10/17/2011

1

VitruviusJudgment

VitruviusCodex,9thor10thcentury,Slastat

Vitruvius: The manuscript Poggio, a papal secretary had "rediscovered" one

of the extant manuscripts in the monastery of St. Gall in Switzerland in 1415.

The first printing of the manuscript appeared in 1487. This is after Alberti's De re aedificatoria was published in 1485.

Later important editions are: Fra Giocondo, 1511; Cesariano, 1521; Daniele Barbaro and Palladio 1556; [Henry Wotton 1624] Claude Perrault 1674. The current most respected edition is that of Fensterbusch published in 1964.

Vitruvius wrote his De architectura libridecem or Ten Books on Architecture around the time of Augustus. He had himself worked

for Julius Ceasar in Spain, building Siege machines and perhaps bridges. After the death of Julius Ceasar in 44 BC he was

involved in the Construction of the Roman water supply under Octavian. He retired at around 33 BC and through the good offices

of Emperor Augustus sister, received a pension which ensured him a care-free old

age.

It grieved me that so many great and nobleInstructions of Ancient authors should be lost by theinjury of Time, so that scarce any but Vitruvius hasescaped this general wreck: A Writer indeed ofuniversal knowledge, but so maimed by Age, that inmany Places there are great Chasms, and manyThings imperfect in others. besides this, his style isabsolutely void of all ornaments, and he wrote in sucha Manner, that to the Latins he seemed to writeGreek, and to the Greeks Latin: But indeed it is plainfrom the Book itself, that he wrote neither Greek norLatin, and he might almost as well have never wroteat all, at least with regard to us, since we cannotunderstand him. Alberti (1955) Book VI, Chap. 1, p. 111.

DeArchitectura First(edited)publicationin1486andisdividedinto10booksabout; BookI:CityplanningandArchitectureingeneral BookII:Buildingmaterialsandconstructions BookIII:Templeconstruction BookIV:Templeproportionsofcolumns BookV:Publicbuildings(theatresandbaths) BookVI:Privateandagriculturalbuildings BookVII:Floorsandstuccodecorations BookVIII:Waterinstallations BookIX:Astronomy BookX:Civilandmilitaryengines

10/17/2011

2

Vitruvianman,HildegardvonBingen,LiberDivinorum Operum,13thc,Lucca,representationofMacrocosmandFrancescodiGiorgioMartini,Architettura,

ignegnariaeartemilitare,late15thc,Turin,vitruvianman

Dearchitecturalibridecem,cumcommentariisDanielisBarbari.Venedig,F.deiFranceschiu.G.Chrigero1567enLeonardo

FrancescodiGiorgioMartini,01Architettura,ignegnariaeartemilitare,late15thc,anthropometricentablatureJ.F.Blondelidem.17 C.

Callimachus,RFreart deChambray,Parallele desordresantiquesetmodernes,and

ClaudePerrault,TheCorinthianOrder

Vitruvius,Cesariano edition1521,thediscoveryoffire

The application of reason enables you to describe and

explain your work.

10/17/2011

3

architecture is a disciplinabased on scientia: the architect

must have knowledge of subjects which are already

established as systematiseddisciplines, such as writing, drawing, geometry, history,

philosophy, music, medicine, law and astronomy.

This is not as difficult as it sounds because (and I like this)

each subject is different in its practical method (opus) but their

theoretical basis (ratio) is common to all

i.e. all arts are different practical expressions of commonly held thought.

MarcusVitruviusPollio (8414BC)BOOKI,CHAPTER3

Haec autem ita fieri debent,ut habeatur ratiofirmitatis,utilitatis,venustatis.Firmitatis erit habita ratio,cumfuerit fundamentorum adsolidum depressio,quaque emateria,copiarum sineavaritia diligenselectio;utilitatis autem, emendata etsineinpeditione usus locorumdispositio etadreligiones suicuiusque generisapta etconmoda

distributio;venustatis vero,cumfuerit operis speciesgrataetelegansmembrorumque commensus iustas habeat symmetriarum

ratiocinationes

Nowtheseshouldbesocarriedoutthataccountistakenofstrength,utilityandgrace.Accountwillbetakenofstrenght whenthefoundationsarecarrieddowntothesolidground,andwhenfromeachmaterialthereisachoiceofsupplieswithoutparsimony;ofutility,whenthesitesarearrangedwithoutmistakeandimpedimenttotheiruse,andafitandconvenientdispositionfor

theaspectofeachkind;ofgrace,whentheappearanceoftheworkshallbepleasingandelegant,andthescaleoftheconstituentpartsisjustlycalculatedforsymmetry

Variations onthetheme

"Wellbuildinghaththreeconditions:firmness,commodity,anddelight."Sir HenryWotton,

1624

Theidealbuildinghasthreeelements;itissturdy,useful,andbeautiful.

Vitruviuscriteriaofjudgement

Utilitas

Venustas

Architecture

Firmitas

10/17/2011

4

Vitruviuscriteriaofjudgement

Useful-ness

Beauty

Architecture

Stability

Vitruviuscriteriaofjudgement

Com-modity

Delight

Architecture

Firmness

What if Wedefine thesewords not asseparateentities each with its own territory MapsofEurope,1815&1870

Butaswords which helpto defineeach other

24

Afterthestorm:Ahousehumiliatesamountain

10/17/2011

5

Vitruviuscriteriaofjudgement

Use

Desire

Architecture

Structure

Vitruviuscriteriaofjudgement

Function

Form

Architecture

Force

BaroqueDutch C

lassicism

Rome Em

pire

Dutch Renaissance

Colonial Powers

Historicism &

orintalismN

eo Classicism

& Rom

aticism

500BC 0 1140 19001400

Classical G

reece

Romanesque

Hellenistic Greece

HighRenaissance

MannerismGothic

Late Gothic

Rococo

17501600

Ottoman Empire

IslamChristianity

Judaeism

Early Gothic

Early Renaissance

300

Rome Repulic

Art N

ouveau

Modernism

InternationalismN

ationaal Socialism

ReactionPost M

odernismSuper M

odernism

Cubism

DadaSurrealism

Regionalism

Empire

1960

Brutalisme

High Tech

Byzantium British Empire

Eclecticism

Style

Early Christian

FrenchRev

WW

1 & 2

Asturian

The Middle Ages

Ottom

anC

arolingian

UTILITAS

Pelgrim TheRoadtoSantiagodeCompostella

10/17/2011

6

SantiagodeCompostela,

1080 1130andlater.

ByBernardtheOld

morethan100mLong

SantiagodeCompostela

SantiagodeCompostela

10/17/2011

7

Conques,abbatialeSainteFoydeConques,12eS

Conques,

SteFoy,

Beeldrelikwienhouder

vandeheiligeFides

Conques,SteFoy,11thC

SantiagodeCompostela,

1080 1130

andlater.

ByBernardtheOld

morethan100mLong

Conques

Ste Foy,

11th C

Conques,abbatialeSainteFoydeConques,12eS,village

10/17/2011

8

Conques,approachtothetown

Conques,SteFoy,10501120siteplan

Conques,SteFoy,Groundplanandsurroundings Huizenbijhetwestfront

Conques,SteFoy,

10501130

Conques,SteFoy,MainPortal,Westfacade,1130

10/17/2011

9

Conques,abbatialeSainteFoydeConques,12eS,Satan.quiprsideauxsupplicesdesdamnsConques,abbatialeSainteFoydeConques,12eS,LeBraconnierrotiparleslapins

Conques,SteFoy,Interior

Conques,abbatiale

SainteFoydeConques,12eS,lacoupolelacroisedutransept

Conques,Aveyron,SainteFoy,10501130,middenschip

Conques,abbatialeSainteFoydeConques,

12eS,Ledambulatoire

10/17/2011

10

Conques,SteFoy,view

fromtheeast

Vezelay,France,

Processionalpath

FirmitasNotreDame,

Paris,

Rosewindow

Chartres,NoordelijkenZuidelijkRoosvenster Chartres,Noordelijkroosvenster,detail

10/17/2011

11

Comparativesections,Laon,NotreDame&Bourges,Chartres,Reims,Amiens

CathedraleSaintPierredeBeauvais;France,Beauvais;124772ImaginaryModelofthefinishedcathedral

CathedralSaintPierredeBeauvaisislocated60kmnorthofParis.Thecathedralishugebutonlythechoirandtwotranseptswereconstructed.CathedralSaintPierredeBeauvaiswasconstructedin10thcenturybesidetheearlierchurchoftheCarolingianPeriod.Thecathedralwasdestroyedbyfirein1180andin1225.Thereconstructionbeganin1225.Theconstructionofthechoirwascompletedin1272butthevaultfelldownin1284.TheChoirwasreconstructedagainin1322,addinganotherpierbetweeneachpairandchangingthequadripartitevaultstosexpartitevaults.TheNorthandSouthtranseptswereconstructedin150048.Thetoweronthecrossing,151mhigh,wasconstructedin155869fellin1773andwasneverreconstructedagain.

Beauvais,CathdraleSaintPierre,ChevetettranceptSud,13e&16es

BeauvaisCathedral,10thC&Choir12251272

collapseofchoir28Nov1284,

repairby EnguerrandleRiche,from1338,1499

transeptandnavebyMartinChambiges

towerbuilt1561onwandcollapsed1563

Beauvais,SaintPierre,begonnenin1225enna

deinstortingenvan1284&

1573vernieuwd

Beauvais,1225andlater,interior

10/17/2011

12

Beauvais,CathdraleSaint

Pierre,

13eet16es.

Votesduchoeur,

13es,48,5m

Beauvais,CathdraleSaintPierre,

13eet16es,

ChevetGothique,13es

Beauvais,SaintPierre,

gezichtophetkoor,

begonnenin1225ennadeinstortingvan

1284vernieuwd

venustas

Florence,PazziChapel,StaCroce,ByBrunelleschi,1430

61

UrbanContextPazziChapel

10/17/2011

13

FilippoBrunelleschi,13771446,SecondCloister,SantaCroce

Florence,StaCroce&PazziChapel,plan

FilippoBrunelleschi,Pazzi,Kapel,142961,Florence Florence,Pazzi Chapel

Florence,Pazzi Chapel,sectionandplan FilippoBrunelleschi,13771446,PazziChapel,detailfacade

10/17/2011

14

Florence,PazziChapel

Florence,PazziChapel,section

Florence,PazziChapel

Florence,PazziChapel

Florence,PazziChapel,Interiorof

Loggia

Florence,PazziChapel

10/17/2011

15

Florence,PazziKapel,Koepel.

Brunelleschi,PazziChapelInterior,1442

FilippoBrunelleschi,CapelladeiPazzi,SCroce,1430 FilippoBrunelleschi,CapellaPazzi

Florence,PazziChapel Alvar HenrikAalto (1898 1976)affordance&thedispositive,thebodyinitsspace

10/17/2011

16

Aaltowoodsculpture Aalto,Glass

TheTroutandtheStream,AlvarAalto(1947)

WhenIhavetosolvesomearchitecturalproblem,Iamconstantly almostwithoutexception,indeed facedwithanobstacledifficulttosurmount,akindofthreeinthemorningfeeling.Thereasonseemstobethecomplicated,heavyburdenrepresentedbythefactthatarchitecturalplanningoperateswithinnumerableelementswhichoftenconflict.Social,human,economicandtechnicaldemandscombinedwiththepsychologicalquestionsaffectingboththeindividualandthegroup,togetherwiththemovementsofhumanmassesandindividuals,andinternalfrictions alltheseformacomplextanglewhichcannotbeunraveledinarationalormechanicalway.Theimmensenumberofdifferentdemandsandcomponentproblemsconstituteabarrierfrombehindwhichitisdifficultforthearchitecturalbasicideatoemerge.Ithenproceedasfollows thoughnotintentionally.Iforgettheentiremassofproblemsforawhile,aftertheatmosphereofthejobandtheinnumerabledifferentrequirementshavesunkintomysubconsciousness.Ithenmoveontoamethodofworkingwhichisverymuchlikeabstractart.Ijustdrawbyinstinct,notarchitecturalsyntheses,butwhataresometimeschildlikecompositions,andinthisway,onthisabstractbasis,themainideagraduallytakesshape,akindofuniversalsubstancewhichhelpsmebringtheinnumerablecontradictorycomponentproblemsintoharmony.

AlvarAalto,

ViipuriLibrary,192735,

aerialview,siteplan

AlvarAalto,ViipuriLibrary,192735,mainfacade

Aalto,ViipuriCityLibrary,193335,facade

10/17/2011

17

Aalto,ViipuriCityLibrary,193335,window

Aalto,ViipuriCityLibrary,193335,interiorentry

AlvarAalto,ViipuriLibrary,192735,lobby

Aalto,ViipuriCityLibrary,193335,section

AlvarAalto,ViipuriLibrary,

192735,stairway

AlvarAalto,ViipuriLibrary,192735,stools

10/17/2011

18

AlvarAalto,ViipuriLibrary,192735,readingroom

AlvarAalto,ViipuriLibrary,192735,

plans

Aalto,ViipuriCityLibrary,193335,interior AlvarAalto,ViipuriLibrary,192735

Aalto,ViipuriCityLibrary,193335,

readingroom

AlvarAalto,ViipuriLibrary,192735,auditorium

10/17/2011

19

AlvarAalto,ViipuriLibrary,192735,auditoriumaccousticstudy

Aalto,ViipuriCityLibrary,193335,

lectureroom