ICP Abstract Book

Department of Press & Publications

Abstracts Booklet(Oral and Poster Presentations)

th

14 International Conference of

Psychology (ICP 2015)

The Current Challenges for Psychology:

From Crisis to Sustainable Solutions"

th st

19 -21 March 2015

ICP 2015

Organized by: Pakistan Psychological Association,

Institute of Applied Psychology, Center for Clinical Psychology

and Higher Education Commission of Pakistan

th st

19 - 21 March, 2015

Venue: Quaid-i-Azam Campus,

University of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan.

th

14 International Cenference of

Psychology (ICP 2015)

The Current Challenges for Psychology: The Current Challenges for Psychology:

From Crisis to Sustainable SolutionsFrom Crisis to Sustainable Solutions

The Current Challenges for Psychology:

From Crisis to Sustainable Solutions

Table of Contents Pages

Abstract of Oral Presentations 1-79

Abstract of Poster Presentations 80-116

Author Index 117-121

ABSTRACTS OF ORAL PRESENTATIONS

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Abstracts of Oral Presentation ICP 2015 Keynote Address

Child and Adolescent Suicidal Attempts: General Hospital Admissions Over a 5 Year

Period in Durban, South Africa Naseema Vawda, PhD

Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa Email: [email protected]

Child and adolescent suicide attempts are increasingly becoming a public health problem worldwide but are under-researched. Estimated range of these attempts is between 1 to 3 %. There is a downward trend reported in the age of patients presented to government funded hospitals in South Africa. The aim was to undertake a retrospective chart review of all patients presenting to a government run hospital to develop a better understanding of the demographics, methods used to overdose, symptomatology and associated risk factors for suicide attempts. A chart review of all inpatients aged 18 and under presented with suicide attempts at the Psychiatry and Psychology Unit of a general hospital were analyzed over a 5 year period. Socio-demographic data and details of the suicide attempts were gathered. The information was entered into the SPSS program. A total of 74 inpatients were seen, with the mean age of 14.64 (SD = 2.25, age range 9 -17 years). The majority were females (77%), Black (68.9%) and Christian (87.8%) while Muslims constituted 6.8% of the sample. Past contact with a mental health professional was reported by 35.1% and 29.7 % were with or both parents deceased. Previous suicide attempts were reported by 37.8% and 4.1% reported a family history of suicide. Ingestion was the most common method (74.3%) followed by hanging (10.8%). 9.5% prepared for the attempt with 13.5% notifying others of the attempt. 14.9% reported using substances. Conflict with family (44.6%), perceived lack of support by family (10.8%) and depression were other reported reasons for attempts. Diagnostically 39.2% were V codes and 20.3% were with mood disorders. While some data, in accordance with past research (e.g., gender), showed increase in past contact with mental health professionals, death of parent/s and family history of suicide and use of substances. Keywords: Suicidal attempts, family conflict, psychological disorders. muslims. Impact of Dementia Progression on Food related Processes: A Caregivers Perspectives

Iliatha Georgina Papachristou, PhD Department of Applied Health Research, University College of London, UK

Email: [email protected] As dementia progresses, one area that can help maintain social connections and memories with others is within the food domain. There is little research in this area particularly from the informal caregivers perspectives. Therefore, a qualitative study was conducted to explore the impact of dementia progression on food-related processes from the perspectives of informal caregivers. The aim of the study was to document the methodology used and to disseminate the findings to researchers, care providers, and policy makers. A total of 10 men and 10 women caregivers of those with dementia underwent a semi-structured interview. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. The caregivers narratives indicated a set pattern of decline, with food shopping being the first ability to decline, followed by food preparation and the ability to eat. Caregivers adapted to their food roles, for example, by becoming responsible for financial issues. These adaptations were described as stressful yet satisfying as food care was seen as an important social time. Educating caregivers about the likely adaptations to food processes may increase food satisfaction in both the parties. Keyword: Caregivers, dementia progression, food processes, adaptation.

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Ageing in Place at Home: Participatory Working towards Socio-Technical Systems in Advanced Home Care

Judith Sixsmith The University of Northampton, UK

Email: [email protected] The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of home. This Confusianism holds particular resonance for older frail and disabled people whose care needs signal imminent loss of home. Most older people want to remain at home for as long as possible where psychological, social, emotional and symbolic meanings present strong ties across their life course. Declining health and increasing care needs in later life, however, are often costly to us all as a nation and are most conveniently delivered in health/care settings, separating people from their homes and communities. As ageing population increases, new solutions for the care of older people have taken a more technological turn whereby socio-technical systems are sought to enable older frail people to remain at home for longer. Can we, using technology, support older people to age-in-place while enhancing health, safety, independence, well-being and quality of life and maintaining the integrity of home? This paper presents the Smart Distress Monitor project which aimed to develop a person centred monitoring system for use in everyday home environments. This system was developed (in prototype) to detect activity/inactivity and provide alerts on deviations from a persons normal behaviour which could signal health or well-being problems as they occur to healthcare providers and family members. To ensure a good fit between the technology and older people and avoid a technological push perspective, a user centred, participatory approach to research was employed, focused on a very active advisory group of older people. Project findings highlight the challenges of participatory working in the context of technologizing domestic environments as well as concerns related to privacy and the necessity of reaching holistic understandings of home as a meaningful environment to embrace psychological, social, emotional and symbolic components. When these latter components are incorporated into system design and implementation, technology can become an advanced care instrument to enhance well-being, autonomy and quality of life, maintaining the integrity of home and enabling ageing in place. Keyword: Ageing, place in home, well-being, quality of life.

Peace in Consciousness Debdulal Dutta Roy, PhD

Psychology Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India Email: [email protected]

Advocates of Peace psychology focus on the psychological aspects of the formation, escalation, reduction, and resolution of conflicts in society at large. To Freud, peace is rooted from two instincts eros and thanatos. Eros leads to peace motivation and thanatos inhibits it. Throughout history, above and beyond the fray of competing political parties or rival economic powers, differences in race, gender, ethnicity, language, one constant force has remained: the enduring strength of human values. No matter who we are, or where we come from, we seek to find fulfilment and peace in life. Values on peace are our road markers. Value is "an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence" (Rokeach, 1973). One value creates conflict with other values. This suggests presence of desirable and undesirable values. Hofstede (2010) has noted differences in desirable and undesirable value preference by cultures. Noble Laurate, Rabindranath Tagore suggested universal values in the songs. By analysis of his songs, three layers of consciousness murta (objectivism), raag (emotion) and saraswat (the harmony with surroundings and the peace) are observed. This keynote address will focus on how the word peace flows across layers of consciousness and how it changes to values. Dutta Roy and Bandopadhyay (2010) by analysis of lyrics of Rabindranath Tagore explored 14 path and 14 goal oriented values. This key note address will discuss how these values hierarchically differed across people in different demographic conditions. Discussion will be useful to understand flows in creation of peace values in consciousness besides resolution of violence in the society at large. Keyword: Peace psychology, peace, consciousness, eros, thenatos

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The Strengths of Pakistani Muslim Families Iftikhar N. Hassan, PhD

Executive Director, Gender and Psychological Services Center, Islamabad Email:[email protected]

The research focuses on the strength of Muslim families of Pakistan who makes us resilient to survive in this increasingly dangerous world. The study was carried out in Punjab and capital territory. The sample included both husband and wife of three socio-economic classes belonging to joint families, extended families and one unit families. The instrument was developed and standardized according to standard procedure. The findings are a pleasant surprise for the psychologists community who are not very hopeful about the survival of our cultural values and norms. Further implications of research findings are discussed along with limitations and suggestions. Keywords: Strengths, muslim, gender, Pakistani, families

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Biological Concerns and Imposed Issues

Seema Munaf, PhD Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] Developmental phase of adolescence and emerging adulthood needs tremendous attention. Physical, psychosocial, economical, educational, familial and cultural factors together with interplay of individual cognitions, socio-emotionality, need for affectionate relationship, personality, vulnerability to criticism, planning to enter in workforce, matrimony in future and related variables are crucial during the stage of adolescence. As these features set priorities in Emerging adulthood not only in Western culture but in Asian society as well. The present research highlights various issues of these age groups and difficulties faced by them. This study would be of great help for students in understanding nearly recent contribution in the field of psychology. Keywords: Developmental phase, adolescence, emerging adulthood.

Impact of Terrorism Catastrophizing on the Mental Health of Rescue Workers

Rabia Waqar Khan and Ruhi Khalid, PhD, Institute of Psychology Beaconhouse National University, Lahore

Email: [email protected] The current study examined the impact of terrorism catastrophizing on the mental health of rescue workers. It was hypothesized that there exists a significant correlation between terrorism catastrophizing, death anxiety and hopelessness among rescue workers. It was also hypothesized that levels of terrorism catastrophizing, death anxiety and hopelessness will be higher in rescue workers as compared to university students. The sample of this study comprised of 100 rescue workers and 100 university students. The assessment of terrorism catastrophizing, hopelessness and death anxiety was done using Terrorism Catastrophizing Scale (Sinclair & LoCicero, 2007), Beck Hopelessness Scale Inventory (Beck, 1988) and Death Anxiety Scale (Templer, 1970) respectively. Results of the study revealed presence of a significant relationship between terrorism catastrophizing and hopelessness but at the same time were indicative of a weak relationship between terrorism catastrophizing and death anxiety among rescue workers. Findings also suggested significant differences in the level of terrorism catastrophizing, death anxiety and hopelessness among rescue workers as compared to university students thereby suggesting that rescue workers experienced higher levels of terrorism catastrophizing, death anxiety and hopelessness as compared to university students. Keywords: Terrosrism, catatstrophizing, death anxiety.

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Moderating Role of Job Autonomy in Relation to Emotional Labor Strategies and Affective Well-being in Bankers

Noreen Akhter NUST Centre for Counseling and Career Advisory C3A, Islamabad

Email: [email protected] The objective of the present research was to study the relationship between three types of emotional labor (surface acting, deep acting, and genuine expressions) with the affective well-being of employees. Moreover, job autonomy was also studied as moderator for relationship between emotional labor strategies and affective well-being. The study was carried on the sample of 145 bank employees with minimum 14 years of education and 6 months job experience. Emotional labor strategies were measured by using emotional labor scale developed by Diefendroff et al., (2005). Job related Affective Well-being Scale (Katwyk et al., 2000) was used to assess the affective well-being. Job autonomy was measured by using subscale of work design questionnaire (Humphrey, 2006). Results revealed negative relationship between surface acting and affective well-being while there was positive relationship between deep acting, genuine expressions and affective well-being. Results also indicated that job autonomy significantly moderated the relationship of emotional labor strategies and affective well-being. Keywords: Emotional labor strategies, affective well-being, job autonomy, genuine expression.

Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship of Cognitive Errors and Anxiety Tasnim Rehana and Rubina Hanif, PhD

National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Email: [email protected]

A large body of research has dealt with the issues in adults, however, little is known about the role of gender in adolescent psychopathology. The present study aimed to explain the moderating role of gender in the relationship of cognitive errors and anxiety among adolescents and to raise some recommendations stemming from this review to conclude the paper. A sample of 240 adolescents aging 12-18 years was taken from the secondary schools of Islamabad with the consent of the Directorate of Education, concerned authorities of the schools and the adolescents as well. Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and Children Negative Cognitive Errors Questionnaire were used in the spresent study. Reliabilities of the scales were .94 and .96 respectively. Gender explained significant variance in the relationship between cognitive errors and anxiety among adolescents. Mean differences were also significant as girls scored higher on cognitive errors and anxiety as compared to their counterparts. The findings have important theoretical as well as practical implications for researchers, school psychologists and clinicians working with youth at risk. Keywords: Cognitive errors, anxiety, gender, anxiety

Title Role of Witnessing Domestic Violence in Aggression among University Students

Umbreen Feroz, Humaira Jami, PhD and Sobia Masood, PhD National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad

Email: [email protected] The present research was aimed to explore the relationship between witnessing domestic violence and aggression among university students. A sample of 310 university students (Age range = 18-30 years) was approached through purposive convenient sampling method for this research. A detailed demographic sheet, Social Desirability Scale (Stober, 2001) translated by Masood (2014), Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale (Edleson et al., 2007) translated by Masood (2014), and Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) translated by Ashraf (2004), were used for the data collection. Several variables and intervening risk factors were assessed through various statistical analyses. Results showed significant positive correlation between witnessing domestic violence and aggression. Results revealed the social sensitive aspect of the research i.e. 71.6 % participants showed social desirable response. Among all the intervening risk factors, the most significant predictor for aggression was found to be community violence exposure followed by home exposure to violence. Keywords: Domestic violence, aggression, community violence.

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Psycho-social Risk Factors of Conduct Disorder Khushbakht and Humaira Jami, PhD

National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-e-azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Email: [email protected]

The present study was conducted to explore the phenomenon of conduct disorder and to highlight its psycho-social risk factors among children and adolescents. The study was conducted in two phases; in Phase I, 25 children were selected from the Child Protection and Welfare Bureau. These 25 children were administered Disruptive behavior Disorder Rating Scale translated version (Urdu) (DBDRS) (Loona, 2011) for screening purpose to find out those participants who had high delinquent behaviors. After the screening 10 participants were selected who met the complete criteria of Conduct Disorder. Biographical follow-up interviews were conducted in Phase II. Guidelines of these interviews were made in the light of the previous literature. Out of 10 participants, only 5 participants were those with parents available for verification of information. Content analysis was done following line by line coding. Then various categories were produced which were further rated by another judge who was the research supervisor of the same project. After that, inter-rater reliability was checked where the total agreement between two judges was 83%. This study revealed important contributing factors to conduct disorder which are personal factors, peer related factors, and familial factors. Personal factors include self-motivation, cognitive deficits, media violence, urbanization, supernatural elements, and abuse. Familial factors include various family influences i.e., inter-parental violence, marital discord, siblings influence, large family size, low socio-economic status, presence of step mother, drug addiction in family, lack of parental supervision, stressful familial situation, and maternal psychopathology. Peer related factors included peer pressure, closeness with peers, and having no peers. Keywords: Conduct disorder, risk factors, psychosocial factors, peer.

Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Behaviors among Mothers during Lactation

Period Kashmala Zaman and Humaira Jami, PhD

National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Email: [email protected]

The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors among women during lactation i.e., maximum two years after last delivery. Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire Scale (Cash, 2002), Disordered Eating Behavior Scale (Muazzam, 2011), and a detailed demographic sheet were used for data collection from 100 mothers through convenience and snowball sampling. The results in present study showed that body image appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, and appearance orientation among domains of body image predicted disordered eating behaviors. However, self-classified weight and body dissatisfaction domains had no predictive role in disordered eating. Therefore, hypothesis that body image dissatisfaction leads towards disordered eating behaviors was partially accepted. Overweight preoccupation, component of body image was the strongest predictor for disordered eating behavior. Results indicated that pre-pregnancy weight concerns were positively correlated with weight concerns after delivery, therefore hypothesis that there is a positive relationship of weight related concerns before and after pregnancy, was accepted. Exercise habit was one of the protective factors in engaging towards eating withdrawal and overweight preoccupation. Results showed that womens weight concerns during pregnancy were positively correlated with body satisfaction. Results also indicated that lactation period had no role in disordered eating behavior in the present sample, therefore, the hypothesis that the presence of disordered eating behaviors and body image dissatisfaction is high during the first six months postpartum was rejected. In our culture, disordered eating behaviors are discouraged for mothers during lactation because they have to feed their babies, as the babys feed is based mother diet. Keywords: Body dissatisfaction, disordered eating behaviors, lactation period.

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Sensation Seeking, Internet Gaming Disorder, and Callous-Unemotional Traits Zainab Naseem Khan and Humaira Jami, PhD


The present research aimed at exploring the relationship between sensation seeking, internet gaming disorder and callous-unemotional traits. A sample of 311 individuals comprising 154 male participants and 157 female participants with age range 16-22 years was selected through purposive and convenient sampling from schools, academies, colleges and universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The instruments used for data collection included a Demographic Sheet for students, Sensation Seeking Scale (Zukerman, 1974), Gaming Addiction Scale (Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Peter, 2009), and Inventory of Callous-Unemotional traits (Essau, Frick, & Sasagawa, 2006). It was assumed on the basis of literature that sensation seeking, internet gaming disorder tendencies, and callous-unemotional traits would have a positive correlation. Results revealed that high sensation seeking among participants significantly correlated with Internet gaming addiction. Moreover, Internet gaming was also significantly positively correlated with callous-unemotional traits. A non-significant correlation was found between overall callous-unemotinal traits and sensation seeking. Linear regression analysis revealed that sensation seeking positively predicted Internet gaming and Internet gaming positively predicted callous-unemotional traits and the domains of callous-unemotional traits predicts domains of sensation seeking. Keywords: Sensation seeking, internet gaming disorder, callous-unemotional traits.

Self-criticism, Self-silencing, Loneliness and Depressive Symptoms in adolescents and young

adults Asnea Tariq and Aasma Yousaf

Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Email: [email protected]

The present study aimed at examining the difference between adolescents and young adults in terms of experiencing self-criticism, self-silencing, loneliness and depressive symptoms. It was hypothesized that adolescents would be likely to report higher self-criticism, self-silencing, loneliness and depressive symptoms as compared to young adults; there would be gender differences on self-criticism, self-silencing, loneliness and depressive symptoms, (c) adolescents, young adults and gender would differ in relation self-criticism, self-silencing, loneliness and depressive symptoms. Between group research design was used in the study. A sample of 241 adolescents boys (n = 61) and girls (n = 60) of mean age 17.95 (SD = 1.09) and young adult boys (n = 42) and girls (n = 78) of mean age 21.11 (SD = 1.42) were selected through non-probability purposive sampling strategy from different government sector universities and colleges. The English version of Depressive experience questionnaire (Blatt, DAffliti & Quinlan, 1995), Silencing the self scale (Jack & Dill, 1992), UCLA loneliness scale-version 3 (Russell, Peplau & Cutrona, 1996) and Centre for epidemiological studies depression-Revision (Eaton et. al., 2004) were administered to the participants. Two way analysis of variance showed significant main effects of self-criticism and self-silencing while significant interaction effects of loneliness and depressive symptoms on adolescents, young adults and gender. Pearson product moment correlation showed a significant positive relationship among self-criticism, self-silencing, loneliness and depressive symptoms. Regression analysis depicts that self-criticism and loneliness were significant predictors of depressive symptoms. The findings of the present study will be helpful for mental health professionals, student counselors and parents to understand the issues of adolescents and young adults. Keywords: Self-criticism, self-silencing, loneliness, young adults.

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Adjustment Problems and Psychological Distress of Students with Visual Impairments Zehra Mohsin and Adeela Khalid

Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Email: [email protected]

The aim of the present study was to see the difference of adjustment problems and psychological distress of students who were visually impaired by birth and those who acquired visual impairment. It was hypothesized that students with acquired visual impairments would likely to have a higher number of adjustment problems and high level of psychological distress than students visually impaired since birth. A sample of 53 visually impaired students (M = 22.43, SD = 2.57) was selected from four different universities of Lahore. For this purpose a demographic form, self-constructed structured interview and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) by Lovibond & Lovibond (1995) were administered. The results showed that students who had acquired visual impairments had adjustment problems and high level of psychological distress than those students who were visually impaired by birth. Keywords: adjustment problems, psychological distress, visual impairments.

Use of Defense Mechanisms and Self-Image among University Students

Nafeesa Irfani and Omama Tariq Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] The present research was conducted to explore the relationship between use of defense mechanisms and self-image among university students. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant correlation between use of defense mechanisms and self-image among students of university and that there was likely to be a gender difference regarding types of defense mechanisms used. It was also hypothesized that there would be a correlation between different facets of defense mechanisms and self-image. Purposive sampling technique for data collection and Correlational research design was used to examine the relationship between defense mechanisms and self-image. A sample of 100 students was taken from Government College University. Self-image Profile for Adults (SIP-AD) and Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) scale were used for the assessment. Pearson-product Moment Correlation and Independent Sample t-test were used to analyze data. Non-significant correlation was found between four types of defense mechanisms and self-image. A negative correlation was found among defense mechanisms facets: undoing and somatization with self-image. Gender differences were found in terms of types of defense mechanisms used. Self-image is influenced by social and cultural factors. The findings of this research can be applied to solve problems students face with low self-image and how to improve it. The self-reported measure of defense mechanisms can make individuals aware of the type of defense mechanisms they used and switch to healthy defenses. Also the students can reduce use of defense mechanisms and improve themselves using self-affirmation theory. Keywords: Defense mechanisms, self-image, self-affirmation, cultural factors.

Emotional Intelligence, Eudaimonic and Hedonic Well-Being among Students

Erum Rafique and Naeem Aslam National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad

Email: [email protected] The present study was aimed to investigate the relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Eudaimonic and Hedonic well-being among students. The sample comprised of 300 individuals, taken from different universities and colleges of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Emotional Intelligence Scale (Wong & Law, 2002), Psychological well-being Scale (Ryff et al., 2007) Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson, Clark, & Tellegan, 1988) and Satisfaction with life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) were used to measure the Emotional Intelligence, Eudaimonic, Hedonic well-being and Life Satisfaction respectively. The age range of participants was 16-25 years. The results showed a positive relationship between Emotional intelligence, Eudaimonic well-being and Hedonic well-being.

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Emotional intelligence has a negative relationship with negative emotions and a positive relationship with positive emotions. Age had a significant positive relationship with education, emotional intelligence and Eudaimonic well-being. Girls showed higher emotional intelligence, Eudaimonic well-being, and hedonic well-being than boys. The higher education group showed high level of emotion intelligence, Eudaimonic well-being, positive affect and satisfaction with life than middle and lower education groups. Keywords: Emotional intelligence, eudaimonic well-being and hedonic well-being.

Sex Differences in the Perception of Emotional and Sexual Infidelity: A Qualitative Study Anum Urooj and M. Anis ul Haq, PhD


The current study was conducted to study the sex differences in the perception of meaning of infidelity, emotional and sexual infidelity, responses to infidelity, most distressing form of infidelity, factors affecting infidelity, commission, causes, approval, and consequences of emotional and sexual infidelity among married couples. A qualitative approach was used for this purpose to develop an indigenous understanding of the phenomenon. An interview guideline, based upon literature review and committee approach, was used to collect data from married participants in six focus group discussions (FGDs) and six in-depth interviews. Transcribed data was analyzed through Hybrid Thematic Analysis. Results showed that participants considered sexual/physical and/or emotional involvement with someone other than the spouse as infidelity. Participants perceived mens infidelity to be primarily sexual in nature and womens infidelity to be emotional in nature. Men considered sexual infidelity as the most distressing form of infidelity, whereas, women considered emotional infidelity to be the most distressing form. Men perceived both emotional and sexual dissatisfaction as the main causes of infidelity. On the other hand, women perceived emotional dissatisfaction to be the primary cause of infidelity. Both men and women disapproved of infidelity and the consequences of infidelity were considered to range from divorce to murder. Keywords: perception, emotional infidelity, sexual infidelity, married couples.

Self-esteem, Self efficacy and Career Decision Making in Students of Private and Government Institutions

Zainab Javed and Omama Tariq Institute of Applied psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] The present research was conducted to examine differences in self-esteem, self-efficacy and career decision making among students of government and private institutions. 2x2 factorial research design and non-probability purposive sampling technique were used. The results highlighted that students of government institutions have increased career decision making difficulties. Females had greater career decision making difficulties as compared to males and males had higher self-efficacy than females. Self-esteem has a highly significant negative correlation with subscales of career decision making difficulties including readiness, lack of information and, difficulties related to inconsistent information. Self-efficacy has a significant negative correlation with one facet of career decision making difficulties i.e.: lack of information. The research will be helpful in improving educational system by making medium of education similar for government and private institutions.

Keywords: career decision making, self-esteem, self-efficacy.

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Cognitive Failure, Teachers Rejection and Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety in Children with Dyslexia

Aneeza Habib and Fauzia Naz, PhD Department of Applied Psychology, Queen Mary College, Lahore, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] Present research explored the relationship between cognitive failure, teachers rejection and interpersonal relationship anxiety (IRA) and Signs of Dyslexia (SD) in children with Dyslexia. It was assumed that teachers rejection, SD and IRA would likely to be the predictors of cognitive failure and teachers rejection, SD and cognitive failure would likely be the predictors of IRA. Gender differences and grade wise differences were also found regarding cognitive failure, teachers rejection, SD and IRA in children with Dyslexia. The sample included 140 students (70 girls & 70 boys) with Dyslexia from different public schools in Lahore. Cognitive failure, teachers rejection and IRA were assessed using Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (Broadbent, Cooper, Fitz, Gerald & Parkes, 1982), Teachers Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (Rohner, 2004) and Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety Questionnaire (Rohner, 2008) respectively. Results revealed a significant positive relationship between cognitive failure, teachers rejection, SD and IRA. Teachers rejection, SD, IRA emerged as significant predictors of cognitive failure while and teachers rejection, SD and cognitive failure emerged as significant predictors of IRA. Boys scored higher on cognitive failure, teachers rejection and IRA. Findings from the present research have practical implications for parents, teachers, trainers, and health physicians to deal with children with Dyslexia. Keywords: Dyslexia, interpersonal relationship anxiety, teachers rejection.

Learning Approaches, Personality Traits and Academic Performance in University Students

Zakia Shahnaz and Naeem Aslam National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between learning approaches, personality traits and academic performance among university students. The study was carried out with a sample of 300 students by using BIG- Five Factor Inventory (NEO- FFI; Mc Crea, 1992) and Revised Two Factor Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F; Biggs, 1975). The age range of participants was 19-25 years. Sample was gathered from different universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, by convenient sampling technique. Pearson correlation, t-test and one-way ANOVAs were used to test hypotheses. The results demonstrated that there is significant positive association between academic performance and deep learning approach, while academic performance is negatively correlated with surface learning approach. Neuroticism has significant positive relationship with surface approach. Extroversion, openness to experience and conscientiousness had a significant positive relationship with deep learning approach. It was concluded that deep approach to learning leads students to perform well academically while surface learning approach doesnt lead students to a good academic performance. Keywords: Learning approaches, academic performance, personality traits.

Development and Validation of Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression Scale for Women

with Postpartum Depression Alina Naveed and Fauzia Naz, PhD

Clinical Psychology Unit, Government College University, Lahore *Queen Marry College, Lahore

Email: [email protected] Present study aimed to develop indigenous Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression Scale (RFPPDS) for women with postpartum depression. Factorial validity and reliability of the newly constructed RFPPDS was also established. The process involved an item pool generation from clinical psychologists and women suffering from postpartum depression. A sample of 100 women (Mean age = 27.31, SD = 5.20) diagnosed with postpartum depression were recruited. Screening was done through the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (Cox, Holden & Sagovsky, 1987) to

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measure depression. Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Dahlem Zimet & Farley, 1988), IPIP Big Five Personality Measurement Instrument- Neuroticism Scale (Khan, Khan, Ghani & Shafi, 2013) and Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety Questionnaire (Rohner, 2012) were used to measure social support, neuroticism and anxiety respectively. Factor analysis showed RFPPDS as 46 items scale with 9 interrelated factors. Results showed a significant positive relationship between risk factors for postpartum depression and interpersonal relationship anxiety, neuroticism and postpartum depression while a significant negative relationship with social support was observed. Keywords: Risk factors, postpartum depression, factor analysis, interpersonal anxiety.

Work Stress, Mental Wellbeing and Functional Impairment in Medical and House Officers

Muqaddas Asif and Shahnila Tariq Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] The present research aimed to investigate the relationship between work stress, mental wellbeing and functional impairment in medical and house officers. It was hypothesized that there would be a relationship between work stress, mental wellbeing and functional impairment in medical and house officers. The sample comprised (N =100) 50 medical officers and 50 house officers (50% male and 50% female from each category), from different hospitals by using convenient sampling technique. Professional Life Stress Scale (Fontana, 1989), the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (Tennant et al., 2007), and the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale Self-Report (Weiss, 2000) were used to collect data. Pearson product moment correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between work stress and functional impairment and a significant negative relationship in mental wellbeing and functional impairment. Independent sample t-test analysis revealed a significant difference of mental wellbeing of medical officers and house officers but there was no difference in work stress and functional impairment in medical officers and house officers. There was no gender difference found in work stress, mental wellbeing and functional impairment in medical and house officers. The findings of the research will provide guidelines to the medical and house officers to reduce the work stress in order to improve their well-being and daily life functioning. Keywords: Work stress, mental wellbeing, functional impairment, medical officers.

Translation and Validation of Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety Questionnaire (IRAQ)

Fauzia Naz, PhD and Rukhsana Kausar, PhD Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] Measuring anxiety in terms of interpersonal relationship is important because of the intricate link between interpersonal relationship anxiety and parent-child relationships. A valid and reliable measure to assess interpersonal relationship anxiety was needed. The Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety Questionnaire (IRAQ) may be such a measure. The present study was carried out to investigate the structural validity of the Urdu translated version of the Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety Questionnaire (IRAQ; Rohner Research publications, 2012) in Pakistani sample (N = 300). The research comprised two studies. In study 1; the questionnaire was translated in Urdu Language. In study 2, construct validity and factor structure of translated IRAQ were estimated by performing exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis showed good indices of fit with a single factor i.e., Interpersonal relationship anxiety with an excellent alpha ( = .93). The discriminant validity revealed that IRAQ discriminates well between clinical and normal population. Evidence was found for both convergent and divergent validity: The measure was positively correlated with Personality Assessment Questionnaire and was negatively correlated with parental warmth-affection. It is concluded that Urdu version of IRAQ is a reliable instrument for assessing interpersonal relationship anxiety in clinical as well as non-clinical samples in Pakistan. Keywords: interpersonal relationship anxiety, adolescents, IRAQ, factor analysis.

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Spiritual Intelligence and Religiosity with Life Satisfaction Khadeeja Munawar and Omama Tariq

Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Email: [email protected]

The present research was conducted to explore the relationship between spiritual intelligence, religiosity and life satisfaction in older adults. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence, religiosity and life satisfaction in older adults. A non probability purposive sampling technique was used. A sample of 100 (50 males, 50 females) older adults was collected from different areas of Lahore. Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985), Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale (Amram & Dryer, 2008) and Religious Personality Scale of Muslim Religiosity-Personality Measurement Inventory (Krauss & Hamzah, 2006) were used for assessment. Pearson Product Moment correlation and Independent sample t-test were used to analyze data. A correlation was found between spiritual intelligence, religiosity and life satisfaction in adults. Life satisfaction and five facets of spiritual intelligence were negatively correlated. A positive correlation was found between life satisfaction and two facets of religiosity. Gender differences were found in the terms of spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction. Adults who attended religious organizations were more satisfied with their lives, had more spiritual intelligence and had less religiosity as compared to those who didnt attend religious organizations. These findings have important implications for providing better living conditions to the older people so as to improve and raise their standards of living. Keywords: Spiritual intelligence, religiosity, life satisfaction, older adults.

Social Support as a Moderator of Suicidal Ideation and Self-Destructive Behavior Among Substance Abusers and Patients With Major Depressive Disorder

Sadaf Riaz NUML, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] The present study was conducted to explore the prevalence of suicidal ideation, self-destructive behavior and depression among substance abusers and patients with major depressive disorder. The study intended to explore the role of social support, as a moderator, in relation to suicidal ideation and deliberate self-destructive behavior. For this purpose, a clinical sample of 100 respondents, 50 substance abusers and 50 patients of major depressive disorder, were approached from different psychiatric departments of hospitals and rehabilitation centers situated in twin cities. Urdu translations of Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI), Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI), Provisions of Social Relations Scale (PSRS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to collect data. The Cronbachs alpha coefficients were found to be in the satisfactory range for all the scales. The findings of the present study revealed that there is a significant relationship between suicidal ideation, self-destructive behavior, depression and social support. However, it was indicated that role of social support as moderator of suicidal ideation and self-destructive behavior was not significant. The results also revealed a significant difference between substance abusers and patients of major depressive disorder in relation to suicidal ideation, self-harm and social support. The role of demographic variables i.e. education, occupation, marital status and monthly income was also explored in relation to targeted study variables. The findings of the study will have implications in designing intervention programs for betterment of the health of substance abusers and patients of depression by enhancing the social support available to them. Keywords: Social support, suicidal ideation, substance abusers, major depressive disorder

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Dietary Habits, Self-esteem and Body Image Perception of Active and Obese Women Zainab Javed and Rafia Rafique, PhD


The present research examined differences in body image perception, self esteem and dietary habits of obese (active vs. sedentary) and non-obese (active vs. sedentary) women. 2x2 factorial research design was employed. A sample of (n = 200) female participants (50 active obese, 50 sedentary obese, 50 active non obese and 50 sedentary non obese) was recruited through purposive sampling technique. Self image profile for adults and frequency questionnaire were employed. Multivariate analysis of variance and Mann Whitney test were used as statistical analysis. Obesity had a significant main effect on body image perception and self esteem. Interactive effect of obesity and activity was found on body image perception. Sedentary obese, active non obese, non obese women reported higher body image perception compared to their active obese, sedentary non obese and obese respective counterparts. Non obese women had higher intake of healthy foods whereas obese women reported greater use of traditional junk foods and tea. Sedentary obese women were found to consume more eggs and rice whereas active people had higher scores on traditional and healthy foods. Sedentary non obese scored higher than active non obese on intake of high carbohydrate diet. Health professionals can gather rich information about the adverse affects of body image dissatisfaction, low self esteem and poor dietary habits and with the help of media women can be psycho educated and advised that physical activity and healthy dietary habits and can help to enhance body image satisfaction. Keywords: Body image perception, self esteem, dietary habits, obesity, physical activity.

A Correlational Study of Test Anxiety and Self-Esteem of Secondary School Students in Pakistan

Misbah Malik, Ghulam Fatima, Abid Hussain Ch., PhD, and Samra Bashir University of Education, Township Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Email:

[email protected] The purpose of this survey study was to identify the relationship between test anxiety and self-esteem in secondary school students. Population of the study included students of 9th and 10th class in the city of Lahore. 300 students were selected through systematic sampling technique. To assess the level of test anxiety Westside test anxiety scale developed by Driscoll (2004) was used and to identify the self-esteem of students Roberson self-esteem Questionnaire developed by Rosenberg was used. Results of t-test showed that there was significant difference in test anxiety and self-concept of male and female students, furthermore female students had higher test anxiety as compare to male students and male students had better self-concept as compare to female students. Coefficient of correlation showed that there is significant correlation between test anxiety and self-esteem of students at secondary level. In the light of results it is recommended that students' self-esteem should be improved so that they may be able to reduce test anxiety and show better performance in exams. Keywords: test anxiety, self-esteem, self-concept.

Perceived Social Support, Perceived Stress and Anxiety in Pregnant Women

Iqra Ramzan and Omama Tariq Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] The study aims to investigate the relationship between Perceived Social Support, Perceived Stress and Anxiety during pregnancy. The research focuses on difference between Perceived Social Support, Perceived Stress and Pregnancy Anxiety in different trimesters. Furthermore the current study also explores the relationship between perceived social support, perceived stress and pregnancy anxiety. Between subjects research design was used for the study and the data was collected through purposive sampling. The sample comprises of 142 pregnant women from three hospitals in Lahore with a mean age of 23.68 (SD=3.22). Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Powell, Farley, Werkman & Berkoff, 1990), Pregnancy Related-Anxiety Scale (Rini, Dunkel-Schetter, Wadhwa, &

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Sandman, 1999) and Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, 1989) were used in research. Pearson Product Moment correlation, ANOVA and Regression were used for analysis. Results showed that Perceived Social Support was negatively correlated with Perceived Stress and Pregnancy Anxiety. Result revealed that there were significant differences in pregnancy anxiety and perceived stress during three trimesters. The results revealed that perceived social support and perceived stress are significant predictor of pregnancy anxiety. The study has important implication for hospital authorities to organize the plans for pregnant women to minimize the adverse outcomes associated with low perceived social support, high perceived stress and high anxiety during pregnancy. Keywords: Social support, perceived stress, anxiety, pregnancy anxiety.

Emotional Suppression and Psychological Adjustment in Patients with Breast Cancer Rakia Ashraf and Omama Tariq


The present study examined the relationship between emotional suppression and psychological adjustment in patients with breast cancer. It was hypothesized that there would be a relationship between emotional suppression and psychological adjustment as well as their subscales in patients with breast cancer. Moreover, emotional suppression and its domains would be likely to predict psychological adjustment and its domains. A Within group research design and purposive sampling technique were used to collect a sample of 100 breast cancer patients with an age of 25 years and above (M = 45.76 and SD = 10.50) from governmental and private hospitals. Courtauld Emotional Control Scale (Watson & Greer, 1983) and Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (Watson et al., 1994) were used to assess emotional Suppression and psychological adjustment respectively. Pearson product moment correlation and hierarchal regression were used for data analysis. Results showed that emotional suppression was significantly related to psychological adjustment. Anger, depression and anxiety were significantly correlated to hopelessness/helplessness and depression was significantly positively correlated to anxious preoccupation and fatalism. Moreover, anger negatively predicted fighting spirit and fatalism while depression positively predicted anxious preoccupation and fatalism. It was concluded that greater the emotional suppression, more will be psychological adjustment in patients with breast cancer. The study has important implications in psycho-oncology, counseling and health care of patients with breast cancer. Keywords: Emotional suppression, psychological adjustment, fighting spirit, cognitive avoidance.

Bullying in Juvenile and Young Offenders: A study Conducted Exploring the

Physiognomies of Bully and Victim Confined in Prisons of Balochistan Muhammad Azam Tahir, PhD

Department of Psychology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan Email: [email protected]

Inadequate attention has been paid to bullying among juvenile and young offenders and on the exploration of these characteristics in Pakistan. The present study aims to identify these characteristics among a sample of young and juvenile offenders in Balochistans prisons. The secondary aim of the study includes observing the nature and extent of bullying behavior. A total sample of 133 offenders (102 Young and 31 Juvenile) was included in the study exhibiting behavior indicative of bullying (Direct and Indirect Prisoner Behavior Checklist, Ireland, 1999). As compared to young offenders, juvenile offenders were more likely to report being bullied physically and were less likely to report bullying others, overall, directly and psychologically/verbally. Juvenile offenders were less likely to be classified as Bully/Victim than young offenders. In comparison to personal descriptive characteristics such as age, ethnic origin, length of stay in prison, type of offense, and total time spent in prison, prison based behavioral characteristics were more predictive in relation to the perpetrator and/or victim group. There were no significant predictors for pure bullies. Findings of the present study suggest that there are reliable predictors of involvement of juveniles and adults as perpetrators and victoms. Keywords: Bullying, physical and psychological bullying, aggression, juvenile, young offenders.

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Spousal Violence, Coping Styles and Psychological Well-Being in Married Women

Sana Meer and *Fauzia Naz, PhD Clinical Psychology Unit, Government College University, Lahore*Queen Marry College, Lahore

Email: [email protected] The present research aimed to investigate the relationship between spousal psychological violence, different coping strategies and psychological well-being in married women. A sample of 200 married women (100 working women & 100 non-working women) with mean age of 38 years (SD = 9.40) was recruited by using purposive and convenient sampling. Profile of Psychological Abuse (Sackett & Saunders, 1999), Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Kausar & Munir, 2004) and Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being (Ryff, 1989) were used to assess spousal psychological violence, coping strategies and psychological well-being respectively. Results showed a significant negative correlation between spousal psychological violence and psychological well-being. There was a significant positive correlation between active-coping strategies and psychological well-being while a negative relationship between avoidance coping strategies and psychological well-being was observed. Sub-scales of spousal psychological violence i.e., ignore and jealousy control emerged as significant predictors of lack of psychological well-being in women. Results show that there was no significant difference in level of spousal psychological violence between working and non-working married women. Keywords: Spousal psychological violence, coping strategies, psychological well-being.

Emotional Intelligence and Self Efficacy as the Predictor of Psychological Well-Being

Iram Naz and Saadia Dildar Department of Psychology, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] The aim of this study was to measure emotional intelligence and self efficacy as predictors of psychological well being. This was a cross-sectional study of 440 teaching faculty from two newly developed and emerging universities of Pakistan. The sample of the study was a group of teachers from the University of Gujrat (n =154) and the University of Sargodha (n = 286). Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select the sample. Various Instruments were used to measure emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and psychological well-being of the teaching faculty. These included Self Report Measure of Emotional Intelligence (Khan & Kamal, 2010, General Self Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) and Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff & Keyes 1995). Correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the results. Results revealed that emotional intelligence and self-efficacy were predictors of psychological well-being. The results also explored the change in psychological well-being as explained by the combination of both emotional intelligence and general self efficacy. The role of general self efficacy found to be significant in relation to psychological well-being. However, emotional intelligence was non-significant in relation to psychological well-being in regression analysis. Implications of the findings suggest that the cognitive aspect of self is dominant in enhancing psychological well-being rather emotional management alone. This study highlights the significance of self-beliefs about the successful accomplishment of tasks and better performance in the development of psychological well-being. The area of the emotional intelligence also needs to be improved in the education sector. Keywords: Emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, psychological well-being.

Relationship of Substance Use Coping with Psychological Distress, Social support and Posttraumatic Growth among Flood Affected Individuals

Naeem Aslam and Anila Kamal, PhD National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] The aim of the present study was to see the relationship between substance use coping, psychological distress, social support and posttraumatic growth in adults. The sample comprised of 1862 men and women who have been exposed to flood conditions in 2010 in Pakistan. The age

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range of the participants was 15 to 66 years (M = 28.25, SD = 9.59). Data was collected during March 2013 to May 2013. Brief Cope inventory, Depression, Anxiety, stress scale (DASS), Perceived Social Support Scale, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory were used to measure coping strategies, distress, social support and posttraumatic growth (PTG) respectively. Results showed substance abuse coping was negatively associated with use of instrumental support coping, positive reframing, planning, religious coping, posttraumatic growth and social support. Moreover, substance abuse coping was positively associated with self distraction, denial, behaviour disengagement, venting, humor, self blame and psychological distress. Men scored higher on substance use and humor coping while women scored higher on active coping, denial, acceptance and religious coping. Results suggest the utility of targeting maladaptive coping in treatments for individuals with co-occurring psychological distress. Moreover, survivors of a disaster need mental health and substance use services. Improvement of positive cognitive adapting skills may prevent engagement in substance use as a stress response. Keywords: Substance use coping, religious coping, perceived social support, posttraumatic growth.

Psychosocial Correlates of Distress in Type I and Type II Diabetes Patients Mahnaz Yousaf and Rukhsana Kausar, PhD


This study was conducted to observe the differences in type I and type II diabetic patients regarding stress, personality domains (openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism and agreeableness), coping strategies, readiness to change, glycemic level, distress, self care and quality of life. This study hypothesized that there would be significant differences in type I and type II diabetic patients for these variables. It was also hypothesized that there would be a relationship between stress, personality domains, coping strategies, readiness to change, glycemic level, distress, self care and quality of life in both groups. It was considered that coping strategies readiness to change, glycemic level, self care and quality of life would mediate between stress, personality domains and distress. A sample of 250 diabetic patients was studied, with an age range of 18-50 years. For this study Rahe and Holmes Stress Inventory (Holmes & Rahe ,1967), Big Five Personality Inventory (Rammstedt & John (2007), Coping strategies Questionnaire (Kausar ,1997), self constructed Readiness to change Questionnaire, Diabetes Distress Scale ((Polonsky, Fisher, Esarles, et al., 2005; Fisher, Hessler, Polonsky, & Mullan, 2012), The Summary of Diabetes Self care Activities Scale ((Toobert, et al., 1985) and Quality of Life Scale ((Burckhardt, Woods, Schultz & Ziebarth, 1989; Burckhadt, Clark, & Bennett, 1993; Flanagan, 1978; Flanagan, 1982) research tools were used. The glycemic levels of patients were assessed with a valid laboratory report from the last three months. There were no significant difference found between diabetic patients type I and type II on these variables, except with regard to Conscientiousness. Keywords: Coping strategies, readiness to change, glycemic level, di, self-care, quality of life. Work Aholism and Psychological Well-Being in Employees of Banking and Telecom Sector

Warda Sahar and Shaista Waqar Quaid-i-Azam University, National Institute of Psychology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between workaholism and psychological well-being among employees of the banking and telecom sector. The sample consisted of 276 employees from both the public and private sector. Workaholism was measured using the Work Battery Scale (Spence & Robbins, 1992) and psychological well-being was measured using the Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff & Keyes, 1995). The results showed a significant positive relationship between workaholism and psychological well-being. Group comparisons revealed that employees working in banks exhibited higher levels of workaholism than employees of the telecom sector. No gender differences were observed. Age was found to be positively related with workaholism and psychological well-being. Keywords: Workaholism, psychological well-being, employees, banks, telecommunication.

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Personality, Procrastination, Self Efficacy, Anxiety and Academic Performance in University Students

Aneeza Sarwar, Andleeb Zahra, and Rukhsana Kausar, PhD Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan

Email: zahraandleeb1@gmail This research examined the mediating role of self-efficacy on personality, procrastination, anxiety and academic performance of university students. This study looked for personality traits predicting procrastination among university students. It was hypothesized that; 1) self-efficacy would mediate the relationship between procrastination, anxiety and academic performance; 2) self-efficacy would mediate the relationship between personality, anxiety and academic performance. Convenient sampling was used. The sample consisted of 100 students selected from three different universities of Lahore. The age range of the students was 18 years to 22 years. General Procrastination Scale, The Big Five Inventory-10, the General Self-Efficacy Scale and State Trait Anxiety Inventory were used for assessment along with a demographic questionnaire. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was significant positive relationship between the personality trait of neuroticism and procrastination. Moreover significant negative relationship was found between the personality trait of openness and procrastination. Regression analysis demonstrated that personality traits (neuroticism and openness) predicted procrastination. Mediational analyses revealed that self efficacy mediated the relationship between procrastination, personality traits (Neuroticism and openness) anxiety and academic performance. The findings of the present research highlight the significant role of self efficacy in increasing academic performance, decreasing anxiety and management of procrastination in university students. Keywords: Personality, procrastination, self-efficacy, anxiety, academic performance.

Violence, Aggression and Insecurity through the Culture of Talibanization in

Pakistan and Its Impact on State and Society A. Z. Hilali, PhD

Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK Email: [email protected]

The tragic incident of 9/11 in 2001 resulted in sweeping changes across the world and became a turning point in the history of Pakistan as the War on Terror would go on to make the country vulnerable and insecure. The global war on terror shaped a new political balance in international politics and also gravely influenced Pakistans state and society. This is because the war on terror created a culture of Talibanization, which promoted a negative image of the state religion (Islam) and encouraged extremism in the country. This study will analyze the causes and nature of proliferation of radicalism, violence and terrorism and will examine the ideology of fear and repression that promotes lawlessness and aggression in the country. Moreover, the way the culture of Talibanization expanded has led to many voicing concerns about their activities such as systematically targeted, harassed and detained people. In the same way, the culture of violence created socio-political and economic turmoil and humanitarian crises in the country. The extremists violated basic human rights and destroyed schools (girls), sufi-shrines and tombs, and smashed the basic infra-structure of society. Nevertheless, Talibanization has grave socio-cultural, political, economic and strategic implications because the Taliban pose an existential threat to Pakistans state and society. Keywords: Global war on terror, Talibanization, violence, insecurity, humanitarian crisis.

Completed Suicide of a Peer and Personal Suicidal Behaviour in Grade 8 Learners in a Developing Country Naseema Vawda, PhD

Department of Behavioural Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Email: [email protected]

While there has been some research on the mental health concomitants of peer suicide among adolescents, little research has been done on suicidal behaviour (ideas, plans, attempts, completed

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suicide) among middle schoolers in developing countries. The aim of this study was to establish what exposure middle schoolers in a community sample had to the suicide of a peer and what, if any associations there were with their own personal suicidal behavior and mental health outcomes including perceived stress. Grade 8 learners of non- White ethnicity were approached in a government run coeducational school. Child assent and parental consent was obtained. IRB approval was obtained from the University of California and the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Socio-demographic questionnaire and self -report psychometric instruments were administered to 224 learners. While 63% of the sample knew of a peer who had committed suicide, there were no significant associations between the completed suicide of a peer and personal suicidal thoughts, suicidal plans or attempts. Findings on psychometric tests indicate that those who reported knowing a peer having committed suicide had higher levels of perceived social support from family and perceived social support from friends. Those who did not report knowing that a peer had committed suicide, reported higher levels of perceived stress and hopelessness. The results of this study indicate that while a significant percentage of youth are exposed to the suicide of a peer, this does not appear to have any associations with their own suicidal behavior or perceived stress. Perceived social support from family and friends could be a buffer. A real concern is the high level of perceived stress and hopelessness in those who do not report the suicide of a peer. Keywords: Suicidal behaviour, children, developing country, perceived stress.

Relationship of Emotional Intelligence with Leadership Behaviour Amna Shamshad

Islamabad College for Girls F-6/2 Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan Email: [email protected]

Although research on emotional intelligence, in the context of leadership has remained a recurrent area of interest in theory and practice during the past decade, an ongoing debate continues regarding the contribution of emotional intelligence to the understanding of leadership. The current research seeks to investigate the relationship of Emotional Intelligence with leadership behavior. For this purpose, a sample of 300 individuals, including 123 men and 127 women, were selected who were administered two scales. Only those individuals identified as leaders were selected in their current posts (e.g. heads of departments, managers etc). One scale used was a version of the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire (Sergiouanni, Metzeus, & Burden, 1969) with its two subscales. The second scale used was Emotional Quotient (EQ) (Bar On, 1988). Selected participants were from public and private organizations in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Leadership behavior and emotional intelligence of individuals were assessed by demographics. Findings reveal that there is a significant relationship between subscales of leadership behavior description questionnaire and Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. Results suggest that older males with an age range of 40 to 60 years, along with work experience of 10 to 15 years show increased leadership behavior while younger individuals with an age range of 20 to 40 years showed higher Emotional Intelligence. Keywords: Emotional intelligence, leadership behavior, work experience.

Social Support as a Determinant of Quality of Life in Patients With Schizophrenia Umara Rauf and Uzma Ali, PhD

Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, Karachi Email: [email protected]

The aim of this study was to explore the predictive relationship of social support and quality of life among patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. It was hypothesized that social support would predict quality of life among patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A purposive sample of 52 clients diagnosed with schizophrenia, ages ranging between 18 to 55 years (M = 36.63, SD = 9.37), and with different socioeconomic backgrounds, were collected from different psychiatric hospitals and institutes in Karachi. Demographic information was taken through a self-developed demographic form. Social support was measured through the Urdu Version of Multi-Dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Rizwan & Aftab, 2009) and quality of life was assessed through the WHO Quality of Life-Brief Urdu Version (Khan et al., 2003). Descriptive statistics

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and linear regression method were used for the analysis of data. Findings revealed that there is a moderately significant positive relationship between social support and quality of life and social support contributes 43% of variance in quality of life among patients with schizophrenia. The findings have clinical implications for mental health practitioners specifically and for the public generally. Keywords: Social Support, quality of life, schizophrenia spectrum disorder. A Comparative Study of Resilience, Perceived Social Support and Coping Strategies among

Flood Victims: Living in Camps and Personal Residence Mussarat Jabeen and Najam-us-Sahar

Department of Behavioral Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi Email: [email protected]

The present study intended to examine the role of resilience and social support in coping with natural disasters. A comparison was made on the basis of residence type (home and camp) after the flood in the district of Muzaffarghar, Pakistan. The sample comprised 100 adults (age range 20-40) with equal proportion from camps and personal residences. Post Traumatic Growth Inventory Scale, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale and Coping Strategy Questionnaire along with demographic sheet were administered in Urdu. A significant positive correlation was found between resilience scores, perceived social support, and active practical coping. Furthermore, using t-tests significant differences were found in resilience, social support and active coping among participants living in houses and camps respectively. The research highlights the role of psychological phenomenon in post-disaster management. People recover gradually from traumatic events but still require a trained counselor to minimize psychological distress. Keywords: Resilience, perceived social support, coping strategies.

Self Esteem and Attitude toward Women in University Students

Syeda Razia Bukhari and Seema Munaf, Ph.D Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] This research aimed to determine the relationship between self esteem and attitudes towards women among university students. It also focused on the effect of demographic differences on the variables of self esteem and attitude toward women. The participants were 200 students from the University of Karachi, with an age range of 18-30 years (M = 22.29, SD = 2.71).The participants were requested to complete the Rosenberg self esteem scale and attitude toward women scale. Statistical analysis clearly indicated a significant positive correlation between scores of self esteem and attitude toward women among university students. This indicates that when self esteem of a male and female sample of university students is high then their attitude towards women is also more positive. Furthermore, girls self esteem and attitude towards women seems to be significantly higher than male students but insignificant differences were noted with the variable of family structure and birth order. Regarding financial position, students from middle class backgrounds appear to have a more positive attitude towards women as compared to students from the lower socioeconomic strata, in spite of similar levels of self esteem. This study has positive implications as it highlights the importance of self esteem in determining positive and negative gender perceptions. Hence university counselors may focus on enhancement of self-esteem of students. Keyword: Self Esteem, attitude toward women, gender, birth order, family structure.

Family Functioning, Personal Growth Initiative and Psychological Wellbeing in

Postgraduate Students Tabinda Masood and Tehreem Arshad

University of Management and Technology, Lahore Centre for Clinical Psychology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Email: [email protected]

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The present study employed a correlation research design to explore the relationship between family functioning, personal growth initiative and psychological wellbeing in postgraduate students. Employing proportionate random stratified sampling, a sample of 198 postgraduate students was recruited from four HEC recognized universities (117 Government, 83 Private). Family Assessment Device, Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II and Ryffs Psychological Wellbeing Scale were administered to these students. Findings revealed a significant positive relationship among family functioning, personal growth initiative and psychological wellbeing. Also, Affective Involvement, General Family Functioning and Readiness for Change (subscale of PGI) emerged as strong predictors of Psychological Wellbeing. Furthermore, significant gender differences were found: women had a higher score on affective responsiveness subscale of FAD. The present study highlights the importance of family functioning and personal growth initiative in postgraduate students to promote psychological wellbeing. Counseling facilities in universities can advocate the significance of personal growth initiative. Keywords: Family Functioning, personal growth initiative, wellbeing, postgraduate students.

Parenting Styles and Expressed Emotions in Adolescents with Conversion Disorder

Zunaira Saleem and Faiz Younas Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Email: [email protected] This study examined the relationship between parenting styles and expressed emotions in adolescents with conversion disorder. It was hypothesized that (a) parenting styles and expressed emotions would positively correlate with one another, (b) there would be gender differences in parenting styles and expressed emotions. A cross-sectional research design and purposive sampling technique was used to recruit a sample of 30 (7 boys, 23 girls) with conversion disorder from Jinnah Hospital, Services Hospital and Mayo Hospital Lahore. Urdu version of Parental Authority Questionnaire (Babree, 1997) and Urdu translation of Level of Expressed Emotion (LEE) (Gerlsma & Hale, 1997) were used. Pearsons Correlation and independent sample t-tests were applied, revealing that parenting styles and expressed emotions were not significantly correlated but subscales of both these variables had a positive relation with each other such as permissive maternal parenting significantly related with criticism and irritability, authoritative paternal parenting significantly related with positive criticism and authoritarian paternal parenting had a significant positive relationship with criticism and lack of emotional support. There were no gender differences in parenting styles and expressed emotions. The findings suggest that parental educational programs can be developed for prevention and alleviation of conversion disorder in adolescents. Keywords: Parenting styles, expressed emotions, conversion disorder, adolescents

Burden of Care as Determinant of Depression and Quality of Life among Caregivers of

Patients with Alzheimer Anam Khan and *Farah Malik, PhD

Department of Psychology, GC University, Lahore *Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore

Email: [email protected] The current study investigated the impact of burden of care on depression and quality of life among caregivers of Alzheimer patients. A purposive sample of 50 caregivers of 50 patients with Alzheimer was drawn from the psychiatry units of the public sector hospitals in Lahore, Sargodha, Faisalabad and Multan. Age of caregivers ranged between 33 to 37 years (M = 37.14, SD = 7.27). Burden of Care (Reinhard, Gubman, Horwitz, & Minsky, 1994), Depression Scale (Siddiqui & Shah, 1992), and Quality of Life Scale (World Health Organization, 1998) were used. Pearsons correlation revealed that burden of care was positively correlated with depression and inversely with quality of life. Multiple regression demonstrated burden of care as a significant positive predictor of depression and a negative predictor of quality of life. Independent sample t-test and MANOVA were used to evaluate the demographic differences. Keywords: Burden of care, depression, quality of life, Alzheimer, care givers.

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Perception of Friendship Quality and its Impact on Self-Concept in Adolescents

Hiba Kareem and Najam-us-Sahar Department of Behavioral Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi

Email: [email protected] The present research aimed to investigate adolescents perception about friendship and its impact on their self-concept. Friendship quality is defined as the quality of brilliance in friendship in which either positive or negative outcomes occur. Self-Concept is defined as multiple sets of thoughts, emotions & perception that every individual possesses about him or herself. A total of 120 early adolescents with age range of 12-16years, studying in different public schools of Rawalpindi were approached. Revised friendship quality questionnaire, and multidimensional self-concept along with a demographic sheet were administered in Urdu. The results reveal a significant positive correlation between friendship quality scores and the multidimensional self-concept scale. Furthermore physical self-concept, social self-concept and academic self-concept were significantly related with friendship quality. Regression analysis indicated that friendship quality makes a significant contribution in predicting self- concept. This research will be beneficial for parents, educationist and social scientist in evaluating the role of socialization in personality development. Keywords: Perception, friendship quality, social self-concept, physical self-concept.

Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Cognitive Styles in University Students

Summaira Naz and Muhammad Jahazeb Khan, PhD

University of Sawat, Sawat, Pakistan Email: [email protected]

The current study found significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and cognitive style; additionally, it explored demographic differences on EI and cognitive styles by administering the Self-Report Measure of Emotional Intelligence and Object-Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire to 3500 students. Women show high scores on interpersonal skills, emotional self-awareness, and verbal style; men show high scores on emotional self-regulation, object style, and spatial style. Students of social sciences have higher levels of EI and cognitive styles; students of management sciences have lower scores on EI and students of arts have lowest scores on cognitive styles. Highly educated students have higher levels of emotional self-awareness, spatial, and object styles; less educated students have higher levels of interpersonal skills and verbal style. Older students have significantly higher scores on emotional self-regulation and object styles; younger students show high scores on interpersonal skills and spatial cognitive styles. Keywords: Emotional intelligence, cognitive styles, verbal styles.

Role of Mindfulness and Psychological Wellbeing in Relationship between External Locus of

Control and Depression Sadia Niazi and Adnan Adil

Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha Email: [email protected]

The present research examined the mediating role of mindfulness in external locus of control and depression. Furthermore, this study assumed that this mediated relationship would be moderated by psychological wellbeing. Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer, 2003), Ryff Scale of Wellbeing (Ryff, 1989), DAAS Depression Subscale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), and Rotters Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1950) were administered to a convenient sample of 304 adults of Sargodha city to operationalize mindfulness, psychological wellbeing, depression, and external locus of control respectively. Moderated mediation analysis was undertaken through PROCESS macro for SPSS (Hayes, 2013) which revealed that mindfulness mediated between external locus of control and depression and this mediation had second order moderation by psychological wellbeing. Keywords: Mindfulness, psychological well-being, external locus of control.

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Level of Aggression among Students in Gilgit City, Pakistan: A Gender Focused Study

Hussain Ali and Sadiq Hussain, PhD Behavioral Sciences Department, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan

Email: [email protected] There are certain differences in aggression and its expression among males and females which manifest during early childhood and later develop into more specific behaviors. Various studies have been conducted but due to personal, social, cultural and psychological factors, prior studies have a multiplicity of findings. This study tried to examine the levels of aggression among students in Gilgit, Pakistan and also conducted a comparative analysis for proposed hypothetical gender differences in aggression. A total of 120 students (60 men & 60 women) from Karakoram International University were initially recruited as participants in the current study. The final analysis was conducted on only 84 (44 males & 40 females) participants and data of other participants were not included because of inconsistency in their responses as revealed by the inconsistent responding index of the scale. The Aggression Questionnaire by Bus and Warren was used to assess the level of aggression among students. The overall level of aggression in sampled population of students of Gilgit: 46% students reported clinically not significant level of aggression; whereas 54% students elicited clinically significant level of aggression. Thus, it is an alarming proportion of the population which is affected by inert to overt aggressive forms of behavior which need to be under the care of a counselor. Regarding gender differences, these were insignificant. Keywords: Aggression, student, gender comparison, Gilgit-Baltistan.

Mediating Role of Negative Career Thoughts in Relationship of Career decision Making Self-efficacy and Outcomes

Muhammad Sohaib Haleem, Mohsin Atta and *Sultan Shujja Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha

*University of Management and Technology, Lahore Email: [email protected]

The aim of the current study was to examine the role of career decision making self-efficacy in negative career thoughts and its outcomes (i.e. depression, anxiety, and stress) among university undergraduates. The data of 300 were collected through convenient sampling from students of natural sciences (n = 150) and social sciences (n = 150). The age of the sample ranged from 18 to 23 years (M = 21.75, SD = 1.07). Career Thoughts Inventory (Sampson, Peterson, Lenz, Reardon, & Saunders, 1996), DASS-21 (Lovinbond & Lovinbond, 1995) and Career Decision Making Scale (Betz, Klein, & Taylor. 1996) were used to measure the constructs of the current study. Pearson correlational analysis was computed to assess relationship patterns as variables. Simple linear regression showed that career decision making self-efficacy was negative predictor of negative career thoughts, whereas sub constructs of negative career thoughts were positive predictor of depression, anxiety, and stress. Hierarchal regression analysis elucidated that negative career thoughts partially mediated the relation of career decision making self-efficacy with depression, anxiety, and stress. Keywords: Negative career thoughts, career decision making self-efficacy.

Personality Traits, Emotional Expressivity and Prosocial Behavior in Rescue 1122 Workers

Farhana Nasim, Sumera Siddique, and Rukhsana Kausar PhD Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore

Email: [email protected] The present research explored the relationship between personality traits, emotional expressivity and prosocial behavior in rescue 1122 workers. It was hypothesized that there would be a relationship between personality traits, emotional expressivity and prosocial behavior among rescue 1122 workers; personality traits would be likely to predict emotional expressivity and prosocial behavior among rescue 1122 workers; emotional expressivity would be t a predictor of prosocial behavior and emotional expressivity would be a mediator between personality traits and

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prosocial behavior. A purposive sample of 100 rescue 1122 workers was taken from four emergency centers (Emergency Services Academy Ferozpur Road Lahore, Head Office Muslim Town, Rescue 1122 Thokar Niaz Baig, Rescue 1122 Township) in Lahore. Big five-Factor Inventory (Rammstedt & John, 2007), Emotional Expressivity Scale (Kring, Smith & Neale, 1994) and Helping Attitudes Scale (Nickell,1998) were used for assessment. Pearsons correlation, hierarchical regression analysis and structured equation modeling were used to ana

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