cover: Eduard Pagria

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means or whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder. Authors of papers in these proceedings are authorized to use their own material freely. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to:

Assist. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bilgin

Department of Civil Engineering

Epoka University

Tirane, Albania

Email: [email protected]


Proceedings of the

International Balkans Conference on Challenges of Civil Engineering

BCCCE 2013May 23-25, 2013

Tirane, Albania

Jointly Organized by

Epoka University, Tirana, Albania,

Polytechnic University, Tirana, Albania,

Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey


Committees

International Advisory Committee

President of Epoka University, Tirana, Albania

Jorgaq Kaçani President of Polythecnic University of Tirana, Albania

Galip Akhan Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey

Hasan Kaplan Pamukkale University, Turkey

Keynote Speakers

Earthquake Engineering Peter FajfarUniversity of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Structural Engineering Zekai CelepIstanbul Technical University, Turkey

Environmental Engineering Latif KalinAuburn University, USA

Civil Engineering Burak GöktepeIstanbul Technical University, Turkey


Local Organizing Committee

Hüseyin Bilgin Chair

Co-Chair

Neritan Shkodrani Co-Chair

Muharrem Can

Agim Selenica

Ylber Muceku

Julinda Keçi Conference Secretary

Enea Mustafaraj

Anila Xhahysa

Ornela Lalaj

International Scientific Committee

Adem Eren Izmir Katip Celebi University, TurkeyAgim Selenica Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania

Ahmad Naderzadeh Iranian Society for Earthquake Engineering

Ahmed Hasan Alwathaf Sana'a University, YemenGaziantep University, Turkey

Alemdar Bayraktar Karadeniz Technical University, TurkeyDokuz Eylul University

Asghar Vatani Oskouei Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Iran

Baki Ozturk Nigde University, TurkeyBanihan Günay Akdeniz University, TurkeyCengiz Erciyes University, Turkey


Charis Gantes National Technical University of Athens, Greece

David Arditi Illinois Insitute Of Technology, USAIstanbul University

Enkelejda Gjinali Polytechnic University of Tirana, AlbaniaFarzad Hejazi University Putra Malaysia, MalaysiaGökmen Tayfur Izmir Institute of Technology, TurkeyHakan Arslan Sakarya UniversityHalil Karahan Pamukkale University, TurkeyHanifi BiniciHüseyin Bilgin Epoka University, Albania

Sakarya UniversityJohn Ermopoulos National Technical. University, GreceeJiri Narstek Academy of Sciences, Czech RepublicKemal Beyen Kocaeli University, TurkeyKeti Stasa Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania

Khaled Bayagoob Hadharomout Uni. of Science and Tech. Mukalla, Yemen

Knostantinos Stamatopoulos Stamatopoulos and Associates Co, Greece

Auburn University, USAErciyes University, TurkeyPamukkale University, Turkey

Mehmet Sorgun Izmir Katip Celebi University, TurkeyMichael Brown University of Dundee, UKMirjam Ndini Polytechnic University of Tirana, AlbaniaMohd. Saleh Jaafar University Of Putra, Malaysia

Celal Bayar UniversityMustafa Istanbul University TurkeyMohammad Abdulla Al Gorafi Sana'a University, YemenNeritan Shkodrani Polytechnic University of Tirana, AlbaniaNiko Pojani Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania

Pamukkale University, TurkeyOsman Ünsal Bayrak University, Turkey

Canik Basari University


Pelin Gündes Bakir Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Pierre Jean Yves Hubert International Association of Hydrological Sciences, France

Peter Fajfar University of Ljubjana, Slovenia

Polat Gülkan Cankaya University, TurkeyRecep Yurtal Çukurova University, Turkey

Çukurova University, TurkeyIzmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey

Selim Altun Aegean University, TurkeySelçuk Toprak Pamukkale University, TurkeyShibli Rusell Khan University Putra Malaysia, MalaysiaShkëlqim Daja Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania

Atatürk University, TurkeySokol Dervishi Epoka University, AlbaniaTatsunori Matsumoto Kanazava University Japan

Veronika Sendova Institute of Earthq. Eng. & Eng.Seis.,Skopje, Macedonia

Yavuz Selim Tama Pamukkale University, TurkeyEpoka University, AlbaniaTexas University, USAPamukkale University, Turkey

Ylber Muceku Polytechnic University of Tirana, AlbaniaYuri Ribakov Ariel University, Israel

Istanbul Technical University, Turkey


PREFACE

In this volume are included the abstracts of contributed papers presented at the International Balkans Conference on Challenges of Civil Engineering, by new academics and emeritus professor invited as keynote speakers.

2nd International Balkans Conference on Challenges of Civil Engineering (BCCCE) is hosted by the Department of Civil Engineering of Epoka University in Tirana, Albania during May 23-25, 2013. This conference was jointly organized by Departments of Civil Engineering of Epoka University, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania and Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey.

The conference aimed to provide a platform for civil engineers’ technology, management research and education status all over the world. The conference proposed to offer a motivating environment to encourage discussion and exchange of ideas leading to endorsement of Structural and Earthquake Engineering, Computational Methods in Civil Engineering, Construction Technology and Management, Construction Materials, Geotechnical Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Historical and Monumental Buildings, Transportation Engineering and Case Studies in Civil Engineering.

130 papers were accepted for presentation in the conference. These papers were selected after a rigorous review process performed by the international Scientific Committee. During the conference, the papers were presented and discussed in four parallel sessions.

We would like to acknowledge and give special appreciation to our keynote speakers, Professor Peter Fajfar, Professor Zekai Celep, Professor Latif Kalin and Professor Burak Goktepe, for their valuable contribution,

We would like to extend our appreciation to the International Advisory Committee, the International Scientific Committee and Local Organizing Committee for the devotion of their precious time, advice and hard work to prepare for this Conference. Julinda Keçi and Enea Mustafarajmust be particularly mentioned for their hard work.


I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Committees..........................................................................................

PREFACE...........................................................................................

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................... IKeynote Speakers................................................................................. 1Performance-based seismic evaluation methods for reinforcedconcrete buildings in the Turkish Seismic Code.................................. 2

Sustainable urbanization from the water resources and water quality perspective............................................................................................ 3

Pitfalls for Neural Network Based Material Modeling Techniques..... 6

STRUCTURAL AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 7The effect of seismic isolation on the dynamic behavior of cable-stayed bridges....................................................................................... 8

Seismic evaluation of a large network of bridges by simplified automated procedures and consequent system identifications by dynamic tests........................................................................................

9

Suspended steel roof of the archeological site of the School of Aristotle................................................................................................ 10

Investigation of dynamic shear amplification of cantilever wall systems................................................................................................. 12

The effects of material properties on building performance................ 13Artificial time histories of wind actions for structural analysis of wind turbines........................................................................................ 14

Some retrofitting techniques for Albanian bridge................................ 16Dynamic analysis of a suspension bridge using CFRP composite material................................................................................................. 17

Stochastic seismic analysis of a cable-stayed bridge using CFRP cables.................................................................................................... 18

Effects of soil-foundation- spatially varying earthquake ground motion....................................................... 19

Numerical analysis of buried steel pipelines........................................ 20Analysis and optimum design of curved roof structures................... 21Genetic algorithm optimization of space frame................................... 23Efficiency of transmitting boundaries on dynamic response of soil-structure interaction systems................................................................ 24

Dynamic responses of bridges under effects of asynchronous and 25


II

multiple support excitations.................................................................Pushover analysis of a reinforced concrete building according to various hinge models............................................................................ 26

Load testing results of new road bridges in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 27Investigating the behaviour of plaster mortared rural masonry walls.. 28Structural reliability and the partial factors for materials..................... 29Effect of seismicity on infrastructure pipelines ................................... 30Determination of pipeline damages during earthquakes considering different soil formations....................................................................... 31

Seismic performance assessment: Sarajevo case study........................ 32Capacity increase for existing steel bridges using prestressed cables 33Earthquake performance investigation of a masonry building........... 34Evaluation of existing reinforced concrete buildings with structural package programs................................................................ 35

Analytically investigation of FRP ductility effect on retrofitted RC columns................................................................................................. 36

Design issues for axially loaded anchors in strengthening applications........................................................................................... 37

Seismic behavior of welded precast panel connections....................... 38Fragility based assessment of a school building in Turkey.................. 39Performance of precast thin panel as permanent formwork for precast composite slabs........................................................................ 40

COASTAL AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 41Development scenarios of the coastal area in Western Albania……... 42Analysis of interaction between waves and cliff along the Adriatic coast of Polignano (Apulia, Italy)......................................................... 43

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 44Topology optimization of double-curved double-layer grids............... 45Measurement of displacements in steel arch bridge............................. 46Model of categories for image processing........................................... 47Receding contact problem for two elastic layers resting on a Winkler foundation............................................................................................. 48

Virtual testing against experiment for post-buckling behaviour of cold-formed steel columns................................................................... 49

Modelling COD concentration by using three different ANFIS techniques............................................................................................. 50

3D FE modelling of composite box girder bridge................................ 51


III

Estimated the amount of air void in concrete using image processing technique.............................................................................................. 52

A review of outlier detection procedures used in surveying engineering........................................................................................... 53

Modelling the measurement uncertainty with fuzzy approach............ 54

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 55AnAlbania................................................................................................. 56

Integration of building information modelling into the undergraduate curriculum: Case of Eastern Mediterranean University....................... 57

“The face of the stone”: traditional construction and tectonic innovation............................................................................................. 58

A user- oriented implementation of risk breakdown structure in construction risk management.............................................................. 59

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 60Size effect in splitting diagonal cubes.................................................. 61Mechanical properties of lightweight concrete made with cold bonded fly ash pellets........................................................................... 62

Mineralogical study of different mortar types from historical monuments of northern Greece............................................................ 63

Behaviour of concrete elements under the transversal forces and strengthening with the FRP.................................................................. 64

The effect of joint slope on bending strength of finger jointconnection – case of poplar wood (Populus alba L.)........................... 65

Experimental comparison of cracks width and cracks spacing results for beams of self-compacting concrete (SCC) and conventional concrete for period t= 400 days............................................................

66

Value and development of the relaxation, with new test’s mode -under the influence of fatigue............................................................... 67

Fresh and hardened properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete produced with fibers of different lengths and diameters...................... 68

The structural tree: new experimentation with reinforced stone.......... 69Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of different sealant materials used in highway maintenance operations............................................. 70

Effect of pumice and fly ash on the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete................................................................................................ 72

Corrosion of reinforcement in a mixture of limestone-clay and 73


IV

perlite based blended concrete.............................................................The effect of industrial oil on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete mortars................................................................................... 74

Stone bearing wall in basilica of St. Nicholas in Bari structural vs aesthetics reasons of materials, technics, reinforcements, shapes and dimensions............................................................................................

75

Determination of fundamental properties of masonry for different cities of Albania.................................................................................... 76

Analytical and experimental behavior of a novel anchorage layout for FRP confined rectangular columns................................................. 77

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 78Geotechnical analysis of a failed slope at Fier-Tepelena road............. 79Effects of the assumption of volume constancy and dilation behaviour of the plastic zone on the estimation of the deconfinementcoefficient.............................................................................................

80

To determine stability of tunnels and settlements with centrifuge modelling.............................................................................................. 81

The effect of testing methods on residual shear strength of cohesive soils....................................................................................................... 82

.. 83On criteria for liquefaction of saturated sands..................................... 84DMT-predicted vs. observed settlements: Treporti test embankment. 85Effect of bacterial calcium carbonate precipitation on the geotechnical properties of soils............................................................ 86

An investigation of uplift behavior of vertical piles embedded in reinforced sand under inclined loads.................................................... 87

An experimental study on behaviour of geosynthetic reinforced stone columns....................................................................................... 88

Effect of effective dimensions of spread footings on bearing pressure analysis................................................................................... 89

In situ tests – predicted vs. observed settlements: a comparative case study..................................................................................................... 90

The effect of preloading on the cyclic liquefaction strength measured in the laboratory................................................................... 91

Effects of layer depth on engineering properties of compacted soil samples................................................................................................. 92

A concept of analyses of anchored diaphragm wall in central part of Budva town………………………………………………………… 93

Buckling of fully embedded piles in the ground subject to axial compression force……………………………………………………. 95


V

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 96A distorted pyhsical model to study sudden dam break flows............. 97Modifying Ritchie equation for estimation of reference evapotranspiration at coastal regions of Anatolia................................ 98

An investigation of water potential of lakes district, Turkey............... 100Study on the utilization of waters of ‘Deçani Bistrica’ river basin...... 102Velocity distribution in natural streams............................................... 103The effect of hydraulic jump on the aeration efficiency...................... 104Urban water demand forecasting based on climatic change scenarios 105Turkey’s need for a manual and general specifications for flood hazard mapping studies........................................................................ 106

Effects of hydraulics structures on dissolved oxygen concentration: a case study from the stream Harsit, eastern Black Sea basin, Turkey................................................................................................

108

The south-eastern Anatolia project (GAP) in Turkey and Middle East in terms of economic, strategic and politic................................... 110

Kinetic energy and momentum correction factors in a stream............. 111

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 112

Condition assessment of existing regional and rural roads in Albania 113

The effects of urban rail transportation projects on urban areas: case study of Izmir.......................................................................................

114

Is energy?

116

Re-arrangement of traffic signal timings by cyclic vehicle queue profile...................................................................................................

118

HISTORICAL AND MONUMENTAL BUILDINGS 119A case study on structural assessment and restoration of King Zogu's villa in Durres, Albania........................................................................ 120

The construction of the wooden roof: the case study of the reconstruction of the Old Castle in Stuttgart by P. Schmitthenner. elements, language, form.....................................................................

121

Experimental building techniques in the 1930’s: the “Pater” system in the Ex-Circolo Skanderbeg of Tirana............................................... 122

Reflections of the Ottoman Architecture on the Balkan Countries: 124


VI

Examples Of Romania- Bucharest, Yas, Constanta.............................Conservation and evaluation of historical and monumental educational structures case study Antalya high school........................ 125

A brief critical review on the behavior of historical timber structures affected by biological agents and other external factors...................... 126

Compatibility issues regarding mortars for repairs and additions in interventions on historic masonry........................................................ 127

The construction of the Al-Mursi Abou al-‘Abbas Mosque, Alexandria............................................................................................ 128

The static model in Bernardo Antonio Vittone Architecture: the Santa Chiara and San Leonardo churches in Turin.............................. 129

The static model of San Gaetano church: new interpretive hypotheses............................................................................................ 130

Structural analysis of post-byzantine churches: a case study for southern Albania................................................................................... 131

Structural assessment of historical buildings: a case study of five Ottoman Mosques in Albania............................................................... 132

Historical vaulted buildings of Iranian heritage……………………... 133Friedrick II of Swabian: the castle builder. New stereotomictechniques and engineering innovation in gothic construction……… 134

CASE STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 135Seismic Assessment of Historical Masonry Structures: The former Italian Embassy.................................................................................... 136

Analysis and design of a pile group using finite element method........ 137A proper tool of orderly urbanization: Turkish land readjustment...... 138Bending assignation for reinforced concrete beams in the long-time process considering the impact of creep contraction, and impact ofreinforcement percentage.....................................................................

139

POSTER PRESENTATIONS 141A case study of the delays of dam and cannels construction in Albania................................................................................................. 142

A numerical study on geotextile stabilized highway embankment under vibration loading........................................................................ 143

A numerical study on pile application for slope stability.................... 144A stochastic, geostatstic and reliability view on some geotechnical distributions.......................................................................................... 145


VII

Subject: Action of atmospheric agents against reinforced concrete..... 146Corrosion problems in buildings constructed in Turkey...................... 147Damages to masonry buildings during recent earthquakes in Turkey. 148Design Chart for Reinforced Concrete Rectangular Section................ 149Determination of behavior of coupled shear walls subjected to horizontal forces through nonlinear static methods............................. 150

Determination of the Properties of Kayseri Peat.................................. 151Effect of directivity in Northeastern Albania (5.4 Mw) earthquake of September 6, 2009, from radiated seismic energy............................... 152

Embankment Slopes Stabilization by Inclusions................................. 153Ground improvement by Lime-Pile application.................................. 154Importance of soil-structure interaction in public school buildings..... 155Marshall stability performance of waste zinc slag in HMA................. 156Modeling Marshall stability of steel fiber reinforced asphalt concrete by genetic expression programming..................................................... 157

Recent seismic activity of the Lezha-Ulqini seismogenic zone and its associated hazard............................................................................. 158

Risk management in the implementation of Levan-Vlore motorway project................................................................................................... 159

The application of “capacity design” in a RC building frame structure................................................................................................ 160

The design of slender RC columns....................................................... 161The effect of sodium chloride treatment on bending strength of silver fir wood (Abies alba Mill.)......................................................... 162

The future of insulation: vacuum insulation panels............................. 163Wide spreading of the application will provide energy efficiency and Water intake structures for hydropower............................................... 164

Comparative dynamic analysis of existing construction and construction with superstructure…………………………………….. 165

Modeling Marshall stability of lightweight asphalt concretesfabricated using expanded clay aggregate with ANFIS…………… 166

Anomalous of low-velocity zone, thermal water and seismicity in the Elbasan-Dibra fault zone………………………………………… 167

Characteristic values of shear strength parameters derived from cone penetration test………………………………………………………. 168


We would like to thank to our sponsors and all the exhibitors for their interest and encouragement of the conference.

On behalf of the organizing committee of the 2nd International Conference on Challenges of Civil Engineering (2nd BCCCE), we thank all the authors and participants who came from home and abroad for their contribution in realization of a successful conference.

Dr. Hüseyin Bilgin

Conference Chairman


1

Keynote Speakers


2

Performance-based seismic evaluation methods for reinforced concrete buildings in the Turkish Seismic Code

Zekai Celep

Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University

Abstract

Turkish Seismic Code is renewed in 2007 and it now contains up-to-date requirements related to the seismic evaluation and assessment of existing buildings by considering performance-based methods. Presently these methods are applied to existing buildings only, however it is expected that in a near future these requirements will be modified and applied to buildings to be constructed as well. In fact, a guideline document on the performance-based design of high-rise buildings prepared upon the request of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality is available now, although its application is not compulsory. The guideline is prepared to apply for high-rise-buildings only, i.e., the buildings higher than 20 stories.

Furthermore, another guideline is prepared on the request of the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning to determine buildings having very low seismic safety, i.e., buildings having higher risk of collapse or heavy damage, by using performance-based principles, in order to use this information for urban renewal which is the much-discussed topic in Turkey now.

All these documents including the Turkish Seismic Code have requirements or methods based on performance-based evaluation. These evaluation methods can be used in design as well, knowing that design is a process developed through iterative evaluation of a planned building. This paper presents a brief overview of the performance-based evaluation methods of reinforced concrete buildings given in the Turkish Seismic Code.

Keywords: seismic performance-based evaluation, Turkish seismic code,


3

Sustainable urbanization from the water resources and water quality perspective

Latif Kalin

School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences & Center of Forest Sustainability, Auburn University, USA

Abstract

Population growth and development present a daunting challenge to land use planners, where urbanization can dramatically alter hydrology and impact water quality, habitat, natural resources, and the delicate balance of sensitive environments. Development and urbanization change the vegetation and soil characteristics, and increase imperviousness. As a consequence of these changes, both frequency and magnitude of peak flows increase. Evidences presented in the literature suggest that as low as 10% increase in impervious surface area could result in stream degradation. High proportions of impervious surface can lead to increased nutrient and sediment loading into streams. Urban developments have also shown to increase heavy metals, bacteria loadings, and stream temperatures. All these indicate the necessity of critically evaluating the potential consequences of future development plans and the need for sustainable development.

Watersheds are heterogeneous systems because of the variations in topography, soil properties and land use/cover. Therefore, some areas are more sensitive to development when their impacts on downstream water quality and hydrology are considered. Identification of such areas can help minimize the adverse impacts of urbanization. As far as flooding is concerned, an efficient and cost effective way to minimize the adverse impacts of urbanization on hydrology is to proactively develop flood management plans synergistically with land use management plans. Informed management decisions may benefit from the identification of the portions of a watershed that have the highest contribution to the increased peak flow rates. Efforts and resources can then be focused on those areas.


4

In this paper several case studies of urbanizing watersheds from the southeast and eastern US are presented. The interaction and relationship between land use/cover and water quality/quantity are elaborated. The effects of changes in land use/cover from one form to another (e.g. forest to urban) are demonstrated through field data and modeling. The study watersheds were from different climatic and physiographic regions. One case study was from the eastern shores of Maryland (Atlantic coast), where the city of Queenstown worked with us for their future development plans so that they have minimal environmental impact on the Chesapeake Bay. Another case study was from the Florida panhandle near the Apalachicola Bay. This area is attracting more and more people every year because of its beautiful beaches and natural beauty and therefore is expected to urbanize rather quickly. This subtropical region is defined by extremely flat, well drained sandy soils and high water table. Hence, it has a unique hydrology. Water quality and quantity data collected from more than a dozen watersheds over a two year time span showed that this delicate system could be more sensitive to urbanization compared to other systems. Another case study is from one of the northern suburbs of the City Mobile, where we worked with the cities of Prichard and Semmes to identify critical areas within the 8-Mile Creek watershed that can have higher contribution to downstream flooding, if developed. We found that areas intuitively thought to have the highest impact on the increased high- or low-flows may not be critical at all. The complex interaction of different land use/cover at different parts of the watershed, flow travel times from those areas (mainly affected by topography and surface roughness), and soil types are important driving factors in the formation of the hydrographs, thus sensitive areas. The cities of Prichard and Semmes are currently working on modification of their stream buffer ordinances following our collaboration with them.

The lessons learned from these various projects and collaborations is that the inevitable population growth and economic development issues need to be holistically and sensibly addressed by government officials, planners, academia, developers, land owners, and others, in ways that are environmentally protective and economically prudent. While protecting water quality through implementation of best management practices (BMP), it is also critical to concurrently address other economically viable and


5

locally appropriate watershed livability, sustainability, and development goals.

Keywords: sustainable urbanization, water resources, water quality


6

Pitfalls for Neural Network Based Material Modeling Techniques

A. Burak Göktepe

Project Manager, Fan River Cascade Project, Reshen, Albania

Abstract

During the last a few decades, many Neural Network (NN) based material models have been implemented as analternative tool in civil engineering problems. Their universal function approximation as well as powerful adapting abilities resulted in both precise behavior characterizations and successful mimicking of non-linear and complex mappings.

Despite the increasing interest in NN based material models, they could not be substituted with traditional techniques due to the handicaps related with a) their impracticality to represent a behavior as a mathematical function, b) being highly dependence to quality and quantity of the data, c) there is no underlying physical relationships as well as behavioral philosophies, and d)computational expenses. Apart from these, there is a potential risk in NN based models, which can easily be overlookedand may consequence in serious mistakes, presented in the literature. The potential risk is their precise modeling ability by learning imprecise and/or vague data collected from the experiments. In this context N-based material models can learn incoherent and philosophically wrong material behaviors from incomplete or imprecise testing data.

Therefore, even though there is a notable potential in using NN technique in material modeling problems, several issues must be considered throughout the characterization phase. In this study, these pitfalls as well as weak points are explained, and solution choices are presented to help researchers working on NN-based material modeling problems.

Keywords: neural network, modeling,


7

Structural and Earthquake Engineering


8

The effect of seismic isolation on the dynamic behavior of

cable-stayed bridges

Barbaros Atmaca1, Muhammet Yurdakul2, Sevket Ates3

1Karadeniz Technical University, Department Of Civil Engineering, Turkey2Bayburt University, Department Of Civil Engineering, Turkey

3Karadeniz Technical University, Department Of Civil Engineering, Turkey

Abstract

The earthquake effects on cable-stayed bridges isolated by single concave friction pendulum (SCFP) are investigated in this study. Reducing ways of the destructive earthquake effects are getting vital important for researchers and engineers. One of the most accepted ways for reducing the effects of earthquake is using seismic isolation systems. The result obtained from an analytical study on the seismic responses of Manavgat Cable-Stayed Bridge with and without seismic isolation system are compared each other. The selected bridge is the first cable-stayed bridge of Turkey and has 202m length between its side supports. In order to determine the contributions of isolation systems to the bridge dynamic behavior, 3D finite element model (FEM) of the bridge is created in Sap2000 [1]. Time history analysis is performed for 3D FEM. Three different earthquake ground motions having transverse and longitudinal directions are used in analyses. Comparison of dynamic behavior of the bridge with and without the SCFP systems under three different earthquake motions has been conducted. The results obtained from analyses of the bridge are presented by graphics and tables in detail. It is seen that using of isolation system reduces the destructive effects of earthquakes on the bridge.

Keywords: Seismic isolation, Cable-stayed bridges, finite element model, single concave friction pendulum (SCFP) bearing.


9

Seismic evaluation of a large network of bridges by simplified automated procedures and consequent system identifications

by dynamic tests

Kleidi Islami1, Claudio Modena1

1Department of Civil, Environmental & Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

Abstract

This work presents the seismic evaluation of a large network of infrastructures located in the Veneto Region in the North-East of Italy. A large bridge database was subject to investigation, and simplified automated seismic valuation methods were developed in order to estimate the behavior of different types of structures located in seismic zones. In particular, analyses of infrastructures insistent in seismic zones, including surveys, investigations, seismic evaluation and seismic hazard assessment of the infrastructure in reference to parametric study of the structural vulnerability have been carried out. After estimating the safety factor of each structure based on the most vulnerable structural element, the key infrastructures on which execute system identification and simulate the response through numerical models were distinguished. In fact, the second step of this study is the structural identification of highly damaged bridges where a straightforward procedure has been applied. Static and modal parameters have been estimated for masonry arch bridges, concrete arch and continuous bridges, reticular and box girder steel bridges. The structural identification was used not only for calibration purposes but also for short and long term structural health monitoring (SHM) and damage detection. The SHM systems revealed good efficiency by maintaining the analyzed bridges open to traffic and constantly controlled.

Keywords: Seismic evaluation of bridges, dynamic identification, SHM


10

Suspended steel roof of the archeological site of the School of Aristotle

Charis J. Gantes1, Konstantina Koulatsou1

1Institute of Steel structures, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Abstract

The structural design of the cable-suspended steel roof covering the archaeological site of the School of Aristotle in Athens, Greece is presented. The preliminary architectural proposal, which was awarded first prize in a competition organized by the Greek Ministry of Culture, provided for 65m span, arch-type main structures, each suspended by means of five suspension cables from a single pylon, stabilized by a pair of back-stay cables. Main arches were spaced at 11m and connected by means of purlins and bracing. The structural design concentrated on avoiding deviations from architectural requirements. Nevertheless, as a result of the vaulted shape of the roof, several cables were found to relax under service loads, thus the number, locations, cross-sections and prestressing of cables had to be re-evaluated.

The present paper focuses on nonlinear analyses for understanding the behavior, predicting all possible failure mechanisms, and evaluating the ultimate strength of the roof by means of commercially available finite element software. Emphasis is placed on the role of flexural buckling of the pylon and lateral-torsional buckling of the main arch beam in the bearing capacity of these two members, both having complex geometry and varying cross-section, thus requiring a novel approach extending beyond code specifications. Failure dominated by either material yielding or instability is addressed, as well as interaction of failure modes. Steps include setting up an appropriate finite element model, obtaining critical buckling modes from linearized buckling analysis (LBA), and then using a linear combination of these modes as imperfection pattern for a geometrically and material nonlinear imperfection analysis (GMNIA). Equilibrium paths accompanied by snapshots of deformation and stress distribution at characteristic points


11

are used to evaluate the analysis results, identify the dominant failure modes and optimize the structural performance.

Keywords: cable suspended steel roof, geometric nonlinearity, material nonlinearity


12

Investigation of dynamic shear amplification of cantilever wall systems

Hümeyra 1 Alyamaç2 3

1,2

3Department of Civil Engineering, Bingöl University, Turkey

Abstract

Reinforced concrete structural walls are widely used in design of the lateral load resisting systems. Reinforced concrete structural walls allowed to economic and architectural designs in accordance with directions in especially multistory reinforced concrete building systems. Design shear forces are assumed to be proportional to the design base moment in the traditional design of structural walls that are based on forced based methods. However, studies reveal that considerable wall shear forces develop during nonlinear response due to higher mode effects that are not predicted by the force based design methods. This situation can lead to significant errors in the design. In this study, in order to prevent errors, dynamic shear force amplification factor had been studied to obtain by using real seismic accelerations.

In this parametric study, 4,8 and 16 story typical wall buildings were designed for covering strength reduction factors of R=2,4,6,8 and 10 using Mode Superposition Method that force-based method. Designs were taken into consideration 1st earthquake area and Z3 local site class in Turkish Seismic Design Code (2007). Designed walls were analyzed with nonlinear time history analyses and the dynamic shear force amplification factor ( )were obtained from the base shear forces were proportioned the design baseshear forces. As a result, relations among strength reduction factor (R), first mode period and dynamic shear amplification factor ( ) were determined.

Keywords: Reinforced concrete structural wall, Nonlinear time history analysis, Shear force


13

The effects of material properties on building performance

Hamide Tekeli1, Hakan Dilmaç1 1, Fuat Demir1, Kadir Güler2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Türkiye2Faculty of Civil Engineering, University, Türkiye

Abstract

In recent earthquakes during the last two decades, severe damages have been occurred on the existing buildings in Turkey. Destructive earthquakes revealed that the existing building stock in urban regions is significantly vulnerable to seismic hazard. A large number of residential buildings located in regions of high seismicity require performance evaluation before the next big earthquake hits the region. In many earthquake resistant codes, several procedures are proposed to determine the building performance. The investigations on the damaged buildings show that material strengths are very important parameters on the building performance. In this study, material strengths’ effects on the building performance were investigated by using a nonlinear elastic analysis method.

Keywords: Nonlinear method, material strength, building performance.


14

Artificial time histories of wind actions for structural analysis of wind turbines

Konstantina Koulatsou1, Francesco Petrini2, Stelios Vernardos1, Charis J. Gantes1

1Institute of Steel structures, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

2Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

Abstract

A computational method for generating artificial time histories of wind loads on wind turbine towers is presented, based on wind turbine aerodynamics and a wind field model. First, the forces acting on the blades parallel and perpendicular to the rotor’s plane are calculated according to aerodynamics theory for given mean wind velocity. Due to the blades’ aerodynamic behavior the inflow wind velocity is transformed into the relative wind velocity, depending on the axial and tangential flow induction factors, the blades’ angular velocity and their radius. Then, the forces acting on the blades are calculated combining relative velocity with two-dimensional aerofoil coefficients depending on the blades’ geometry and cross-section. The flow induction factors are estimated by an iterative process taking into account the flow angle between the relative wind velocity and the rotor’s plane and the aerofoil coefficients.

Next, the turbulence component of the wind is determined by the stochastic theory, in order to describe the total wind field model and compute more realistic wind induced actions on the blades. Each fluctuating component is modeled as Gaussian, stationary stochastic process with zero-mean value and is completely characterized by the correlation matrix in time domain or the power spectral density matrix in frequency domain. Wind time histories are simulated by the decomposition of the power spectral density matrix.

Then, finite element models of the wind turbine tower are subjected to the load time histories derived above and dynamic analyses are performed.


15

Ultimate objective of this research is to study fatigue at bolted and welded connections between adjacent parts of wind turbine towers and to investigate the importance of dynamic effects on local buckling of the tower shell.

Keywords: wind turbines, artificial wind time histories, dynamic analysis


16

Some retrofitting techniques for Albanian bridge

Kostandina Dhefto

Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic University,Tirana

Abstract

Based in the world experience about on the seismic design of new bridges and retrofitting of existing ones, now days in Albania it is one of the priority to the implementation of modern codes (Euro codes). Generally the bridges were designed for nominal seismic forces without provisions of ductility. So it is understandable that the earlier designed bridges will not be able to resist the effects of earthquakes in the future. These structures may require seismic evaluation and retrofitting. The protection of bridges from damage in earthquakes has direct relevance in prevention of aggravation of disaster, as disruption of transportation routes hampers relief and rescue operations immediately following the earthquake. Several retrofitting techniques have been developed for bridges in recent years. Many of the existing bridges can be retrofitted by these techniques. This paper presents the important issues: structural deficiencies; retrofit philosophy, retrofit techniques, recent developments and effectiveness of retrofit techniques. In Albania the most prevalent type of the old bridges are simple supported span and the new bridges are simple supported superstructures with continued slab. The most commonly observed type of failure for this type of bridges is a girder falling off the supports due to longitudinal response. To prevent such type of failure, the adjoining spans should be interconnected by connection rods/restrainers/linkage bolts.

Keywords: Simple supported span, Bridges retrofitting, seismic evaluation


17

Dynamic analysis of a suspension bridge using CFRPcomposite material

1, Süleyman Adanur2 3

4 5

1Civil Engineering, Planning Engineer, Vialand, Turkey2Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey

3

4Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey2 y

Abstract

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is a class of advanced composite materials used in civil engineering because of their advantages when these materials are compared to traditional ones. These advantages are light weight, high stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios, damping capabilities, and high resistance to environmental degradation. This paper presents a numerical study on the dynamic analysis of a suspension bridge subjected to earthquake ground motion using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials. Bosporus Suspension Bridge is selected for application. The cross-sectional areas of CFRP elements are determined by the principle of either equivalent-stiffness or equivalent-strength methods.

on records of 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake is chosen as a ground motion. The calculated displacement and internal forces occurring in the towers and deck are examined. It is seen from the analyses results that, CFRP material are more effective than steel material for suspension bridges.

Keywords: Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) cable, Earthquake ground motion, Equivalent cable stiffness, Equivalent cable strength, Suspension bridge.


18

Stochastic seismic analysis of a cable-stayed bridge using CFRP cables

Süleyman Adanur1 2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey

2

Abstract

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have found increasingly wide applications in civil engineering due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and high corrosion resistance for last two decades. This paper presents a numerical study on the stochastic seismic analysis of a cable-stayed bridge subjected to earthquake ground motion using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables. Jindo Bridge is chosen and schemed using CFRP cables. The cross-sectional areas of CFRP cables are determined by the principle of either equivalent cable stiffness or equivalent cable strength. The analysis of the selected bridge is conducted and the results obtained for CFRP cables are compared with steel counterpart. The results indicate that response values obtained for CFRP cables correspond well with those of the steel cables.

Keywords: Cable-stayed bridge, Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) cable, Dynamic analysis, Equivalent cable stiffness, Equivalent cable strength, Stochastic dynamic analysis.


19

Effects of soil-foundation-spatially varying earthquake ground motion

Zeliha Kuyumcu, Sevket Ates

Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey

Abstract

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate stochastic responses of a cable-stayed bridge which is built on the Mississippi River in 1987 in USA, subjected to the spatially varying earthquake ground motion by using the finite element method taking account of soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects. The bridge is modelled as a two- dimensional to determine the stochastic response of the bridge. Spatially varying earthquake ground motions is considered in the analysis. Depending upon the earthquake motion, the response values of the bridge founded on firm, medium and soft soil strata are obtained, separately. The effects of soil–structure interaction on the stochastic response of the cable-stayed bridge are investigated including foundation as a vertical pile groups. The soil–pile interaction is linearly idealized as an upright beam on the Winkler foundation model. Results indicate that taking into account soil-structure interaction could increase element forces and displacement of bridge along the deck and height of tower especially in case of soft foundation soil strata.

Keywords: Soil-structure interaction, Cable-stayed bridge, Piles, Spatially varying earthquake ground motion, Stochastic analysis.


20

Numerical analysis of buried steel pipelines

Charis J. Gantes1, Vasileios Melissianos1

1School of Civil Engineering, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Abstract

Various alternative numerical analysis methods that are used to simulate the response of buried steel pipelines subjected to large imposed displacements triggered by seismic fault activation are presented. Due to the grave financial, social and environmental consequences of a potential pipeline leakage, damage or failure is a problem deserving special attention. Advanced nonlinear numerical simulations are the only way to handle with sufficient accuracy the complexity of the physical problem associated withthe surrounding soil and the relevant pipeline-soil interaction. During preliminary design, however, reliable numerical models are required that demand minimum computational effort.

In this paper alternative simulations of the problem making use of beam-type finite elements are presented and compared in terms of accuracy and computational cost. Comparisons are carried out regarding the types of finite elements, whether geometric nonlinearity is included or not.

Keywords: pipelines, ground displacements, numerical analyses


21

Analysis and optimum design of curved roof structures

Galawezh Saber1 1, Ghaedan Hussein1

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Gaziantep University, Turkey

Abstract

Curved steel buildings are frequently designed to supply the users of the structure with ordinary light with a sense of capaciousness as well as grandness in public facilities such as stations, buying malls, leisure centres and airports.

This paper presents a method for analysis and optimum design of 2D and 3D curved roof trusses subjected to static loading and specified set of constraints. Here the optimization refers to minimization of total weight of curved roof structures such that they can resist applied forces (stress constraint) and don’t exceed certain deformations (displacement constraints). The finite element formulations is developed and implemented for the static analysis of curved roof trusses to determine the stresses and displacements.

The use of a reliable and competitive procedure for finding the optimum solutions for problems involving continuous design variables based on genetic algorithms is demonstrated and used in this study .The performance of genetic algorithms is affected by various factors such as coefficients and constants, genetic operators, parameters and some strategies. Member grouping and initial population strategies are also important factors.

Optimization is an automated design procedure in which the computers are utilized to obtain the best results. The numerical methods of structural optimization with applications of computers automatically generate a near optimal design (converge to solve) in interactive manner. A program was modified and used to automate analysis and optimization of the structure written in FORTRAN language based Finite Element analysis


22

and Genetic Algorithm optimization technique. The developed method is tested on several examples and compared with previous researches or SAP2000 results. It is concluded that this method can serve as a useful tool in engineering design and optimization of curved roofs.

Keywords: curved roof, static analysis, optimum weight, genetic algorithm finite element method.


23

Genetic algorithm optimization of space frame

Ghedan Hussein1, Nildem Taysi1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Gaziantep University, Turkey

Abstract

Structural design of space frames requires appropriate form for a structure so that it can carry the imposed loads safely and economically. Traditional approaches towards the task of finding such forms for structures have been by the use of experimental models or by intuition and experience. The main objective of this paper is to develop and use reliable, creative and efficient computational tools for the linearly elastic analysis and optimum design of space frame structures under static loads.

The use of SAP2000 can assist greatly in achieving a safe design. However, commercially available programs are not designed as optimization tools. In this study for optimization of multistory structures, home written MATLAB code interface program is designed to connect SAP2000 which is known as a commercial nonlinear finite element program and genetic algorithm optimization program.

The design algorithm obtains minimum weight frames by selecting suitable sections from specified group list, with consideration actual design constraints like, strength, lateral displacement, inter story drift according to Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). The improved method is tested on different two dimensional multi story moment resisting frames. It is concluded that this method can be used as a useful tool in engineering design and optimization.

Keywords: Optimum design, Genetic algorithm, Steel structure, SAP2000, OAPI


24

Efficiency of transmitting boundaries on dynamic response of soil-structure interaction systems

Hasan Sesli1, Mehmet Akköse1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey

Abstract

In this study, efficiency of transmitting boundaries which is one of the local procedures is investigated for dynamic analysis of the soil-structure interaction systems and the results are compared with traditional boundaries.

-structure interaction system of the chosen dam, two different finite element models are prepared. In the first model, the infinite soil media on which the dam has been built is classically represented with finite size using traditional boundaries. In the second model, the infinite soil region is represented with finite size using transmitting boundaries. Dynamic analysis of these soil-structure interaction systems are performed with a computer program for approximate 3-D analysis of soil-structure interaction problems (FLUSH). As a result of the analyses, spectrums of acceleration, velocity and displacement are obtained for crest point of the dam.

Keywords: dynamic response, soil-structure interaction, FLUSH


25

Dynamic responses of bridges under effects of asynchronous and multiple support excitations

Department of Civil Engineering, Pamukkale University, Turkey

Abstract

Nonstationary earthquakes are very complex ground motions and they vibrate structural systems in asynchronous form. Spatial variation of an earthquake mainly originates from three sources; loss of coherence effects, wave passage and local soil conditions. In this study, a long-span bridge having multi-support excitations were analyzed for the effects of spatially varying ground motions in terms of wave passage and local site response effects. Two types of dynamic analyses were performed: a) same or different soil conditions for all supports b) same ground motions but different arrival times for wave propagation. For evaluations, the results obtained by considering asynchronous ground motions were compared with those of the synchronous ground motions. From the comparisons, significant differences were observed in case of spatially varying ground motions and this case show that the assumption of synchronous ground motions and identical local site conditions are inadequate to represent the earthquake load and soil model. Therefore, earthquake motions and actual local site properties should be characterized by their inherent properties to obtain more realistic responses.

Keywords: Wave-passage, multiple-support excitation, time history, finite element, bridge


26

Pushover analysis of a reinforced concrete building according to various hinge models

Burak Yön1 2

1Department of Civil 2

Abstract

In this study, behavior of a multi-story reinforced concrete frame building designed as three bays and six stories is investigated. Pushover analyses of the selected building are performed according to various lateral load patterns and hinge models. Uniform and inverted triangular shapes are selected for the load patterns while lumped and spread hinge (fiber hinge) models are used for hinge models. Analyses are performed by Sap2000 and Seismostruct programs. Capacity curves and interstory drifts of the building are compared with each other for various lateral load patterns and hinge models, and obtained results are evaluated.

Keywords: pushover analysis, reinforced concrete, hinge


27

Load testing results of new road bridges in Bosnia and Herzegovina

1

1Civil Engineering Faculty, “

Abstract

In this paper the results of load testing of several new road bridges constructed in Bosnia and Herzegovina are presented. Load testing of new road bridges with spans larger than 15m, prior to setting them into operation, is obligatory according to regulations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Load testing, according to regulations, consists of static and dynamic tests, and is performed according to instructions given in the regulations.

The test results then have to be compared with the results obtained by the theoretical design model, which is also given in this paper.

Keywords: load testing, road bridge,


28

Investigating the behaviour of plaster mortared rural masonry walls

Hakan Basaran1, Ali Demir2, Muhiddin Bagci2

1 MOSB Vocational School, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey2 Celal Bayar University, Department of Civil Engineering, Manisa, Turkey

Abstract

Turkey is located on the Alpine-Himalayan earthquake zone. %92 of its land is faced with earthquake hazard. Even in low intensity earthquakes, major damages have been observed in masonry structures. Masonry structures which are built without any technical support constitute the %40-45 of the structures in Turkey. Therefore, these structures cause losses of lives and remarkable economic in earthquakes. Studies on earthquake resistant structural designs focus on reinforced concrete and steel structures. Researches on masonry structures which are especially preferred in rural areas in Turkey. However, earthquakes negatively affect the masonry structures more than reinforced concrete and steel ones. In the scope of this study, behavior of plaster mixed walls which increase the strength of masonry structures is studied. For this purpose, strength values of normal plaster mixed regular walls with blend bricks and polypropylene and steel fiber mixed masonry walls are analyzed. Double-row and 45x45 mm sized normal mortared wall which is specially produced by 1:2 scaled blend bricks having 100x50x30 mm size values and walls that are formed by polypropylene and steel fiber additives are exposed to biaxial load in several angles. Stress-envelope equations are obtained due to strength of masonry walls bonded by plaster mixed blend bricks. Obtained curves make an important contribution to determine the realistic behavior of polypropylene and steel fiber plastered masonry walls.

Keywords: plaster mortar, rural masonry walls


29

Structural reliability and the partial factors for materials

Brisid Isufi1, Markel Baballëku1

1 Polytechnic University of Tirana, Faculty of Civil Engineering

Abstract

Structural Eurocodes introduce an important concept, the “structural reliability”. The Albanian code “KTP – Kushtet Teknike të Projektimit”, does not define this term. From this, several difficulties might arise, ranging from the basic understanding of Eurocodes to the practical use of them, including important aspects such as “the determination of partial factors” into the National Annex of a country adopting Eurocodes. The partial factors have a considerable influence on safety and economy, which is the reason why they have historically had and continue to have a sort of political and strategic background.

This paper introduces some aspects of Structural Reliability through a study focused on concrete strength. Test results from already built structures in Tirana have been used for this purpose. How “reliable” are the structures being designed in Albania using the partial factor method with the recommended partial factors? The answer is not easy; a very large number of tests is needed in order to make an assessment towards the answer. Trying to give a contribution to this matter, this paper describes the results obtained for a reinforced concrete beam when structural reliability concepts are considered explicitly in design. Comparison is made with the structural analysis using the partial factors recommended in Eurocode, with focus on partial factor for concrete.

Keywords: structural relaibility, material partial factors,


30

Effect of seismicity on infrastructure pipelines

1, Ali Koçak1, Mehmet 1, Cem Akgüner1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

Abstract

One of the important conditions of sustaining a healthy life is the quality of city water in residential environments and removal of wastes from living spaces. Therefore it is necessary that infrastructure systems we use in providing drinking water and removing wastewater always operate without leakage. Especially post-disaster epidemics will decrease sharply when infrastructure facilities continue to operate after disasters. Thus, infrastructure facilities and pipelines should continue to operate safely without sustaining any damages after earthquakes and/or application of high loads. However, pipelines do suffer damage and fail after almost every earthquake in Turkey.

Post-earthquake damage conditions of pipelines have been examined in this study according to earthquake magnitude, soil condition and type of pipeline, and suggestions have been made regarding construction of pipelines for future probable earthquakes, in which the soil conditions and infrastructure of Küçükçekmece district in Istanbul was considered.

Keywords: Infrastructure Systems, Pipelines, Earthquake Risk, Istanbul,Damages


31

Determination of pipeline damages during earthquakes considering different soil formations

Ali Koçak1 1 1, Murat Ergenekon Selçuk1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

Abstract

It is necessary that infrastructure systems in urban areas remain functional, especially during various disasters. Drinking water should be provided without any disruption and waste water disposed without any adverse environmental and health effects. However in Turkey, infrastructure facilities and pipelines suffer heavy damages at every earthquake. Therefore, the damages that may occur during an earthquake should be taken into consideration when infrastructure pipelines are designed. These damages have been observed especially in recent earthquakes, such as 1992 Erzincan (Mw= 7.9), 1995 Dinar (Mw= 6.0), 1999 Kocaeli (Mw= 7.8), and 2011 Van (Mw= 7.2).

In addition to soil properties, material properties of pipeline, soil-pipeline interactions, connection points and details of pipes play an important role when post-earthquake damages are analyzed.

In this study, the displacements of infrastructure pipelines in areas of high earthquake risk are estimated through a numerical model to assess likely damages. Furthermore, the relationship between damage patterns and displacements of infrastructure systems after an earthquake is examined based on varying soil types and conditions.

Keywords: Pipelines, Infrastructure Damages, Earthquake, Soil


32

Seismic performance assessment: Sarajevo case study

Ahmed El Sayed1, Aldin Varenikic1, Ahmed Obralic2, Erna Ahmetspahic1,Emina Zejnilovic2, Ismail Zejnilovic2, Mustafa Kutanis3

1Department of Architecture, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

2Department of Architecture, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

3Civil Engineering Department, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey

Abstract

A seismic safety assessment of the two reinforced concrete buildings, located in Sarajevo, Bosnia territory, is conducted in respect to ATC-40 method. Within the framework of the performance based earthquake engineering, at the first stage, seismo-tectonic setting of the territory was discussed, then, by using historical seismicity of the region, the seismic hazard analysis for the Sarajevo City in Bosnia is performed in probabilistic manner. The site specific uniform hazard spectra at 5% damping for 475-year return period is employed as an earthquake demand. Then building stock information of Bosnia and Herzegovina is discussed. Lastly, two typical modern building’s performance assessments are carried out.

Keywords: Sarajevo Tectonic Setting, Seismic Hazard, Building Stock of Bosnia, Performance Evaluation


33

Capacity increase for existing steel bridges using prestressed cables

1, Kemal Yücekul1, 2

1 Ege University, Department of Civil Engineering, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

2Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Civil Engineering, Tinaztepe, Izmir, Turkey

Abstract

In the present study, a practical approach is proposed for geometric nonlinear analysis of existing steel bridges. The approach is defined by finite element displacement direct rigidity procedure, which is based on an iterative procedure. Tangent rigidity matrix is used for cable truss and/or framed steel structures formed by finite elements. Hence, effects of prestressed cables in system rigidity can be taken into account in the analyses. Moreover, stressing effects on cables are taken into account with equivalent temperature change. The research has three main parts. In the first part, prestressed cables are investigated for capacity increase for steel bridges. In the second part, an iterative procedure is proposed for existing steel bridges that can be used for geometric nonlinear analysis. In the third part, a representative bridge is modeled and analyzed. In the model, first, the representative model is analyzed as it is existing form and then, it is analyzed with prestressed cables in two different forms. So, three different results are investigated for their structural behaviors. In the analyses, geometric nonlinear behavior is investigated and results are evaluated. As a result of the study, capacity change by using stressed cables is defined for existing bridges.

Keywords: steel bridge, prestressed cables, model


34

Earthquake performance investigation of a masonry building

Hakan Basaran1*, Ali Demir2, Muhiddin Bagci3

1 MOSB Vocational School, Celal Bayar University, Turkey2 Department of Civil Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Turkey

Abstract

This study investigated earthquake safety of a school building with a total construction area of 377 m2 based on Turkish Earthquake Code-2007 (TEC-2007). The architectural projects of the building were not present. Data regarding the details and sizes of the elements to be used in determining thecapacities of the elements of the supporting systems of the existing buildings and information regarding the geometry and material characteristics of the supporting systems were achieved from observations and measurements to be carried out on the building. Then the measured system drawings were prepared for the building. Photographs revealing the current state of the building were taken and are presented in this study. How the performance of the building was evaluated was given in detail as step by step. By evaluating the performance of the building, the needed strengthening method was suggested to have an earthquake resistant building.

Keywords: earthquake performance, masonry building, TEC-2007, school building,


35

Evaluation of existing reinforced concrete buildings with structural package programs

Ali Demir1, Muhiddin 2, Hakan 3

1,2 Celal Bayar University, Department of Civil Engineering, Muradiye, Manisa, Turkey3 MOSB Vocational School, Celal Bayar University, Turkey

Abstract

Seismic performances of the structures shall be investigated due to lack of strength, seismic forces and change of intended purpose. Package softwares are developed to perform the complicated performance analyses easily. However, engineers must investigate the efficiency of these softwares. In this study, three different packaged softwares are used to compare the linear performance analyses according to Turkish Seismic Code-2007. Since non-linear performance analysis methods are not available in all programs, it is not taken into consideration in the scope of this study.

Linear performance analysis of five different reinforced concrete (R/C) structures such as column-beam frame systems and systems with shear walls are analyzed and seismic performances are obtained. Furthermore, performance values are inclusively compared with figures. The reasons of the differences are presented. With the analyses, r values differ from each other. The main reason of this situation is the difference in remnant moment and efficient moment values. Modeling techniques also affect this case. According to the results, seismic performances of structures that have basic geometry, small sections and less irregularities are close each other. On the other hand, the results become different with the irregularity. Especially, seismic performances of the structures with shear walls differ from each other due to the various acceptances.

Keywords: performance evaluation, reinforced concrete building,


36

Analytically investigation of FRP ductility effect on retrofitted RC columns

Fatih Altun1, Furkan Birdal2

1,2Department of Civil Engineering, Erciyes University, Turkey

Abstract

Retrofitting of currently used buildings has come into question with

the determination of buildings’ performance levels due to earthquake force

effect. In this sense, lots of retrofitting techniques have been applied for the

retrofitting of current buildings. Columns, beams, joints and slab can be

reinforced on the basis of member, with the retrofitting techniques. By this

way, building safety is provided by increasing the performance level of the

buildings. Within the scope of this study, force-deformation relationship of a

single column reinforced with FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) compared

with not reinforced column was analysed with regard to finite element

method. In the analyses, a column in 300x300 mm in size, 2000 mm in

height was modelled. Load was applied step by step as lateral load from 50

nodes which are on 1/7 top of column. After the force-displacement

relationship of not retrofitted column was revealed, analysis was repeated by

modelling FRP material through plastic hinge area of not damaged column.

In conclusion, it is found out that FRP material increases energy

consumption capacity of a single column up to 30%.

Keywords: retrofitting, RC column, FRP,


37

Design issues for axially loaded anchors in strengthening applications

Muhammet Ali Özen1 2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Turkey

2 âtip Çelebi University, Turkey

Abstract

Over the past few decades, due to the developments of chemical adhesives, usage of anchorages is spread out in strengthening applications. Anchorages have a vital role to ensure those applications accurate. In case of misapplications, connection between existing structural member and added one may not transfer required forces which means non-efficient retrofitting. Therefore, a number of recommendations are done regarding free-edge distance and embedment depth of axially loaded anchors embedded to both low and normal strength concrete. Furthermore, experimental results are compared with ACI-318 Appendix D recommendations.

Keywords: chemical anchors, free-edge distance, embedment depth, tensile strength


38

Seismic behavior of welded precast panel connections

Adem Solak1, Yavuz Selim Tama2 3, Hasan Kaplan2

1 Pamukkale University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Denizli, Turkey2Pamukkale University, Department of Civil Engineering, Denizli, Turkey

3

Abstract

The behavior of connection between precast panels is important as it controls the failure mode of the shear wall. Therefore, it is aimed to test the behavior of different type of precast panel connections in this study. One monolithic reference model and two precast panel models having different horizontal connection details were produced. The behavior of connections was tested under reversed-cyclic lateral loads. It was concluded that welded connections can be designed in high and normal ductility levels.

Keywords: Seismic Strengthening, External Shear Wall, Precast Panel Connection


39

Fragility based assessment of a school building in Turkey

Hüseyin Bilgin

Department of Civil Engineering, Epoka University, Albania

Abstract

This study focuses on, by means of a probabilistic approach, the seismic safety evaluation of a school building in Turkey designed before the introduction of modern anti-seismic codes. A typical school building which was designed according to the 1975 version of the Turkish Earthquake Code is selected for the performance assessment. Inelastic pushover and time history analyses are deployed under the effect of one hundred input ground motions. Fragility curves are generated for different concrete and detailingquality in terms of peak ground velocity. The probabilistic seismic response and vulnerability of the school are investigated by building fragility curves of the system and of its most vulnerable components. The results illustrate the significance of assessing the vulnerability of typical school buildings under the effect of various seismic scenarios and the need for extending this study to cover other typical classes of school buildings in the region.

Keywords: Vulnerability, school buildings, seismic assessment, fragility curve


40

Performance of precast thin panel as permanent formwork for precast composite slabs


Abstract

This study investigates the performance of precast thin panel as permanent formwork for precast composite slab. The two-way inverted ribs in the thin panel are placed to enhance its flexural stiffness, as well as providing link between the precast layers. Flexural behaviors of two precast panels are investigated under two line load and distributed load. Test results indicate that the thin panel with suitable ribs layout and support distance can be used as permanent formwork. Typical load from construction worker and in situ elements could be sustained by the panel.

Keywords: precast panel, ferrocement, composite slab


41

Coastal and Harbor Engineering


42

Development scenarios of the coastal area in Western Albania

Alma Golgota, Ermal Spahiu, Boriana Golgota

Department of Professional Studies, Aleksander Moisiu University, Durres, Albania

Abstract

Coastal Area in Albania stretches along the Western part of the Country. The development of water resources comprises an analytical interpretation of both the problems and opportunities that the Coastal Area contains. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the approach implemented in this study, followed by a feasible conclusion with the environmental and social parameters attained. The Coastal Area in Western Albania is seen as a potential resource of environmental, economical and social development. The study developed focuses and sets all the development criteria in accordance with the EU legislations regarding to environment and water policies. Social and economical benefits are the driving factors to have an overall feasible layout of this study. This study identifies the potential resources and indicates for each of them the threats and opportunities. Different measures, methods of implementation, and the data required are proposed for all objectives and categorized in three alternatives as a) economical, b) environmental and c) mixed, to give a clear option for the perspective development of the integrated coastal zone and water resources that affect in extent the Western Albania.

The understanding of the system and public involvement are important in the solution to the integrated water management in the Coastal Area. In the research are simulated three development strategies based on different criteria. In each strategy, various studies are undertaken. Data collection, analysis, system understanding, modeling, interpretation, economic analysis, risk analysis, environmental impact studies are accomplished before the final suggestion of measures in each alternative. The research is made such as an approach to integrate the spatial and temporal effects of measures. Development of the study areas will be important not only for the existing situation, but a long-term strategy is developed to distribute reliably the resources in space and time.


43

Analysis of interaction between waves and cliff along the Adriatic coast of Polignano (Apulia, Italy)

Giuseppe Spilotro¹, Roberta Pellicani¹, Rossella Pagliuca², Marco Mucciarelli², Marcello Bianca², Daniela Miccoli²

¹ Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Italy² School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Italy

Abstract

The aim of this study is the analysis of the dynamic behavior of rocky cliff located below the old urban center of Polignano (Apulia, Southern Italy). In order to characterize the behavior of the cliff under the impulse generated by sea waves, two types of measures were carried out on the rocky mass: (1) environmental vibrations and (2) accelerometer records. The first type of measures, which may be executed in a short time with a high spatial density, has provided a recognition of the different types of dynamic behavior of the cliff.

The accelerometer records, carried out during heavy storms in December 2009 and January 2010, have been allowed to confirm the results of previous measures and to evaluate the energy transfer from waves to cliff, in terms of maximum values and temporal distribution.

In order to facilitate a correct interpretation of measures, geological surveys for studying fracturation of rocky mass were carried out.

The main results were the following:1. The cliff shows a subdivision into two zones: (a) with stable behavior

and without amplification of wave impulse, characteristic of limestones, (b) with amplification of wave impulse along several preferential directions, some of which are substantially coincident with the directions of main systems of fractures, while others coincide with local orientation of the rocky cliff.

2. The accelerometer measures confirm the different behavior. The most stable and less fractured zone is crossed by the energy transmitted from waves to cliff without giving its own contributions; the other zone filters this energy with its own frequencies.

3. The accelerations recorded (with maximum value of about 0.02 g) on the cliff during storms show a regular distribution of observed values; this distribution can be correlated with the wave height offshore.


44

Computational Methods in Civil Engineering


45

Topology optimization of double-curved double-layer grids

Mustafa Sonmez1, Ozer Sevim1, c2

1Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aksaray University, Turkey2Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Aksaray, Turkey

Abstract

A topology optimization procedure for double layer grids which have square-on-square configuration and top and/or bottom layers are curved in one or two directions is presented. The number of nodes is treated as design variables during optimization process; as a result, the number of members varies. The configuration of grid structures is generated using the graph product operations. The coordinates of nodes and the cross sections of members are taken as continuous and discrete design variables, respectively. As an optimizer, a new swarm based optimization algorithm called Artificial Bee Colony algorithm is used. A design example is included to show the applicability of the presented procedure for optimization of double-curved double-layer grids.

Keywords: Double Layer Grids, Structural Optimization, Graph Theory, Topology Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm, Double-curved.


46

Measurement of displacements in steel arch bridge

Fatih Cetisli1, Levent Tasci2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey2Department of Civil Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Abstract

Measurement of deformations are applied in artificial structures such as dams, tunnels, bridges, and large scale buildings, in which big threats can be caused by deformations, and in landslide regions. The structures that are subjected to huge loadings and vibrations and that are not laid on a strong ground are exposed to a continuous change. It is very important to prevent big hazards with a continuous observation of these changes by using various measurement methods and with analyzing the scales of these changes by using various analysis techniques. In this study a steel arch bridge, designed by the Civil Engineering students at Firat University and entitled to participate in "Design and Construct" competition by Bogazici University in 2010, was used. The purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of the steel arch bridge under external load by using finite element methods and comparators. The results obtained from different measurement methods are agreed in terms of detecting displacements.

Keywords: displacements, steel arch bridge,


47

Model of categories for image processing

Rezarta Shtraza Mara1, Kristaq Filipi1

1Department of Mathematical Engineering, Polytechinc University, Albania

Abstract

Theory of categories has various application in technology. There are mathematical models that have been built using algebraic structures equipped with different tools of properties from disciplines inside mathematics even inside algebra. We are concentrated on the applications of algebra in image processing. We have seen that basic relations and operations between images, and other used in image compression, already have been described in terms of categories and homomorphism of modules over quantales. They include relations and operations between sets, set inclusion, union, intersection, used in mathematical morphology, and operations, order relation, t-norms in image compression. Focused on the way how these construction of categories of quantale modules are built up we want to show a new construction of an algebraic model through categories as an application of algebraic structures, involving issues from order theory, theory of modules and theory of categories in mathematical morphology and image compression. We start from a model on the theory of categories and theory of modules over a commutative ring. We think to combine the construction of a category from an object with homomorphism of modules over quantales using as a model the same issue over categories of modules and over the category of homomorphism of modules over rings. Our intention is to open the way the study of properties of some important modules and their homomorphism that are immediate objects in image processing, seeing them as categories on their own not as a simple object of a category. Through this we want to import the properties from the treatment existing now to investigate after other properties deriving from our point of view.

Keywords: Category, homomorphism, module, quantale, sup-lattice.


48

Receding contact problem for two elastic layers resting on a Winkler foundation

Erdal Öner1 2, Ahmet Birinci3

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Bayburt University, Turkey2Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Karadeniz Technical

University, Turkey3Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey

Abstract

In this study, receding contact problem for two elastic layers resting on a Winkler foundation and loaded by means of a rigid circular punch is considered. The elastic layers have different heights and elastic constants. External load is applied to the upper elastic layer by means of a rigid circular punch and the lower elastic layer rests on a Winkler foundation. The problem is solved under the assumptions that the contact between elastic layers, and between the rigid punch and the upper elastic layer are frictionless and the effect of gravity forces is neglected. Since the contact between two bodies is assumed to be frictionless, then only compressive normal tractions can be transmitted in the contact areas. General equations of stresses and displacements which are required for the solution of the problem are obtained by using the theory of elasticity and the integral transform techniques. Using integral transform technique and boundary conditions of the problem, the problem is reduced to a system of singular integral equations in which the contact stresses and areas are the unknown functions. The system of singular integral equations is solved numerically by making use of appropriate Gauss-Chebyshev integration formulas and an iterative scheme is employed to obtain the correct contact half-areas that satisfies the equilibrium conditions. Numerical results for the contact stresses and the contact areas are given for various dimensionless quantities.

Keywords: Wrinkler foundation,


49

Virtual testing against experiment for post-buckling behaviour of cold-formed steel columns

1, Talha Ekmekyapar1, Mustafa Özakça1

1Department of Civil Engineering, University of Gaziantep, Turkey

Abstract

Cold-formed steel has already started to replace hot rolled companions in some structural applications. Advantages of cold-formed steel originate from its high strength over weight ratio and ease of manufacturing and construction compared to hot rolled heavy sections. Moreover, cold-formed columns have significant post-buckling reserve which has the potential to be exploited in design process. Therefore, it is essential to predict the response of cold-formed columns by means of high fidelity engineering techniques. Herein an in depth study which links experimental testing and non-linear computational capabilities is undertaken to address the failure behaviour of cold-formed columns. Experimental program comprises coupon tests to specify material properties and compression testing of fixed end cold-formed columns. Thereafter, measured material properties are utilized to generate a stress-strain curve for finite element models. Boundary conditions imposed into simulation models in such a way that would represent test conditions. Creating a suitable mesh for different cross sectional dimensions, different shapes of initial imperfections are introduced into models to compare contributions to performance of columns. Predicted collapse loads and modes via finite element models are assessed against test results. Mesh and initial imperfection sensitivities on failure characteristics are discussed. Finally a general assessment is made for the deployed testing and simulation to generate knowledge for the design evaluation of cold-formed steel columns. Key findings and discussions of present study have the potential to lead to develop promising cold-formed steel column virtual test models.

Keywords: Cold-formed steel column, Post-buckling, Collapse, Finite Element


50

Modelling COD concentration by using three different ANFIS techniques

Ozgur Kisi1, Murat Ay2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Canik Basari University, Samsun, Turkey2Department of Civil Engineering, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been successfully performed in many different water resources applications such as rainfall-runoff, precipitation, evaporation, discharge (Q), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), sediment concentration and lake levels by many researchers over the last three decades. In this study, three different adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) techniques, ANFIS with fuzzy clustering (ANFIS-FCM), ANFIS with grid partition (ANFIS-GP) and ANFIS with subtractive clustering (ANFIS-SC), were developed to estimate COD concentration by using various combinations of daily input important variables water suspended solids (SS), discharge (Q), temperature (T) and pH. Root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and determination coefficient (R2) statistics were used for the comparison criteria. Training, testing and validation phase’s results of the optimal ANFIS models were also graphically compared each other. Comparison of the results indicated that the ANFIS-SC(1,0.3,1) model whose input is water SS was found to be slightly better than the other models in estimation of COD according to the comparison criteria in testing phase. In the validation phase, however, ANFIS-FCM(1,3,gauss,1) model performed slightly better than ANFIS-GP(3,trimf,constant,1) and ANFIS-SC(1,0.3,1) models. It can be said that three different ANFIS techniques provide similar accuracy in estimating COD.

Keywords: Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, Chemical oxygen demand, Fuzzy c-means.


51

3D FE modelling of composite box girder bridge

Muthanna Abbu1, Talha Ekmekyapar1, Mustafa Özakça1

1Department of Civil Engineering, University of Gaziantep, Turkey

Abstract

The complexity nature of composite box girder bridges makes it difficult to accurately predict their structural response under loading. However, that difficulty in the analysis and design of composite box girder bridges can be handled by the use of the digital computers in the design. An intricate geometry such as that of composite box girder bridges can be facilely modelled using the FE technique. The method is also capable of dealing with different material properties, relationships between structural components, boundary conditions, as well as statically or dynamically applied loads. The linear and nonlinear structural response of such bridges can be predicted with good accuracy using this method.

A major interest in this paper is to perform three-dimensional FE analyses of composite box girder bridge to simulate the actual bridge behaviour. ANSYS FE package is used to develop the models which offer different element types and physical contact conditions between concrete deck and steel girder. Predictions of several FE models are assessed against the results acquired from a field test. Several factors are considered, and confirmed through experiments especially full shear connections which are obviously essential in composite box girder. Numerical predictions of both vertical displacements and normal stresses at critical sections fit fairly well with those evaluated experimentally. The agreement between the FE models and the experimental models show that the FE model can aid engineers in design practices of box girder bridges.

Keywords: Composite Box Girder Bridge, full shear connections, FE technique.


52

Estimated the amount of air void in concrete using image processing technique

1, Bekir Çomak2 3

1Civil Engineering Department& Faculty of Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey

2Civil Engineering Department& Faculty of Technology, Düzce University, Turkey3Civil Engineering Department& Faculty of Engineering Süleyman Demirel University,

Turkey

Abstract

Image processing methods have been widely used in civil engineering recently. Image processing is reproducing the processes people got via their own vision system by digitizing. The aim of this study is to define air void values of different concrete specifies with image processing methods. With this purpose seven different concrete series have been produced by using different water/cement rates. Physical and mechanical tests have been applied on the samples acquired. Additively air void ratios have been calculated after section images obtained from hardened concrete surfaces are processed. Relations between the results obtained as a result of image processing method and pressure resistance values of the acquired concrete samples have been examined.

Consequentially it has been observed that air void values in the concrete obtained by using image processing techniques may be estimated with a high correlation.

Keywords: air void, image processing,


53

A review of outlier detection procedures used in surveying engineering

Mevlut Yetkin1

1Department of Geomatics Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey

Abstract

The method of least squares is the most widely used parameter estimation tool in surveying engineering. It is implemented by minimizing the sum of squares of weighted residuals. The good attribute of the method of least squares is that it can give an unbiased and minimum variance estimate. Moreover, if the observation errors are normally distributed identical results to the maximum likelihood method can be obtained. However, the method of least squares requires gross error and systematic bias free observations to provide optimal results. Unfortunately, these undesired errors are often encountered in practice. Therefore, outlier diagnosis is an important issue in spatial data analysis. There are two different approaches to deal with outliers: statistical outlier test methods and robust estimation. Baarda and Pope methods are well known hypothetical testing methods. On the other hand, there are numerous robust methods to eliminate or reduce disruptive effects of outliers, such as M-estimation method, L1 norm minimization, the least median squares and the least trimmed squares. Robust methods are useful to locate multiple outliers. Yet, statistical testing approach can also be generalized to multiple outliers. Furthermore, reliability measures and robustness analysis enable us to assess the quality of our networks in terms of gross error detection and the effect of undetected errors. In this study, a review of outlier detection procedures is given. The main features of the methods are summarized. Finally, statistical test for multiple outliers is applied to a GPS network.

Keywords: GPS Networks; outliers; error analysis; robust estimation; statistical tests.


54

Modelling the measurement uncertainty with fuzzy approach

A. Burak Göktepe1, Selim Altun2

1Fan River Cascade Project, Reshen, Albania2Department of Civil Engineering, Ege

Abstract

There are several types of uncertainty in a material characterization arisen from different sources of measurement errors, such as methodological, instrumental, and personal. As a reason of the uncertainty in material models, it is plausible to consider model parameters in an interval instead of a singleton. The probability theory is widely known method used for the consideration of uncertainties by means of a certain distribution function and confidence level concept. In this study, fuzzy logic is considered within a material characterization model to deal with the uncertainty coming from random measurement errors. Data points are treated using fuzzy numbers instead of single values to cover random measurement errors. In this context, an illustrative example, prepared with core strength-rebound hammer data obtained from a concrete structure, is solved and evaluated in detail. Results revealed that there is a potential for fuzzy logic to characterize the uncertainty in a material model arisen from measurement errors.

Keywords: fuzzy approach, modelling uncertainties


55

Construction Technology and Management


56

An analysis of business environment of construction industry in Albania

Mustafa Üç1, Abdulla Kaja2

1Department of Business Administration, EPOKA University, Albania2Bechtel-Enka GP, Kosovo

Abstract

Following the collapse of communism in 1990, Albania introduced with capitalism as new economic order in the country. Since that time, Albanian economy has been developing day by day especially depends on some sectors. The construction industry in Albania has recorded significant growth during these transitional years. Business environment refers to the aspects that surround the business enterprise which has influence on the functioning of the business. Businesses are affected by internal and external environment factors. While, the businesses are able to control and manage internal factors, external factors are beyond of the control of businesses.

After the mentioning some fundamentals of theoretical issues about business environment, this study presents relationships among construction industry in Albania and influential factors such as; politics, economy and operational efficiency. In order to explore these relationships a questionnaire designed and conducted on 130 respondents which 38 of them are foreigners in Albanian construction industry.

As an overall result of questionnaires demonstrates that the people in Albanian construction industry are satisfied with current business environment and they have optimistic thoughts for the future of constructionindustry in Albania.

Keywords: Business environment, Construction industry, Albania.


57

Integration of building information modelling into the undergraduate curriculum: Case of Eastern Mediterranean

University

1 2Changiz Ahbab1, Asst Prof. Dr. Alireza Rezaei1, Navid Sanei Sistani1

11Department of Civil Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Northern Cyprus

12Abstract

One of the essential requirements of construction education is to remain up to date and current. It is quite important for universities to adopt new technologies in construction education curriculum. Building Information Modelling (BIM) as a new technology and tool is one of the latest developments in construction industry. The function of BIM as an advantageous course and also an educational assistant in Civil Engineering education at universities is not completely understood to date. Many construction companies prefer to employ BIM enabled graduates nowadays. Thus the question is to what extent students are aware of BIM and are ready to begin learning such a new technology.

In order to answer this question, a survey was conducted among different undergraduate students at Civil Engineering Department of Eastern Mediterranean University. Focus of the survey was on AutoCAD knowledge and students’ abilities together with their awareness of BIM. Adding BIM as a standalone course in the curriculum of the Civil Engineering Department was also studied. The outcomes of the survey proved students’ interest in integrating BIM as a separate course in undergraduate curriculum. Details of such an integration including how and when to consider BIM were also proposed. The authors suggest including BIM in the Civil Engineering undergraduate curriculum to have knowledgeable and up to date graduates while it is also recommended to be used as an educational assistant in other Civil Engineering courses.

Keywords: Building Information Modeling, Civil Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Undergraduate Curriculum


58

“The face of the stone”: traditional construction and tectonic innovation

Francesca Barone

Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture - DICAR, Polytechnic of Bari, Italy

Abstract

Through the tectonic metaphor will investigate the relationship between the construction and expression in modern stone facade, meant as the first element of the representation and relationship between the building organism and the city. The relationship between construction, form and representation in massive stone architecture will be analyzed under a dual aspect: the tectonics of the wall and the relationship between "form" and facade element as a possibility that have to represent, through itself, the building organism, or "fall off" and become constructive metaphor. So, the evolution from the historical city to a contemporary city, spread between modernity and tradition: the buildings show more and more languages and technologies evolved and preserve a traditional and durability character. By the research appears the central theme of the urban facade, linked to the concept of stability, robustness and separation between public and private sectors. The development of the theme of the urban front comes from the urban planning experiences attributable to lesser-known architects, but the most important experience is that of Fernand Pouillon’s buildings characterized by a principle authorising of urban space. In all these architectures emerging high performance quality of the stone, in terms of durability and strength, as well as aesthetic value. The challenge of the architect is to create a constructive alternative process, based on the use of global stone, both structural and compositional. Through a mechanical system it was possible to extract and cut blocks in the quarry: in this way the stone has become an industrialized product so that the same Pouillon used the term "prefabricated stones". The predominant role to the relationship between the stone and facade together to the relationship between form and structure makes timeless architecture.


59

A user- oriented implementation of risk breakdown structure in construction risk management

Julinda Keçi


Abstract

Construction industry is a complex, dynamic and risky industry that often suffers from poor performance leading in increased cost and time, and in decreased quality. In these conditions the dynamic identification and assessment of project risks among a vary range of potential factors is considered of vital importance. The introduction of Risk Breakdown Structure as a hierarchically organized depiction of identified risks was considered a suitable tool in risk management, especially in construction, due to its many advantages in synthetic representation and dynamic nature.

This paper presents a user- oriented implementation of RBS to assist the project managers in identifying and assessing potential risk factors affecting construction process. The evident analogies between WBS and RBS are captured and used in the proposed framework which interconnects them into a 2-D matrix used to associate risks to the specific project activities.

The proposed framework is applied to a government funded design-bid- build project. The obtained results clearly demonstrate the advantages in identifying the most risky activities, the most important risk factors affecting the whole project, and the most significant relationships.

Keywords: Construction risk, RBS, user-oriented, 2-D Matrix, WBS.


60

Construction Materials


61

Size effect in splitting diagonal cubes

1, Senem 2 , Mesut Gör1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Firat University, Turkey2Department of Civil Engineering, Dicle University, Turkey

Abstract

The experimental investigations on fracture mechanics of cement-based materials until 1970s indicated that classical linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) is invalid for quasi-brittle materials such as concrete. This inapplicability of LEFM is due to existence of an inelastic zone with large scale and full cracks in front of the main crack tip in concrete. This so-called fracture process zone (FPZ) is ignored by LEFM. Consequently, several investigators have developed non-linear fracture mechanics approaches to describe failure of concrete/reinforced concrete structures. Deterministic size effect laws among these non-linear approaches, for instance size effect law (SEL) by Bazant (1984), suggest that size effect on strength is primarily related to a relatively large FPZ in concrete. One of the main requirements in this law is the need to test samples, which are geometrically similar and made of the same material, and which must provide a minimum size range=1:4.

The split-tension test has been used to indirectly test the tensile strength of quasi-brittle materials such as concrete and rock. Recently, concrete splitting specimens have been commonly used in concrete fracture because they have certain advantages, such as compactness and lightness, compared to beams. However, the number of theoretical and experimentalstudies with diagonal split-tension specimens, to which compressive forces are applied along two opposite edges, is limited.

In this study, two series of concrete diagonal cube specimens of different size (size range 1:4) were tested by splitting loading. The concrete mixes with the maximum aggregate size=8 mm were designed as the gap-graded aggregate and the continuously graded aggregate. The ultimate loads obtained from the test results were analysed via Bazant’s SEL. Consequently, it was observed from the analysis based on SEL that the concrete with gap-graded aggregate is the more ductile material than the concrete with continuously graded aggregate.


62

Mechanical properties of lightweight concrete made with cold bonded fly ash pellets

1, Turan Özturan1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Bogazici University, Turkey

Abstract

In this paper, compressive and splitting tensile strengths, modulus of elasticity and steel rebar-concrete bond strength of lightweight aggregate concretes (LWAC) produced at 0.40 w/c with sand and mixture of crushed stone and lightweight fly ash coarse aggregates are presented. Lightweight fly ash aggregates (LWA), plain (LC) and reinforced with 0.1% (L1P) and 0.5% (L5P) crumb rubber and0.1% (L1F) polypropylene fiberare utilized. Test results revealed that the compressive strengthof all LWACconformed to the limitation for structural use whereas a reduction in density up to 20% was achieved.Whereas the mechanical properties decreased with the use of lightweight aggregates, some increases were observed for the steel-concrete bond strength.

Keywords: lightweight concrete, fly ash pellet,


63

Mineralogical study of different mortar types from historical monuments of northern Greece

Andreas Iordanidis1, Javier Garcia-Guinea2

1 Department of Geotechnology and Environmental Engineering, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece

2 Museo Nacional Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Spain

AbstractRed coloured plaster mortars and a masonry mortar sample dated

from 5th c. BC to 3rd c. BC were collected from Aiani’s archaeological site, northern Greece. The mineralogical composition of the bulk mortars and the mortar surfaces were determined by Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. Calcite, quartz, feldspars, dolomite, Ti-oxides (anatase/rutile) and clay minerals consisted the mortar samples. Serpentine, a mineral characteristic for its local provenance was found, which is related to the ophiolithic complex and the ultramafic rocks of the surrounding area. The red colour of the mortar surfaces is attributable to hematite, the raw material being iron oxides and hydroxides either from an ochre deposit or an iron-rich clay deposit. Black inclusions identified by Raman spectroscopy may be associated with carbonaceous material of an amorphous character and iron oxides and hydroxides (hematite/goethite). The presence of micaceous and clay minerals, corroborates the origin of the raw material from local Fe-rich clays.

Keywords: mortars, pigments, Raman, XRD, Greece


64

Behaviour of concrete elements under the transversal forces and strengthening with the FRP

Naser Kabashi1, Cene Krasniqi2 , Burim Hajrizi3

1,2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Prishtina, Kosova3Department of Civil Engineering, University of Prishtina, Kosova

Abstract

The behaviour of concrete elements, in this case the beams under the different loadings result with the capacity of section. In analyzing process results are followed with the deflections of beams and the cracks. In this paper we analyse the type, form and dimensions of cracks under the third point load method of applied loads in simple concrete beam. To improve the capacity we use the different types of FRP, including the GFRP and CFRP, comparing the deflections and cracks. The focused parameters are in using the different methods for transversal force , including the primary forms with steel stirrups and the new proposal for using the outside stirrups from FRP. The all analyses presented in this paper are based on the analytical model and experimental results.

The behaviour of beams under the mixed form with ordinary steel stirrups and proposal stirrups from FRP, successfully increase the energetic capacity of sections.

Keywords: Concrete; FRP; behaviour; cracks; deflections, strengthening.


65

The effect of joint slope on bending strength of finger joint

connection – case of poplar wood (Populus alba L.)

Dritan Ajdinaj1, Besnik Habibi1

1Department of Wood Industry, Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania

Abstract

Glued-laminated timber (glulam) is usually manufactured to order for architectural applications. It consists of two or more layers of lumber, called laminations, glued together, and can be produced as long as can be transported, due to finger joint connections, which are decisive elements of its strength. In this research, the effect of slope of the joint on bending strength of poplar (Populus alba L.) finger joint connection, bonded with polyvinyl adhesive, was studied. Modulus of rupture (MOR) and Modulus of elasticity (MOE) of joint perpendicular with strips edges, and 15° and 30° slope joints, referring to the first one direction, were measured, according to norms ISO 3133 and 3349.

24 samples for each type of joints, with dimensions 20x20x320 mm, were conditioned and tested by means of mechanical testing machine, in the Faculty of Forestry Sciences of Tirana. The MOR of perpendicular and 15° slope joints resulted almost the same, 36.75 N/mm2, while of 30° slope joint resulted 10% higher, 40.33 N/mm2. Modulus of elasticity wasn’t affected in a distinct manner by the slope angle of connection. For perpendicular joint it was 10152.12 N/mm2, while for 15° and 30° slope joints resulted 9944.91 and 10155.98 respectively. The research results obtained were discussed in order to analyze and evaluate the slope angle of finger jointing, which could affect its utilization potentials.

Keywords: finger joint, poplar, bending strength.


66

Experimental comparison of cracks width and cracks spacing results for beams of self-compacting concrete (SCC) and

conventional concrete for period t= 400 days

Hajdar E. Sadiku1, Zijadin Hoxha2, Berim Osmanaj3, Fatos Sadiku4

1 Civil Engineering and Architectural Faculty, Prishtina, Kosova2 Master of architecture, University of Prishtina, Kosova

3Bsc. of Civil engineering, University of Prishtina, Kosova4Bsc. of Civil engineering, University of Prishtina, Kosova

Abstract

Concrete is a material which has found a wide usage in engineering especially in construction engineering and road infrastructure facilities. Development trends for high rise constructions, modern skyscrapers indicate that building such constructions with normal concretes and low consistency is impossible, therefore there is a need for concrete with high processes because of great amount of reinforcement in cross-section of concrete elements. Solution for such construction is self-compacting concrete becauseof its ability to fill good formworks without compaction and vibration. Considering this fact, researches for cracks, mechanical characteristics of concrete and deformations have been conducted worldwide. In this line, we conducted an experimental research to determine the cracks on beams of self-compacting concrete and compared it with conventional concrete. The experimentally-obtained results will be presented for both types of concrete for: module of elasticity, compression strength, crack with and cracks spacing for duration failure testing time t = 400 days.

Keywords: Self-compacting concrete, conventional concrete, compression strength, cracks, modulus of elasticity


67

Value and development of the relaxation, with new test’s mode - under the influence of fatigue.

Maksim Cipi1

1Department of Civil Engineering, UPT University, Tirana, Albania

Abstract

In the prestressed structures and elements, of important influence are the steel losses -of different nature, course, performance and value- during the time or as final value.

One of these losses is from the relaxation of the prestressed steel, which function of development and progress on time, as well as the presumed final value, depends from the type of steel and used reinforcement, from its initial tension and variation on time, etc..

This loss is quantified through functions elaborated by expensive tests, which need long time -a minimum of 120 hours up to 1,000 hours-under continuous monitoring and constant conditions of temperature and tension value.

For this the author, thought to realize such tests under fatigue, permitting to realized them in a very short time, reducing to the minimum tests difficulty and costs.

In such a way one can be able to realize, for the same cost and less time, a greater number of these tests in order to know at the best the real behavior of prestressed steels under the action of various factors, both in its performance over time as well as in its last value.

The first tests followed by the author in this direction, object of this article, gave results that validate the above idea and enable to correct the parameters and mode of future tests.

This article presents the research program of losses on prestressed steels, in the study of the relaxation phenomenon, describing the terms and characteristics of the test, after been modified by introducing on it the fatigue influence.

At the end, by the carried out tests, for the types of tested champions of steel, devices, methods and relative results, are illustrate the first considerations and formulas.


68

Fresh and hardened properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete produced with fibers of different lengths and

diameters

Merve Acikgenc1, Kursat Esat Alyamac1, Zulfu Cinar Ulucan1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Firat University, Turkey

Abstract

Concrete is a brittle material which has a low tensile strength and a low tensile strain capacity. These weak points of concrete can be resolved by including fibers made of different materials with high technical specifications. This special type of concrete is known as Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) and exhibits superior properties in terms of ductility, fracture energy, toughness, strength and durability due to the addition of steel fibers when compared to conventional concrete. SFRC has a varied application area. In practice, steel fibers which have different lengths, diameters, and aspect ratios are used. These variable characteristics of steel fibers have highly influence on the performance of SFRC. The goal of this study is aimed at creating a standart foresight in determining the fiber types by comparing the steel fiber types which have the same tensile strengths and different lengths, diameters, and aspect ratios. For this purpose, the series of SFRC specimens which have the same concrete mixing ratios were produced by using steel fibers which have the same tensile strengths and different lengths, diameters, and aspect ratios. The fresh properties of the produced SFRC specimens were determined by the Slump test. The hardened properties were determined by compressive and flexural strength tests. It was shown that the fresh and hardened properties of the SFRC specimens were changed by steel fibers that had the same shapes, tensile strengths and different lengths, diameters, and aspect ratios. The optimum steel fiber types were determined according to the targeted fresh and hardened properties of SFRC.

Keywords: Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Steel Fiber, Fresh Properties, Flexural Strength, Toughness.


69

The structural tree: new experimentation with reinforced stone

Giuseppe Fallacara1, Marine Bagnéris2 , Claudia Calabria3

1Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Polytechnic of Bari, Italy2 Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Marseille, France

3 Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Polytechnic of Bari, Italy

Abstract

Starting from the reinterpretation of the natural forms that recurs in the consolidated shapes of historical buildings, the research proposes the umbrella vault as isolated self-supporting cover.

The research outcome, defined with the term "structural tree", can be considered as an extreme experimentation of the cooperation possibilities between natural stone and steel reinforcement.

The idea arises from the observation of fan vaults in which appears an isolated support: its static behaviour works, of course, because of the presence of an opposite structural portion.

In this case, on the contrary, there are no lateral supports but it arises as a self-referential element, while the task of restoring the structural balance is left to the upper reinforcement that allows a free composition of the "tree" without static constraints.

The study is based on a formal research that combines the possibility to create serial and repeatable compositions with the achievement of an ideal static equilibrium configuration of the stone structure that considers thecollaboration between the voussoirs and the upper reinforcement.

The steel structure is not assumed as a pre-tensioned reinforcement,like in the other prototypes, but as a passive reinforcement to recreate the compression condition of the arch, usually generated by the opposing forcesbelonging to the two symmetrical halves.


70

Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of different sealant materials used in highway maintenance operations

Yetkin Yildirim1, Adem Eren1, Armagan Korkmaz2

1Civil Engineering Department, , Izmir Katip Celebi University. Turkey,2Civil Engineering Department, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey,

Abstract

An important element of pavement maintenance practices is the sealing and filling of cracks. Hot pour materials are the most commonly used material, providing good performance in most cases. However, some maintenance projects utilize cold pour asphalt emulsion crack sealants. Cold pour crack sealants require longer setting and curing times, especially in areas of high humidity. In addition, the performance history of these cold pour sealants is not known nor well documented in comparison to the performance of hot rubber crack sealants. The costs associated with the use of this material versus hot rubber asphalt are also not well documented or determined. An extensive, three year project has been completed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) in pursuit of evaluating and comparing the cost-effectiveness for hot pour and cold pour sealants. Eight different roads in five districts were selected for the comparison of the sealants. A total of thirty-three different test sections were obtained through this operation. The surveys and field study indicate that hot pour rubber sealants performed better than cold pour sealants. In the test sections, hot pour sealants performed better over time than cold pour sealants. The cost analysis for this project is based on the comparison of all aspects related to the placement of hot and cold pour sealants. Construction cost is not the sole factor in cost-effectiveness. Performance of a sealant is also another significant factor, because a poorly performing sealant will require sealing to occur more often. Based on the service-life information collected from field evaluations, life-cycle costs can be calculated. The average annual cost (AAC) values were calculated for each sealant in twenty-five test sections in five districts. The cost analyses showed that the


71

overall AAC for cold pour materials is $0.107/ft with a standard deviation of 0.06, and for hot pour materials, the average AAC is $0.045/ft with a standard deviation of 0.042. In response to these findings, modifications to the specifications for crack sealants currently used at TxDOT were suggested. These modifications include characterizing the sealants by using bending beam rheometer (BBR) and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests, in addition to what is available in the specifications.

Keywords: seal coat, hot-pour sealant, cold-pour sealant, cost-effectiveness, roadway service life


72

Effect of pumice and fly ash on the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete

Abdurrahman Asan1, Sadrettin Zeybek2 1, Halil Aykul1,

Kubilay Karacif1

1 Engineering Faculty, Hitit University, Turkey2 Turgutlu Vocational School, Celal Bayar University, Turkey

Abstract

In this study, the mechanical and physical properties of concrete

at proportions of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight has been investigated, in addition to analyzing the corrosion behavior of reinforcing steels embedded in these specimens. Besides, with the purpose of determining the effect of fly ash (FA) additive over the corrosion of reinforcing steels embedded in concrete with FGP, FA has been entrained to all series with the exception of the control specimen, such that it would replace with cement 5% by weight.

corrosion potential of reinforcing steels embedded in the concrete specimens was measured every day for a period of 60 days based on the ASTM C 876 standard. In the second stage, the anodic and cathodic polarization values of the steels were obtained and subsequently the corrosion currents were determined with the aid of cathodic polarization curves. In the study, it was observed that a decrease in the mechanical strength of the specimens and an increase in the corrosion rate of the reinforcing steel had taken place as a result of the FGP addition. However, it was determined that with the addition of FA into concretes supplemented with FGP, the corrosion rate of the rein

Keywords: Concrete Corrosion, Finely ground pumice, Fly ash, Reinforcing steel


73

Corrosion of reinforcement in a mixture of limestone-clay and perlite based blended concrete

Sadrettin Zeybek1, Kubilay Karacif2, Abdurrahman Asan3, Halil Aykul4,4

1Department of Industrial Glass and Ceramic, Celal Bayar University, Turkey2Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Hitit University, Turkey

3Department of Chemical Engineering, Hitit University, Turkey 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hitit University, Turkey

Abstract

This paper reports the results of experiments evaluating the corrosion resistance of a mixture of limestone-clay (MLC) and perlite in concrete mixes. Variables were MLC and perlite additions of 0–15% as cement replacement and cement contents. Electrochemical measurements tests were used to monitor the corrosive behaviour of embedded steel bars in concretes. Results showed that additions of MLC and perlite are e ective in inhibiting corrosion of reinforcing bars. The superior performance in inhibiting

cement-paste matrix due to pozzolanic action in the additives concrete mixes.

Keywords: corrosion, limestone-clay, perlite based, blended concrete


74

The effect of industrial oil on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete mortars

1 Erion Luga1,2, Zehra Almaz3 1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Erciyes University, Turkey 2Department of Civil Engineering, Epoka University, Albania

3Dep. of Construction, Tomarza Vocational School, Erciyes University, Turkey

Abstract

This study investigates the usability of industrial oil in concrete mortars as a substitute for conventional plasticizers and its effect on hardened concrete mortars. Two different series of 0,4 water-cement ratio and (0,11; 0,22; 0,33) oil to water ratios (O/W)were used. In the first series (BM) the oil was added to water before mixing, whereas in the second series (AM) the oil was added in the last 60 seconds of mixing. The mortar flow workability, 7 and 28 days compressive strength, 28 days water absorption capacity and fire resistance of concrete mortars with different oil to water ratios were investigated. The results were compared with those carried out with the control specimens produced with 0,4 w/c ratio and no other additive. Based on the results there were not distinguishable differences between the properties of BM and AM specimens with respectively same O/W ratios. The mortar flow workability, 28 days compressive strength and water absorption of mortars produced with 0,22 and 0,33 O/W were improved evidently. The data acquired from the tests showed that industrial oils could be conveniently used as plasticizers in concrete mortars.

Keywords: Workability, Industrial Oil, Concrete mortar.


75

Stone bearing wall in basilica of St. Nicholas in Bari structural vs aesthetics reasons of materials, technics,

reinforcements, shapes and dimensions

Enrica Leonardis1

1Department of Science of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Politecnico di Bari, Italy

Abstract

This paper aims to codify a set of wisdoms gained through tradition in construction to make it available today to design and to restoration in stone bearing. In particular, it focuses the constructive characters of stone wall, up to estabilish points of synergy between structural and aesthetic reasons.

The Basilica of St. Nicholas in Bari is assumed as ideal case studied to exemplify the apulian Romanesque way of building.

To achieve the goals, stone wall is investigated from several point of view: material, constructive technics, wood armor system and stone reinforcements, showing the integration of structural arrangements in the architectural forms and the correspondence between building system and architectural language.

Moreover, the dimensional increase of stone wall, linked to the great size of the Basilica, is investigated trough tridimensional qualities of wall, considering them not only as numeric values but also such as form and space. In this way the study comes to the analysis of the different planimetric arrangements and shapes of the stone wall, in relation to the level of stability and robustness that they give to the building as a whole.

Keywords: stone bearing wall, structural vs. aesthetics


76

Determination of fundamental properties of masonry for different cities of Albania

Ornela Lalaj1, Yavuz Yardim1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Epoka University, Albania

Abstract

This study deals with the properties of URM prisms and its constituents. Masonry is a two phase material, and the properties of the assemblage depend on that of bricks and mortars. On the other hand, the quality of bricks mostly depends on the type of raw material and the production process. The quality of mortars is more complicated to assess since it depends on its mix design, which is highly variable from batch to batch. The procedure of assessment of properties for bricks and prisms is well established in various standards while the compressive strength of historic mortars has always been a challenge. In Albania there are a considerable number of URM structures and therefore assessing the properties of masonry is an important task. Therefore, samples from Tirana, Vlora, Elbasan, Rreshen and Bulqiza are obtained and tested, mainly in compression to assess the compressive strength of bricks, mortars, prisms and the elastic modulus of masonry. Large and highly populated cities are targeted. The expected outcome of this experimental program is the set of mechanical properties for the selected cities, confronted with the design values provided by production factories and theoretical values.

Keywords: URM, brick, mortars, compressive strength, elastic modulus


77

Analytical and experimental behavior of a novel anchorage layout for FRP confined rectangular columns

Anila Xhahysa1 , Yavuz Yardim1


Abstract

In the last two decades, FRP systems have been largely used to improve the performance of structural members, due to their high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance. Application of this strengthening procedure in circular columns has resulted quite beneficial in increasing their seismic and axial capacity. Whereas in the rectangular ones, strength enhancement was considerably less. Hence this paper aims in introducing the FRP strengthening mechanism of rectangular columns and highlighting its limitations in strength enhancement when compared to the circular counterparts. The corner radii, aspect ratio and concrete compressive strength effect on the capacity increase rate are evaluated as well, based on the results of the large database provided by different experimental studies performed until now. A novel anchorage configuration is suggested to overcome the existing limitations for enhancement of axial strength in this column category. Analysis of the improvement that this solution provides to the confinement pressure distribution was performed by ANSYS Software. Experimental and analytical results supported the increase of stress distribution uniformity in the anchored rectangular column section.

Keywords: Rectangular columns, FRP, Confinement, Anchorage, ANSYS


78

Geotechnical Engineering


79

Geotechnical analysis of a failed slope at Fier-Tepelena road

Oltion Korini1, Ylber Muceku1


Abstract

The case study area is part of a national road built on hills, with slope inclination angle variation 25-35o to 40o. It consists of limestones rocks, which are covered by breccia’s and debris soils. The road is new and was open for public use in September 2012. After two months a major landslide occurred at the middle part of it near Fratar village. The road has high importance because it is the main artery of the southern Albania and replaces the old road which is in bad condition. The area close to the failed slope consists of almost the same material and presents high risk for the near future. There are some slope protections that definitely were not sufficient to keep the sliding material. This paper intends to explain the reasons of this slope instability and also to propose a stable solution. Different solutions will be presented and compared to each other. Each of them will be modeled in specialized geotechnical software. Most probably this landslide was encouraged by the rainfalls that are common for this season. The natural hazards that will be used to calculate the stability are water presence and seismic activity. The methods of slope reinforcing used in similar cases (very steep slopes) are nailing and anchored retaining wall. Also cement grouting could be another method to increase the almost inexistent cohesion between the loose gravel particles.

Keywords: geotechnical analysis, failed slope, slope stability,


80

Effects of the assumption of volume constancy and dilation behaviour of the plastic zone on the estimation of the

deconfinement coefficient

Nikolaos Ch. Maragkos1

1Geodomi-Geotechnical Engineering Consultants, Thessaloniki, Greece

Abstract

The right estimation of the deconfinement coefficient is very important in support design and determination of soil movements above shallow tunnels. The divergence in deconfinement coefficient values that the application of volume constancy and dilation behaviour analyses leads, are examined in the paper. The presentation of this investigation is carried out so that the influence of the above two analyses to be indicated also in theparameters connected to the deconfinement coefficient: In the convergence-confinement curve, the available support curve and the initial convergence value. The accuracy of Panet proposal relative to the initial convergence is also investigated in this paper.

Keywords: volume constancy, dilation behavior, deconfinement coefficient


81

To determine stability of tunnels and settlements with

centrifuge modelling

T. Ertan1, W. Wu2, A. Erken3, G.Idinger4

Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey,Department of Civil Engineering, Bodunkultur University Vienna, Austria

Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey,Department of Civil Engineering, Bodunkultur University Vienna, Austria

Abstract

In most of the larger cities underground transportation systems have been getting desired. Such systems are constructed in urban areas and involve a tunnel, especially in soft ground and in shallow zones.

One of major concerns for tunneling operations in urban area is the effect on neighboring buildings, because the tunneling operation and near structures highly interact each other. Whatever the used construction method is, the excavation of a tunnel causes displacement around the opening and may expand towards the ground surface. The dislocations of the buildings interact with the ground movement, and the rigidity of existing structures will promote reduction of the magnitude of displacements induced by tunneling.

In this investigation, to determine displacements induced by tunneling, the centrifuge modeling was used. The small scale centrifuge model provided dependable information about the face collapse of a shallow tunnel. A required support pressure for shield driven tunnels in soft materials, and the ground deformations along the longitudinal section of the tunnel model, can be identified by simulating a loss of tunnel face stability.

Keywords: stability, settlement, centrifuge modeling,


82

The effect of testing methods on residual shear strength of cohesive soils

Aysegul Bayin, Recep Iyisan, Mustafa Hatipoglu, Gokhan Cevikbilen,Adem Isik

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract

The shear strength of the soil decreases when the shearing displacement continues to increase after the peak shear strength and in the end reaches a constant value as known residual shear strength during the shear tests of the soil. The residual shear strength of the soil plays an important role in the analysis of slope stability and estimation of old landslide stability in geotechnical engineering. A large shear displacement in drained conditions requires to be attained to residual shear strength of soils. Reversal direct shear test (RDS), consolidated-drained triaxial test (CD) and torsional ring shear test (RS) are the widely used testing methods to determine residual shear strength parameters. These methods have some advantages or limitations when compared with each other. In this study, residual shear strength parameters of soil samples were determined by the three different drained tests, the results were compared, and effect of the testing methods on residual shear strength was investigated. The variation of residual shear strength angle versus liquid limit and plasticity index were studied. The results were compared with previous studies. As a result it is found that the residual shear strength determined by the ring shear test is lower than the others methods and the residual shear strength angle decreaseswith the increasing liquid limit and plasticity index.

Keywords: residual shear strength, cohesive soils, RDS, CD


83

Frost susceptiblity of fi ils related to consistency limits

Adem , Recep , Gokhan , Aysegul

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract

In cold regions, soils are exposed to freezing and thawing cycles which are important in geotechnical engineering. Most of the engineering properties of soil are affected by freezing and thawing period. For instance; strength, permeability and compressibility of soil could be changed considerably due to frost action. Damage due to frost action is essentially caused by the presence of ice lenses in soils. The formation of ice lenses requires a frost susceptible soil, a water supply, and subfreezing temperatures. In these conditions, for assessments of the frost susceptibility of soils are important to understand behaviour of soils during frost action. Frost susceptibility of soils depends on significantly water-retention capacity of soil, or the mineralogy of soil such as Atterberg Limits, specific surface area.

In this study freeze and thaw tests were performed on prepared fine grained soil samples having different clay fractions and plasticity indexes. In the laboratory the soil samples were compacted at their optimum water content by using standard proctor energy and freeze and thaw tests were conducted on the soil samples. The freezing and thawing test includes two freezing-thawing cycles. The frost heave susceptibility of soils was determined from the heave rate during freezing. Furthermore the thaw weakening susceptibility of soils was determined with the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. Also the heave rate versus liquid limit and plasticity index were investigated. The results of tests showed that during freezing heave rate increased with the ratio of water content to liquid limit of soils, but CBR performance of the soils decreased with increasing liquid limit and plasticity index.


84

On criteria for liquefaction of saturated sands

Margarita Hamova1, Hristina Zayakova1, Martina Periklijska1, Andrei Mihailov1, Veselin Slavchev1

1Department of Civil Engineering, VSU “L.Karavelov”, Sofia, Bulgaria

Abstract

It is well known that fully saturated sands under dynamic loading and presence of free surface exhibit tendency of liquefaction i.e. acquire properties of liquid and lose their bearing capacity. The reasonable explanation is a sudden presence of pore pressure which decreases lithostatic pressure and may cause reset of shear stress parameters of sands.

As a result building’s foundations in saturated sands sink as bodies immersed in water. That is why it is important to know the conditions of possible loss of dynamic bearing capacity of saturated sands.

In this report a lot of the famous criteria for dynamic stability failure of saturated sands are reviewed, for example the criteria of A. Casagrande, N. N. Maslov, S. Stoinev, Sh. Prakash, the prescriptions of Eurocode 8.

All researchers usually recommend laboratory investigations on liquefaction capacity of sands to be done with standardized apparatuses which most of geotechnical laboratories do not possess. That is why laboratory determination of liquefaction capacity of saturated sands shall be done on test bench with possibility to generate vibrations with variable parameters.

Keywords: liquefaction, saturated sands, dynamic stability failure,


85

DMT-predicted vs. observed settlements: Treporti test embankment

Sara Amoroso 1

1Studio Prof. Marchetti s.r.l. Rome, Italy

Abstract

This paper presents a compilation of documented case histories to include illustrating comparisons of DMT-predicted vs observed settlements, a review of the available experience on the use of DMT for settlement calculations and an appraisal of the evaluation of accuracy of the in settlement predictions based on DMT. In particular the paper illustrates the Treporti test site (Venice Lagoon, Italy) research, where a full-scale instrumented test embankment (40 m diameter, 6.7 m height, applied load 104 kPa) has been analyzed. The available data indicate that, in general, the constrained modulus obtained by DMT (MDMT) can be considered a reasonable "operative modulus" (relevant to foundations in "working conditions") for settlement predictions based on the traditional linear elastic approach. Attention has also been given to the determination of the strain range appropriate to MDMT, in view of the possible use of MDMT for settlement predictions based on non linear methods by taking into account the decay of soil stiffness with strain level.

Keywords: DMT, Treporti test embankment,


86

Effect of bacterial calcium carbonate precipitation on the geotechnical properties of soils

Waleed Siddik1, Henifi Canakci1, Ibrahim Kilic2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Gaziantep University, Turkey2 Department of Biology , Gaziantep University, Turkey

Abstract

Bacteria are capable of performing metabolic activities which thereby promote precipitation of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. In this study, it is shown that microbial mineral precipitation was a result of metabolic activities of some specific microorganisms such as Bacillus pasteurii. It was predicted that bacterial calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation occurs as a byproduct of common metabolic processes such as urea hydrolysis. Bacillus pasteurii the most abundant alkalophilic soil microorganism, plays an important role in cementation by producing urease, which hydrolyzes urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. This advantage of Bacillus pasteurii used in this study and its urase activity and calcium carbonate precipitation were tested in a agar plates. Scanning electron microscopy (SED) analysis revealed the direct involvement of Bacillus pasteurii in calcium carbonate precipitation. The production of calcite was further confirmed by energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis.

After detecting the shape and amount of calcites on the agar plates, sandy soil sample in dimentions (6x6x2 cm) immersed in bacterial medium (Bacillus pasteurii, urea, CaCl2) for 1 month, after that the sandy sample tested by Scanning electron microscopy (SED) analysis and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis.

The results showed that Bacillus pasteurii produce calcite in the agar plates during 5 days but in the soil sample takes long time (during 1 month) depending on the methods of bacterial introduction techniques for soil. bacterial calcium carbonate precipitation technique will be used in other types of soil espcially organic soil by different type of bacterial introduction techniques such as gravity and pumping.

Keywords: Bacillus pasteurii, agar plates, urease activity, microbial mineral precipitation, scanning electron microscope-energydispersive x-ray.


87

An investigation of uplift behavior of vertical piles embedded in reinforced sand under inclined loads

1, Ahmet Demir2, Mustafa Laman1 Ok3, Talha 4

1Department of Civil Engineering, Cukurova University, Turkey2Department of Civil Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Turkey

3Department of Civil Engineering, Adana Science and Technology University, Turkey4Department of Civil Engineering, Inonu University, Turkey

Abstract

In this study, the behavior of vertical single piles embedded in unreinforced and reinforced sandy soils has been carried out using small-scale model tests. The sand used in experimental study, was placed into the model box in layers, for two different densities of sand. These piles were installed in sand and subjected to pullout loads of different inclinations. The model pile pullout tests were conducted using two steel circular piles with different surface conditions (smooth and rough). The influence of reinforced sand with geogrid and friction level of interface between sand-pile on the uplift performance of the model piles was investigated.These investigations were carried out by varying the inclination of the pullout load, the embedded depth of reinforcement, the number of reinforcement layers, and the length of the reinforcement layer. The test results show that the pullout resistance increases with the surface roughness, sand density and the inclusion of a reinforcing layer. It was also found that the effectiveness of the reinforced layer is dependent on the surface roughness. This paper also discusses the effects of these parameters on the relative ground movement near the pile surface.

Keywords: Uplift capacity, geogrid, pile surface roughness, relative density, embedment ratio, oblique pulling loads


88

An experimental study on behaviour of geosynthetic reinforced stone columns

Ahmet Demir1, Talha 2, Mustafa Laman3 3

Ok1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Turkey2Department of Civil Engineering, Inonu University, Turkey

3Department of Civil Engineering, Cukurova University, Turkey

Abstract

Constructions on soft clays have presented severe challenges to the geotechnical engineering community in the past decades. The low bearing capacity, high compressibility and the low permeability of the soft clay caused problems for both design and construction. As the settlement of the sensitive soft clay is significantly high, ground improvement methods are needed. These methods include prefabricated vertical drain (PVD), surface and deep compaction, vacuum drainage, preloading, stone columns etc. Among these methods, stone columns method is one of the efficient ways of reducing both settlement and consolidation time.

The stone columns are increasingly being used as ground reinforcement for supporting a wide variety of structures including buildings and flexible structures. Covering the individual stone columns with suitable geosynthetics is one of the techniques of improving the performance of stone columns. So, the stone columns are stiffer and stronger with this type of encasement using geosynthetics.

In this paper, the small scale model tests have been conducted on unreinforced and reinforced soft clay. Firstly, unreinforced tests was carried out and then reinforced with only stone column and geogrid encasement stone column were investigated. Some properties such as, diameter of stone column and encasement effect on improvement of soft clay were also observed.

Keywords: Stone column, Geogrid Encasement, Soil Stabilization, Clay


89

Effect of effective dimensions of spread footings on bearing pressure analysis

Luisa Dhimitri1, Neritan Shkodrani2, Shpresa Gashi2

1 Unit of Geotechnical Engineering, T.T. Soil & Earthquake Consulting ltd2 Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania

Abstract

Foundations and especially spread footings are often eccentrically loaded, as in several instances they are subjected to moments in addition to vertical loads. In such cases the ability of spread footings to support forces reduces.

The procedure suggested by Meyerhof (1953), generally referred as the effective area method indicates that effective footing dimensions should be used in bearing pressure analysis. Also Eurocode 7, part 1 requires ‘special precautions’ to be taken when the spread footing is subjected to eccentric load. According Eurocode 7, bearing pressure calculations take account of eccentric loading by assuming that the load acts at the centre of a smaller foundation, and a part of the foundation is therefore ignored. The actual footing area is reduced to an ‘effective area’.

Under these circumstances, a considerable area of footing is ineffective to resist the stresses. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the effect of effective dimensions on bearing pressure and bearing capacity, verifying it in terms of utilization factor.

Keywords: spread footings, bearing pressure analysis, Eurocode 7, Meyerhof


90

In situ tests – predicted vs. observed settlements: a comparative case study

Ergys Anamali1, Neritan Shkodrani1, Luisa Dhimitri2, Shpresa Gashi1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania2 Unit of Geotechnical Engineering, T.T. Soil & Earthquake Consulting ltd

Abstract

Predicting settlements is one of the biggest advantages of in situ tests (CPT and DMT), especially in cases where it is difficult to carry out an ex situ geotechnical investigation of the site. Each of the tests predicts the settlements by using the value of constrained modulus, evaluated by different methods. In this case, particular attention is given to the correlation method and the way of determining the constrained modulus “M” from the in situ tests.

This paper aims to deal with the comparison of the estimated settlements derived by the in situ tests with the observed settlements in site, in order to evaluate the accuracy of settlement prediction by in situ tests.

The site where are carried out the tests and periodically are observed the settlements from the beginning of construction process, is located in the Oil Product Terminal, at the industrial park of Porto Romano, Durres, Albania. The main purpose of this project was the ground improvement by using preloading method in order to prevent liquefaction process and settlements. The data used to conduct this study are taken by the site investigation done after inserting into the soil vertical drains made of columns of free – draining gravel (gravel pile drains) until 14 m depth and axial distance equal to 2 m, and wick drains (pre manufactured) until 25 m depth and axial distance equal to 1.8 m. Observed settlements are periodically measured by topographic equipments.

This paper will present the conclusions derived by settlement analyzes from in situ tests and site observation and the comparison of the results.

Keywords: in situ tests, CPT, DMT tests,


91

The effect of preloading on the cyclic liquefaction strength measured in the laboratory

Konstantinos Stamatopoulos1, Lydia Balla 1

1Stamatopoulos and Associates, Athens 11471, Greece

Abstract

The effect of preloading on the liquefaction cyclic strength was investigated by cyclic shear tests where horizontal shear stress oscillated about a zero mean value on sands with varying fines content and at varying prestress ratios, densities and vertical stresses. Test results showed a marked increase of the cyclic soil strength with the prestress ratio. The effect is more pronounced for the looser specimens. An empirical expression predicting this effect is proposed. This expression is validated from results of a field test.

Keywords: preloading, liquefaction cyclic strength,


92

Effects of layer depth on engineering properties of compacted soil samples

Recep Akan1, Soner Uzundurukan1, Ömür Çimen1, Turan Selçuk Göksan1

S. Nilay Keskin1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, Turkiye

Abstract

In the present study, the effects of layer depth on optimum compaction conditions as one of the most important parameters effecting construction of earth fills are investigated. Therefore, one dimensional consolidation tests and constant volume swell tests were conducted on compacted soil specimens taken from different layers of standard proctor mold. Shear strength of the specimens were also determined by pocket penetrometer. The test series were carried out on the specimens prepared at optimum water content, dry and wet side of optimum water content. The results of the experimental work were evaluated and compared.

Keywords: compacted soil, effects of layer depth,


93

A concept of analyses of anchored diaphragm wall in central

part of Budva town

Helidon Kokona1, Enkeleda Toli2

1Civil Engineer, Tirana, Albania2Faculty of Civil Engineering, Politecnic University of Tirana

Abstract A common application for protection of deep pits in many residential

projects with underground levels is the construction of anchored walls. These anchored walls consist of nongravity cantilevered walls with one

or more levels of ground anchors. Nongravity cantilevered walls employ continuous walls constructed in slurry trenches (i.e., slurry (diaphragm) walls), e.g vertical elements that are drilled to depths below the finished excavation grade. For those nongravity cantilevered walls, support is provided through the shear and bending stiffness of the vertical wall elements and passive resistance from the soil below the finished excavation grade. Anchored wall support relies on these components as well as lateral resistance provided by the ground anchors to resist horizontal pressures (e.g., earth, water, seismic, etc.) acting on the wall.

The concept of an anchored wall system is to create an internally stable mass of soil that will resist external failure modes at an adequate level of serviceability. The design of anchored walls concentrates on achieving a final constructed wall that is secure against a range of potential failure conditions. The design should limit movements of the soil and the wall while providing a practical and economical basis for construction. The design should consider the mobilization of resistance by both anchors and wall elements in response to loads applied to the wall system.

The magnitude of the total anchor force required to maintain the wall in equilibrium is based on the forces caused by soil, water, and external loads. Anchors can provide the required stabilizing forces which, in turn, are transmitted back into the soil at a suitable distance behind the active soil zone loading the wall. This requirement that the anchor forces must be transmitted behind the active zone generally defines the minimum distance behind the wall at which the anchor bond length is formed.

The anchor bond length must extend into the ground to intersect any potentially critical failure surfaces which might pass behind the anchors and below the base of the wall. The required depth to which anchors must beinstalled in the soil should be determined based on the location of the deepest


94

potential failure surfaces that have an insufficient factor of safety without any anchor force.To provide pit protection by means of an excavation supported by an anchored wall, is necessary:

The anchored wall should support the soil immediately adjacent to the excavation in equilibrium. This support typically governs the maximum required force in the anchors and the maximum required dimensions, strength, and bending moments in the wall section.The anchors should be extended sufficiently deep into the soil to beneficially affect a range of shallow and deep-seated potential failure surfaces with inadequate factors of safety. The anchor forces act on these potential slip surfaces to ensure they have an acceptable factor of safety.

Keywords: Deep excavation, nongravity cantilever wall, diaphragm wall, anchors,


95

Buckling of fully embedded piles in the ground subject to

axial compression force

Vlora Shatri1, Luljeta Bozo2, Burbuqe Shatri3 , Bajram Shefkiu4

1University of Pristina, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Kosovo

2 Polytechnic University of Tirana, Faculty of Engineering, Albania3University of Pristina, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Kosovo4University of Pristina, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Kosovo

Abstract

Buckling of piles of normal dimensions embedded in the ground of good bearing capacity is not expected to occur except (unless) when they are embedded in pretty soft soils as are the soft clays, incoherent sands, etc. Such a conclusion is supported by many and various authors. Today, buckling is a phenomenon that occurs very often due to very long piles and with small cross sectional areas widely used in different facilities, architectural and particularly in offshore build structures. In this paper work a comparison of different analytical methods used for calculation of critical forces of buckling of piles and that are mainly based on the theory of modulus of soil reaction.

Buckling of individual fully embedded piles subject to compression force only and with different end conditions in the grounds of different geo-mechanical properties is reviewed. Besides analytical methods, Robot Millennium software is used to calculate critical buckling force of piles subject to axial compression force only.

Keywords: Piles, buckling, critical force, critical buckling length, soil reaction modulus.


96

Hydraulic Engineering


97

A distorted physical model to study sudden dam break flows

G. Tayfur1, 2, G. Bombar3

1

2

3Department of Civil Engineering, Ege Univ., Bornova-

Abstract

A distorted physical model, based upon Urkmez Dam in Izmir, Turkey, was built to study sudden dam break flows. The distorted model had a horizontal scale of 1/150 and vertical scale of 1/30, containing dam reservoir, dam body and downstream area—from dam body to Urkmez urban area until the sea coast. In the model, the reservoir is approximately 12 m3, the dam body has a width of 2.9 m and a height of 1.1 m and the downstream area is nearly 200 m2. The Ürkmez dam is chosen since it has reasonable dimensions and it is located close to Ürkmez village. Thefeatures creating roughnesssuch as buildings, roads, plant, etc are also reflected in the physical model.

The dam break problem is investigated for sudden partial collapse which is simulated by a trapezoidal breach on the dam body. The water depths are measured by using e+ WATER L (level) sensors. The velocities are determined by Ultrasonic Velocity Profiler (UVP) transducers. The propagation of the flood is recorded by a HD camera.

The experimental results show that Urkmez area can be flooded in a matter of minutes, at depths reaching up to 3 meters in residential areas. The flood wave can reach in the residential areas in 4 minutes. Flood wave velocities at peak discharge can exceed 55 km/h.

Keywords:Distorted physical model, dam break flows, sudden partial collapse, flood propagation


98

Modifying Ritchie equation for estimation of reference evapotranspiration at coastal regions of Anatolia

Murat Cobaner1, Hatice Citakoglu1, Tefaruk Haktanir1, Ozgur Kisi2, Recep Yurtal3, Orkun Karaboran1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri,2Department of Civil Engineering, Canik Basari University, Samsun,

3Department of Civil Engineering,Cukurova University, Adana,

Abstract

Evapotranspiration (ET) is of great importance in many disciplines, including irrigation system design, irrigation scheduling and hydrologic and drainage studies. A large number of more or less empirical methods have been developed to estimate the evapotranspiration from different climatic variables. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) rates the Penman-Monteith equation as the major model for estimation of reference (grass) evapotranspiration (ET0) because of the fact that it gives more accurate and consistent results as compared to the other empirical models. However, the main disadvantage of this method is that it cannot be used when the sufficient data are not available. The FAO-56 PM equation requires quite a few independent variables such as solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity in predicting ET0. Worldwide, the weather stations measuring all these variables are few as the majority measure air temperature only. Therefore, for regions which may not be measuring all these meteorological variables, the temperature based models like Ritchie, Hargreaves-Samani and Thornthwaite equations is necessarily used instead of the FAO-56 PM equation. In this study, the Ritchie equation is applied on the measured data recorded at 158 stations at the Coastal are of Turkey (Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara and Black Sea regions of Anatolia), and the monthly ET0 values computed by it are observed to be smaller than those given by the Penman-Monteith equation. Next, average values for the coefficients of the Ritchie equation, which are constants originally developed by Jones and Ritchie (1990), are recomputed using the ET0 values given by the FAO-56 PM equation at all weather stations in coastal regions of


99

Anatolia (Turkey). The Ritchie equation modified in such manner is observed to yield greater determination coefficients (R2), smaller root mean square errors (MSE), and smaller mean absolute relative errors (MARE) as compared to the original versions of Ritchie equation suggested by Jones and Ritchie (1990). It is concluded that for estimation of reference evapotranspiration at coastal regions of Anatolia where the meteorological measurements are scarce, the modified Ritchie equation can be easily used for estimating the ET0 values.

Keywords: Evapotranspiration, Penman-Monteith, Ritchie equation


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An investigation of water potential of lakes district, Turkey

1, M.Erol Keskin 2

1Civil Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey2Civil Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

Abstract

Recent increase in urban population, water pollution due to

industrialization, and climate changes revealed the need to revisit water

utilization policies, to use water resources adequately, redo critical analysis

for existing prevention plans and prepare new prevention plans. In the

regions, located at lakes region, are investigated in terms of precipitation,

temperature, evaporation, and water level change by using the monthly and

annual data available. Therefore, the data is processed by using Run

homogeneity test, Mann Kendall and Sen analysis. In addition, water budget

water budget results

measures are not taken immidiatly, at the end of a 100-year period. Level of

-%, annually. To prevent the water

ssary precautions should

be taken-: (a) Inactive underground resources should be activated,-. (b)

-.

(c) Future water storage within the rainfall watershed should be prevented,-.

(d) The lands that have shown no signs of development and expected not to

improve in the future should be detected and these lands should be removed


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from future irrigation plans,-. (e) Efficient methods of economical use of

water resources for the currently cultivated irrigated lands should be

explored and developed,-. (f) Throughout the use of intelligent farming

methods economic utilization of water should be performed. Concurrently,

there will be effects on Lake Kovada since Lake Kovada is controlled by

La

Keywords:

Lake, Kovada Lake,


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Study on the utilization of waters of ‘Deçani Bistrica’ river basin

Musa Islamaj, Sylejman Daka , Sali Fazliu

Abstract

The catchment in Republic of Kosova can be divided in basins of the rivers as following: Basin of Drini i Bardhë in village Radavc, Peja municipality, basin of river Ibër, Mitrovica municipality, basin of river Morava e Binçës, Gjilani municipality and basin of river Lepenci in Kaçanik municipality. The watershed of Bistrica e Deqanit, which is subject of this paper belongs to the basin of Drini i Bardhë which belongs to the Adriatic Sea catchment.

The river “Lumëbardhi” is one of the rivers of Kosovo, which has a fairly stable flow, our opinion is that the average flow of

Qav=4.72 m³\s (1)

is quite high and has a long time duration. Other characteristic values

Qmin = 0.960 m³\s (2) and Qmax = 152.2 m³\s, (3)

are in different time intervals and suitable for use. (Baza per hidroekonomi te kosoves 1983)River “Lumëbardhi” of Deçani has nearly 6.13 % from the surface of catchment of river “Drini i Bardhë”. The average of rainfall perennial is Hsh.v.mes. =1090 mm. (Institute Hidrometeorologji i Kosovës 2003).This river has other positive features which make it more interesting for the study. In “Drini i Bardhë” stream around 350.00 nmm, while the highest quota of basin is nearly 2 400.00 nmm, It will be a detailed analysis of the quantity of water which can be accumulated and used for:

a. Water Supplyb. Irrigation for agriculturalc. Production of electric hydropower andd. Recreation

The analysis should be made on that way that all concerned parties for water to meet their demands. (Instituti bujqësor ne Peje)


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Velocity distribution in natural streams

1, Onur Genç2, Serkan Özdin1, Mücella Vapur1

1University of Erciyes, Department of Civil Engineering, Kayseri, Turkey2 Department of Civil Engineering, Kayseri, Turkey

Abstract

Velocity profiles were investigated for a natural stream by entropy theory. Flow was measured by Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) at different times and periods during seven site visits on the Swhich flows through central Anatolia in Turkey. Entropy parameter M was calculated with two different approaches. One of them is linear distribution between mean and maximum velocities at these stations and the entropy parameter was calculated as M=2.9. Second one is the best entropy parameter which can be calculated by using umax and zmax for measured verticals and found as M=2.83. Both approaches show good harmony with the measured data along the verticals. Errors between measured (um) and calculated (uc) velocities for the whole depths were calculated. The relative mean errors for the seven measurements and each vertical is determined as

Keywords: Velocity distribution, entropy, natural stream, ADV


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The effect of hydraulic jump on the aeration efficiency

Tuba Bostan1 1, Kaan Yetilmezsoy2, Saadettin Topçu3, Hayrullah 1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

3

Abstract

One of the most important parameters to determine the quality of water is the amount of the dissolved oxygen (DO) in water body. Microorganisms as bacteria need high concentration of oxygen in water to the able to continue their lives healthfully. In this case, the concentration of the dissolved oxygen in water body should be greater than 5 mg/L. The hydraulic jump is used as an effective natural mechanic mixer for the oxygen transfer from air to water body.

This study is aimed to investigate the aeration efficiency created by the water jet vertically on the turbulence shear layer in hydraulic jump. The experiments have been realized in an open channel having a width of 0.4 meters, a height of 0.65 meters and a length of 12 meters. The dissolved oxygen has been measured using by a DO200 hand type oxygen meter. Experiments are taken account five different jet flow rates and Froude

numbers with in the range of 1Fr = 3.55-6.07 in the study.

Keywords: Hydraulic Jump, Dissolved Oxygen, Oxygen Transfer, Froude Number


105

Urban water demand forecasting based on climatic change scenarios

Özkan Birge1, Mehmet Ali Yurdusev1, Mustafa Erkan Turan1

1Civil Engineering Department, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey

Abstract

Water resources projects, are designed to serve for many years to meet water needs. Therefore, the future water demand forecasting is of great importance for planning and management of water resources. In this study, a multi linear regression model is built to forecast urban water consumptions based a series of variables, namely the population served, monthly mean temperature and monthly total precipitation. Using the extended values of the variables up to the year 2100 based on climatic change scenarios, urban water demands are forecasted up to 2100.

Keywords: urban water demand, climatic change scenarios,


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Turkey’s need for a manual and general specifications for flood hazard mapping studies

I 1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Zirve University, Turkey

Abstract

Flooding is a serious natural disaster in Turkey similar to rest of the world causing significant economical damage and loss of lives every year. Statistical analyses show that in Turkey, after the earthquake, flooding is the second most serious natural disaster in terms of life losses and economical damage. Unlike many other natural hazards, flooding is a natural hazard that can be forecasted and modeled ahead of time. Hence flooding can be prevented or the consequences can be reduced through proper planning.

On the other hand, in Turkey detailed flood modeling and mapping is not common, and a manual and general specifications document for flood studies is not available. Yet for an effective, detailed and consistent flood hazard-mapping study there is a need for such a document. Actually, literature review shows that many other developed country do not have a detailed and comprehensive manual and general specifications document for flood studies. These countries started launching programs to standardize and extend the flood hazard mapping studies in the recent decade, after experiencing increasing number of flood hazards each year.

In this study foremost from US, EU Member States, Australia, and Canada several references are reviewed. A current special specifications document for a flood hazard mapping study in Northern Turkey is considered as the reference from Turkey.

The reviewed references are compared under basic components of a detailed flood hazard mapping study. These components are:


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1. Hydrologic-hydraulic modeling and engineering methods.2. Flood hazard mapping3. Reporting of a flood study4. Quality control measures

Based on the evaluation of the comparison result, some recommendations are made for the issues that are considered to be included in a manual and general specifications document for flood hazard studies.

Keywords: flood hazard mapping, flood risk, manual,


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Effects of hydraulics structures on dissolved oxygen concentration: a case study from the stream Harsit, eastern

Black Sea basin, Turkey

Adem Bayram1, Hizir Onsoy1, Volkan Numan Bulut2, Aydin Bayrak3

1Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey2Macka Vocational School, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon-Macka, Turkey

3Gumushane Science High School, Gumushane, Turkey

Abstract

A sufficient supply of dissolved oxygen (DO) is vital for all higher aquatic life. The problems associated with low concentrations of DO in rivers have been recognized for over a century. The impacts of low DO concentrations or, at the extreme, anaerobic conditions in a normally well oxygenated river system, are an unbalanced ecosystem with fish mortality, odors and other aesthetic nuisances.

The primary aim of this study is to determine the spatial and temporal variation of four physico-chemical variables including DO concentration, water temperature (T), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in the stream Harsit, Eastern Black Sea Basin, Turkey. For this reason, a study was fortnightly conducted during the four seasons between March 2009 and February 2010 in five monitoring stations. The obtained data are evaluated according to Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation (TWPCR), and also it is focused on the effects of hydraulics structures, namely Torul CFRD & HEPP, Kurtun CFRD & HEPP, and Dogankent HEPP, and the sand-gravel mining activities on the studied variables.

It was concluded that the stream Harsit has high-quality water according to the TWPCR in terms of DO, T and pH. Torul Dam generated a decrease with 13.18 % in the concentration value, and the minimum DO value with 9.23 mg/L was determined in the station after Torul CFRD and HEPP. However, Kurtun Dam increased the DO as 23.22 %, and themaximum DO value with 11.38 mg/L was obtained in the station after


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Kurtun CFRD & HEPP. Any negative effect from sand-gravel mining activities between the last two stations on the monitored variables was not observed.

Keywords: Dissolved oxygen, Stream Harsit, Torul Dam, Kurtun Dam, Water quality


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The south-eastern Anatolia project (GAP) in Turkey and Middle East in terms of economic, strategic and politic

Adem 1,2, Hizir Onsoy3, Murat Ihsan Komurcu3, Adem Bayram3

1Department of Civil Engineering, Gumushane University, Gumushane, Turkey2Department of Civil Engineering, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey

3Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract

The South-eastern Anatolia Region has political, economic, commercial and strategically importance as well as religious due to the fact that it has been used as settlement, and hosted for divine religions. This region is on the historical Silk Road, and Turkey part of the Mesopotamia, which means to the land between two rivers in Latin, composed of fertile soil and located in a geographical place where the energy resources roads crosses. There have been significant delays in the realization of the South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP) due to the some external factors.

In this study, we discuss political, economic, and strategically importance of the GAP project. In Turkey, background of the GAP is based on the Keban Dam Project in 1930s. GAP was firstly planned as irrigation and hydroelectric power plant (HEPP) projects on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. This project was transformed to multipurpose regional development program after 1980s. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers represent over 28% of the nation’s water supply by rivers, and the economically irrigable areas in the region make up 20% of those for the entry country. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 billion kWh/year, but only 125 billion kWh/year of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the construction of new hydropower plants, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. The GAP region has a 22% share of the country’s total hydroelectric potential, with plans for 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants, installed capacity with 7500 MW. Once completed, 27 billion kWh of electricity will be generated annually. GAP also constitutes 21% irrigation potential of Turkey together with the irrigation area having approximately two millions hectare.

Keywords: Hydroelectric power, Irrigation, the South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP)


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Kinetic energy and momentum correction factors in a stream 1 1Mücella Vapur, 2Onur Genç,

1University of Erciyes, Department of Civil Engineering, Kayseri, Turkey2

Abstract

In this study, discharge, kinetic energy, , and momentum, ,correction coefficients in a stream were calculated precisely. For this purpose the point velocities of a section were measured using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). For a subcritical uniform flow condition, cross-section was divided in different slices, discharge, kinetic energy and momentum correction coefficients were investigated depending on the slice number. According to the measured and calculated verticals point velocities, 9 slice number was accepted as optimum for discharge, and coefficients.

Keywords: Stream, Discharge, Kinetic energy and Momentum correction coefficients


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Transportation Engineering


113

Condition assessment of existing regional and rural roads in Albania

Diana Bardhi, Alma Golgota, Ariol Lule, Boriana Golgota

Albanian Development Fund, Civil Engineering Faculty of Tirana, University of Durres, Polytechnic University of Tirana.

AbstractThe conditions of roads are facing problems for many developed

countries. In order to complement poverty reduction strategies and progressing as developed country, regional and rural transport interventions must be an integral part of such development interventions and focus on the mobility and access needs of communities. Substantial gains in accessibility—for more communities, in more regions of our country—are possible if regional and rural transport infrastructure interventions are designed in a least-cost, network-based manner focusing on reducing economical inequality and willing to maintain the service. In view of budget constraints, selecting interventions requires a participatory physical planning process undertaken jointly with concerned local governments and communities, supported and coordinated by regional or central government agencies.

The roads in Albania had been constructed with different standards in different periods and exposed traffic loads which have rapidly increased during last two decades. Despite the fact that existing condition of some roads have been considered by ADF, an attempt was made on this study to draw a general picture of Albanian’s Roads. The condition of Albanian Roads was presented in this paper based on visual inspection of 1000 km roads, from different areas that are part of the country, concentrating on their conditions. Study ends with the conclusion that general physical state of the roads are improved consider five years before, therefore, the service provided by such roads is affecting safety and we identified the opportunity to improve maintenance as the key factor for roads condition.

Keywords: infrastructure, road conditions, maintenance.


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The effects of urban rail transportation projects on urban areas: case study of Izmir

1, Mehmet Çete2, Sezer 3

1Department of City and Regional Planning, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey2Department of Geomatics Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey

3Department of City and Regional Planning, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey

Abstract

Starting in the late nineteenth century rail network expansion activities in large cities of developed countries has been in trouble because of the energy crisis in the 1970s, but the rail system works in the 1990s accelerated the concepts of environmental and economic sustainability, and is still continuing today. In the 1970s urban rail systems, previously only applied to highly populated cities, started to be implemented in low-populated urban areas. Despite efforts to accelerate rail system in the 1990sin developed countries, many developing countries had not have rail networks. In countries which had been studying on rail system networks, along with the acceleration of urban development, due to the lack of transportation plans, inadequate or incorrect implementation of the plans or changing actions in the implementation phase applied advanced rail system has not reached capacity or expected.

In Turkey, the purpose, goals and policies of transport plans are away from integrity, and the problems are not clearly detected. Also, not defined and incomplete assessment of transportation systems and insufficient financial analysis are the most important cause of failure. Rail systems and other transportation systems to be addressed as a whole is seen as the mainfactor in increasing efficiency in applications that are not integrated yet in our country to come to this point has led to the problem. Compared to other transport systems, rail systems require more efficient use of the investment because of the high investment costs, so that implementation of these systems without deviating from the main policies and objectives, efficient use of financial resources has become crucial for the correct orientation of


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the investment. One of the most important factors in the provision of effective use of rail systems is locating in the right corridor. Provided, however, to meet the expected passenger capacity in terms of investment is very important to achieve the objective. In this study, located in the city of

a- -System and light rail systems in the coming years and the projected capacity of recommendation after analyzing tried to reveal the effects of urban space.

Keywords: Urban Transportation Projects; Urban Light Rail Systems; Urbanization; Izmir


116

Is it possible to use road pavements as alternative sources of energy?

Lajos Kisgyörgy1, Dávid Ambrus2, Balázs Plesz3, Márton Bein4

1,2Department of Highway and Railway Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary

3,4 Department of Electron Devices, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary

Abstract

The surface of roads and parking places could be regarded as a low-cost solar collector system. Using road pavements as alternative energy sources has several advantages. Renewable energy could be harvested, and the effective life span of the pavement structure could be extended by cooling down the hot pavement. By the reduction of the heat radiating from the road surfaces, the air temperature of densely built urban areas could be decreased as well during the hot summer days.

The utilization of road pavements as alternative energy sources is a new and interesting topic. Currently some introductory implementation happened, mainly to cool down the pavement and to produce hot water for the premises beside the road. In some cases the energy gained in summer was used to prevent icing on the road in winter.

The following questions should be answered to create an optimal technology:

• Which is the most effective way to harvest the heat energy of pavements?

• How the roads and parking places could be built to maximize their heat absorbing abilities?

• What are the operational and maintenance issues?• What road pavement maintenance technologies could be applied?

We have analyzed the following three basic approaches in detail:


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• application of circulated heat transporting liquid• integrated thermoelectric block traversing the courses of the

pavement • cascading thermoelectric elements between the pavement courses

Among them the system of circulated heat transporting liquids proved to be implementable in practice. At the creation of the technology besides the potential amount of the harvested energy the implementability and the long-term operability were also significant factors.

The result of the research is a technology which makes it possible to harvest the heat energy of road pavements economically and to increase the life-span of the pavement structure.

Keywords: road pavement, alternative energy,


118

Re-arrangement of traffic signal timings by cyclic vehicle queue profile

1, Sabit Kutluhan1 1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey

Abstract

Traffic signal timing is one of the interesting subjects that have been considered by transportation engineers and researchers. In spite of many technological and innovative solutions, fixed time controlling approach is still applying widely in the world. Signal timings are pre-defined in fixed time control and many programs can be applied for time of day. But in some cases, these programs can be insufficient for the demands occurred by variations in traffic flows. Assigned signal timings can be more or less than that of the timings required. Thus, vehicle delays can increase because of these irregular assignments. In this study, cyclic vehicle queue profile is considered for re-arrangement of signal timings at isolated intersections. Observations were made at sample intersections in Denizli, Turkey. 5 isolated intersections were considered and cyclic based observations were made for peak and off-peak periods. Traffic compositions were taken into account in the observations, cyclic traffic flow profile and remaining number of vehicles for each cycle was determined. Based on these observations, average remaining queue, average discharging time of queue, remaining phase time were measured. Present cycle times were modified depending on remaining phase times and new cycle times were calculated. The average delay times of the traffic flows for new cycle times were calculated with Akcelik delay formula. In addition, they were compared to that of existing cycle time. The results showed that at least 30% improvements can be obtained by re-arrangement of signal timings considering cyclic vehicle queue profile.

Keywords: traffic signal, queue, cycle time, isolated intersection


119

Historical and Monumental Buildings


120

A case study on structural assessment and restoration

of King Zogu's villa in Durres, Albania

Kujtime Barushi1, Enea Mustafaraj2

1Department of Architecture, Epoka University, Albania2Department of Civil Engineering, Epoka University, Albania

Abstract

The city of Durres is the second largest city and one of the oldest ones in Albania. Its existence dates back to 627 BC. There are found many historical monuments that carry significant importance to the city. The Royal King Zogu’s Villa in Durres is one of the most interesting structures built in Albania during the Albanian Monarchy period (1928-1939). The villa, located on top of the hill with the height of 98 meters above sea level, was a gift given by the merchants of the city of Durres for King Zogu in 1926. The Albanian architect Kristo Sotiri designed it.

During its existence, due to amortization and the lack of maintenance, the structural properties of the villa were weakened and the architectural values were dimmed. In this paper, architectural features and current structural conditions of the villa will be analyzed. The methodology used in this study is based on visual inspection of the current condition of the structure as well as a historical survey about the major changes the villa has passed through during the past years.

Based on the obtained results, solutions to enhance the structural and architectural properties are suggested taking into consideration the preservation of the villa as good as possible.

Keywords: King Zogu, Art Deco, Durres, Albanian Monarchy


121

The construction of the wooden roof: the case study of the reconstruction of the Old Castle in Stuttgart by P.

Schmitthenner. Elements, language, form.

Nicola Panzini

Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture - DICAR, Polytechnic of Bari, Italy

Abstract

In 1931 a fire destroyed the old Castle of Stuttgart. Following a series of debates on the restoration of the castle and in particular on the tall sloping roof, a poor reconstruction of which would have rendered the image of the city “gray and expressionless”. In 1932 Paul Schmitthenner (1884-1972) published one of his projects for the reconstruction the castle. After the fire only the external walls where left intact, their ability to support a load,however, was compromised. In his project Schmitthenner decided to demolish the external walls and to rebuild them with the old stones and supporting pillars from the inside part. Also the tall roof was to be freed from the additions made without planning over the centuries. In the regional competition Schmitthenner proposed his project and won.

The compositional principle was the reconstruction of a basilical space with three aisles. This room was realized as a complex construction in wood. The walls of the room, set all under a single great trussed roof, were realized in half-timber structure with unplastered brick infill. To capture light from the sides, he built three of his signature high wall-dormers. Masterly handcrafted, the raw materiality of the wood and the brick, the light that penetrates the room, all the elements underlined the sacredness proper to this internal space. The reconstruction was finished in 1937, but did not last for a long because in 1944 the castle was destroyed by bombing. The intention of this research is to produce the three-dimensional reconstruction of the wooden roof, in order to understand the structural rules of the elements and the measure of the parts which compose the section, and finally to investigate the language of the traditional half-timber system developed in modern solutions and the meaning of form or, in Schmitthenner’s words, the ‘constructed form’ (Gebaute Form).


122

Experimental building techniques in the 1930’s: the “Pater” system in the Ex-Circolo Skanderbeg of Tirana

Anna Bruna Menghini1

1 Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ingegneria Civile e dell'Architettura (DICAR), Politecnico di Bari, Italy

Abstract

The subject of this study concerns the constructive experimentation developed in Italy and in its areas of influence around the '30s, in a period of autarchic economy. We investigate some techniques, many of which still poorly understood, applied in buildings for housing, industry and the provisional architecture, which included the use of wood as the main construction material, often in collaboration with the concrete.

The case of study is the ex-Circolo Italo-Albanese Skanderbeg (now Theatre Kombetar), a building constructed in the period of the Italian protectorate in Tirana. The building was commissioned in 1938 at the company Pater Costruzioni Edili Speciali of Milano.

For its economic and fast realization was applied an experimental construction system, which used different materials: concrete, wood and an innovative material, product in prefabricated slabs, called Populit. This was a lightweight material consisting of cement and scraps of wood, produced by SAFFA.

The vertical structure consists of a load-bearing skeleton in weakly reinforced concrete. A double plugging inside and outside made in Populit panels collaborated with the structure, as it was used as formwork. This structural system is similar to the platform frame system for the use of prefabricated elements of wood, but the use of enclosing structure collaborating seems to anticipate the latest 'panels' systems.

In addition to the technical aspects of the building’s realization, analyzed through some critical re-designs, this study intends to address the


123

issue of the formal and spatial implications arising from the use of new building techniques.

This study, developed in a Laboratory of Thesis in the Faculty of Architecture of Bari, wants to contribute to the knowledge of this yet existing building, which we believe be enhanced and restored, for its important role in the urban context, and its historical and documentary value.

Keywords: building techniques, 1930, constructive expreimentation


124

Reflections of the Ottoman Architecture on the Balkan Countries: Examples of Romania- Bucharest, Yas, Constanta

1 2 3

1Faculty of Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey2 Faculty of Technology, Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey

3 Faculty of Technical Education, Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey

Abstract

In 1453, Ottoman that

governed many countries for many years. At the centuries-long reign, Ottoman

didn’t limited the boundaries not only with Anatolia but also it managed to rule over

a large number of countries. .While it was creeating architecture of some countries,

it brought innovations to some countries, too. Thus the architecture acted as a bridge

from past to present and it provided culture transition. In these countries, a large

number of structures which were for social, cultural, commercial, religious and

educational were built with Ottoman architecture. Even rare of these structures

survive today; somehow, architectural heritage of the Ottoman Empire was moved

to the present day. Turkish structures in the Balkans form a part of Ottoman Turkish

architecture in terms of plan, purpose of usage, facade and decoration.

In the study, reflections of Ottoman architecture on the structures which

within the boundaries of Ottoman and form the core with the unification of

Wallachia and Moldavia, will be examined. The data obtained as a result of the

study will bring out both the importance of the structure in the history of

architecture with synthesis studies which are related with contrastive research of

different structures in the same period and similar structures in different periods,

and it will contribute to determine living standards of the ages and the degree of

development.


125

Conservation and evaluation of historical and monumental educational structures case study Antalya high school

Engin Kepenek1, Ali Türk1, M. Alican Dal1

1Department of City and Regional Planning, Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey

Abstract

Since the period that they started to emerge, cities are formed by the history that the civilizations take from the past, with the cultural values and the geography that they are in. The cities, which exist within this development process throughout civilizations, brought along the structures that are considered to be urban heritage and are occurred within the economic, social, societal and spatial feature and necessity. This process continues its existence with a lot of examples throughout the civilization history both in the world and in our country.

There is an important variety between the historical structures that occur in our cities. Cities with the civil architecture examples and public buildings have a wide range of features that give them their identity constructions. One of the important structures that occur within this wide range is the training facilities, which started from the Ottoman Period and continued until the Republican Period and showed an increase. The education system, which started as madrassas and mosques in the Ottoman Period and later on turned into high schools and schools, and its structure are the important urban symbols in our cities.

In this study, the protection and survival of the training facilities, which are historical and cultural inventories and reflect their periodical features and city identity, will be discussed. Within this scope, Antalya High School, which is one of the historical training facilities in Antalya, is taken as a sample. Antalya High School, concerning its history and statue, is city’s one of the important historical and social symbols. It is an important heritage that must be protected and maintained, since it reflects the cultural, social and architectural features of its history.

Within the scope of the study, some examples of the historical training facilities, which have the similar statue in our country, are investigated to reach a general evaluation and within the sample area the study is detailed. The historical development of the investigated structure and its today’s position are investigated with environmental structures, and suggestions are made for protection – use –assessment. Analysis of the current situation is reinforced with the pedestrian counts and observational rapid assessment methods applied to structures and both quantitative and qualitative data could be reached for the study base. An evaluation was made for probable actions that aim the protection and survival of the urban and structural development within the historical process. When a further step is to be thought of this study, which is made with parcel scale, it should not be forgotten that this study will serve as an intermediate product for future evaluation and conversion studies on urban scale with the context of Urban Planning.


126

A brief critical review on the behavior of historical timber structures affected by biological agents and other external

factors

Berindean C. Alexandra1, Andreica Ligia2

1,2Department of Civil Constructions and Management, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Abstract

The durability of the historical timber structures is significantly influenced by the quality of the timber used for its construction, by its physical and mechanical properties, but also by the negative action of various biological agents (xylophage insects and fungal rot) as well as that of external factors (climatic or technologically-resulted humidity, air temperature, chemical compounds, radiations, etc.).

The paper highlights the effects of the most noteworthy biological agents present in the temperate climate onto historical timber, as well as the effects of moisture (with an emphasis on the provisions of Eurocode 5 and EN 335-1 in regard to the matter), those of high temperature, of aggressive chemical compounds and of various radiations (ultraviolet, infrared, gamma, etc.).

As a final point, the paper briefly describes the main courses of action required to counter the effects of the action of biological agents and of other external factors on the historical timber structures.

Keywords: historical timber structures, durability, biological agents


127

Compatibility issues regarding mortars for repairs and additions in interventions on historic masonry

Andreica Ligia1, Berindean C. Alexandra2

1,2Department of Civil Constructions and Management, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Abstract

The functions of the materials used for interventions on historic fabric are multiple, and go beyond the plain repairing or completion of damaged parts or in need of strengthening. This is a significant reason (among others) due to which the recourse to original materials, traditional, or with otherwise akin properties, is not always enough.In regard to the composition of mortars, reproducing the original recipes isoften difficult. However, the existence of contemporary mortars based on hydraulic lime or trass, the composition and physico-mechanical properties of which are sufficiently known, reliable, and compliant with contemporary standards, allow for compatible interventions with good results in regard to rainwater protection. An effective mortar recipe depends on a clear understanding of its role in masonry, in respect of each of its functions. The technical requirements that a mortar must meet in order to be compatible with the historic fabric are mechanical strength, water absorption (absorption of water while in the state of immersion, capillary absorption and vapour permeability - each with different implications in regard to the physical behaviour of the masonry), adhesion the substrate, contraction, vibration resistance and freeze-thaw cycles.The paper presents some guidelines regarding these compatibility issues and the decision factors that contribute to the design of contemporary compatible recipes of mortars for repairs and additions in interventions on historic masonry.

Keywords: historic masonry, durability, compatible mortars


128

The construction of the Al-Mursi Abou al-‘Abbas Mosque, Alexandria

Mariangela Turchiarulo1

1Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy

Abstract

The Sidi el-Mursi Abul-Abbas Mosque in Alexandria is one of Mario Rossi's best and most well-known buildings. Careful study of the working drawings made it possible to develop some important considerations concerning the construction methods imported into Egypt by Italian architects, engineers, contractors, and skilled workers, between the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. Along with the documents in the family archive and some site photographs, it was possible to investigate Rossi's new methods of organising the building site and the relationships between design decisions, construction, and the dissemination of technologies. The new contribution made by this paper consists primarily of describing how this particular mosque was built, reconstructing the process by direct observation, and by interpreting Rossi's extremely complex working details, as well as surveying the building itself. The new approach imported into Egypt by Mario Rossi did not break with local tradition, whilst his introduction of reinforced concrete into Awqaf building practice exerted considerable influence and made him chef d'école and teacher for those who came afterwards. He was Chief Architect for the Egyptian Ministry of Awqaf from 1929 until 1954, and his approach to mosque design was an evident typological and stylistic innovation that left its mark on the architectural vocabulary of the time, establishing a new style that became widely adopted in Egypt and spread as far afield as Washington DC, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq.

In a perspective of international cooperation to which we are urged by various countries around the Mediterranean, the primary aim of this type of research is to promote knowledge of this recent heritage: a prerequisite for developing effective tools for its enhanced appreciation, preservation, and recovery, for which the obligatory starting point must be the creation of specialised archives and atlases of works.


129

The static model in Bernardo Antonio Vittone Architecture:the Santa Chiara and San Leonardo churches in Turin

Francesco Scricco

dICAr, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Polytechnic of Bari, Italy

Abstract

The study aims to analyse the two static models most widely adopted by Bernardo Antonio Vittone, through the comparison of two churches in Turin: Santa Chiara and San Leonardo. They are double envelope buildings, with central dome, respectively 10 and 15 meters in diameter, supported by eight pillars and surrounded by a continuous ambulatory.

The static model of Santa Chiara provides the internal pillars that play the main structural role and cooperative outer envelope: the dome transmits his loads directly to the interior pillars. The walls and vaults of the lateral chapels have an important role, arranging themselves around the main dome, like a ring of containment of the horizontal thrusts induced by the dome itself. Also the choirs, that Vittone places in smaller spaces behind the pillars, play an important static role: their horizontal structures connect the pillars with the rear wall, which thus offers its collaboration to contain the horizontal thrusts.

The church of San Leonardo has a reverse operation, with the dome that rests on the outer walls, while the internal pillars support only a raised gallery.

Through three-dimensional infographics models, the study shows that the entire structure is designed as a discretized system, which replaces the traditional structure based on continuous wall and uniformly distributed loads. The brick vaults are ribbed structure, in which arches and ribs convey loads on the pillars or in precise high-resistance points of the external masonry. This feature makes the space open to the light; also reduces the masonry mass, saving material and reducing construction costs.

The formal representation of structural components agrees with the effective static operation of buildings: the decoration on the surface of the dome indicates the presence of ribs. The groins are hollow and open in order to highlight the condition of non-load bearing element.


130

The static model of San Gaetano church: new interpretive hypotheses

Graziella Fittipaldi

dICAr, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Polytechnic of Bari, Italy

Abstract One of the characteristics of the architecture of Guarino Guarini is

the contrast between the real static system and the apparent one. The first consists of the structures that actually provide support for the building; the second one, instead, are the architectural elements that represent the formal transposition of constructive logic.

The goal is to offer an image of a miraculous balance. In the two churches built in Turin, San Lorenzo and the Chapel of the Holy Shroud, Guarini uses hidden structures that support the elements above. These elements are crossed arches of bricks, wooden rafters, metallic chains, all hidden in the thickness of the external walls. Pendentives are hanging on the back with metal anchors, being simply stone coating.

Starting from these data, the study analyses the church of San Gaetano in Vicenza, designed in 1675, through inedited three-dimensional models.

The aim is to reconstruct the ideal static model, looking for the presence of hidden support structures here too. The plan is a double envelope, composed of nine domed spaces; the middle one is identified by four pillars. The central space is surmounted by a double-shell dome, not supported by pillars, but that seems to rest on the domes of the side spaces. The pillars and the overlying pendentives only support a balustrade diaphragm, which hides the impost of the dome from.

It can therefore be assumed that Guarini would take a hidden structure, consisting of four brick arches, along the sides of the square surrounding the circle that identifies the dome, tangent to the inner faces of the pillars.

These arches perpendicular to each other, with impost on the central pillars, bring the loads of the dome on the pillars themselves. The static role performed by ambulatory is to ensure, through his vaults, the thrusts opposed to those generated by the central dome.

The very low thickness walls that surround the lateral spaces have no bearing function: the loads are concentrated at the intersections, identified by high thickness and free-standing columns.


131

Structural analysis of post-Byzantine churches: a case study for Southern Albania

Hüseyin Bilgin


Abstract

Hundreds of masonry churches have been constructed in Albania during hundreds of years. The majority of them exist at their original location; a significant part of them are not in use any more. In this context, Roman and post - Byzantine masonry churches attract the world’s special attention to this region. It is necessary to carry out systematic studies to assess an inventory and determine the state of masonry churches in Albania, to preserve them, to strengthen their basic structural elements, the arch, vault and other constructive components and soundly deliver them into the future. From this point of view, this study is aims to outline the classification of the churches built in post-Byzantine period based on the plan and spatial composition of these structures. Following this typological classification, the church of the “Monastery of Saint Nicholas” is selected as a case to investigate its structural performance. The church of the Monastery of Saint Nicholas is a domed single-nave church dating back to the 16th-17th century. This church is situated inside a monastery complex and it is proclaimed a monument of culture by Institute of Monuments of Culture Albania.

Keywords: Historic monumental buildings, structural analysis, post-Byzantine churches


132

Structural assessment of historical buildings: a case study of five Ottoman Mosques in Albania

Enea Mustafaraj


Abstract

A large portion of Albanian cultural heritage buildings is made of masonry. Many of them due to the decay and degradation of building material, aggressive environmental conditions, frequent seismic activity and various geological phenomena, as well as the lack of maintenance, are found to be in a very bad condition. This paper aims to introduce a case study in structural assessment based on visual inspection of five Ottoman mosques; Naziresha’s Mosque in Elbasan, Mirahor Ilyas Beg Mosque in Korça, the Leaden Mosque in Berat, Murat Beg Mosque in Kruja and the Mosque of Preza, built in Albania during the Ottoman period that are still functional nowadays.

Suggestions for improvement of structural capacity and strengthening techniques are proposed taking into consideration preservation of the cultural, historical and architectural values of the mosques.

Keywords: structural assessment, historical structures, masonry buildings, mosque retrofit


133

Historical vaulted buildings of Iranian heritage

Stefania Petralla

Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Bari Polytechnic University, Italy

Abstract

Brickwork, upon which architectural building is essentially based in most Islamic countries, was initiated by masons who, all along the Islamic period, made brick art never lagged behind other arts. In Iran, although the most primary construction materials, bricks soon reached height of perfection, thanks to the existence of master craftsmen in the country and the favorable climatic conditions. Bricks were the principal building materials which gifted master artisans, competing with one another, came to use in an uninterrupted string of innovation.

Above all, vaults and ribbed vaults represent one of the masterpieces of local architecture, with peculiar constructive techniques, never developed abroad. Since in Iran these structures have always been made almost completely of bricks, they necessarily had to develop closely related to the material potentialities. Accordingly, buildings have to possess a configuration suitable with the use of weak materials and the survival of these buildings proves that they possess to some extent the potential to resist earthquakes too. To understand the characteristics of these architectural elements and their involvement inside the buildings of the vernacular heritage, the paper will focus on describing the construction and designing processes, detailing on the materials used and the way in which structure and form operate together. This by means of a few examples selected among some commercial buildings inside the bazaar of Tabriz, actually considered in the list of the World Heritage for their prominence.

Although their development, they are still poorly documented. In fact they -Vault &

Cradle Vault- - y, Teheran, 1987) and Bozorg Mehri Z., (Hendesè dar Me’mari, Teheran, 2007), although show a rich collection of drawings and details, are mainly concerned with decorative or mathematical aspects and pay no attention to their constructive one. Thus the aim is to point out the potentialities of a so widespread topic, as well as the constrains and the limitations of this architectural heritage, from which we may learn possible lessons to rehabilitate technologies and designing processes and to try to merge together tradition and innovation.

Keywords: ribbed vaults – spanning - constructive techniques - materials - brick.


134

Friedrick II of Swabian: the castle builder. New stereotomic techniques and engineering innovation in gothic construction.

Ubaldo Occhinegro

Abstract

This abstract highlights the main architectural aspects and building issues of the Federician architecture, by which we specifically mean all those constructions - most exclusively military and civil - Frederick II of Swabian wanted and had built in a very short period, from 1220 to 1250, in order to implement the plan of strengthening military infrastructures in the Kingdom of Sicily. The strengthening of the pre-existing Norman and Lombard structures and the full construction of several castles with the purpose of building up a widespread policing system of the territory, is the most important building plan never fulfilled into the South of Italy, not only for the number of structures realised, but above all for their quality and style that well represented the imperial power. Architecture under Frederick II comes out from a unique and original mixture of different cultures and experiences coming from all the different Mediterranean regions but coexisting in the southern Italy, from Sicilian Saracens to Nordic Normans, from Cistercian monks to minority groups of Greeks and Byzantines. This study analyses the constituent structure of all Frederick's castles realised ab fundamentis, that is to say all those castles which successfully express the rational architectonic values typical of the Federician architecture - architectonic-stereotomic stairs included - and tries to encode and understand the processes carried out for realizing projects and constructions from the plan to the realization of the single stony voussoirs.

We choose to deal with each part of the building process of the Suevian structures separately, the covering of the space and its fencing, in order to deepen the reasons behind some morphological and tectonic choices.

The second part stresses the evolution of the stereotomic practices used into the building yards, the influences of the Suevian architecture into the Gothic formation within the Mediterranean basin and its influence in the spread of the stereotomic practices coming from the East, coded only in the sixth century thanks to some French and Spanish writers of treatises.


135

Case Studies in Civil Engineering


136

Seismic Assessment of Historical Masonry Structures: The former Italian Embassy

Grigor Angjeliu1, Markel Baballëku2

1Department of Historical Centers and Vernacular Architecture, Institute of Monuments of Culture, Albania

2Department of Mechanics of Structures, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania

Abstract

Preservation of architectural heritage placed in seismic regions is an important issue. This has emerged also from the requirements of the Eurocodes that are going to replace the current design code KTP-89. This paper investigates the structural behaviour of an existing masonry building (former Italian embassy; nowadays a monument of the second category) built in the 1930s in Tirana by means of finite element analysis.

Preservation and rehabilitation of the building can be successfully achieved after a proper analysis of the structure. The static analysis of historical masonry building does not show problems to withstand vertical loads, thus attention is given to the seismic analysis. This is performed by static nonlinear procedure (pushover analysis).

Building a reliable three-dimensional finite element model of the building is essential for the accuracy of the analysis results. The model assumes that the masonry structure is homogeneous and the material behaviour is nonlinear. The masonry material strength is based in laboratory tests performed on specimens extracted from the building. The geometry of the building was based on a 2007 architectural survey and on the original plans of the 1930s.

The results of the finite element model will help to predict the local and global collapse mechanisms and assess the security based on the map of seismic risk in order to help in the identification of a proper retrofitting strategy.


137

Analysis and design of a pile group using finite element method

Erion Bukaçi1, Hektor Cullufi2 , Laureta Sharra1 , Shpresa Gashi1

1Department of Building Construction and Transport Infrastructure, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania

2Department of Mechanics of Structures, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania

Abstract

A pile group used as a bridge foundation, will be calculated using finite element method. Finding vertical and horizontal coefficient of subgrade reaction, internal forces on piles and displacements.

Keywords: pile, finite, element, method, bridge.


138

A proper tool of orderly urbanization: Turkish land readjustment

Mehmet Çete1 2

1Department of Geomatics Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey

2Department of City and Regional Planning, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey

Abstract

Preparation of development plans appropriately has vital importance in provision of orderly urbanization. These plans are generally prepared by planning authorities or local governments with involvement of relevant parties. Then, the plans need to be implemented to the field properly. This process is also as much important as the preparation process. Proper implementation can be achieved by using a right tool. The tools used in this process change in different countries throughout the world. While some tools allow plan implementations are carried out sporadically, some others provide implementation of plan in a group of land parcels at the same time. Both types of these tools which are named as voluntary applications and land readjustment are used in Turkey. Voluntary applications are subdivision and consolidation of land parcels, boundary adjustment, and leaving public areas free of charge. These are carried out by application of the landowner(s) to the relevant municipality. Therefore, development plan is implemented over time and sporadically. This patchwork implementation results with a partly disordered urbanization as development parcels formed with the implementation do not have good geometrical shapes to construct buildings. The areas allocated to public use in the development plans also need to be expropriated by the relevant public institutions in the voluntary applications tool. On the other hand, Land Readjustment (LR) allows implementation of a development plan in a group of neighboring parcels at once. Development parcels formed with the LR have good geometrical shapes to construct buildings. Public areas are obtained without expropriation in these projects from landowners in consideration of the value increase arising from the project application. In this context, this study describes Turkish LR as a proper tool of orderly urbanization.


139

Bending assignation for reinforced concrete beams in the long-time process considering the impact of creep contraction,

and impact of reinforcement percentage

Hatim Ejupi, Ismail Ahmeti1 University of Skopje, Macedonia

Abstract

Main factors that impact creep and shrinkage of concrete as well as the impact of so called “creep and shrinkage in static systems”, basic hypothesis of linear theories of the creep of concrete. There are described main hypothesis on the concrete characteristics, it is given also the description on the status of deformation-strain, relation of the creep and relaxing according to EC-2, phenomena which are presented in figures aswell as it is given the basic rheology relation according to the McHenry principle as well as the tangential module of concrete elasticity in the case of oldness “t0”, Ec(t0) according to EC-2, CEB-FIB’78, ACI and according to the regulation of former Yugoslavia where it is described in details: theory of oldness, theory of inheriting of elasticity and theory of inheritance-oldness.

Determination of inclination for reinforced concrete during time having in mind the creep and shrinkage, creep and impact of concreting percentage. The calculations are made with these methods:

- Numerical integration method

- Bilinear method first case

- According to Eurocod-2

Keywords: Creep, Shrinkage, Deformation, Strain, Rheology.


140


141

Poster Presentations


142

A case study of the delays of dam and cannels construction in Albania

Marsela Blloku1 2


2Department of Civil Engineering, North Iraq University, Iraq

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to discuss and understand the delays during the construction of dam, and Canal projects. Delays in any infrastructure project leads to significant economic and political implications. While the immediate effect is that the public needs to wait for the benefits being delivered by the project, it also leads to many other secondary effects on the economy. Various reasons for these improvement delays, one of the most prominent being issues with land acquisition, followed by under staffing, delays on the part of CWC etc. This research concentrates on the delays in post approval processes related to construction of dam and canals, and this materials are based on the project “Ternova Hydropower’’, a project of ’Dardania Ndertim’’ and ‘’Alba American Construction Services’’ companies that are collaborating with each other. The method being adopted in this study is to make a list of best practices in the industry which helps in reducing the time delays in project execution, and then to check the existence of such practices during the project execution at Albania. Also, the project document available at site has been evaluated to study the issues faced during the project execution stage.

Keywords: Delays, Project Scheduling, Critical Path, PERT


143

A numerical study on geotextile stabilized highway embankment under vibration loading

Hamza Güllü

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Gaziantep, Turkey

Abstract

This paper presents a numerical study that performs geotextile stabilized highway embankment under vibration loading. One, two and three layers of geotextile placement were analyzed at various locations within embankment. Displacement and factor of safety on the embankment have been discussed. The embankment is a compacted fill that is placed over a soft soil. The numerical analysis has been done by finite element method in two-dimension using PLAXIS. The results indicate that one layer of geotextile placement on soft soil performs a good displacement and factor of safety at least two and three layers of placement. In the economical point of view, single and two layers placement of geotextile can be adequately used for highway embankment against vibration.

Keywords: Geotextile, highway embankment, vibration, PLAXIS.


144

A numerical study on pile application for slope stability

Hamza Güllü

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Gaziantep, Turkey

Abstract

This paper presents a numerical study that performs the stability of slope reinforced with pile in single, two and three row applications. The slope is made of a compacted fill over soft clay that underlies over stiff clay. The numerical analysis has been done by finite element method in two-dimension using PLAXIS. The results indicate that as the pile row increases, the factor of safety increases. In the single row of pile application, the factor of safety decreases as the slope is reinforced toward to the top of slope. Considering the factor of safety with economy, this study can adequately suggest to use either the single row pile at the toe of slope or two-row piles at the toe and middle. It is believed that the findings of this study contribute to the engineers performing slope stability analysis in practice.

Keywords: Slope, pile, finite element method, PLAXIS.


145

A stochastic, geostatstic and reliability view on some geotechnical distributions

Skender Osmani 1, Perparim Hoxha2

1Department of Energy resources, Faculty of Geology and Mines, Tirana, Albania 2Department of Geology, Faculty of Geology and Mines, Tirana, Albania

AbstractIn this paper the following problems are treated:

- Estimation of the mean value of a random function Z(x), defined in a stochastic finite element v, (SFE),

zv=1 ( )

where the distributions of Z(x) at each node are known; - Kriking solution with SFE under the nonstationary hypothesis:

E(Z(x))=m(x) , C(x, h) = E{(Z(x+h)Z(x)}-m(x+h)m(x).Finally are given the conclusions underlying the importance of above

stochastic instruments not only in the stochastic geotechnical discipline but also in other ones as in energy , geology, geophysics, mechanics, dynamics, elastostatics, finance , engineering , environment, climate etc., in which the distributions are used.

1. Estimation of the mean value of a random function Z(x), defined in a stochastic finite element (SFE) v,

zv = 1/v v

Z(x)dx, where the distributions of Z(x) at each node are

known; 2. A discretization random field view of SFE in relation to other

dicsetized methods.3. Kriking in SFE view4. SFE in realibility analysis.5. Finally some considerations are presented, related to stochastic

random field proprieties estimation and stochastic difererential equations.

Keywords: Random fields, Stochastic finite element, Kriking, Reliability SDE.


146

Subject: Action of atmospheric agents against reinforced concrete

Iralda Xhaferaj1, Idlir Dervishi2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania2Department of Civil Engineering, Epoka University, Albania

Abstract

Increasingly often, concrete is the material of choice for the construction of structures exposed to extreme conditions. As demand for construction in harsh environments increases, so do the desired service lives of these structures.

The presence of sulfates in aggressive environments constitutes a large threat to the stability and longevity of reinforced concrete structures because their effects lead to degradation of concrete and corrosion of steel in concrete. Sulfate attack of concrete may lead to cracking,spalling, increased permeability, and strength loss.The purpose of this study is to identify (analyze) these adverse effects and examine the necessary measures to prevent concrete degradation and steel corrosion. This study concludes that the protection of b/a structures from the presence of sulfates in aggressive environments is achieved through careful stability design, engagement of preventive measures and use of additional preventive techniques.

Keywords: Degradation of concrete,corrosion and durability of reinforced concrete.


147

Corrosion problems in buildings constructed in Turkey

Mehmet Uzkut1, Selim Sarper 2 Ünlü3

1Turgutlu Vocational High School, Celal Bayar University, Turkey2 Manisa Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Vocational High School, Celal Bayar University, Turkey

3 Turgutlu Vocational High School, Celal Bayar University, Turkey

Abstract

Corrosion is the deterioration of metals due to chemical and electrochemical reactions. Corrosion is a costly problem occurring in metals and alloys and changes their physical, chemical and electrical properties. Economic loss due to corrosion in Turkiye is about 5% of its gross national income. Most metals are sensitive to water and air and undergo corrosion even under normal conditions. Corrosion occurs when oxygen, humidity and electrolytes are present in the medium. This study investigates corrosion andits reasons in concrete reinforcements.

Keywords: corosion, chemical reaction, steel structure,


148

Damages to masonry buildings during recent earthquakes in Turkey

1, Burak Yön1 1

1 University, Turkey

Abstract

Turkey is located on active faults. For this reason many destructive earthquakes occurred throughout history. In recent years, earthquakes which

- -Maden, -Van and November 9, 2011 Edremit-Van

earthquakes caused human causalities and large damages with considerably loss of properties in Turkey. Especially masonry buildings in the rural area were damaged seriously due to these earthquakes. In this paper, the earthquake damages of masonry buildings were presented and reasons of damages were investigated.

Keywords: Plain masonry wall, Smeared crack model, Seismic response


149

Design Chart for Reinforced Concrete Rectangular Section

K. H. Bayagoob1, Yavuz Yardim2, S. A. Ramoda1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Petroleum,

Hadhramout University of Science and Technology, Yemen2Department of Civil Engineering, Epoka University, Albania

Abstract

Design charts are very useful for fast determining the percentage of reinforcement for singly and doubly reinforced concrete beams having known cross-sectional dimensions, characteristic strengths of the concrete and steel, and the ultimate design moment. A complete set of design charts is given in BS: 8110 - 85: Part 3, but it seems difficult to use these charts especially for doubly reinforced beams. In this paper, a straight-forward design chart has been developed based on BS: 8110 – 97 design rules. Several design examples have been solved using the developed chart and good results have been obtained.

Keywords: design chart, reinforced concrete section,


150

Determination of behavior of coupled shear walls subjected to horizontal forces through nonlinear static methods

Seyda Akyurt1, Kamil Aydin2

1Civil Engineer, Kayseri Municipality, Kayseri, Turkey2Department of Civil Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Abstract

Coupled shear walls are one of the systems commonly used in medium and highrise structures to resist lateral forces. Yet these systems should not collapse or be induced severe damage during earthquake actions. For this reason, coupled shear walls must have high strength, high ductility, high energy absorption capacity and high shear stiffness to limit lateral deformations. The recent advances in structural engineering have increased the interest in performance based design. In the study herein, hence, the performance based design of a coupled shear wall system has been carried out. The design has later been checked against nonlinear time history analysis and the design performed has been confirmed to be quite safe. In the second stage of the study, the horizontal capacity of couple shear walls is predicted by the pushover analyses. Though these procedures have been used for different types of structures, they have not been employed for coupled shear walls. The procedures employed are conventional pushover (deformation and forced based), force based adaptive pushover, and deformation based adaptive pushover. The capacity curves obtained through these procedures have been compared with the one determined through Incremental Dynamic Analysis. The evaluation shows that it is almost unlikely to determine the capacity curve of coupled shear walls by the nonlinear static analyses. Nonetheless, the displacement based adaptive pushover analyses has been able to predict the base shear capacity and capture the displacement profile of the system up to a certain level in the nonlinear region.

Keywords: coupled shear walls, non-linear static methods,


151

Determination of the Properties of Kayseri Peat

Zulkuf Kaya1, Sebnem Cayabatmaz2, Haci Bekir Kara3, Erdal Uncuoglu4

1, 2, 3, 4Department of Civil Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, TURKEY

Abstract

As a result of the fast growth of the population, the rapidly ongoing urbanization and industrialization that began in the twentieth century and still continues today, has caused an enormous consumption of the urban development areas in Turkey. Consequently, it has become an utmost necessity to open new areas for urban development purposes especially in the recent years. Among these new areas, lands that have been proved to be geotechnically unsuitable, in other words, lands that show low bearing capacity properties, are occasionally opened up for urban development purposes. Peat or organic soils have low bearing capacity and high deformation problems are to be encountered as weak foundation soils. Engineering properties of peats are significantly different from most inorganic soils. However, the same fundamental mechanisms and factors determine behavior of both inorganic soils and peats.

The present paper describes the physical and engineering properties of peat soils from Kayseri Free Zone and Kayseri Organized Industrial Zone in Turkey. Different physical properties such as organic content (OC), liquid limit (LL), fibre content (FC), specific gravity (Gs) and engineering properties (mainly the standard Proctor test and consolidation test) have been conducted on disturbed and undisturbed peat soil samples. Also, pictures of organic soils taken with Scanning Electron Microscope-SEM and Electron Diffusion Spectrum-EDS are given in this study.

The test results showed that the natural water contents, organic contents, liquid limits and bulk densities ranged from 90-220%, 18.6-25.0%, 130.0-150.0% and 12.75-13.25 kN/m3, respectively.

Keywords: Kyeseri peat, engineering properties,


152

Effect of directivity in Northeastern Albania (5.4 Mw)earthquake of September 6, 2009, from radiated seismic

energy

Edmond Dushi1, Rrapo Ormeni2

1,2Department of Seismology, Institute of Geosciences, Energy, Water andEnvironment, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania.

AbstractWe have quantitatively estimated an observed directivity effect,

direct from the radiated seismic energy of September 6, 2009, in north-eastern Albania. Despite its moderate magnitude (Mw = 5.4), much damage was caused from this earthquake in its epicenter area, being broadly felt. Field observations, in near field to the causative fault, demonstrated a directional shaking effect pronounced mostly westward with severe effects at Çereneci and Shupenza localities.

Earthquake has been instrumentally recorded from ASN and several regional broadband seismic stations, being thus the strongest event occurred since 2007, within Albanian territory. We estimated the radiated seismic energy from corrected broadband waveforms. It is considered as the most important parameter relating the dynamics and the observed directivity effect of the causative fault. A finite source model is considered, though in its simplified form it was assumed as a point source, an approximation used throughout the spectral analysis.

Based on energy we could estimate the effect of directivity varying within the interval 0.0004 - 6.0, as an absolute factor on cumulative spectrum at different azimuthal angles on the focal sphere. Results are in accordance with fault geometry determined from focal mechanism solution. Earthquake of September 6, 2009 was caused from a normal fault system, striking 2200,dipping 400 and slipping -900.

The effect of directivity on radiated energy, in far field was more pronounced at TIR and PUK stations and less detected at PHP and BCI stations, nearly at the opposite of the active fault striking direction.

Keywords: directivity effect, radiated seismic energy, seismic moment, point source


153

Embankment slopes stabilization by inclusions

Derghoum Rabah1, Meksaouine Mohamed2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Constantine 1 University, Algeria2Department of Hydraulic, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria

Abstract

In this paper, two and three-dimensional analyses of embankment slope stabilization resting partially on soft clay are analyzed by shear reduction method (SRM), using finite differences software FLAC 2D/3D. In order to evaluate its effect on the factor of safety (FOS) values, a several limited dimensions of soft clay layer without and with soil nails were modeled. FOS value obtained from 2D computations was much lower than from 3D in without soil nailing case. On the other hand, FOS value of two-dimensional soil nailing model calculations, constituted an upper bound toward which converge the FOS values of 3D analysis.In the second part, the authors have developed several own FISH programs in 3D analysis to present a general case of embankment slopes stabilization with multiple columns and rows of soil nails. In order to stabilize the embankment slope, the nails are placed in the embankment slope. Some useful conclusions are obtained, which can give some guidance for the real practice. Both the effect of the free and fixed head on FOS values in 3D have compared with corresponding 2D analysis.

Keywords: Embankment slope stabilization, Soil nailing, three dimensional modelisation, finite differences.


154

Ground improvement by Lime-Pile application

Zalihe Nalbantoglu1, Arif Tasker1, Ozgun Saygin1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa, Turkey

Abstract

Expansive soils result in movements of foundations and cause serious problems to many structures. Some light buildings, road pavements and buried pipelines are damaged due to expansive soils. In recent years, lime pile technique has been used successfully to improve the physical and engineering properties of problematic soils such as the soft soils with low bearing capacity, the marine clays of low strength and high compressibility, and expansive soils. The application of these piles decreases the plasticitydue to the intrusion of lime through soil, increases the permeability and strength, and lowers the water content through the reaction between lime, clay and water. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of the lime pile technique to improve the physical, swelling, strength and consolidation characteristics of the expansive soils existed in North Cyprus. The soil properties of the treated samples were determined in terms of distance to the column and curing period. Soil characteristics determined before and after the lime pile application indicated that there was a decrease in the plasticity and the swelling of the soils after lime treatment. Lime diffusion into the soil resulted in an increase in the unconfined compressive strength of the soil.

Keywords: lime-pile application, ground improvement, expansive soil,


155

Importance of soil-structure interaction in public school buildings

Merita Guri1, Diana Lluka2

1Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Polis University, Albania

2Department of Building Constructions and Transport Infrastructure, Faculty of CivilEngineering, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania

Abstract

This paper deals with the investigation of technical conditions in several public school buildings in Tirana. 25 schools have been investigated and 8 of them have been found with considerable structural damages, affecting the functionality and serviceability of the building itself. In the paper are enhanced those damages connected with the geotechnical aspects of the structure. The most frequent identified concern was the lack of a comprehensive and complete study of the soil-structure interaction, leading to direct and indirect damages in the building structure. Causes andinfluential geotechnical issues affecting the building performance are elaborated and discussed, in order to demonstrate how these factors can cause the occurrence of serviceability and ultimate limit state. At the end some recommendations and discussions are made in order to improve existing situation and to prevent the occurrence of similar cases.

Keywords: soil-structure interaction, public school


156

Marshall stability performance of waste zinc slag in HMA

1, Selim Bozdemir2

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Erciyes University, Turkey

2 Kayseri 6th Regional Directorate of the General Directorate of Highways, Turkey

Abstract

This paper presents the effects of the utilization of waste zinc slag as filler on the properties of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Mechanical characteristics of all mixtures were evaluated by Marshall Stability tests. The specimens tested in this study were fabricated using 50%, 75%, and 100%

ller ratio to analyze the possibility of using waste zinc slag in respect to stability performance. The first results gained through this study can contribute to the encouragement of waste zinc re-use in the asphalt concrete. The results indicate that stability of Marshall samples using with waste zinc slag within the limits in accordance with technical specifications of general directorate of Turkish highways.

Keywords: Marshall Stability, waste zinc slag, HMA


157

Modeling Marshall stability of steel fiber reinforced asphalt concrete by genetic expression programming

Serdal Terzi1, Mehmet Saltan1, Nihat Morova2, Sercan Serin3

1Department of Civil Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey2Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey

3Department of Civil Engineering, Duzce University, Turkey

Abstract

This study presents the potential of Genetic Expression Programming (GEP) computing paradigm to forecast the Marshall Stability of steel fiber reinforced asphalt concrete and has various mix proportions has been developed. Experimental details were used to construct the model. The steel fiber content (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%), percentage of bitumen (5%, 5.5% and 6.0%) and unit weights (2,465-2,515 (gr/cm3) was used as input variables and Marshall Stability (kg) values were used as output variables. The performance of models was comprehensively judged using several statistical verification tools. Results have shown that developed GEP model has a strong potential for predicting the Marshall Stability of asphalt concrete without performing any experimental studies.

Keywords: Asphalt concrete, steel fiber, Marshall Stability, Genetic Expression Programming


158

Recent seismic activity of the Lezha-Ulqini seismogenic zone and its associated hazard

Rrapo Ormeni1, Edmond Dushi 1, Shatro Astrit1, Adisa Daberdini 2, FatmirBasholli 3

1Institute of GeoSciences, Energy, Water and Environment, Polytechnic University of Tirana.

2Faculty Physicis Engineer and Math Engineer,Polytechnic University of Tirana3Vitrina University of Tirana

Abstract

The results of the analysis, based on the parameters of events and some features of seismicity that have occurred in the Lezha-Ulqini seismogenic zone during period of time 2001-2012, are presented in this paper. This seismogenic zone presents a significant seismic hazard to those living in northwestern Albania, southern Montenegro not only due to the pending earthquake but also due to a lots of earthquakes certain to follow the mainshock. In total, 112 earthquakes are registered during overmentioned period in this zone, and one with ML=5.0 (Richter) occurred on 21 August 2009. Lezha-Ulqini seismogenic zone present a threat to nearby urban areas in Albania and the Montenegro. The goal of this study is to determine tipology of seismicity, the source parameters of the mainshocks and their aftershocks in order to shed light on the seismotectonics of the area on the stress field and to evaluate the seismic hazard. The region affected by the August 2009 sequence, together with the seismogenic region of the 15 Aprile

-trending active seismotectonic zone in western Albania and continues through southern Montenegro.

Keywords: Seismicity, Adriatic Sea earthquake, focal mechanism, faults, aftershocks


159

Risk management in the implementation of Levan-Vlore motorway project

Gentjan Rexhaj1 2

1Civil Engineering Department, Epoka University, Albania

2Department of Civil Engineering, North Iraq University, Iraq

Abstract

Levan-Vlore motorway, is one of the most important segments of a24 km road section from Levan to Vlore, part of the north-south corridor. The works comprise the construction of a 4 line road in generally flat/semi-hilly rural areas. A successful implementation of the project is closely dependent of a good risk management process. It can make a successful implementation of the project within a shorter timeframe, within the quality control standards and with fewer expenses. In this paper, risk identification, classification and assessment for Levan-Vlore motorway segment is conducted. The methodology used in this study consists of examination of project description, work breakdown structure, cost estimate, design and construction schedule etc. The risk events were quantified and documented and then analyzed.

As a result, according to the risk breakdown events, it can be stated that implementation of the project was moderate to risky in terms of project’s major objectives cost, time, scope and quality.

Keywords: Risk assessment, risk management, risk analysis, risk response, risk implementation.


160

The application of “capacity design” in a RC building frame structure

Artur Roshi, Iskra Saraçi

Construcions Institute,Tirane,Albania

Abstract

Many countries throughout the world have accepted the concept for design of RC buildings based on the “capacity design” methodology. This has been proved also by the Eurocode-8 that is largely based on this method.The main idea of this method is to predetermine places at which the occurrence of nonlinear deformations shall be dictated. This critical parts, theso called plastic hinges, are designed and processed separately to enable those places dissipate the total energy. It is desirable that all the inelasticdeformations be due to bending, which with the provided previous and necessary conditions, corresponds to ductile behavior of the structure.

This paper presents the application of the “capacity design” in a structure consisting of RC frames in both orthogonal directions. In such structures this method is reduced to elimination of the possibility of formation of plastic hinges in the columns in order to fulfill the basic principle of (weak beams-strong columns) which is included in almost all seismic regulations, this method requires a considerably higher bearing capacity of columns. Such a conservative approach leads to the requirement of larger proportions of columns and a greater amount of longitudinal reinforcement.

As an example, the proposed methodology is applied to an actual reinforced concrete building frame structure. Beams, supporting floors, and columns are continuous and meet at nodes, called rigid joints. Such frames can readily carry gravity loads while providing adequate resistance tohorizontal forces ,acting in any direction. We will make the elastic and plastic analysis by the program, according Eurocode 8. The analysis will be performed until the response of the building will reach three conditions. After the final model is reached we will propose the next step to design the structural elements. The final design of elements will be given in the % of required reinforced steel. And finally, we will make the time-history analysis for an actual earthquake.

Keywords: capacity design, frame structure, elastic analysis.


161

The design of slender RC columns

Diana Lluka¹, Merita Guri², Veronika Hajdari³, Alketa Ndoj³

1Department of Building Constructions and Transport Infrastructure, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania

2Department of Applied and Human Sciences, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Polis University, Albania.

3Department of Building Constructions and Transport Infrastructure, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania.

³Department of Building Constructions and Transport Infrastructure, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania.

Abstract

The paper presents the design method for slender reinforced concrete column based on design code EC2. Rarely, when the column height is longer than typical story height and/or the column section is small relative to column height, secondary stresses become significant, especially if end restraints are small and/or the columns are not braced against side sway. The expressions given in this paper for the additional moments were derived by studying the moment and curvature behavior for a member subject to bending plus axial load. The equations for calculating the design moments are only applicable to columns of a rectangular or circular section with symmetrical reinforcement. The slender column should be designed for an ultimate axial load plus an increased moment.

The slenderness effect must be considered in design, over and above the sectional capacity considerations incorporated in the interaction diagrams. Results indicate the behavior of slender columns and the difference with short columns.

Keywords: Reinforced concrete column, slenderness ratio, eccentricity,creep ratio, capacity reduction factor.


162

The effect of sodium chloride treatment on bending strength of silver fir wood (Abies alba Mill.)

Dritan Ajdinaj1, Arian Kapidani1

1Department of Wood Industry, Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania

Abstract

Among properties which characterize the application of silver fir wood (Abies alba Mill.) in buildings is its static bending strength. In the framework of improvement of this mechanical property, a comparative experimental investigation was performed with sodium chloride (NaCl) treated and non treated silver fir wood with regard to modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity, based on mechanical tests performed according to norms ISO 3133 and 3349.

From 48 samples with dimensions 20x20x300 mm, 24 of them were full covered with solid NaCl for a period of 60 days. The samples were sawn from boards produced from fir logs of the area of Librazhdi, in central Albania. After weight percent gain was calculated, the treated and non treated samples were conditioned and tested by means of mechanical testing machine, in the Faculty of Forestry Sciences of Tirana.

The weight percent gain of treated wood resulted 9.56%. The static bending strength of non treated fir resulted 81 N/mm2, while for treated wood 16.32% higher. With regard to modulus of elasticity treated wood presented a value equal to 12493 N/mm2, 8.83% higher than non treated wood.

In the framework of a quantitative and qualitative analysis, measured values of the rupture and elasticity modulus in static bending of non treated wood were compared with respective values of fir wood from the literature. No significant variations were noted.

Although the complexity of factors that affect on the performance of wooden construction, NaCl treated fir wood appears to bring more security for use in buildings.

Keywords: wood, static bending strength, building.


163

The future of insulation: vacuum insulation panels

Metin Davraz1, 1

1Technical Programs, Senirkent Vocational School, Süleyman Demirel University,Isparta-Turkey

Abstract

Vacuum insulation panels have higher efficient materials than the insulation materials which have known their heat insulation properties. Heat insulation could be provided by vacuum insulation panels ten times according to conventional insulation materials. The most important difficulty of growing up for vacuum insulation panels is high production costs at present. When this situation was analyzed, it is known that core materials are most important elements which affect to cost. Production of core material at more economical conditions will reduce vacuum insulation panels’ production costs significantly, and then VIP’s usage will be growing up increasingly. Expansion of applications brings about energy efficiency and economy and will create significant added value to Turkey’s economy, in addition this it will be more positive contribution to the environment. VIP is not widely used as insulating material in our country. The main reasons for

its imports are not economical for using in industrial. In addition, scientific researches and studies have been limited about VIP. Using of the VIP will become widespread in our country with the production of economic core. Wide spreading of the application will provide energy efficiency and conservation. In addition the country's economy will create significant added value, energy conservation will also be a very positive contribution to the environment. In this paper, scientific research findings about VIP's physical, structural, performance characteristics and production methods of VIP have been presented in summary so far in order to contribute to the scientific and industrial research. VIP's performance and costs have been compared with conventional thermal insulation materials.

Keywords: vacuum insulation panel, energy efficient,


164

Water intake structures for hydropower

Dritan Bratko1, Alban Doko1

1Department of Hydraulic and Hydrotechnic, Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranes, Albania

Abstract

In the age of industrial development, lakes, rivers and canals have been exploited to an ever increasing extent, and dams and weirs for the diversion of river water have been constructed on flowing waterways for various purposes. Likewise, river intakes have been developed even further for agriculture and the generation of hydroelectric power. Now, when in the industrialized countries, particularly in Europe, this development has practically come to an end. In Albania a very big number of sites for large-scale and small-scale river water intakes are developing in the field of energy production.

The exploitation of rivers and streams requires thorough planning, irrespective of whether large-scale or small-scale projects are concerned. The ecological aspects, the compatibility of a project with the environment and the minimization of subsequent damage caused by any measure taken are important planning criteria. For large-scale and small-scale projects, experienced planning engineers and experts are normally appointed. In addition to the individual types of intake structures, the necessary hydraulic and static calculation methods are given and explained. The prerequisites to be met by the intake structure are different for each river and stream, and therefore only the basics can be described here. The operativeness of an installation depends largely upon the planning and, thus, upon the experience of the planning engineer. In just such a sensitive field as the intervention in a river or stream with a view to tapping water for general purposes, a great number of criteria are to be considered, and it is these which rare given in this planning guide.

Keywords: Hydraulic design, Water Intake, Hydropower


165

Comparative dynamic analysis of existing construction and construction with superstructure

Shpresim Ibraimi1

1BSc Civil Engineer, University “Sts. Cyril and Methodius” Institute for Testing Materials and Development of New Technologies “Skopje” AD - Skopje, Macedonia

Abstract

The impossibility to provide building land in central urban areas imposes the need for new housing. The subject of this paper is to make a comparative dynamic analysis of different reinforced concrete structural systems, the existing and newly designed construction with superstructure of real residential building which is located in Skopje.

The analysis of the constructions is executed with the software package SAP2000 in 3D mathematical models. In the models are appliedstatic loads, wind loads according to applicable technical regulations, seismic loads according to Macedonian regulations with the method of equivalent static loads (simplified modal spectral analysis) and linear time history ofearthquake record. Then it is executed dynamic analysis of the existingconstruction, construction with superstructure with the same structuralelements as the existing construction and the strengthened construction with superstructure (since the dimensioning is executed). Strengthening of structural elements is designed with increasing of cross sections by addition of new layer.

From the executed dynamic analysis of the reinforced concrete structural systems is made a comparison of capacity design and stress - deformation state of characteristic structural elements by comparing: periods, base reactions, maximal horizontal displacements, M- M-N diagrams forcharacteristic structural elements and maximal normal concrete stress incolumns.

From the analysis it is concluded that the cross sections of strengthened construction had increased their strength, stiffness, deformation and ductility characteristics, and the construction as a whole possesses the required level of security for acceptance of the loads.

Keywords: dynamic analysis, strengthening, capacity design


166

Modeling Marshall stability of lightweight asphalt concretes

fabricated using expanded clay aggregate with ANFIS

Sercan Serin1, Nihat Morova2 3, Serdal Terzi4, Mehmet

Saltan5

1 Construction Education Department& Faculty of Technical Education Duzce University2Manufacturing Engineering Department& Faculty of Technology Suleyman Demirel

University3Civil Engineering Department& Faculty of Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University4Civil Engineering Department& Faculty of Engineering, SuleymanDemirel University5Civil Engineering Department& Faculty of Engineering Suleyman Demirel University

AbstractIn this study, an Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)

model for predicting the Marshall Stability (MS) of lightweight asphalt concrete containing expanded clay (EC) and has various mix proportions has been developed.

Experimental details were used to construct the model. The amount of bitumen (%), transition speed of ultrasound (μs), unit weight (gr/cm3) were used as input variables and Marshall Stability (kg) values were used as output variables. Statistical equations were used to evaluate the Developed ANFIS model.

Results showed that developed ANFIS model has strong potential to predict Marshall Stability of asphalt concrete using related inputs in a short time. Also the Marshall Stability of asphalt concrete containing expanded clay and has various mix proportions can be found without performing any experiments.

Keywords: Lightweight asphalt concrete, expanded clay, Marshall Stability, ANFIS


167

Anomalous of low-velocity zone, thermal water and seismicity in the Elbasan-Dibra fault zone

Shatro Astrit1,Ormeni Rrapo2

1Institute of GeoSciences, Energy, Water and Environment, Polytechnic University of Tirana.

AbstractA detailed investigation of the hypocenter distribution beneath

Elbasani, Albania, reveals a NE-SW-trending linear alignment of seismicity within the Elbasani-Dibra transversal zone. We estimate the 3D seismic velocity structure in the Elbasani to understand the factors controlling the genesis of such earthquakes. A narrow low-velocity zone is imaged within the transversal fault zone over a length of 50 km, which partly penetrates into the mantle. The low-velocity zone correlates in space with the NE-SW trending earthquake cluster. A reactivation of thermal water fracture zone is probably related to the low-velocity anomaly.

Using seismicity analysis of this zone, we observe the effects of a low-velocity fault zone (LVFZ) surrounding a fault on a spontaneous dynamic earthquake rupture and the origin of thermal water.Where geological conditions are favourable, rainwater seeps through the surface and becames trapped in vast underground reservoirs so deep below the Earth”s surface that it becomes heated to high temperatures by the LVFZ. We find that the presence of a LVFZ alters the distribution of off-fault plastic strain and results in larger final slip and larger peak slip velocities on the fault.The typology of earthquakes in Elbasan-Dibra comprises all three main well-known types of earthquakes: the earthquakes with main-shock followed by aftershocks, the earthquakes with foreshocks, the compound earthquakes, and the swarms. Seismic hazard for series of these earthquakes in this urban area is very high and direct connection with the geology of the location.

Keywords: low-velocity, thermal water, seismicity, fault.


168

Characteristic values of shear strength parameters derived from cone penetration test

Olsi Koreta1, Erdi Myftaraga2

1Department of Design and Construction, Plus Communication, Albania

2Department of Human and Applied Sciences, Polis University, Albania

AbstractThe interpretation and application of the cone penetration test (CPT)

results is characterized by considerable variability of the data, in both measured and correlated parameters. According to the requirements of Eurocode 7 the existing variability in soil properties has to be taken into account statistically during the determination of the characteristic values of each parameter, by selecting a cautious estimate of the value affecting the limit state. Obtaining the characteristic value of the CPT measurement is not an easy task and on this aspect nor clear neither unified guidelines exist. This paper focuses in several approaches to characterize the cone resistance (qc)and the sleeve friction (fs) using simple statistical analysis, in order for these parameters to be applicable in design. Similar procedures are then applied to determine the characteristic values of correlated parameters from CPT such

(su) for clays. The resulting characteristic values of the considered parameters emphasize the fact that the prediction and the interpretation of characteristic values of soil properties is a complicated and biased procedure.

Keywords: cone penetration test (CPT), characteristic value, statistics, shear strength, correlation.


169

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