A Homo heidelbergensis Sampler

SteinheimSteinheim, Germany, Germany250250 kyakya 1200 cc1200 cc PetralonaPetralona, Greece, Greece

300300--400400 kyakya 1220 cc1220 cc

BodoBodo, Ethiopia, Ethiopia600600 kyakya

KabweKabwe (Broken Hill), (Broken Hill), ZambiaZambia

300300 kyakya 1300 cc1300 cc

AtapuercaAtapuerca, Spain, Spain300300 kyakya 1125 cc1125 cc

AragoArago, France, France400400 kyakya 1166 cc1166 cc

MauerMauer, Germany (Type Specimen), Germany (Type Specimen)400400 kyakya

Neanderthal Origins: La Sima de los HeusosAtapuerca, Spain

“The Pit of Bones”300 kyaDozens of individualsClassified as H. heidelbergensisProto-Neanderthal features

Neanderthal Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

Neander Valley, Germany 1856

Age: 40-50,000Significance: First human

fossil acknowledged as such, and first specimen of Neanderthal. Most dismissed it as a freak, but Doctor J. C.Fuhlrottspeculated that it was an ancient human.

“Old Man” of La ChapelleH. sapiens neanderthalensisor H. neanderthalensis

La Chapelle Aux-Saints,

FranceAge: 50,000 yearsCranial Capacity: 1625 cc

Early studies of this elderly male mistook symptoms of advanced age for signs of brutishness

Kebara Cave, IsraelLynne Shepartz, 1983Age: 60,000 years

Neanderthal skeleton, lacking cranium and legs. Includes a modern-looking hyoid (throat) bone and distinctly broad, flat fingertip bones.

Kebara 2: “Moshe” Homo sapiens neanderthalensisor Homo neanderthalensis

HyoidMoshe’s fingertip

Modern

Omo-Kibbish 1Homo sapiens sapiens

Kimoya Kimeu. 1967Omo Basin, EthiopiaAge: 130,000 years

Perhaps the oldest known fossil of fully modern Homo sapiens sapiens

Border Cave, South AfricaHomo sapiens sapiens

70-130 kya

Klasies River MouthSouth Africa

Fossils and footprints117 kyaHomo sapiens sapiens

Qafzeh IX Homo sapiens sapiens

Qafzeh IXAdult female

Skhul 5Adult male

Qafzeh cave, Israel, 1969Qafzeh, Skhul, and others like them were once thought to follow the Middle Eastern

Neanderthals in time. However, ESR and TL dating now put them at 90,000 to 100,000 years–older than Middle Eastern Neanderthals.

Kow Swamp 1 Homo sapiens

Kow Swamp 5Kow Swamp 1

Alan Thorne, 1967Kow Swamp, AustraliaAge: 10,000 years

These odd-lookingskulls have aflattened forehead that Alan Thornecompares with Javaerectus; Thorne uses them as supportingevidence for multi-regional evolution ofmodern humans. Some suggest that Kow 5 may have been artificially deformed.

Lagar Velho Homo sapiens?Lagar Velho, Portugal, 199824,500 years old (later than any true Neandertals)Trinkaus & ZilhaoModern-like jaw with Neandertal-like skeleton?Evidence of lingering Neanderthal traits, from interbreeding?Tattersall says no, only a “chunky modern”

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